Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Yattano

2017-09-20T17:00:41Z

Cymanteg:

==Introduction==

Yattano is a language with transitive-intransitive alignment. Its phonology was inspired by Japanese.

==Phonology==

The charts under the title "phonology" use the Romanization system, rather than the actual writing system.

===Orthography===
===Consonants===

Yattano has 15 consonants:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Grapheme !! IPA Symbol !! Description and Notes
|-
| k || [k] || Voiceless velar plosive
|-
| p || [p] || Voiceless bilabial plosive
|-
| t || [t] || Voiceless dental plosive
|-
| n || [n] || (Voiced) alveolar nasal. Can be pronounced as [ŋ] before k and g.
|-
| m || [m] || (Voiced) bilabial nasal
|-
| s || [s] || Voiceless alveolar fricative
|-
| j || [j] || Palatal approximant
|-
| š || [ʃ] || Voiceless post-alveolar fricative
|-
| č || [t͡ʃ] || Voiceless post-alveolar fricative
|-
| r || [ɾ] || Alveolar tap
|-
| b || [b] || Voiced bilabial plosive
|-
| g || [g] || Voiced velar plosive
|-
| d || [d] || Voiced dental plosive
|-
| đ || [d͡ʒ] || Voiced post-alveolar fricative
|-
| z || [z] || Voiced alveolar fricative
|}

===Vowels===

Yattano has 6 vowels:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Grapheme !! IPA Symbol !! Description and notes
|-
| a || [a] || Open front unrounded vowel
|-
| e || [e] || Close mid-front unrounded vowel
|-
| i || [i] || Close front unrounded vowel
|-
| o || [o] || Close mid-back rounded vowel
|-
| u || [u] || Close back rounded vowel
|-
| ö || [ø] || Close mid-front rounded vowel
|}

===Prosody===
====Stress====

Stress is usually on the second-to-last syllable of the word, but it can sometimes be on the last syllable too. Stress usually doesn't change the meaning of a word.

====Intonation====

* To indicate that a sentence is a question, the pitch of the last syllable sharply rises.
* When there are two or more adjectives modifying a noun, or there is a list of nouns or there is a list of choices, the pitch of the last syllables of all words except that of the last words fall. The final syllable of the last word rises.

===Phonotactics===

* No words can begin with a consonant cluster
* No words can end with a consonant cluster
* No words can end with a consonant except "-n"
* Root words that have "ö" in one syllable can only have either "e", "i" or another "ö" in their other syllables

====Diphtongs====

Note that the vowel "ö" is not allowed to form a diphthong.

{|
|-
| || A || '''E''' || '''I''' || '''O''' || '''U'''
|-
| '''A''' || aa || — || ia || — || ua
|-
| '''E''' || — || ee || ie || — || ue
|-
| '''I''' || ai || ei || ii || oi || ui
|-
| '''O''' || — || — || io || oo || uo
|-
| '''U''' || au || eu || iu || ou || uu
|}

====Consonant clusters====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Group 1 (n-) !! Group 2 (j-) !! Group 3 (š-) !! Group 4 (m-) !! Group 5 (double cons.)
|-
| nt || jn || št || mp || bb
|-
| nd || jt || šk || mb || kk
|-
| nk || jk || || mj || dd
|-
| nj || jm || || || ...
|-
| ng || js || || || (all except r and j)
|-
| || jr || || ||
|}

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

There are 11 noun cases that are marked on the '''noun''' in Yattano: transitive, intransitive, abessive, existive or ornative, derivative or inalienable possessive, genitive, equative, postpositional, final or benefactive, interal, distributive. There are also 12 cases that are marked on the '''verb''' rather than the noun: locative, dative or terminative, ablative or egressive, illative, causal-final (so that, for), causal-final (because, since), instrumental, cronitive, comitative, translative, adverbial, elative.

====Noun cases marked on the noun====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun type !! G1 Nouns !! G2 Nouns !! G3 Nouns
|-
| Transitive || — || — || -ru
|-
| Intransitive || -n || -n || -ti
|-
| Abessive || et(e)- || at(a)- || ot(o)-
|-
| Existive/Ornative || ya- || yani- || yaku-
|-
| Derivative || -nu || -kasu || -kaa
|-
| Genitive || az(i)- || iš(o)- || ay(a)-
|-
| Postpositional || s(u)- || aa- || —
|-
| Equative || -muu || -kuu || -suu
|-
| Final/Benefactive || -šai || -šai || -šai
|-
| Interal || čo- || čo- || čo-
|-
| Distributive || yo- || yo- || yo-
|-
|}

====Noun cases marked on the verb====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Object Type !! G1 Noun !! G2 Noun !! G3 Noun
|-
| Locative || ka- || sa- || ta-
|-
| Dative/Terminative || ši- || ša (double cons.)- || naa-
|-
| Ablative/Eggressive || mira- || mika- || pii-
|-
| Illative || pen(i)- || ett(a)- || itt(e)-
|-
| Causal/Final (for) || naa- || naa- || naa-
|-
| Causal/Final (because) || kuu- || kuu- || kuu-
|-
| Instrumental || đa- || đa- || đa-
|-
| Cronitive || kag(o)- || nig(o)- || g(o)-
|-
| Comitative || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Translative || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Adverbial || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Elative || Example || Example || Example
|}

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Yattano

2017-09-20T15:56:14Z

Cymanteg:

==Introduction==

Yattano is a language with transitive-intransitive alignment. Its phonology was inspired by Japanese.

==Phonology==

The charts under the title "phonology" use the Romanization system, rather than the actual writing system.

===Orthography===
===Consonants===

Yattano has 15 consonants:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Grapheme !! IPA Symbol !! Description and Notes
|-
| k || [k] || Voiceless velar plosive
|-
| p || [p] || Voiceless bilabial plosive
|-
| t || [t] || Voiceless dental plosive
|-
| n || [n] || (Voiced) alveolar nasal. Can be pronounced as [ŋ] before k and g.
|-
| m || [m] || (Voiced) bilabial nasal
|-
| s || [s] || Voiceless alveolar fricative
|-
| j || [j] || Palatal approximant
|-
| š || [ʃ] || Voiceless post-alveolar fricative
|-
| č || [t͡ʃ] || Voiceless post-alveolar fricative
|-
| r || [ɾ] || Alveolar tap
|-
| b || [b] || Voiced bilabial plosive
|-
| g || [g] || Voiced velar plosive
|-
| d || [d] || Voiced dental plosive
|-
| đ || [d͡ʒ] || Voiced post-alveolar fricative
|-
| z || [z] || Voiced alveolar fricative
|}

===Vowels===

Yattano has 6 vowels:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Grapheme !! IPA Symbol !! Description and notes
|-
| a || [a] || Open front unrounded vowel
|-
| e || [e] || Close mid-front unrounded vowel
|-
| i || [i] || Close front unrounded vowel
|-
| o || [o] || Close mid-back rounded vowel
|-
| u || [u] || Close back rounded vowel
|-
| ö || [ø] || Close mid-front rounded vowel
|}

===Prosody===
====Stress====

Stress is usually on the second-to-last syllable of the word, but it can sometimes be on the last syllable too. Stress usually doesn't change the meaning of a word.

