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Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-25T15:32:59Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Phonology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 75 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Phonological rules===<br />
* t > t̪ / r_<br />
* w > ʍ / _O<br />
<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
A regular verb in belongs to one of four main conjugations. A conjugation is "a class of verbs with similar inflected forms. The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb's present stem.<br />
<br />
Irregular verbs may not follow the types or may be marked in a different way. The "endings" presented above are not the suffixed infinitive markers. The first letter in each case is the last of the stem so the conjugations are also called a-conjugation, e-conjugation and i-conjugation. Third-conjugation stems end in a consonant: the consonant conjugation. Further, there is a subset of the third conjugation, the i-stems, which behave somewhat like the fourth conjugation, as they are both i-stems, one short and the other long.<br />
<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
There are six "tenses". These are divided into two tense systems: the present system, which is made up of the present, imperfect and future tenses, and the perfect system, which is made up of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (''I, we'') and second (''you'') persons except for emphasis.<br />
<br />
The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses. For the future tense, the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations, and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan=2|Tense !! colspan=3|Singular !! colspan=3|Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person !! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| -ō|| -s || -t || -us || -tis || -t<br />
|-<br />
! Future<br />
| -ō, -a || -is, -ēs || -it, -ēt || -ijus, -ējus || -itis, -ētis<br />
| -ut, -et<br />
|-<br />
! Imperfect<br />
| -a || -ās || -at || -ās || -ātis || -at<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| -ī || -istī || -it || -ijus || -istis || -ērut<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
===Word Order===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=212254
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-23T15:35:48Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Ek̠aƛ */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awica===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Awici'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahjičʼu''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " strong"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ostxrcapšq’i'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desirer'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
=== Xʷōƛʷēkxʷʼ===<br />
[ˈxʷʼoːt͡ɬʷeːk͡xʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Xʷōƛʷēkxʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Xawa ƛʷēkxʷʼ'' “To battle” in OT<br />
<br />
# battle<br />
<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
===ƛʷʼaxʷ===<br />
[t͡ɬʷʼaxʷ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ƛʷʼaxʷi '''<br />
<br />
From OT ''ƛʷʼaxʷ''<br />
<br />
# spirit<br />
# soul<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ł==<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
<br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''X̱āƛi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=212253
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-23T15:28:43Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Ḥ */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awica===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Awici'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahjičʼu''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ostxrcapšq’i'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desirer'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
=== Xʷōƛʷēkxʷʼ===<br />
[ˈxʷʼoːt͡ɬʷeːk͡xʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Xʷōƛʷēkxʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Xawa ƛʷēkxʷʼ'' “To battle” in OT<br />
<br />
# battle<br />
<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
===ƛʷʼaxʷ===<br />
[t͡ɬʷʼaxʷ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ƛʷʼaxʷi '''<br />
<br />
From OT ''ƛʷʼaxʷ''<br />
<br />
# spirit<br />
# soul<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ł==<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
<br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''X̱āƛi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=212252
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-23T15:27:51Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Xʷōƛʷēkxʷʼ */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awica===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Awici'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahjičʼu''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ostxrcapšq’i'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desirer'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
=== Xʷōƛʷēkxʷʼ===<br />
[ˈxʷʼoːt͡ɬʷeːk͡xʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Xʷōƛʷēkxʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Xawa ƛʷēkxʷʼ'' “To battle” in OT<br />
<br />
# battle<br />
<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
===ƛʷʼaxʷ===<br />
[t͡ɬʷʼaxʷ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ƛʷʼaxʷi '''<br />
<br />
From OT ''ƛʷʼaxʷ''<br />
<br />
# spirit<br />
# soul<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
<br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''X̱āƛi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=212251
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-23T15:27:42Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Xʷōƛʷēkxʷʼ */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awica===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Awici'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahjičʼu''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ostxrcapšq’i'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desirer'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
=== Xʷōƛʷēkxʷʼ===<br />
[ˈxʷʼoːt͡ɬʷeːk͡xʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Xʷōƛʷēkxʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Xawa ƛʷēkxʷʼ'' “To battle” in OT<br />
<br />
# battle<br />
<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
===ƛʷʼaxʷ===<br />
[t͡ɬʷʼaxʷ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ƛʷʼaxʷi '''<br />
