Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Adzamasi

2013-11-13T21:09:03Z

Irrhythmic:

==Background==

The Adzamasi language is a fantasy lang created for the Adzamasiin, a nomadic desert people of the world of Mygith (a med-fantasy project). There are three major dialect groups: Tabiqa (most populous, 'standard') ; Adzamian (highest amount of borrowings) ; and Kilimbadi (the most otherwise divergent). Adzamasi took some original inspiration from Turkish phonology, but grammatically it much more closely resembles Athabaskan and Inuit languages. Adzamasi is highly agglutinative, polysynthetic, and its word order follows the animacy hierarchy.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Labial
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| b
|
| d, t
| c, ɟ
| k
| q
|
|-
! style="" |Ejective
|
|
| t`
| c`
| k`
| q`
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| v
| θ
| s
| ç
| x
| χ
| h
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
| l
| j
|
|
|
|}

The Kilimbadi dialect also has /g/, and pronounces the uvular ejective as a glottal stop. The palatal stops are postalveolar affricates in Tabiqa.

Geminates are not permitted. ''il-dac-catt'' -> /ildacatt/, */ildaccatt/ "in the lake"

Fricatives are voiced intervocalically, or in clusters with a voiced sound or another fricative. ''tuusa'', [tu:za] "long"

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| ɪ, i:
| ʏ, y:
| ʊ, u:
|-
! style="" |Mid
| ɛ, e:
| ɶ, œ:
| ʌ, o:
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| ɐ
| ɑ:
|}
The phonemic diphthongs are ei [ej], ao [æo], ae [æe], and ea [eɐ].

===Phonotactics===
Onset clusters are not permitted, while complex codas are. Syllables must be of three morae or less - therefore long vowels may not be followed by a clusters.

===Orthography===
The romanized alphabet is fairly simply and based largely on the IPA. Ejectives are written with doubled plosive counterparts (e.g. [k`] = <kk>), the fricatives [θ ç χ] as "þ z r", [j] as "y" and [ɟ] as "j". The vowels are written single or doubled for long/short (/ tense/lax) as "i ü u e ö o a".

==Grammar==
==Pronouns==
Pronouns in Adzamasi are declined into four persons (the fourth being obviative). The second and third persons feature gender (non-grammatical - the four genders of Adzamasiin society), and the third and fourth person also animacy. All pronouns have honorific forms, and the first person plural comes in inclusive and exclusive. None are declined for case, although there are reflexive and possessive forms.

==Morphology==
As a polysynthetic agglutinative language, Adzamasi features a robust morphological component.

===Nominal morphology===
Nouns in Adzamasi are defined for definiteness, number, and animacy. When quantified they must also take classifiers.

====Articles====
There are three articles, which are better described as definiteness prefixes.

The indefinite is unmarked, while the definite takes ''il-'', the partitive ''o-'', possessed ''þar-'', and none article ''qa-''.

====Number and animcy====
Both number and animacy are coded in a fused suffix. There are two number categories (singuler and plural) and seven animacy classes: inanimates, tools, fluids, plants, animals, deities and sacred things, and people.

The suffixes are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Animacy !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Inanimate || -(y)ik || -(i)xi
|-
| Tool || -(y)it || -(i)þ
|-
| Fluid || -(a)o || -(i)qo
|-
| Plant || -(a)t || -aþa
|-
| Animal || -sat || -su
|-
| Sacred || -(o)n || -vah
|-
| People || -(y)et || -(y)on
|}

Old morphological forms for the ''person'' category are still seen in some irregular forms, such as ''bakrar / bakraan'' 'man / men.' There is also a defunct ''location'' class which is seen in some words such as ''nariq / narenüq'' 'horse(s)."

==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]

Adzamasi

2013-10-25T19:22:24Z

Irrhythmic:

Adzamasi

2013-10-25T16:55:52Z

Irrhythmic: Created page with " <!-- This is a short reminder of the language format policy. I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration..."

Bircena

2013-06-19T19:19:05Z

Irrhythmic:

Bircena is an a priori language for a fantasy universe with some loose inspiration from Russian phonology. Some of its most unique features are its extensive use and interplay of case and voice, and a very high sound-to-meaning ratio in some of its most common morphemes.