====Intonation====

* To indicate that a sentence is a question, the pitch of the last syllable sharply rises.
* When there are two or more adjectives modifying a noun, or there is a list of nouns or there is a list of choices, the pitch of the last syllables of all words except that of the last words fall. The final syllable of the last word rises.

===Phonotactics===

* No words can begin with a consonant cluster
* No words can end with a consonant cluster
* No words can end with a consonant except "-n"
* Root words that have "ö" in one syllable can only have either "e", "i" or another "ö" in their other syllables

====Diphtongs====

Note that the vowel "ö" is not allowed to form a diphthong.

{|
|-
| || A || '''E''' || '''I''' || '''O''' || '''U'''
|-
| '''A''' || aa || — || ia || — || ua
|-
| '''E''' || — || ee || ie || — || ue
|-
| '''I''' || ai || ei || ii || oi || ui
|-
| '''O''' || — || — || io || oo || uo
|-
| '''U''' || au || eu || iu || ou || uu
|}

====Consonant clusters====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Group 1 (n-) !! Group 2 (j-) !! Group 3 (š-) !! Group 4 (m-) !! Group 5 (double cons.)
|-
| nt || jn || št || mp || bb
|-
| nd || jt || šk || mb || kk
|-
| nk || jk || || mj || dd
|-
| nj || jm || || || ...
|-
| ng || js || || || (all except r and j)
|-
| || jr || || ||
|}

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

There are 11 noun cases that are marked on the '''noun''' in Yattano: transitive, intransitive, abessive, existive or ornative, derivative or inalienable possessive, genitive, equative, postpositional, final or benefactive, interal, distributive. There are also 12 cases that are marked on the '''verb''' rather than the noun: locative, dative or terminative, ablative or egressive, illative, causal-final (reason why), causal-final (cause of something), instrumental, cronitive, comitative, translative, adverbial, elative.

====Noun cases marked on the noun====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Header text !! G1 Nouns !! G2 Nouns !! G3 Nouns
|-
| Transitive || — || — || -ru
|-
| Intransitive || -n || -n || -ti
|-
| Abessive || et(e)- || at(a)- || ot(o)-
|-
| Existive/Ornative || ya- || yani- || yaku-
|-
| Derivative || -nu || -kasu || -kaa
|-
| Genitive || az(i)- || iš(o)- || ay(a)-
|-
| Postpositional || s(u)- || aa- || —
|-
| Equative || -muu || -kuu || -suu
|-
| Final/Benefactive || -šai || -šai || -šai
|-
| Interal || čo- || čo- || čo-
|-
| Distributive || yo- || yo- || yo-
|-
|}

====Noun cases marked on the verb====

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Yattano

2017-09-13T18:37:09Z

Cymanteg:

==Introduction==

Yattano is a language with transitive-intransitive alignment. Its phonology was inspired by Japanese.

==Phonology==

The charts under the title "phonology" use the Romanization system, rather than the actual writing system.

===Orthography===
===Consonants===

Yattano has 15 consonants:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Grapheme !! IPA Symbol !! Description and Notes
|-
| k || [k] || Voiceless velar plosive
|-
| p || [p] || Voiceless bilabial plosive
|-
| t || [t] || Voiceless dental plosive
|-
| n || [n] || (Voiced) alveolar nasal. Can be pronounced as [ŋ] before k and g.
|-
| m || [m] || (Voiced) bilabial nasal
|-
| s || [s] || Voiceless alveolar fricative
|-
| j || [j] || Palatal approximant
|-
| š || [ʃ] || Voiceless post-alveolar fricative
|-
| č || [t͡ʃ] || Voiceless post-alveolar fricative
|-
| r || [ɾ] || Alveolar tap
|-
| b || [b] || Voiced bilabial plosive
|-
| g || [g] || Voiced velar plosive
|-
| d || [d] || Voiced dental plosive
|-
| đ || [d͡ʒ] || Voiced post-alveolar fricative
|-
| z || [z] || Voiced alveolar fricative
|}

===Vowels===

Yattano has 6 vowels:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Grapheme !! IPA Symbol !! Description and notes
|-
| a || [a] || Open front unrounded vowel
|-
| e || [e] || Close mid-front unrounded vowel
|-
| i || [i] || Close front unrounded vowel
|-
| o || [o] || Close mid-back rounded vowel
|-
| u || [u] || Close back rounded vowel
|-
| ö || [ø] || Close mid-front rounded vowel
|}

===Prosody===
====Stress====

Stress is usually on the second-to-last syllable of the word, but it can sometimes be on the last syllable too. Stress usually doesn't change the meaning of a word.

====Intonation====

* To indicate that a sentence is a question, the pitch of the last syllable sharply rises.
* When there are two or more adjectives modifying a noun, or there is a list of nouns or there is a list of choices, the pitch of the last syllables of all words except that of the last words fall. The final syllable of the last word rises.

===Phonotactics===

* No words can begin with a consonant cluster
* No words can end with a consonant cluster
* No words can end with a consonant except "-n"
* Root words that have "ö" in one syllable can only have either "e", "i" or another "ö" in their other syllables

====Diphtongs====

Note that the vowel "ö" is not allowed to form a diphthong.

{|
|-
| || A || '''E''' || '''I''' || '''O''' || '''U'''
|-
| '''A''' || aa || — || ia || — || ua
|-
| '''E''' || — || ee || ie || — || ue
|-
| '''I''' || ai || ei || ii || oi || ui
|-
| '''O''' || — || — || io || oo || uo
|-
| '''U''' || au || eu || iu || ou || uu
|}

====Consonant clusters====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Group 1 (n-) !! Group 2 (j-) !! Group 3 (š-) !! Group 4 (m-) !! Group 5 (double cons.)
|-
| nt || jn || št || mp || bb
|-
| nd || jt || šk || mb || kk
|-
| nk || jk || || mj || dd
|-
| nj || jm || || || ...
|-
| ng || js || || || (all except r and j)
|-
| || jr || || ||
|}

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

There are 11 noun cases that are marked on the '''noun''' in Yattano: transitive, intransitive, abessive, existive or ornative, derivative or inalienable possessive, genitive, equative, postpositional, final or benefactive, interal, distributive. There are also 12 cases that are marked on the '''verb''' rather than the noun: locative, dative or terminative, ablative or egressive, illative, causal-final (reason why), causal-final (cause of something), instrumental, cronitive, comitative, translative, adverbial, elative.

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Yattano

2017-09-11T19:21:01Z

Cymanteg: The page was created.

Auscarish

2016-12-25T10:49:36Z

Cymanteg:

==Introduction==

Auscarish is a language spoken in Auscaria, and it is the main language of Auscaria. It is the native language of approximately 1,8 million people. It is also spoken and taught in schools as a second language in Miufia.