<br />
From OT ''ƛʷʼaxʷ''<br />
<br />
# spirit<br />
# soul<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
<br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''X̱āƛi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210854
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-04T13:52:39Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 75 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
A regular verb in belongs to one of four main conjugations. A conjugation is "a class of verbs with similar inflected forms. The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb's present stem.<br />
<br />
Irregular verbs may not follow the types or may be marked in a different way. The "endings" presented above are not the suffixed infinitive markers. The first letter in each case is the last of the stem so the conjugations are also called a-conjugation, e-conjugation and i-conjugation. Third-conjugation stems end in a consonant: the consonant conjugation. Further, there is a subset of the third conjugation, the i-stems, which behave somewhat like the fourth conjugation, as they are both i-stems, one short and the other long.<br />
<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
There are six "tenses". These are divided into two tense systems: the present system, which is made up of the present, imperfect and future tenses, and the perfect system, which is made up of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (''I, we'') and second (''you'') persons except for emphasis.<br />
<br />
The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses. For the future tense, the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations, and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan=2|Tense !! colspan=3|Singular !! colspan=3|Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person !! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| -ō|| -s || -t || -us || -tis || -t<br />
|-<br />
! Future<br />
| -ō, -a || -is, -ēs || -it, -ēt || -ijus, -ējus || -itis, -ētis<br />
| -ut, -et<br />
|-<br />
! Imperfect<br />
| -a || -ās || -at || -ās || -ātis || -at<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| -ī || -istī || -it || -ijus || -istis || -ērut<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
===Word Order===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210853
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-04T13:52:21Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 75 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
A regular verb in belongs to one of four main conjugations. A conjugation is "a class of verbs with similar inflected forms. The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb's present stem.<br />
<br />
Irregular verbs may not follow the types or may be marked in a different way. The "endings" presented above are not the suffixed infinitive markers. The first letter in each case is the last of the stem so the conjugations are also called a-conjugation, e-conjugation and i-conjugation. Third-conjugation stems end in a consonant: the consonant conjugation. Further, there is a subset of the third conjugation, the i-stems, which behave somewhat like the fourth conjugation, as they are both i-stems, one short and the other long.<br />
<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
There are six "tenses". These are divided into two tense systems: the present system, which is made up of the present, imperfect and future tenses, and the perfect system, which is made up of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (''I, we'') and second (''you'') persons except for emphasis.<br />
<br />
The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses. For the future tense, the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations, and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan=2|Tense !! colspan=3|Singular !! colspan=3|Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person !! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| -ō|| -s || -t || -us || -tis || -t<br />
|-<br />
! Future<br />
| -ō, -a || -is, -ēs || -it, -ēt || -ijus, -ējus || -itis, -ētis<br />
| -ut, -et<br />
|-<br />
! Imperfect<br />
| -a || -ās || -at || -ās || -ātis || -at<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| -ī || -istī || -it || -ijus || -istis || -ērut<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
===Word Order===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder.<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
There are two principal parts for Latin nouns: the nominative singular and the genitive singular. Each declension can be unequivocally identified by the ending of the genitive singular (-ae, -i, -is, -ūs, -ei). The stem of the noun can be identified by the form of the genitive singular as well.<br />
<br />
There are five declensions for Latin nouns:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210852
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-04T13:51:58Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Nouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 75 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
A regular verb in belongs to one of four main conjugations. A conjugation is "a class of verbs with similar inflected forms. The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb's present stem.<br />
<br />
Irregular verbs may not follow the types or may be marked in a different way. The "endings" presented above are not the suffixed infinitive markers. The first letter in each case is the last of the stem so the conjugations are also called a-conjugation, e-conjugation and i-conjugation. Third-conjugation stems end in a consonant: the consonant conjugation. Further, there is a subset of the third conjugation, the i-stems, which behave somewhat like the fourth conjugation, as they are both i-stems, one short and the other long.<br />
<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
There are six "tenses". These are divided into two tense systems: the present system, which is made up of the present, imperfect and future tenses, and the perfect system, which is made up of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (''I, we'') and second (''you'') persons except for emphasis.<br />
<br />
The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses. For the future tense, the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations, and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan=2|Tense !! colspan=3|Singular !! colspan=3|Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person !! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| -ō|| -s || -t || -us || -tis || -t<br />