==Background==

Bircena is a language spoken on the planet Halonia, in the north of the country Viržura, by both humans and the dominant sentient machines on the planet, the aureli. It is written with a modified version of the Keiphyos script. As with many modern languages of Halonia, its origins were as a sort of creole of futuristic humans languages and the communication systems of the aureli.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Labiovelar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ń
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
| t d
| č ǰ
| c j
| k g
| q ğ
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| v
| s z
| š ž
| ś ź
| x
| x̌
| h
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
| l
| r
| y
| ɫ
| w
|
|}

/č/ and /ǰ/ represent postalveolar affricates, not plosives, but they behave phonologically as plosives, whereas forms with accute accents represent palatalized consonants, rather than true palatals.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i [i]
| ï [ɪ]
| ÿ [y]
| ü [ʊ]
| u [u]
|-
! style="" |Mid
| é [e]
| e [ɛ]
| ö [ɵ]
|
| o [o]
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| a [æ]
| ä [ä]
|
| à [ɒ]
|}

The vowels are grouped as "strong" (i, é, a, à, o, u, ÿ) and "weak" (ï, e, ä, ö, ü). The weak vowels will harmonize to surrounding vowels (see phonotactics, below), while the strong vowels will often reduce to a weak counterpart in unstressed syllables (but not undergo subsequent harmony):

*i --> ï
*é --> e
*a & à --> ä
*o --> ö
*u & y --> ü

===Phonotactics===

The syllable structure is generally V or CV, with a marked but not complete aversion to codas.

Consonant clusters are only permitted if the consonants are (relatively) homorganic, of two different manners, and follow the sonority hierarchy. Therefore, "tsa" and "tla" are acceptable syllables, but "tfa" and "tna" are not. As obstruents are relatively equally sonorous, "sta" is also valid.

Some exceptions occur at morpheme boundaries, but these are generally interrupted in speech production by an epenthetic schwa (or harmonized vowel).

There is a minor form of vowel harmony, wherein a "weak" vowel will assimilate in height, backness, and/or rounding when surrounded by two identical vowels:

* ''kažö'' "throw" + ''-la'' "simple past" --> ''kažäla'' "threw"
* ''hünö'' "shine" + ''-tüvä'' "perf. future" --> ''hünütüvä'' "will have shone"
* ''hiźe'' "run" + ''-hi'' "pres. prog." --> ''hiźïhi'' "running"
* ''bure'' "tilt" + ''-suvo'' "incho. future" --> ''burosuvo'' "will become tilted"

This harmony never occurs within a root, but as a morphosyntactic process.

===Orthography===


==Grammar==
==Morphology==




==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]

Bircena

2013-06-19T19:17:38Z

Irrhythmic:

Bircena is an a priori language for a fantasy universe with some loose inspiration from Russian phonology. Some of its most unique features are its extensive use and interplay of case and voice, and a very high sound-to-meaning ratio in some of its most common morphemes.

==Background==

Bircena is a language spoken on the planet Halonia, in the north of the country Viržura, by both humans and the dominant sentient machines on the planet, the aureli. It is written with a modified version of the Keiphyos script. As with many modern languages of Halonia, its origins were as a sort of creole of futuristic humans languages and the communication systems of the aureli.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Labiovelar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ń
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
| t d
| č ǰ
| c j
| k g
| q ğ
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| v
| s z
| š ž
| ś ź
| x
| x̌
| h
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
| l
| r
| y
| ɫ
| w
|
|}

/č/ and /ǰ/ represent postalveolar affricates, not plosives, but they behave phonologically as plosives, whereas forms with accute accents represent palatalized consonants, rather than true palatals.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i [i]
| ï [ɪ]
| ÿ [y]
| ü [ʊ]
| u [u]
|-
! style="" |Mid
| é [e]
| e [ɛ]
| ö [ɵ]
|
| o [o]
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| a [æ]
| ä [ä]
|
| à [ɒ]
|}

The vowels are grouped as "strong" (i, é, a, à, o, u, ÿ) and "weak" (ï, e, ä, ö, ü). The weak vowels will harmonize to surrounding vowels (see phonotactics, below), while the strong vowels will often reduce to a weak counterpart in unstressed syllables (but not undergo subsequent harmony):

*i --> ï
*é --> e
*a & à --> ä
*o --> ö
*u & y --> ü

===Phonotactics===

The syllable structure is generally V or CV, with a marked but not complete aversion to codas.

Consonant clusters are only permitted if the consonants are (relatively) homorganic, of two different manners, and follow the sonority hierarchy. Therefore, "tsa" and "tla" are acceptable syllables, but "tfa" and "tna" are not. As obstruents are relatively equally sonorous, "sta" is also valid.