==Phonology==

===Consonant inventory===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greytable greenbg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Lateral
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
|
|
|
|

|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
| c
| k g
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
|
| s z
| ʃ ʒ
| χ
| x
|

|
| h
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
| j
|
| w

| l
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Vowel Inventory===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greytable greenbg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"|Front
!colspan="2"| Back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
! Close
| i
| y
| ɯ
| u
|-
! Close-mid
| e
| ø
|
| o
|-
! Open
|
|
| ä
|
|}
==Orthography==
 

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! scope="row"|Letter
|Aa
|Bb
|Cc
|Ćć
|Dd
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Xx
|Ii
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|a
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|b
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ts
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|tʃ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|d
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|e
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|f
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|g
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|h
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|χ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|i
|-
! scope="row"|Letter
|İî
|Ëë
|Jj
|Kk
|Ll
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Öö
|Pp
|Rr
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|i:
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ɯ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ʒ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|k, c
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|l, ɫ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|m
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|n
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|o
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ø
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|p
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|r
|-
! scope="row"|Letter
|Ss
|Śś
|Tt
|Uu
|Üü
|Vv
|Yy
|Zz
|Ʒʒ
|Qq
|Ww
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|s
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ʃ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|t
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|u
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|y
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|v
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|j
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|z
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|dʒ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|1*
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|w
|}
 

* 1* The letter q is pronounced kk between two vowels. Otherwise, it's the same as k.
* 2* While it is not considered to be a letter, ' is used in Auscarish and it is a glottal stop sound.

==Prosody==

===Stress===

Stress is not important in Auscarish. It varies from dialect to dialect.

==Derivation==

====Nouns====

Nouns can derive from verbs. For -lo verbs, the suffix -ći is added. For -le verbs, the suffix -fi is added. If the verb is irregular, both form are correct. For example:

* ille (to see, -le verb) - ilfi (vision)
* hëlo (to be correct, -lo verb) - hëći (correct, correctness)
* varele (to have a war, irregular, -le verb) - varefi or vorfi (war)

Nouns can also derive from adjectives. The suffix -(i)ge is an equivalent to -ness or -ity in English. For example:
* azat (free) - azatige (freedom)
* viri (equal) - virige (equality)

====Verbs====

Some verbs are derived from nouns. For example:

* lasyam (goal) - lasyamlo (to reach a goal, -lo verb)
* paogë (report) - paoglo (to report, irregular, -lo verb)

There is no rule for forming verbs from nouns.

====Adverbs====

Adverbs are usually formed by doubling the adjective. For example:
* lav (good) - lavlav (well)
* sovu (bad) - sovusovu (in a bad manner)

You can also derive adverbs from verbs with the suffix -(e)red/-(i)rid to mean "by doing" and to express two things are done at the same time. For example:
* yedlo (to eat) - yedered (by eating) - yedirid (without eating)

An example sentence would be:
(Eś) '''yedirid''' utedigan. - They protested by not eating

==Verbs==

There are two verb types in Auscarish: -le verbs and -lo verbs.

===Time agreement===

The Auscarish language has 3 tenses: present, perfect and future.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! -le verb beginning with a cons. !! -lo verb beginning with a cons. !! -le word beginning with a vow. || -lo verb beginning with a vow.
|-
| Perfect || lx || yx || xʒ || xt
|-
| Future || gx || nx || xz || xr
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! verb ending in a consonant !! verb ending in a vowel
|-
| Present || x || jx
|}

(With x being the conjugation according to the subject.)

The past continuous tense can be formed by: the verb ele in the perfect tense + the verb without -le/lo

===-le verbs===
Form:

* -le is removed
* The suffix/prefix is added.

Conjugation according to the subject:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Positive !! Negative
|-
| ö || of
|-
| e || em
|-
| a || at
|-
| ü || üz
|-
| i || in
|-
| u || ëm
|}

IMPORTANT: In both verb types, the prefixes of the future/perfect tenses vary according to the first letter of the verb. Also, if the verb's last letter before -le/-lo is a vowel, then the buffer consonant (-j-) is added before conjugating in the present tense.

Example conjugation:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ille (to see) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I)|| il-ö || il-of || ö-ʒ-il || of-ʒ-il || ö-z-il || of-z-il
|-
|Es (You) || il-e || il-em || e-ʒ-il || em-ʒ-il || e-z-il || em-z-il
|-
|E (He/She/It) || il-a || il-at || a-ʒ-il || at-ʒ-il || a-z-il || at-z-il
|-
|Ti (We) || il-ü || il-üz || ü-ʒ-il || üz-ʒ-il || ü-z-il || üz-z-il
|-
|Li (You) || il-i || il-in || i-ʒ-il || in-ʒ-il || i-z-il || in-z-il
|-
|Eś (They) || il-u || il-ëm || u-ʒ-il || ëm-ʒ-il || u-z-il || ëm-z-il
|}

===-lo verbs===

Form:
* -lo is removed
*The suffix/prefix is added

Conjugation according to the subject:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Positive !! Negative
|-
| ö || on
|-
| e || em
|-
| a || an
|-
| ü || ün
|-
| i || ën
|-
| u || ët
|}

Example conjugation:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! abaklo (to translate) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I) || abak-ö || abak-on || ö-t-abak || on-t-abak || ö-r-abak || on-r-abak
|-
|Es (You) || abak-e || abak-em || e-t-abak || em-t-abak || e-r-abak || em-r-abak
|-
|E (He/She/It) || abak-a || abak-an || a-t-abak || an-t-abak || a-r-abak || an-r-abak
|-
|Ti (We) || abak-ü || abak-üz || ü-t-abak || üz-t-abak || ü-r-abak || üz-r-abak
|-
|Li (You) || abak-i || abak-ën || i-t-abak || ën-t-abak || i-r-abak || ën-r-abak
|-
|Eś (They) || abak-u || abak-ët || u-t-abak || ët-t-abak || u-r-abak || ët-r-abak
|}

===Irregular verbs===

The most common irregular verb is ele (to be):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ele (to be) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I) || im || ik || pim || pik || zim || zik
|-
|Es (You) || in || ive || pin || pive || zin || zive
|-
|E (He/She/It) || e || em || pe || pem || ze || zem
|-
|Ti (We) || te || ato || pute || pato || zü || zato
|-
|Li (You) || xe || exe || puxe || pexe || zi || zexe
|-
|Eś (They) || aq || aqe || paq || paqe || zu || zaqe
|}

===Moods===

====Imperative====

The imperative voice is formed by using the suffix -o. Irregular verbs that undergo a root change can be conjugated in both ways. For example:

* lomle (to go) - lomo! (go!)
* matle (to wait, irregular verb, conj. as mattle) - mato/matto! (wait!)

For third person singular/plural:

* Andrea lom'''o'''! (Shall/let Andrea go)
* Eś matt'''o'''! (Shall/let them wait)

For first person singular/plural:

* Ti lom'''o'''! (Let's go!)
* En s'''o'''! (Let me do!)

For negatives, "mu" is used:

* Mu lom'''o''' (Don't go!)
* Mu matt'''o''' (Don't wait!)

====Conditional====

The word zim is used before the main verb and the suffix -(j)ol used after the verb root to indicate a conditional state that will cause something else to happen. Irregular verbs except ele (to be) are conjugated the same as regular verbs. Ele is conjugated normally. F

* Daqen '''zim''' karkal'''ol''' qte tegüle. (The bomb would explode if you touch it.)

For negative sentences, "mu" is used:

* '''Zim''' '''mu''' ev'''ol''' defim qte waqam evët? (Wouldn't there be gods if there were no humans?)