|-<br />
! Future<br />
| -ō, -a || -is, -ēs || -it, -ēt || -ijus, -ējus || -itis, -ētis<br />
| -ut, -et<br />
|-<br />
! Imperfect<br />
| -a || -ās || -at || -ās || -ātis || -at<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| -ī || -istī || -it || -ijus || -istis || -ērut<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
There are two principal parts for Latin nouns: the nominative singular and the genitive singular. Each declension can be unequivocally identified by the ending of the genitive singular (-ae, -i, -is, -ūs, -ei). The stem of the noun can be identified by the form of the genitive singular as well.<br />
<br />
There are five declensions for Latin nouns:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210851
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-04T13:51:11Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 75 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
A regular verb in belongs to one of four main conjugations. A conjugation is "a class of verbs with similar inflected forms. The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb's present stem.<br />
<br />
Irregular verbs may not follow the types or may be marked in a different way. The "endings" presented above are not the suffixed infinitive markers. The first letter in each case is the last of the stem so the conjugations are also called a-conjugation, e-conjugation and i-conjugation. Third-conjugation stems end in a consonant: the consonant conjugation. Further, there is a subset of the third conjugation, the i-stems, which behave somewhat like the fourth conjugation, as they are both i-stems, one short and the other long.<br />
<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
There are six "tenses". These are divided into two tense systems: the present system, which is made up of the present, imperfect and future tenses, and the perfect system, which is made up of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (''I, we'') and second (''you'') persons except for emphasis.<br />
<br />
The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses. For the future tense, the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations, and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan=2|Tense !! colspan=3|Singular !! colspan=3|Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person !! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| -ō|| -s || -t || -us || -tis || -t<br />
|-<br />
! Future<br />
| -ō, -a || -is, -ēs || -it, -ēt || -ijus, -ējus || -itis, -ētis<br />
| -ut, -et<br />
|-<br />
! Imperfect<br />
| -a || -ās || -at || -ās || -ātis || -at<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| -ī || -istī || -it || -ijus || -istis || -ērut<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
===Word Order===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210850
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-04T13:39:22Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 75 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
A regular verb in belongs to one of four main conjugations. A conjugation is "a class of verbs with similar inflected forms. The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb's present stem.<br />
<br />
Irregular verbs may not follow the types or may be marked in a different way. The "endings" presented above are not the suffixed infinitive markers. The first letter in each case is the last of the stem so the conjugations are also called a-conjugation, e-conjugation and i-conjugation. Third-conjugation stems end in a consonant: the consonant conjugation. Further, there is a subset of the third conjugation, the i-stems, which behave somewhat like the fourth conjugation, as they are both i-stems, one short and the other long.<br />
<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
There are six "tenses". These are divided into two tense systems: the present system, which is made up of the present, imperfect and future tenses, and the perfect system, which is made up of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (''I, we'') and second (''you'') persons except for emphasis.<br />
<br />
The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses. For the future tense, the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations, and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan=2|Tense !! colspan=3|Singular !! colspan=3|Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person !! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| -ō|| -s || -t || -us || -tis || -t<br />
|-<br />
! Future<br />
| -ō, -a || -is, -ēs || -it, -ēt || -ijus, -ējus || -itis, -ētis<br />
| -ut, -et<br />
|-<br />
! Imperfect<br />
| -a || -ās || -at || -ās || -ātis || -at<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| -ī || -istī || -it || -ijus || -istis || -ērut<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Word Order===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210849
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-04T13:32:36Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 75 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
A regular verb in belongs to one of four main conjugations. A conjugation is "a class of verbs with similar inflected forms. The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb's present stem.<br />
<br />
Irregular verbs may not follow the types or may be marked in a different way. The "endings" presented above are not the suffixed infinitive markers. The first letter in each case is the last of the stem so the conjugations are also called a-conjugation, e-conjugation and i-conjugation. Third-conjugation stems end in a consonant: the consonant conjugation. Further, there is a subset of the third conjugation, the i-stems, which behave somewhat like the fourth conjugation, as they are both i-stems, one short and the other long.<br />
<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
There are six "tenses" in the Latin language. These are divided into two tense systems: the present system, which is made up of the present, imperfect and future tenses, and the perfect system, which is made up of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (''I, we'') and second (''you'') persons except for emphasis.<br />
<br />
The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses. For the future tense, the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations, and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan=2|Tense !! colspan=3|Singular !! colspan=3|Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person !! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| -ō/m || -s || -t || -mus || -tis || -nt<br />