Some exceptions occur at morpheme boundaries, but these are generally interrupted in speech production by an epenthetic schwa (or harmonized vowel).

There is a minor form of vowel harmony, wherein a "weak" vowel will assimilate in height, backness, and/or rounding when surrounded by two identical vowels:

* ''kažö'' "throw" + ''-la'' "simple past" --> ''kažäla'' "threw"
* ''hünö'' "shine" + ''-tüvä'' "perf. future" --> ''hünütüvä'' "will have shone"
* ''hiźe'' "run" + ''-hi'' "pres. prog." --> ''hiźïhi'' "running"
* ''bure'' "tilt" + ''-suvo'' "incho. future" --> ''burosuvo'' "will become tilted"

This harmony never occurs within a root, but as a morphosyntactic process.

===Orthography===


==Grammar==
==Morphology==




==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]

Bircena

2013-05-07T07:11:41Z

Irrhythmic: /* Vowels */

==Background==

Bircena is a language spoken on the planet Halonia, in the north of the country Viržura, by both humans and the dominant sentient machines on the planet, the aureli.

It is an a priori language with some loose inspiration from Russian phonology. Some of its most unique features are its extensive use and interplay of case and voice, and a very high sound-to-meaning ratio in some of its most common morphemes.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Labiovelar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ń
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
| t d
| č ǰ
| c j
| k g
| q ğ
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| v
| s z
| š ž
| ś ź
| x
| x̌
| h
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
| l
| r
| y
| ɫ
| w
|
|}

/č/ and /ǰ/ represent postalveolar affricates, not plosives, but they behave phonologically as plosives, whereas forms with accute accents represent palatalized consonants, rather than true palatals.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i [i]
| ï [ɪ]
| ÿ [y]
| ü [ʊ]
| u [u]
|-
! style="" |Mid
| é [e]
| e [ɛ]
| ö [ɵ]
|
| o [o]
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| a [æ]
| ä [ä]
|
| à [ɒ]
|}

The vowels are grouped as "strong" (i, é, a, à, o, u, ÿ) and "weak" (ï, e, ä, ö, ü). The weak vowels will harmonize to surrounding vowels (see phonotactics, below), while the strong vowels will often reduce to a weak counterpart in unstressed syllables (but not undergo subsequent harmony):

*i --> ï
*é --> e
*a & à --> ä
*o --> ö
*u & y --> ü

===Phonotactics===

The syllable structure is generally V or CV, with a marked but not complete aversion to codas.

Consonant clusters are only permitted if the consonants are (relatively) homorganic, of two different manners, and follow the sonority hierarchy. Therefore, "tsa" and "tla" are acceptable syllables, but "tfa" and "tna" are not. As obstruents are relatively equally sonorous, "sta" is also valid.

Some exceptions occur at morpheme boundaries, but these are generally interrupted in speech production by an epenthetic schwa (or harmonized vowel).

There is a minor form of vowel harmony, wherein a "weak" vowel will assimilate in height, backness, and/or rounding when surrounded by two identical vowels:

* ''kažö'' "throw" + ''-la'' "simple past" --> ''kažäla'' "threw"
* ''hünö'' "shine" + ''-tüvä'' "perf. future" --> ''hünütüvä'' "will have shone"
* ''hiźe'' "run" + ''-hi'' "pres. prog." --> ''hiźïhi'' "running"
* ''bure'' "tilt" + ''-suvo'' "incho. future" --> ''burosuvo'' "will become tilted"

This harmony never occurs within a root, but as a morphosyntactic process.

===Orthography===


==Grammar==
==Morphology==




==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]

Bircena

2013-05-07T07:09:10Z

Irrhythmic: /* Vowels */

==Background==

Bircena is a language spoken on the planet Halonia, in the north of the country Viržura, by both humans and the dominant sentient machines on the planet, the aureli.