===Passive voice===

Add ni ... before a conjugated (3rd person) verb. Examples:

* ille (to see) - ila (he/she/it sees) - ni ila (is seen)
* benkle (to speak) - benka (he/she/it speaks) - ni benka (is spoken)

===Zuwattaynasep conjugation===

Zuwattaynasep conjugations express wish, ability and necessity.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! conjugation !! -le verbs !! -lo verbs !! example (-le) !! example (-lo)
|-
| Hasadupep (to be able to) || -wir- || -wor- || antele (to work) - antewirle (to be able to work) || qlo (to say) - qworlo (to be able to say)
|-
| Miradupep (want) || -(e)r- || -(u)r- || antele (to work) - anterle (to want to work) || qlo (to say) - qurlo (to want to say)
|-
| Vajidupep (necessity) || -(a)glal- || -(e)klel- || antele (to work) - anteglalle (have to work) || qeklello (have to say)
|}

==Nouns==

In Auscarish, nouns have no gender.

===Nominalization===

====For adjectives and nouns====

Adjectives become nouns and nouns change their meanings.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! meaning !! suffix !! example
|-
| the one which is x || -(t)eh || Nawö oku'''teh'''. (I like the red one.)
|-
| the one which is from x || -hake || Awskar'''hake'''m popa of Awskar. (Auscarians live in Auscaria)
|-
| the one which is in/on/at x || -gef || Kexat'''gef''' e cor nak sunaw'''gef''' e qolnak. (The one in the exercise is difficult but the one in the exam is easy.)
|-
| the one with x (in it) || -get || Ehövat'''get''' e bag lav köt 'ekalat'''get'''. (The one with coffee in it is better than the one with chocolate in it.)
|-
| the one which is to x || -tog || Ürec'an Vayej'''tog''' jü! (We will miss the one to the Vayej!)
|-
| the one which is owned by multiple x's || -samsa || Aday'''samsa''' e bag lav köt essateh. (The one which the candidates own is better than the other.)
|-
| the one which is owned by x || -sam || Aday'''sam''' e bag lav köt essateh. (The one which the candidate owns is better than the other.)
|}

===Indefinite articles===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! word class !! article
|-
| ...aq || iw (if the next letter is 'w', then it is ne)
|-
| ...a || on
|-
|-...e || il (il + vowel = ily-)
|-
| ...u/ü/j || ma (if the next letter is 'a', then it is um)
|-
| ...ći/fi || lo (lo + vowel = l' ...)
|-
| i... || ok
|-
| ...s || su (if the next letter is u, then it is ep)
|-
| other || i
|}

If the word is in more than one class, the article of one which comes before on the list is used. These articles come after adjectives and before nouns. For example:

i racam - a car
tesi - blue
tesi i racam - a blue car (not i tesi racam)

==Pronouns==

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Auscarish

2016-12-24T22:21:34Z

Cymanteg:

==Introduction==

Auscarish is a language spoken in Auscaria, and it is the main language of Auscaria. It is the native language of approximately 1,8 million people. It is also spoken and taught in schools as a second language in Miufia.

==Phonology==

===Consonant inventory===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greytable greenbg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Lateral
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
|
|
|
|

|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
| c
| k g
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
|
| s z
| ʃ ʒ
| χ
| x
|

|
| h
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
| j
|
| w

| l
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Vowel Inventory===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greytable greenbg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"|Front
!colspan="2"| Back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
! Close
| i
| y
| ɯ
| u
|-
! Close-mid
| e
| ø
|
| o
|-
! Open
|
|
| ä
|
|}
==Orthography==
 

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! scope="row"|Letter
|Aa
|Bb
|Cc
|Ćć
|Dd
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Xx
|Ii
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|a
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|b
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ts
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|tʃ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|d
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|e
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|f
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|g
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|h
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|χ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|i
|-
! scope="row"|Letter
|İî
|Ëë
|Jj
|Kk
|Ll
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Öö
|Pp
|Rr
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|i:
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ɯ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ʒ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|k, c
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|l, ɫ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|m
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|n
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|o
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ø
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|p
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|r
|-
! scope="row"|Letter
|Ss
|Śś
|Tt
|Uu
|Üü
|Vv
|Yy
|Zz
|Ʒʒ
|Qq
|Ww
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|s
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ʃ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|t
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|u
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|y
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|v
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|j
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|z
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|dʒ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|1*
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|w
|}
 

* 1* The letter q is pronounced kk between two vowels. Otherwise, it's the same as k.
* 2* While it is not considered to be a letter, ' is used in Auscarish and it is a glottal stop sound.

==Prosody==

===Stress===

Stress is not important in Auscarish. It varies from dialect to dialect.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns can derive from verbs. For -lo verbs, the suffix -ći is added. For -le verbs, the suffix -fi is added. If the verb is irregular, both form are correct. For example:

* ille (to see, -le verb) - ilfi (vision)
* hëlo (to be correct, -lo verb) - hëći (correct, correctness)
* varele (to have a war, irregular, -le verb) - varefi or vorfi (war)

Nouns can also derive from adjectives. The suffix -(i)ge is an equivalent to -ness or -ity in English. For example:
* azat (free) - azatige (freedom)
* viri (equal) - virige (equality)

===Verbs===

Some verbs are derived from nouns. For example:

* lasyam (goal) - lasyamlo (to reach a goal, -lo verb)
* paogë (report) - paoglo (to report, irregular, -lo verb)

There is no rule for forming verbs from nouns.

===Adverbs===

Adverbs are usually formed by doubling the adjective. For example:
* lav (good) - lavlav (well)
* sovu (bad) - sovusovu (in a bad manner)

You can also derive adverbs from verbs with the suffix -(e)red/-(i)rid to mean "by doing" and to express two things are done at the same time. For example:
* yedlo (to eat) - yedered (by eating) - yedirid (without eating)

An example sentence would be:
(Eś) '''yedirid''' utedigan. - They protested by not eating

==Verbs==

There are two verb types in Auscarish: -le verbs and -lo verbs.

===Time agreement===

The Auscarish language has 3 tenses: present, perfect and future.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! -le verb beginning with a cons. !! -lo verb beginning with a cons. !! -le word beginning with a vow. || -lo verb beginning with a vow.
|-
| Perfect || lx || yx || xʒ || xt
|-
| Future || gx || nx || xz || xr
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! verb ending in a consonant !! verb ending in a vowel
|-
| Present || x || jx
|}

(With x being the conjugation according to the subject.)

The past continuous tense can be formed by: the verb ele in the perfect tense + the verb without -le/lo

===-le verbs===
Form:

* -le is removed
* The suffix/prefix is added.

Conjugation according to the subject:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Positive !! Negative
|-
| ö || of
|-
| e || em
|-
| a || at
|-
| ü || üz
|-
| i || in
|-
| u || ëm
|}

IMPORTANT: In both verb types, the prefixes of the future/perfect tenses vary according to the first letter of the verb. Also, if the verb's last letter before -le/-lo is a vowel, then the buffer consonant (-j-) is added before conjugating in the present tense.