|-<br />
! Future<br />
| -bō, -am || -bis, -ēs || -bit, -et || -bimus, -ēmus || -bitis, -ētis<br />
| -bunt, -ent<br />
|-<br />
! Imperfect<br />
| -bam || -bās || -bat || -bāmus || -bātis || -bant<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| -ī || -istī || -it || -imus || -istis || -ērunt<br />
|-<br />
! Future Perfect<br />
| -erō || -eris/erīs || -erit || -erimus/-erīmus || -eritis/-erītis || -erint<br />
|-<br />
! Pluperfect<br />
| -eram || -erās || -erat || -erāmus || -erātis || -erant<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Word Order===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210848
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-04T13:30:57Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 75 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
A regular verb in belongs to one of four main conjugations. A conjugation is "a class of verbs with similar inflected forms. The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb's present stem.<br />
<br />
Irregular verbs may not follow the types or may be marked in a different way. The "endings" presented above are not the suffixed infinitive markers. The first letter in each case is the last of the stem so the conjugations are also called a-conjugation, e-conjugation and i-conjugation. Third-conjugation stems end in a consonant: the consonant conjugation. Further, there is a subset of the third conjugation, the i-stems, which behave somewhat like the fourth conjugation, as they are both i-stems, one short and the other long.<br />
<br />
There are six general [[grammatical tense|"tenses"]] in Th’uȟʷʼaasʼoor (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect and future perfect), three [[grammatical mood|moods]] (indicative, imperative and subjunctive, in addition to the [[infinitive]], [[participle]], [[gerund]], [[gerundive]] and [[supine]]), three [[grammatical person|persons]] (first, second and third), two numbers (singular and plural), two [[grammatical voice|voices]] (active and passive) and two [[grammatical aspect|aspects]] ([[perfective and imperfective]]). Verbs are described by four principal parts:<br />
<br />
# The first principal part is the first-person singular, present tense, active voice, indicative mood form of the verb. If the verb is impersonal, the first principal part will be in the third-person singular.<br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative form. Like the first principal part, if the verb is impersonal, the third principal part will be in the third-person singular.<br />
# The fourth principal part is the supine form, or alternatively, the nominative singular of the perfect passive participle form of the verb. The fourth principal part can show one gender of the participle or all three genders (-''us ''for masculine, -''a'' for feminine and -''um'' for neuter) in the nominative singular. The fourth principal part will be the future participle if the verb cannot be made passive. Most modern Latin dictionaries, if they show only one gender, tend to show the masculine; but many older dictionaries instead show the neuter, as it coincides with the supine. The fourth principal part is sometimes omitted for intransitive verbs, but strictly in Latin, they can be made passive if they are used impersonally, and the supine exists for such verbs.<br />
<br />
There are six "tenses" in the Latin language. These are divided into two tense systems: the present system, which is made up of the present, imperfect and future tenses, and the perfect system, which is made up of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (''I, we'') and second (''you'') persons except for emphasis.<br />
<br />
The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses. For the future tense, the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations, and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan=2|Tense !! colspan=3|Singular !! colspan=3|Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person !! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| -ō/m || -s || -t || -mus || -tis || -nt<br />
|-<br />
! Future<br />
| -bō, -am || -bis, -ēs || -bit, -et || -bimus, -ēmus || -bitis, -ētis<br />
| -bunt, -ent<br />
|-<br />
! Imperfect<br />
| -bam || -bās || -bat || -bāmus || -bātis || -bant<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| -ī || -istī || -it || -imus || -istis || -ērunt<br />
|-<br />
! Future Perfect<br />
| -erō || -eris/erīs || -erit || -erimus/-erīmus || -eritis/-erītis || -erint<br />
|-<br />
! Pluperfect<br />
| -eram || -erās || -erat || -erāmus || -erātis || -erant<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Deponent verbs====<br />
Some Latin verbs are [[deponent verb|deponent]], causing their forms to be in the passive voice but retain an active meaning: ''hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum'' (to urge).<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210847
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-04T13:30:23Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Grammar */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 75 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
A regular verb in belongs to one of four main conjugations. A conjugation is "a class of verbs with similar inflected forms. The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb's present stem.<br />
<br />
Irregular verbs may not follow the types or may be marked in a different way. The "endings" presented above are not the suffixed infinitive markers. The first letter in each case is the last of the stem so the conjugations are also called a-conjugation, e-conjugation and i-conjugation. Third-conjugation stems end in a consonant: the consonant conjugation. Further, there is a subset of the third conjugation, the i-stems, which behave somewhat like the fourth conjugation, as they are both i-stems, one short and the other long.<br />
<br />
There are six general [[grammatical tense|"tenses"]] in Th’uȟʷʼaasʼoor (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect and future perfect), three [[grammatical mood|moods]] (indicative, imperative and subjunctive, in addition to the [[infinitive]], [[participle]], [[gerund]], [[gerundive]] and [[supine]]), three [[grammatical person|persons]] (first, second and third), two numbers (singular and plural), two [[grammatical voice|voices]] (active and passive) and two [[grammatical aspect|aspects]] ([[perfective and imperfective]]). Verbs are described by four principal parts:<br />
<br />