It is an a priori language with some loose inspiration from Russian phonology. Some of its most unique features are its extensive use and interplay of case and voice, and a very high sound-to-meaning ratio in some of its most common morphemes.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Labiovelar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ń
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
| t d
| č ǰ
| c j
| k g
| q ğ
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| v
| s z
| š ž
| ś ź
| x
| x̌
| h
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
| l
| r
| y
| ɫ
| w
|
|}

/č/ and /ǰ/ represent postalveolar affricates, not plosives, but they behave phonologically as plosives, whereas forms with accute accents represent palatalized consonants, rather than true palatals.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i [i]
| ï [ɪ]
| ÿ [y]
| ü [ʊ]
| u [u]
|-
! style="" |Mid
| é [e]
| e [ɛ]
| ö [ɵ]
|
| o [o]
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| a [æ]
| ä [ä]
|
| à [ɒ]
|}

The vowels are grouped as "strong" (i, é, a, à, o, u, ÿ) and "weak" (ï, e, ä, ö, ü). The weak vowels will harmonize to surrounding vowels (see phonotactics, below), while the strong vowels will often reduce to a weak counterpart in unstressed syllables (but not undergo subsequent harmony): i --> ï, é --> e, a & à --> ä, o --> ö, u & y --> ü.

===Phonotactics===

The syllable structure is generally V or CV, with a marked but not complete aversion to codas.

Consonant clusters are only permitted if the consonants are (relatively) homorganic, of two different manners, and follow the sonority hierarchy. Therefore, "tsa" and "tla" are acceptable syllables, but "tfa" and "tna" are not. As obstruents are relatively equally sonorous, "sta" is also valid.

Some exceptions occur at morpheme boundaries, but these are generally interrupted in speech production by an epenthetic schwa (or harmonized vowel).

There is a minor form of vowel harmony, wherein a "weak" vowel will assimilate in height, backness, and/or rounding when surrounded by two identical vowels:

* ''kažö'' "throw" + ''-la'' "simple past" --> ''kažäla'' "threw"
* ''hünö'' "shine" + ''-tüvä'' "perf. future" --> ''hünütüvä'' "will have shone"
* ''hiźe'' "run" + ''-hi'' "pres. prog." --> ''hiźïhi'' "running"
* ''bure'' "tilt" + ''-suvo'' "incho. future" --> ''burosuvo'' "will become tilted"

This harmony never occurs within a root, but as a morphosyntactic process.

===Orthography===


==Grammar==
==Morphology==




==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]

Bircena

2013-05-07T07:08:13Z

Irrhythmic: /* Vowels */

==Background==

Bircena is a language spoken on the planet Halonia, in the north of the country Viržura, by both humans and the dominant sentient machines on the planet, the aureli.

It is an a priori language with some loose inspiration from Russian phonology. Some of its most unique features are its extensive use and interplay of case and voice, and a very high sound-to-meaning ratio in some of its most common morphemes.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Labiovelar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ń
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
| t d
| č ǰ
| c j
| k g
| q ğ
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| v
| s z
| š ž
| ś ź
| x
| x̌
| h
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
| l
| r
| y
| ɫ
| w
|
|}

/č/ and /ǰ/ represent postalveolar affricates, not plosives, but they behave phonologically as plosives, whereas forms with accute accents represent palatalized consonants, rather than true palatals.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i [i]
| ï [ɪ]
| ÿ [y]
| ü [ʊ]
| u [u]
|-
! style="" |Mid
| é [e]
| e [ɛ]
| ö [əʷ]
|
| o [o]
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| a [æ]
| ä [ä]
|
| à [ɑʷ]
|}

The vowels are grouped as "strong" (i, é, a, à, o, u, ÿ) and "weak" (ï, e, ä, ö, ü). The weak vowels will harmonize to surrounding vowels (see phonotactics, below), while the strong vowels will often reduce to a weak counterpart in unstressed syllables (but not undergo subsequent harmony): i --> ï, é --> e, a & à --> ä, o --> ö, u & y --> ü.

===Phonotactics===

The syllable structure is generally V or CV, with a marked but not complete aversion to codas.

Consonant clusters are only permitted if the consonants are (relatively) homorganic, of two different manners, and follow the sonority hierarchy. Therefore, "tsa" and "tla" are acceptable syllables, but "tfa" and "tna" are not. As obstruents are relatively equally sonorous, "sta" is also valid.

Some exceptions occur at morpheme boundaries, but these are generally interrupted in speech production by an epenthetic schwa (or harmonized vowel).

There is a minor form of vowel harmony, wherein a "weak" vowel will assimilate in height, backness, and/or rounding when surrounded by two identical vowels:

* ''kažö'' "throw" + ''-la'' "simple past" --> ''kažäla'' "threw"
* ''hünö'' "shine" + ''-tüvä'' "perf. future" --> ''hünütüvä'' "will have shone"
* ''hiźe'' "run" + ''-hi'' "pres. prog." --> ''hiźïhi'' "running"
* ''bure'' "tilt" + ''-suvo'' "incho. future" --> ''burosuvo'' "will become tilted"

This harmony never occurs within a root, but as a morphosyntactic process.