Example conjugation:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ille (to see) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I)|| il-ö || il-of || ö-ʒ-il || of-ʒ-il || ö-z-il || of-z-il
|-
|Es (You) || il-e || il-em || e-ʒ-il || em-ʒ-il || e-z-il || em-z-il
|-
|E (He/She/It) || il-a || il-at || a-ʒ-il || at-ʒ-il || a-z-il || at-z-il
|-
|Ti (We) || il-ü || il-üz || ü-ʒ-il || üz-ʒ-il || ü-z-il || üz-z-il
|-
|Li (You) || il-i || il-in || i-ʒ-il || in-ʒ-il || i-z-il || in-z-il
|-
|Eś (They) || il-u || il-ëm || u-ʒ-il || ëm-ʒ-il || u-z-il || ëm-z-il
|}

===-lo verbs===

Form:
* -lo is removed
*The suffix/prefix is added

Conjugation according to the subject:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Positive !! Negative
|-
| ö || on
|-
| e || em
|-
| a || an
|-
| ü || ün
|-
| i || ën
|-
| u || ët
|}

Example conjugation:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! abaklo (to translate) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I) || abak-ö || abak-on || ö-t-abak || on-t-abak || ö-r-abak || on-r-abak
|-
|Es (You) || abak-e || abak-em || e-t-abak || em-t-abak || e-r-abak || em-r-abak
|-
|E (He/She/It) || abak-a || abak-an || a-t-abak || an-t-abak || a-r-abak || an-r-abak
|-
|Ti (We) || abak-ü || abak-üz || ü-t-abak || üz-t-abak || ü-r-abak || üz-r-abak
|-
|Li (You) || abak-i || abak-ën || i-t-abak || ën-t-abak || i-r-abak || ën-r-abak
|-
|Eś (They) || abak-u || abak-ët || u-t-abak || ët-t-abak || u-r-abak || ët-r-abak
|}

===Irregular verbs===

The most common irregular verb is ele (to be):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ele (to be) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I) || im || ik || pim || pik || zim || zik
|-
|Es (You) || in || ive || pin || pive || zin || zive
|-
|E (He/She/It) || e || em || pe || pem || ze || zem
|-
|Ti (We) || te || ato || pute || pato || zü || zato
|-
|Li (You) || xe || exe || puxe || pexe || zi || zexe
|-
|Eś (They) || aq || aqe || paq || paqe || zu || zaqe
|}

===Moods===

====Imperative====

The imperative voice is formed by using the suffix -o. Irregular verbs that undergo a root change can be conjugated in both ways. For example:

* lomle (to go) - lomo! (go!)
* matle (to wait, irregular verb, conj. as mattle) - mato/matto! (wait!)

For third person singular/plural:

* Andrea lom'''o'''! (Shall/let Andrea go)
* Eś matt'''o'''! (Shall/let them wait)

For first person singular/plural:

* Ti lom'''o'''! (Let's go!)
* En s'''o'''! (Let me do!)

For negatives, "mu" is used:

* Mu lom'''o''' (Don't go!)
* Mu matt'''o''' (Don't wait!)

====Conditional====

The word zim is used before the main verb and the suffix -(j)ol used after the verb root to indicate a conditional state that will cause something else to happen. Irregular verbs except ele (to be) are conjugated the same as regular verbs. Ele is conjugated normally. F

* Daqen '''zim''' karkal'''ol''' qte tegüle. (The bomb would explode if you touch it.)

For negative sentences, "mu" is used:

* '''Zim''' '''mu''' ev'''ol''' defim qte waqam evët? (Wouldn't there be gods if there were no humans?)

===Passive voice===

Add ni ... before a conjugated (3rd person) verb. Examples:

* ille (to see) - ila (he/she/it sees) - ni ila (is seen)
* benkle (to speak) - benka (he/she/it speaks) - ni benka (is spoken)

===Zuwattaynasep conjugation===

Zuwattaynasep conjugations express wish, ability and necessity.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! conjugation !! -le verbs !! -lo verbs !! example (-le) !! example (-lo)
|-
| Hasadupep (to be able to) || -wir- || -wor- || antele (to work) - antewirle (to be able to work) || qlo (to say) - qworlo (to be able to say)
|-
| Miradupep (want) || -(e)r- || -(u)r- || antele (to work) - anterle (to want to work) || qlo (to say) - qurlo (to want to say)
|-
| Vajidupep (necessity) || -(a)glal- || -(e)klel- || antele (to work) - anteglalle (have to work) || qeklello (have to say)
|}

==Indefinite articles==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! word class !! article
|-
| ...aq || iw (if the next letter is 'w', then it is ne)
|-
| ...a || on
|-
|-...e || il (il + vowel = ily-)
|-
| ...u/ü/j || ma (if the next letter is 'a', then it is um)
|-
| ...ći/fi || lo (lo + vowel = l' ...)
|-
| i... || ok
|-
| ...s || su (if the next letter is u, then it is ep)
|-
| other || i
|}

If the word is in more than one class, the article of one which comes before on the list is used. These articles come after adjectives and before nouns. For example:

i racam - a car
tesi - blue
tesi i racam - a blue car (not i tesi racam)

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Auscarish

2016-12-24T22:14:57Z

Cymanteg:

==Introduction==

Auscarish is a language spoken in Auscaria, and it is the main language of Auscaria. It is the native language of approximately 1,8 million people. It is also spoken and taught in schools as a second language in Miufia.

==Phonology==

===Consonant inventory===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greytable greenbg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Lateral
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
|
|
|
|

|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
| c
| k g
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
|
| s z
| ʃ ʒ
| χ
| x
|

|
| h
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
| j
|
| w

| l
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Vowel Inventory===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greytable greenbg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"|Front
!colspan="2"| Back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
! Close
| i
| y
| ɯ
| u
|-
! Close-mid
| e
| ø
|
| o
|-
! Open
|
|
| ä
|
|}
==Orthography==
 

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! scope="row"|Letter
|Aa
|Bb
|Cc
|Ćć
|Dd
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Xx
|Ii
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|a
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|b
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ts
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|tʃ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|d
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|e
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|f
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|g
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|h
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|χ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|i
|-
! scope="row"|Letter
|İî
|Ëë
|Jj
|Kk
|Ll
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Öö
|Pp
|Rr
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|i:
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ɯ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ʒ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|k, c
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|l, ɫ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|m
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|n
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|o
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ø
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|p
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|r
|-
! scope="row"|Letter
|Ss
|Śś
|Tt
|Uu
|Üü
|Vv
|Yy
|Zz
|Ʒʒ
|Qq
|Ww
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|s
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ʃ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|t
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|u
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|y
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|v
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|j
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|z
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|dʒ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|1*
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|w
|}
 

* 1* The letter q is pronounced kk between two vowels. Otherwise, it's the same as k.
* 2* While it is not considered to be a letter, ' is used in Auscarish and it is a glottal stop sound.

==Prosody==

===Stress===

Stress is not important in Auscarish. It varies from dialect to dialect.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns can derive from verbs. For -lo verbs, the suffix -ći is added. For -le verbs, the suffix -fi is added. If the verb is irregular, both form are correct. For example:

* ille (to see, -le verb) - ilfi (vision)
* hëlo (to be correct, -lo verb) - hëći (correct, correctness)
* varele (to have a war, irregular, -le verb) - varefi or vorfi (war)

Nouns can also derive from adjectives. The suffix -(i)ge is an equivalent to -ness or -ity in English. For example:
* azat (free) - azatige (freedom)
* viri (equal) - virige (equality)

===Verbs===

Some verbs are derived from nouns. For example:

* lasyam (goal) - lasyamlo (to reach a goal, -lo verb)
* paogë (report) - paoglo (to report, irregular, -lo verb)

There is no rule for forming verbs from nouns.