# The first principal part is the first-person singular, present tense, active voice, indicative mood form of the verb. If the verb is impersonal, the first principal part will be in the third-person singular.<br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative form. Like the first principal part, if the verb is impersonal, the third principal part will be in the third-person singular.<br />
# The fourth principal part is the supine form, or alternatively, the nominative singular of the perfect passive participle form of the verb. The fourth principal part can show one gender of the participle or all three genders (-''us ''for masculine, -''a'' for feminine and -''um'' for neuter) in the nominative singular. The fourth principal part will be the future participle if the verb cannot be made passive. Most modern Latin dictionaries, if they show only one gender, tend to show the masculine; but many older dictionaries instead show the neuter, as it coincides with the supine. The fourth principal part is sometimes omitted for intransitive verbs, but strictly in Latin, they can be made passive if they are used impersonally, and the supine exists for such verbs.<br />
<br />
There are six "tenses" in the Latin language. These are divided into two tense systems: the present system, which is made up of the present, imperfect and future tenses, and the perfect system, which is made up of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (''I, we'') and second (''you'') persons except for emphasis.<br />
<br />
The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses. For the future tense, the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations, and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan=2|Tense !! colspan=3|Singular !! colspan=3|Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person !! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| -ō/m || -s || -t || -mus || -tis || -nt<br />
|-<br />
! Future<br />
| -bō, -am || -bis, -ēs || -bit, -et || -bimus, -ēmus || -bitis, -ētis<br />
| -bunt, -ent<br />
|-<br />
! Imperfect<br />
| -bam || -bās || -bat || -bāmus || -bātis || -bant<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| -ī || -istī || -it || -imus || -istis || -ērunt<br />
|-<br />
! Future Perfect<br />
| -erō || -eris/erīs || -erit || -erimus/-erīmus || -eritis/-erītis || -erint<br />
|-<br />
! Pluperfect<br />
| -eram || -erās || -erat || -erāmus || -erātis || -erant<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Deponent verbs====<br />
Some Latin verbs are [[deponent verb|deponent]], causing their forms to be in the passive voice but retain an active meaning: ''hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum'' (to urge).<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210846
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-04T13:17:05Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* X̱āƛ */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awica===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Awici'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahjičʼu''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ostxrcapšq’i'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desirer'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
===ƛʷʼaxʷ===<br />
[t͡ɬʷʼaxʷ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ƛʷʼaxʷi '''<br />
<br />
From OT ''ƛʷʼaxʷ''<br />
<br />
# spirit<br />
# soul<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
<br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''X̱āƛi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210845
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-04T13:13:37Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awica===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Awici'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahjičʼu''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ostxrcapšq’i'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desirer'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
===ƛʷʼaxʷ===<br />
[t͡ɬʷʼaxʷ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ƛʷʼaxʷi '''<br />
<br />
From OT ''ƛʷʼaxʷ''<br />
<br />
# spirit<br />
# soul<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210844
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-04T13:12:55Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Erpsxa */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awica===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Awici'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahjičʼu''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxa===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Erpsxi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ostxrcapšq’i'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desirer'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
===ƛʷʼaxʷ===<br />
[t͡ɬʷʼaxʷ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ƛʷʼaxʷi '''<br />
<br />
From OT ''ƛʷʼaxʷ''<br />
<br />
# spirit<br />
# soul<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210843
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-04T13:12:47Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* E */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awica===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Awici'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahjičʼu''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxa===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Erpsxi'''<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ostxrcapšq’i'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desirer'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
===ƛʷʼaxʷ===<br />
[t͡ɬʷʼaxʷ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ƛʷʼaxʷi '''<br />
<br />
From OT ''ƛʷʼaxʷ''<br />
<br />
# spirit<br />
# soul<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210842
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-04T13:12:15Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Awica */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awica===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Awici'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahjičʼu''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ostxrcapšq’i'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desirer'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
===ƛʷʼaxʷ===<br />
[t͡ɬʷʼaxʷ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ƛʷʼaxʷi '''<br />
<br />
From OT ''ƛʷʼaxʷ''<br />
<br />