===Orthography===


==Grammar==
==Morphology==




==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]

Bircena

2013-05-07T07:05:45Z

Irrhythmic: /* Background */

==Background==

Bircena is a language spoken on the planet Halonia, in the north of the country Viržura, by both humans and the dominant sentient machines on the planet, the aureli.

It is an a priori language with some loose inspiration from Russian phonology. Some of its most unique features are its extensive use and interplay of case and voice, and a very high sound-to-meaning ratio in some of its most common morphemes.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Labiovelar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ń
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
| t d
| č ǰ
| c j
| k g
| q ğ
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| v
| s z
| š ž
| ś ź
| x
| x̌
| h
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
| l
| r
| y
| ɫ
| w
|
|}

/č/ and /ǰ/ represent postalveolar affricates, not plosives, but they behave phonologically as plosives, whereas forms with accute accents represent palatalized consonants, rather than true palatals.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i [i]
|
| ÿ [y]
|
| u [u]
|-
! style="" |Near-close
|
| ï [ɪ]
|
| ü [ʊ]
|
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Mid
| é [e]
|
| ö [əʷ]
|
| o [o]
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
| e [ɛ]
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Near-open
|
|
|
| ä [ä]
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| a [æ]
|
|
| à [ɑʷ]
|}

The vowels are grouped as "strong" (i, é, a, à, o, u, ÿ) and "weak" (ï, e, ä, ö, ü). The weak vowels will harmonize to surrounding vowels (see phonotactics, below), while the strong vowels will often reduce to a weak counterpart in unstressed syllables (but not undergo subsequent harmony): i --> ï, é --> e, a & à --> ä, o --> ö, u & y --> ü.

===Phonotactics===

The syllable structure is generally V or CV, with a marked but not complete aversion to codas.

Consonant clusters are only permitted if the consonants are (relatively) homorganic, of two different manners, and follow the sonority hierarchy. Therefore, "tsa" and "tla" are acceptable syllables, but "tfa" and "tna" are not. As obstruents are relatively equally sonorous, "sta" is also valid.

Some exceptions occur at morpheme boundaries, but these are generally interrupted in speech production by an epenthetic schwa (or harmonized vowel).

There is a minor form of vowel harmony, wherein a "weak" vowel will assimilate in height, backness, and/or rounding when surrounded by two identical vowels:

* ''kažö'' "throw" + ''-la'' "simple past" --> ''kažäla'' "threw"
* ''hünö'' "shine" + ''-tüvä'' "perf. future" --> ''hünütüvä'' "will have shone"
* ''hiźe'' "run" + ''-hi'' "pres. prog." --> ''hiźïhi'' "running"
* ''bure'' "tilt" + ''-suvo'' "incho. future" --> ''burosuvo'' "will become tilted"

This harmony never occurs within a root, but as a morphosyntactic process.

===Orthography===


==Grammar==
==Morphology==




==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]

Bircena

2013-05-07T06:49:34Z

Irrhythmic: /* Vowels */

==Background==

Bircena is a language spoken on the planet Halonia, in the north of the country Viržura, by both humans and the dominant sentient machines on the planet, the aureli.

It is an a priori language with some loose inspiration from Russian phonology.




==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Labiovelar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ń
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
| t d
| č ǰ
| c j
| k g
| q ğ
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| v
| s z
| š ž
| ś ź
| x
| x̌
| h
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
| l
| r
| y
| ɫ
| w
|
|}

/č/ and /ǰ/ represent postalveolar affricates, not plosives, but they behave phonologically as plosives, whereas forms with accute accents represent palatalized consonants, rather than true palatals.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i [i]
|
| ÿ [y]
|
| u [u]
|-
! style="" |Near-close
|
| ï [ɪ]
|
| ü [ʊ]
|
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Mid
| é [e]
|
| ö [əʷ]
|
| o [o]
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
| e [ɛ]
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Near-open
|
|
|
| ä [ä]
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| a [æ]
|
|
| à [ɑʷ]
|}

The vowels are grouped as "strong" (i, é, a, à, o, u, ÿ) and "weak" (ï, e, ä, ö, ü). The weak vowels will harmonize to surrounding vowels (see phonotactics, below), while the strong vowels will often reduce to a weak counterpart in unstressed syllables (but not undergo subsequent harmony): i --> ï, é --> e, a & à --> ä, o --> ö, u & y --> ü.