===Adverbs===

Adverbs are usually formed by doubling the adjective. For example:
* lav (good) - lavlav (well)
* sovu (bad) - sovusovu (in a bad manner)

You can also derive adverbs from verbs with the suffix -(e)red/-(i)rid to mean "by doing" and to express two things are done at the same time. For example:
* yedlo (to eat) - yedered (by eating) - yedirid (without eating)

An example sentence would be:
(Eś) '''yedirid''' utedigan. - They protested by not eating

==Verbs==

There are two verb types in Auscarish: -le verbs and -lo verbs.

===Time agreement===

The Auscarish language has 3 tenses: present, perfect and future.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! -le verb beginning with a cons. !! -lo verb beginning with a cons. !! -le word beginning with a vow. || -lo verb beginning with a vow.
|-
| Perfect || lx || yx || xʒ || xt
|-
| Future || gx || nx || xz || xr
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! verb ending in a consonant !! verb ending in a vowel
|-
| Present || x || jx
|}

(With x being the conjugation according to the subject.)

The past continuous tense can be formed by: the verb ele in the perfect tense + the verb without -le/lo

===-le verbs===
Form:

* -le is removed
* The suffix/prefix is added.

Conjugation according to the subject:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Positive !! Negative
|-
| ö || of
|-
| e || em
|-
| a || at
|-
| ü || üz
|-
| i || in
|-
| u || ëm
|}

IMPORTANT: In both verb types, the prefixes of the future/perfect tenses vary according to the first letter of the verb. Also, if the verb's last letter before -le/-lo is a vowel, then the buffer consonant (-j-) is added before conjugating in the present tense.

Example conjugation:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ille (to see) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I)|| il-ö || il-of || ö-ʒ-il || of-ʒ-il || ö-z-il || of-z-il
|-
|Es (You) || il-e || il-em || e-ʒ-il || em-ʒ-il || e-z-il || em-z-il
|-
|E (He/She/It) || il-a || il-at || a-ʒ-il || at-ʒ-il || a-z-il || at-z-il
|-
|Ti (We) || il-ü || il-üz || ü-ʒ-il || üz-ʒ-il || ü-z-il || üz-z-il
|-
|Li (You) || il-i || il-in || i-ʒ-il || in-ʒ-il || i-z-il || in-z-il
|-
|Eś (They) || il-u || il-ëm || u-ʒ-il || ëm-ʒ-il || u-z-il || ëm-z-il
|}

===-lo verbs===

Form:
* -lo is removed
*The suffix/prefix is added

Conjugation according to the subject:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Positive !! Negative
|-
| ö || on
|-
| e || em
|-
| a || an
|-
| ü || ün
|-
| i || ën
|-
| u || ët
|}

Example conjugation:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! abaklo (to translate) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I) || abak-ö || abak-on || ö-t-abak || on-t-abak || ö-r-abak || on-r-abak
|-
|Es (You) || abak-e || abak-em || e-t-abak || em-t-abak || e-r-abak || em-r-abak
|-
|E (He/She/It) || abak-a || abak-an || a-t-abak || an-t-abak || a-r-abak || an-r-abak
|-
|Ti (We) || abak-ü || abak-üz || ü-t-abak || üz-t-abak || ü-r-abak || üz-r-abak
|-
|Li (You) || abak-i || abak-ën || i-t-abak || ën-t-abak || i-r-abak || ën-r-abak
|-
|Eś (They) || abak-u || abak-ët || u-t-abak || ët-t-abak || u-r-abak || ët-r-abak
|}

===Irregular verbs===

The most common irregular verb is ele (to be):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ele (to be) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I) || im || ik || pim || pik || zim || zik
|-
|Es (You) || in || ive || pin || pive || zin || zive
|-
|E (He/She/It) || e || em || pe || pem || ze || zem
|-
|Ti (We) || te || ato || pute || pato || zü || zato
|-
|Li (You) || xe || exe || puxe || pexe || zi || zexe
|-
|Eś (They) || aq || aqe || paq || paqe || zu || zaqe
|}

===Moods===

====Imperative====

The imperative voice is formed by using the suffix -o. Irregular verbs that undergo a root change can be conjugated in both ways. For example:

* lomle (to go) - lomo! (go!)
* matle (to wait, irregular verb, conj. as mattle) - mato/matto! (wait!)

For third person singular/plural:

* Andrea lom'''o'''! (Shall/let Andrea go)
* Eś matt'''o'''! (Shall/let them wait)

For first person singular/plural:

* Ti lom'''o'''! (Let's go!)
* En s'''o'''! (Let me do!)

For negatives, "mu" is used:

* Mu lom'''o''' (Don't go!)
* Mu matt'''o''' (Don't wait!)

====Conditional====

The word zim is used before the main verb and the suffix -(j)ol used after the verb root to indicate a conditional state that will cause something else to happen. Irregular verbs except ele (to be) are conjugated the same as regular verbs. Ele is conjugated normally. F

* Daqen '''zim''' karkal'''ol''' qte tegüle. (The bomb would explode if you touch it.)

For negative sentences, "mu" is used:

* Defim '''zim''' '''mu''' ev'''ol''' qte waqam evët? (Wouldn't there be gods if there were no humans?)

===Passive voice===

Add ni ... before a conjugated (3rd person) verb. Examples:

* ille (to see) - ila (he/she/it sees) - ni ila (is seen)
* benkle (to speak) - benka (he/she/it speaks) - ni benka (is spoken)

===Zuwattaynasep conjugation===

Zuwattaynasep conjugations express wish, ability and necessity.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! conjugation !! -le verbs !! -lo verbs !! example (-le) !! example (-lo)
|-
| Hasadupep (to be able to) || -wir- || -wor- || antele (to work) - antewirle (to be able to work) || qlo (to say) - qworlo (to be able to say)
|-
| Miradupep (want) || -(e)r- || -(u)r- || antele (to work) - anterle (to want to work) || qlo (to say) - qurlo (to want to say)
|-
| Vajidupep (necessity) || -(a)glal- || -(e)klel- || antele (to work) - anteglalle (have to work) || qeklello (have to say)
|}

==Indefinite articles==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! word class !! article
|-
| ...aq || iw (if the next letter is 'w', then it is ne)
|-
| ...a || on
|-
|-...e || il (il + vowel = ily-)
|-
| ...u/ü/j || ma (if the next letter is 'a', then it is um)
|-
| ...ći/fi || lo (lo + vowel = l' ...)
|-
| i... || ok
|-
| ...s || su (if the next letter is u, then it is ep)
|-
| other || i
|}

If the word is in more than one class, the article of one which comes before on the list is used. These articles come after adjectives and before nouns. For example:

i racam - a car
tesi - blue
tesi i racam - a blue car (not i tesi racam)

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Auscarish

2016-12-23T21:00:01Z

Cymanteg:

==Introduction==

Auscarish is a language spoken in Auscaria, and it is the main language of Auscaria. It is the native language of approximately 1,8 million people. It is also spoken and taught in schools as a second language in Miufia.