# spirit<br />
# soul<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210841
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-04T13:11:49Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Āk̠ičʼu */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahjičʼu''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ostxrcapšq’i'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desirer'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
===ƛʷʼaxʷ===<br />
[t͡ɬʷʼaxʷ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ƛʷʼaxʷi '''<br />
<br />
From OT ''ƛʷʼaxʷ''<br />
<br />
# spirit<br />
# soul<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210840
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-04T13:11:22Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Ek̠aƛ */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ostxrcapšq’i'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desirer'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
===ƛʷʼaxʷ===<br />
[t͡ɬʷʼaxʷ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ƛʷʼaxʷi '''<br />
<br />
From OT ''ƛʷʼaxʷ''<br />
<br />
# spirit<br />
# soul<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210839
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-04T13:11:06Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Ostxrcapšq’a */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ostxrcapšq’i'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desirer'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
===ƛʷʼaxʷ===<br />
[t͡ɬʷʼaxʷ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ƛʷʼaxʷi '''<br />
<br />
From OT ''ƛʷʼaxʷ''<br />
<br />
# spirit<br />
# soul<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210838
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-04T13:09:12Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desirer'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
===ƛʷʼaxʷ===<br />
[t͡ɬʷʼaxʷ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ƛʷʼaxʷi '''<br />
<br />
From OT ''ƛʷʼaxʷ''<br />
<br />
# spirit<br />
# soul<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210837
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-04T13:08:13Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* ƛ */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
===ƛʷʼaxʷ===<br />
[t͡ɬʷʼaxʷ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ƛʷʼaxʷi '''<br />
<br />
From OT ''ƛʷʼaxʷ''<br />
<br />
# spirit<br />
# soul<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210836
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-04T13:06:38Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
==ƛ==<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210646
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T21:11:43Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210645
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T21:10:23Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Eƛʷʼe */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' “meanwhile”<br />
# Meanwhile<br />
<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> ''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210644
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T21:10:03Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Āk̠ičʼu */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From OT ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' meanwhile<br />
1. Meanwhile<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> ''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210643
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T21:09:24Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' meanwhile<br />
1. Meanwhile<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> ''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=PME_Lexicon&diff=210642
PME Lexicon
2020-11-02T21:07:38Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* ddeul */</p>
<hr />
<div>== B ==<br />
<br />
===brem===<br />
[brem] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''bṛm'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''brem'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''brom'''<br />
<br />
(''noun'') blossom, flower, leaf, plant. (''perfective'') to blossom, to flower, to spring. (''imperfective'') to be young, new, fresh.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
{{columns-list|2|<br />
* bróm-eḫ-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: ɸromā<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#froma|froma]]<br />
* bí-bṛm-ti, bi-brém-ṇti<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: ɸiβremjā<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#hibernia|hibernia]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== D ==<br />
<br />
===der===<br />
[d̪er] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''dṛ'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''der'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''dor'''<br />
<br />
(''imperfective'') to hold, to grasp, to carry, to bear, to hold in hand.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
{{columns-list|2|<br />
* dér-e-ti<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: θerets<br />
*** Aeranir: feriç<br />
** Proto-Anderic: dereti<br />
** Proto-Fyrdic: deridi<br />
** Proto-Stravonic: dereti<br />
** Proto-Talothic: déretsi<br />
*** Dalitian: déreis<br />
** Proto-Maro-Stiric: dʰárati<br />
*** Stirc: dhárati<br />
*** Old Marian: daratiy<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== DD ==<br />
<br />
===ddeul===<br />
[d̪̊eu̯l] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ddul'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ddeul'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ddoul'''<br /><br />
alt. <code>e-stem</code> '''dduel'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''dduol'''<br />
<br />
(''stative'') to be full, to be ripe.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* dduél-e-ḫōr<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: dwelōr<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#bolor|bolor]]<br />
<br />
== Ď ==<br />
<br />
===ďéḫi===<br />
[deħi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>ø-stem</code> '''ďḫil'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ďeḫil'''; <code>o-stem</code> '''ďoḫil'''<br />
<br />
(''adjective'') small, few, little. (''noun'') smallness.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ďḫi-ió-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: r̥ajjos<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#rhaius|rhaius]]<br />
** Proto-Talothic: dayyós<br />
*** Dalitian: daiós<br />
* ďéḫi-kʷo-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: r̥āikʷos<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#rhaecus|rhaecus]]<br />