===Phonotactics===

The syllable structure is generally V or CV, with a marked but not complete aversion to codas.

Consonant clusters are only permitted if the consonants are (relatively) homorganic, of two different manners, and follow the sonority hierarchy. Therefore, "tsa" and "tla" are acceptable syllables, but "tfa" and "tna" are not. As obstruents are relatively equally sonorous, "sta" is also valid.

Some exceptions occur at morpheme boundaries, but these are generally interrupted in speech production by an epenthetic schwa (or harmonized vowel).

There is a minor form of vowel harmony, wherein a "weak" vowel will assimilate in height, backness, and/or rounding when surrounded by two identical vowels:

* ''kažö'' "throw" + ''-la'' "simple past" --> ''kažäla'' "threw"
* ''hünö'' "shine" + ''-tüvä'' "perf. future" --> ''hünütüvä'' "will have shone"
* ''hiźe'' "run" + ''-hi'' "pres. prog." --> ''hiźïhi'' "running"
* ''bure'' "tilt" + ''-suvo'' "incho. future" --> ''burosuvo'' "will become tilted"

This harmony never occurs within a root, but as a morphosyntactic process.

===Orthography===


==Grammar==
==Morphology==




==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]

Bircena

2013-05-07T06:46:03Z

Irrhythmic: /* Phonotactics */

==Background==

Bircena is a language spoken on the planet Halonia, in the north of the country Viržura, by both humans and the dominant sentient machines on the planet, the aureli.

It is an a priori language with some loose inspiration from Russian phonology.




==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Labiovelar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ń
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
| t d
| č ǰ
| c j
| k g
| q ğ
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| v
| s z
| š ž
| ś ź
| x
| x̌
| h
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
| l
| r
| y
| ɫ
| w
|
|}

/č/ and /ǰ/ represent postalveolar affricates, not plosives, but they behave phonologically as plosives, whereas forms with accute accents represent palatalized consonants, rather than true palatals.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i [i]
|
| ÿ [y]
|
| u [u]
|-
! style="" |Near-close
|
| ï [ɪ]
|
| ü [ʊ]
|
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Mid
| é [e]
|
| ö [əʷ]
|
| o [o]
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
| e [ɛ]
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Near-open
|
|
|
| ä [ä]
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| a [æ]
|
|
| à [ɑʷ]
|}

===Phonotactics===

The syllable structure is generally V or CV, with a marked but not complete aversion to codas.

Consonant clusters are only permitted if the consonants are (relatively) homorganic, of two different manners, and follow the sonority hierarchy. Therefore, "tsa" and "tla" are acceptable syllables, but "tfa" and "tna" are not. As obstruents are relatively equally sonorous, "sta" is also valid.

Some exceptions occur at morpheme boundaries, but these are generally interrupted in speech production by an epenthetic schwa (or harmonized vowel).

There is a minor form of vowel harmony, wherein a "weak" vowel will assimilate in height, backness, and/or rounding when surrounded by two identical vowels:

* ''kažö'' "throw" + ''-la'' "simple past" --> ''kažäla'' "threw"
* ''hünö'' "shine" + ''-tüvä'' "perf. future" --> ''hünütüvä'' "will have shone"
* ''hiźe'' "run" + ''-hi'' "pres. prog." --> ''hiźïhi'' "running"
* ''bure'' "tilt" + ''-suvo'' "incho. future" --> ''burosuvo'' "will become tilted"

This harmony never occurs within a root, but as a morphosyntactic process.

===Orthography===


==Grammar==
==Morphology==




==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]

Bircena

2013-05-07T05:37:39Z

Irrhythmic: /* Vowels */

Bircena

2013-05-07T05:34:31Z

User:Irrhythmic

2013-05-07T04:47:37Z

Irrhythmic:

22-year-old linguistics undergrad from Ontario, Canada. I'm passionate about conlanging, linguistics, descriptive grammar, and languages; I'm relatively fluent in French and Spanish, and am learning ASL.

Old conlanging work can be seen [http://halonia.tumblr.com here].

User:Irrhythmic

2013-05-07T04:29:10Z

Irrhythmic:

22-year-old linguistics undergrad from Ontario, Canada.

Old conlanging work can be seen here: [http://halonia.tumblr.com here].