==Phonology==

===Consonant inventory===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greytable greenbg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Lateral
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
|
|
|
|

|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
| c
| k g
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
|
| s z
| ʃ ʒ
| χ
| x
|

|
| h
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
| j
|
| w

| l
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Vowel Inventory===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greytable greenbg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"|Front
!colspan="2"| Back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
! Close
| i
| y
| ɯ
| u
|-
! Close-mid
| e
| ø
|
| o
|-
! Open
|
|
| ä
|
|}
==Orthography==
 

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! scope="row"|Letter
|Aa
|Bb
|Cc
|Ćć
|Dd
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Xx
|Ii
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|a
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|b
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ts
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|tʃ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|d
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|e
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|f
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|g
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|h
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|χ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|i
|-
! scope="row"|Letter
|İî
|Ëë
|Jj
|Kk
|Ll
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Öö
|Pp
|Rr
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|i:
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ɯ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ʒ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|k, c
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|l, ɫ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|m
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|n
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|o
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ø
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|p
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|r
|-
! scope="row"|Letter
|Ss
|Śś
|Tt
|Uu
|Üü
|Vv
|Yy
|Zz
|Ʒʒ
|Qq
|Ww
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|s
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ʃ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|t
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|u
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|y
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|v
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|j
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|z
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|dʒ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|1*
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|w
|}
 

* 1* The letter q is pronounced kk between two vowels. Otherwise, it's the same as k.
* 2* While it is not considered to be a letter, ' is used in Auscarish and it is a glottal stop sound.

==Prosody==

===Stress===

Stress is not important in Auscarish. It varies from dialect to dialect.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns can derive from verbs. For -lo verbs, the suffix -ći is added. For -le verbs, the suffix -fi is added. If the verb is irregular, both form are correct. For example:

* ille (to see, -le verb) - ilfi (vision)
* hëlo (to be correct, -lo verb) - hëći (correct, correctness)
* varele (to have a war, irregular, -le verb) - varefi or vorfi (war)

Nouns can also derive from adjectives. The suffix -(i)ge is an equivalent to -ness or -ity in English. For example:
* azat (free) - azatige (freedom)
* viri (equal) - virige (equality)

===Verbs===

Some verbs are derived from nouns. For example:

* lasyam (goal) - lasyamlo (to reach a goal, -lo verb)
* paogë (report) - paoglo (to report, irregular, -lo verb)

There is no rule for forming verbs from nouns.

===Adverbs===

Adverbs are usually formed by doubling the adjective. For example:
* lav (good) - lavlav (well)
* sovu (bad) - sovusovu (in a bad manner)

You can also derive adverbs from verbs with the suffix -(e)red/-(i)rid to mean "by doing" and to express two things are done at the same time. For example:
* yedlo (to eat) - yedered (by eating) - yedirid (without eating)

An example sentence would be:
(Eś) '''yedirid''' utedigan. - They protested by not eating

==Verb conjugations==

There are two verb types in Auscarish: -le verbs and -lo verbs.

===Regular verbs===

====Conjugation according to the tense====

The Auscarish language has 3 tenses: present, perfect and future.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! -le verb beginning with a cons. !! -lo verb beginning with a cons. !! -le word beginning with a vow. || -lo verb beginning with a vow.
|-
| Perfect || lx || yx || xʒ || xt
|-
| Future || gx || nx || xz || xr
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! verb ending in a consonant !! verb ending in a vowel
|-
| Present || x || jx
|}

(With x being the conjugation according to the subject.)

The past continuous tense can be formed by: the verb ele in the perfect tense + the verb without -le/lo

====-le verbs====

Form:

* -le is removed
* The suffix/prefix is added.

Conjugation according to the subject:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Positive !! Negative
|-
| ö || of
|-
| e || em
|-
| a || at
|-
| ü || üz
|-
| i || in
|-
| u || ëm
|}

IMPORTANT: In both verb types, the prefixes of the future/perfect tenses vary according to the first letter of the verb. Also, if the verb's last letter before -le/-lo is a vowel, then the buffer consonant (-j-) is added before conjugating in the present tense.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ille (to see) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I)|| il-ö || il-of || ö-ʒ-il || of-ʒ-il || ö-z-il || of-z-il
|-
|Es (You) || il-e || il-em || e-ʒ-il || em-ʒ-il || e-z-il || em-z-il
|-
|E (He/She/It) || il-a || il-at || a-ʒ-il || at-ʒ-il || a-z-il || at-z-il
|-
|Ti (We) || il-ü || il-üz || ü-ʒ-il || üz-ʒ-il || ü-z-il || üz-z-il
|-
|Li (You) || il-i || il-in || i-ʒ-il || in-ʒ-il || i-z-il || in-z-il
|-
|Eś (They) || il-u || il-ëm || u-ʒ-il || ëm-ʒ-il || u-z-il || ëm-z-il
|}

====-lo verbs====

Form:
* -lo is removed
*The suffix/prefix is added

Conjugation according to the subject:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Positive !! Negative
|-
| ö || on
|-
| e || em
|-
| a || an
|-
| ü || ün
|-
| i || ën
|-
| u || ët
|}

Example conjugation:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! abaklo (to translate) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I) || abak-ö || abak-on || ö-t-abak || on-t-abak || ö-r-abak || on-r-abak
|-
|Es (You) || abak-e || abak-em || e-t-abak || em-t-abak || e-r-abak || em-r-abak
|-
|E (He/She/It) || abak-a || abak-an || a-t-abak || an-t-abak || a-r-abak || an-r-abak
|-
|Ti (We) || abak-ü || abak-üz || ü-t-abak || üz-t-abak || ü-r-abak || üz-r-abak
|-
|Li (You) || abak-i || abak-ën || i-t-abak || ën-t-abak || i-r-abak || ën-r-abak
|-
|Eś (They) || abak-u || abak-ët || u-t-abak || ët-t-abak || u-r-abak || ët-r-abak
|}

====Irregular verbs====

The most common irregular verb is ele (to be):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ele (to be) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I) || im || ik || pim || pik || zim || zik
|-
|Es (You) || in || ive || pin || pive || zin || zive
|-
|E (He/She/It) || e || em || pe || pem || ze || zem
|-
|Ti (We) || te || ato || pute || pato || zü || zato
|-
|Li (You) || xe || exe || puxe || pexe || zi || zexe
|-
|Eś (They) || aq || aqe || paq || paqe || zu || zaqe
|}

===Other conjugations===

* Passive voice: add ni ... before a conjugated (3rd person) verb. Examples: ille (to see) - ila (he/she/it sees) - ni ila (is seen)

* ''Zuwattaynasepim'' conjugation:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! conjugation !! -le verbs !! -lo verbs !! example (-le) !! example (-lo)
|-
| Hasadupep (to be able to) || -wir- || -wor- || antele (to work) - antewirle (to be able to work) || qlo (to say) - qworlo (to be able to say)
|-
| Miradupep (want) || -(e)r- || -(u)r- || antele (to work) - anterle (to want to work) || qlo (to say) - qurlo (to want to say)
|-
| Vajidupep (necessity) || -(a)glal- || -(e)klel- || antele (to work) - anteglalle (have to work) || qeklello (have to say)
|}

==Indefinite articles==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! word class !! article
|-
| ...aq || iw (if the next letter is 'w', then it is ne)
|-
| ...a || on
|-
|-...e || il (il + vowel = ily-)
|-
| ...u/ü/j || ma (if the next letter is 'a', then it is um)
|-
| ...ći/fi || lo (lo + vowel = l' ...)
|-
| i... || ok
|-
| ...s || su (if the next letter is u, then it is ep)
|-
| other || i
|}

If the word is in more than one class, the article of one which comes before on the list is used. These articles come after adjectives and before nouns.