* ďéḫi-li-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: r̥āilis<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#rhael|rhael]]<br />
* ďḫi-ó-<br />
** Proto-Fyrdic: zajaz<br />
<br />
== ĎĎ ==<br />
<br />
===ďďeḥ===<br />
[d̥eh] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ďďḥ'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ďďeḥ'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ďďoḥ'''<br />
<br />
(''perfective'') to put in place; to place, to make, to do.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ďďéh-ti<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: dēts<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#de.C3.A7|deç]]<br />
<br />
===ďďek===<br />
[d̥ek] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ďďak'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ďďek'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ďďok'''<br />
<br />
(''imperfective'') to hug, to embrace, to hold in arms.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ďďék-e-ti<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: dekets<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#deci.C3.A7|deciç]]<br />
** Proto-Anderic: deketi<br />
** Proto-Fyrdic: tehidi<br />
** Proto-Stravonic: dečeti<br />
** Proto-Talothic: tékʰetsi<br />
*** Dalitian: tékheis<br />
** Proto-Maro-Stiric: ɖáčati<br />
*** Stirc: ḍácati<br />
*** Old Marian: dačatiy<br />
<br />
===ďďieggw===<br />
[d̥i̯eg̊ʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ďďiggw'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ďďieggw'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ďďioggw'''<br />
<br />
(''imperfective'') to be scratching, to be carving, etching, engraving, slicing. (''perfective'') to scratch, to mar, to deface, to scar. (''stative'') to be scarred, to be marred, deface, defiled, profane, impure, imperfect. <br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ďďiéggw-e-ti<br />
** Proto-Talothic: dzékʷetsi<br />
*** Dalitian: zépteis<br />
* ďďieggw-éḥ-e-ti<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: djegʷējets<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#iove.C3.A7|ioveç]]<br />
<br />
== GG ==<br />
<br />
===ggeḥi-š===<br />
[g̊ehiʃ] ''n. c.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''ggeḥi-oš'''<br />
<br />
(''noun'') goods, wealth.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* Proto-Iscaric: gēis<br />
** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#g.C4.93s|gēs]]<br />
<br />
== GGW ==<br />
<br />
===ggwei===<br />
[g̊ʷei̯] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ggwi'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ggwei'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ggwoi'''<br />
<br />
(''perfective'') to accomplish, to win, to be victorious, in the sense of an achievement, something that requires skill and may normally fail; to survive (''stative'') to be strong, to be fit, to be able, to be skilful.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ggwoi-nó-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: gʷoinom<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#voenu.E1.B9.85|voenuṅ]]<br />
* ggw-ṇ-í-ti<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: gʷənjets<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#veni.C3.A7|veniç]]<br />
<br />
===ggwlei===<br />
[g̊ʷlei] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ggwḷi'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ggwlei'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ggwloi'''<br />
<br />
(''perfective'') to flatten, to push down, to pressure, to press. (''imperfective'') to lie down flat, to be laying down on one's side, to be prone. (''stative'') to be flat, to be smooth, to be even.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ggweli-ḫōr<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: gʷeljōr<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#velior|velior]]<br />
* ggwléi-do-š<br />
** Proto-Talothic: kʷléidos<br />
*** Dalitian: Pleîdos<br />
<br />
== Ğ ==<br />
<br />
===ğeḥš===<br />
[ɢehʃ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ğḥš'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ğeḥš'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ğoḥš'''<br />
<br />
(''noun'') god, deity, divinity, spirit; holy place, holy. (''imperfective'') to be a god, to do the activities of being a god or spirit, to live piously, to practice aestheticism. (''perfective'') to sanctify, to purify, to deify; to make suitable for the dwelling of gods.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ğḥš-nó-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: χaznom<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#h.C4.81nu.E1.B9.85|hānuṅ]]<br />
* ğéḥš-to-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: χēstos<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#h.C4.93stus|hēstus]]<br />
<br />
== I ==<br />
<br />
===ieul===<br />
[i̯eu̯l] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''iul'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ieul'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ioul'''<br />
<br />
(''imperfective'') to sing a song, to recite a poem, to cast a spell or curse; to chant.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* iéul-ieḫ-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: jouljā<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#i.C5.ABlia|iūlia]]<br />
* iúl-iḫ-<br />
** Proto-Talothic: iuľľa<br />
*** Dalitian: hylla<br />
<br />
== Ḫ ==<br />
<br />
===ḫéioš, ḫéiešeš===<br />
[ħéi̯oʃ, ħéi̯eʃeʃ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ḫeiš'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ḫeieš'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ḫeioš'''<br />
<br />
(''noun'') life force, vitality.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ḫéieš-mo-m<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: ajezmom<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#a.C4.93mun|aēmun]]<br />
* ḫeieš-mṓ(n), ḫeiéš-mon-oš<br />
** Proto-Talothic: ajezmṓn<br />
*** Dalitian: āmṓn ("heart")<br />
<br />
===ḫelḥ===<br />
[ħelh] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ḫḷḥ'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ḫelḥ'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ḫolḥ'''<br />
<br />
(''imperfective'') to be nourishing, sustaining, helping, enriching; to flow into, to feed into. (''perfective'') to grow, to mature, to come of age, to ripen. (''stative'') to be grown, feed, nourished, happy, prosperous.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ḫelḥ-teḫ-š<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: altā<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#alta|alta]]<br />