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Auscarish

2016-12-23T20:28:39Z

Cymanteg: Created page with " <!-- This is a short reminder of the language format policy. I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration..."

==Introduction==

Auscarish is a language spoken in Auscaria, and it is the main language of Auscaria. It is the native language of approximately 1,8 million people. It is also spoken and taught in schools as a second language in Miufia.




==Phonology==
===Consonant inventory===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greytable greenbg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Lateral
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
|
|
|
|

|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
| c
| k g
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
|
| s z
| ʃ ʒ
| χ
| x
|

|
| h
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
| j
|
| w

| l
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Vowel Inventory===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greytable greenbg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"|Front
!colspan="2"| Back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
! Close
| i
| y
| ɯ
| u
|-
! Close-mid
| e
| ø
|
| o
|-
! Open
|
|
| ä
|
|}
==Orthography==

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! scope="row"|Letter
|Aa
|Bb
|Cc
|Ćć
|Dd
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Xx
|Ii
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|a
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|b
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ts
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|tʃ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|d
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|e
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|f
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|g
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|h
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|χ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|i
|-
! scope="row"|Letter
|İî
|Ëë
|Jj
|Kk
|Ll
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Öö
|Pp
|Rr
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|i:
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ɯ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ʒ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|k, c
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|l, ɫ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|m
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|n
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|o
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ø
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|p
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|r
|-
! scope="row"|Letter
|Ss
|Śś
|Tt
|Uu
|Üü
|Vv
|Yy
|Zz
|Ʒʒ
|Qq
|Ww
|-
! scope="row"|Sound
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|s
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|ʃ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|t
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|u
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|y
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|v
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|j
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|z
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|dʒ
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|1*
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|w
|}

1* The letter q is pronounced kk between two vowels. Otherwise, it's the same as k.
2* While it is not considered to be a letter, ' is used in Auscarish and it is a glottal stop sound.

==Prosody==

====Stress====

Stress is not important in Auscarish. It varies from dialect to dialect.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns can derive from verbs. For -lo verbs, the suffix -ći is added. For -le verbs, the suffix -fi is added. If the verb is irregular, both form are correct. For example:

* ille (to see, -le verb) - ilfi (vision)
* hëlo (to be correct, -lo verb) - hëći (correct, correctness)
* varele (to have a war, irregular, -le verb) - varefi or vorfi (war)

Nouns can also derive from adjectives. The suffix -(i)ge is an equivalent to -ness or -ity in English. For example:
* azat (free) - azatige (freedom)
* viri (equal) - virige (equality)

===Verbs===

Some verbs are derived from nouns. For example:

* lasyam (goal) - lasyamlo (to reach a goal, -lo verb)
* paogë (report) - paoglo (to report, irregular, -lo verb)

There is no rule for forming verbs from nouns.

===Adverbs===

Adverbs are usually formed by doubling the adjective. For example:
* lav (good) - lavlav (well)
* sovu (bad) - sovusovu (in a bad manner)

You can also derive adverbs from verbs with the suffix -(e)red/-(i)rid to mean "by doing" and to express two things are done at the same time. For example:
* yedlo (to eat) - yedered (by eating) - yedirid (without eating)

An example sentence would be:
(Eś) '''yedirid''' utedigan. - They protested by not eating

==Verb conjugations==

There are two verb types in Auscarish: -le verbs and -lo verbs.

===Regular verbs===

====Conjugation according to the tense====

The Auscarish language has 3 tenses: present, perfect and future.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! -le verb beginning with a cons. !! -lo verb beginning with a cons. !! -le word beginning with a vow. || -lo verb beginning with a vow.
|-
| Perfect || lx || yx || xʒ || xt
|-
| Future || gx || nx || xz || xr
|}

(With x being the conjugation according to the subject.)

====-le verbs====

Form:

* -le is removed
* The suffix/prefix is added.

Conjugation according to the subject:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Positive !! Negative
|-
| ö || of
|-
| e || em
|-
| a || at
|-
| ü || üz
|-
| i || in
|-
| u || ëm
|}

IMPORTANT: In both verb types, the prefixes of the future/perfect tenses vary according to the first letter of the verb. Also, if the verb's last letter before -le/-lo is a vowel, then the buffer consonant (-j-) is added before conjugating in the present tense.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ille (to see) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I)|| il-ö || il-of || ö-ʒ-il || of-ʒ-il || ö-z-il || of-z-il
|-
|Es (You) || il-e || il-em || e-ʒ-il || em-ʒ-il || e-z-il || em-z-il
|-
|E (He/She/It) || il-a || il-at || a-ʒ-il || at-ʒ-il || a-z-il || at-z-il
|-
|Ti (We) || il-ü || il-üz || ü-ʒ-il || üz-ʒ-il || ü-z-il || üz-z-il
|-
|Li (You) || il-i || il-in || i-ʒ-il || in-ʒ-il || i-z-il || in-z-il
|-
|Eś (They) || il-u || il-ëm || u-ʒ-il || ëm-ʒ-il || u-z-il || ëm-z-il
|}

====-lo verbs====

Form:
* -lo is removed
*The suffix/prefix is added

Conjugation according to the subject:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Positive !! Negative
|-
| ö || on
|-
| e || em
|-
| a || an
|-
| ü || ün
|-
| i || ën
|-
| u || ët
|}

Example conjugation:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! abaklo (to translate) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I) || abak-ö || abak-on || ö-t-abak || on-t-abak || ö-r-abak || on-r-abak
|-
|Es (You) || abak-e || abak-em || e-t-abak || em-t-abak || e-r-abak || em-r-abak
|-
|E (He/She/It) || abak-a || abak-an || a-t-abak || an-t-abak || a-r-abak || an-r-abak
|-
|Ti (We) || abak-ü || abak-üz || ü-t-abak || üz-t-abak || ü-r-abak || üz-r-abak
|-
|Li (You) || abak-i || abak-ën || i-t-abak || ën-t-abak || i-r-abak || ën-r-abak
|-
|Eś (They) || abak-u || abak-ët || u-t-abak || ët-t-abak || u-r-abak || ët-r-abak
|}

====Irregular verbs====

The most common irregular verb is ele (to be):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ele (to be) !!Present tense pos. !! Present tense neg. !! Perfect tense pos. !! Perfect tense neg. !! Future tense pos. !! Future tense neg.
|-
|En (I) || im || ik || pim || pik || zim || zik
|-
|Es (You) || in || ive || pin || pive || zin || zive
|-
|E (He/She/It) || e || em || pe || pem || ze || zem
|-
|Ti (We) || te || ato || pute || pato || zü || zato
|-
|Li (You) || xe || exe || puxe || pexe || zi || zexe
|-
|Eś (They) || aq || aqe || paq || paqe || zu || zaqe
|}

==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]