** Proto-Talothic: alatʰā́s<br />
*** Dalitian: altethḗs<br />
* ḫelḥ- (root stative)<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: alōr<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#aleor|aleor]]<br />
<br />
===ḫeš===<br />
[ħeʃ] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ḫš'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ḫeš'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ḫoš'''<br />
<br />
(''imperfective'') to breath, to respirate. (''stative'') to be alive.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ḫeš-omnó-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: azomnos<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#arumnus|arumnus]]<br />
* ḫeš-uḥ-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: astūs<br />
***Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#ast.C5.ABs|astūs]]<br />
<br />
=== ḫešr-ós ===<br />
[ħeʒ.róʃ] ''n. t.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ḫešr-óšio'''<br />
<br />
Related to ''ḫešr'' “minnow.”<br />
<br />
Fish, either alive or eaten<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* Proto-Iscaric: aðros<br />
** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#aber|aber]]<br />
* Proto-Talothic: asrós<br />
**Dalitian: ērós<br />
<br />
===ḫeugg===<br />
[ħeu̯g̊] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ḫugg'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ḫeugg'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ḫougg'''<br />
<br />
(''stative'') to see, to know.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ḫeugg-éḥ-ie-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: augējets<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#auge.C3.A7|augeç]]<br />
<br />
===ḫeyy===<br />
[ħeɟ̊] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ḫyy'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ḫeyy'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ḫoyy'''<br />
<br />
(''perfective'') to sow, to plant, to sprinkle, to press something lightly into the ground, to bring life into something, to inseminate.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ḫéyy-ti<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: agets<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#agi.C3.A7|agiç]]<br />
* ḫeyy-ié-<br />
** Proto-Talothic: áťťetsi<br />
*** Dalitian: átteis<br />
* ḫeyy-nó-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: agnom<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#agnu.E1.B9.85|agnuṅ]]<br />
** Proto-Fyrdic: akką<br />
* ḫéyy-ti-<br />
** Proto-Talothic: áktsis<br />
*** Dalitian: áxis<br />
**** Aeranir: axēs<br />
<br />
===ḫleyy===<br />
[ħleɟ̊] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ḫḷyy'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ḫleyy'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ḫloyy'''<br />
<br />
(''perfective'') to collect, to gather, to assemble, to come together, to have a meeting.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ḫléyy-e-ti<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: legets<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#legi.C3.A7|legiç]]<br />
<br />
== ḪW ==<br />
<br />
===ḫweiddł===<br />
[ħʷei̯d̥ɬ] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ḫwiddł'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ḫweiddł'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ḫwoiddł'''<br />
<br />
(''imperfective'') to work, to labour, to toil, to struggle. (''stative'') to be working, to be functioning, going as planned. (''noun'') work, toil, labour. <br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ḫweiddł-ó-š<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: oi(d)ɬom<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#oelu.E1.B9.85|oeluṅ]]<br />
** Proto-Talothic: oitsón > oitsā́<br />
*** Dalitian: oisḗ<br />
** Proto-Fyrdic: aitą<br />
** Proto-Maro-Stiric: aiĵám<br />
*** Old Marian: aidam<br />
*** Stiric: ejam<br />
**** Doti: ejaṁ<br />
<br />
== Ḥ ==<br />
<br />
===ḥep===<br />
[hep] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ḥp'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ḥep'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ḥop'''<br />
<br />
(''stative'') to remain, to be left over, to be in excess, to be too many.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* ḥep-n-ié-ḫōr<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: epnjōr<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#imn.C4.AB|imnī]]<br />
<br />
== K ==<br />
<br />
===ke===<br />
[ke] ''pro.''<br />
<br />
(''pronoun'') reflexive pronoun; myself, yourself, themselves, etc.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* Proto-Iscaric: ke<br />
** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#ce|ce]]<br />
<br />
===kenḫ===<br />
[kenħ] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''kṇḫ'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''kenḫ'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''konḫ'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''perfective'') to go past, to leave behind, to go through, to pass through. (''noun'') bound, boundary, limit. <br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* kón-to-š<br />
** Proto-Iscarian: kontos<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#contus|contus]]<br />
** Proto-Fyrdic: hanþaz<br />
** Proto-Maro-Stiric: kántas<br />
* kénḫ-ie-ti<br />
** Proto-Iscarian: kenjets<br />
*** Aeranir: ciniç<br />
* kénḫ-e-ti<br />
** Proto-Talothic: kʰénajetsi<br />
*** Dalitian: khenāîs<br />
** Proto-Maro-Stiric: čánHati<br />
<br />
===keḫš===<br />
[keħʃ] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''kḫš'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''keḫš'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''koḫš'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''perfective'') to measure, to assess, to estimate. (''imperfective'') to advise, to give advice, to mediate, to take care of someone. <br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* kḫš-eḫ-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: kazā<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#cara|cara]]<br />
* kéḫš-ni-š, kḫš-ní-š<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: kaznis<br />
*** Aeranir: cās<br />
<br />
===kḥer===<br />
[kher] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''kḥr'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''kḥer'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''kḥor'''<br /><br />
alt. <code>e-stem</code> '''keḥr'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''koḥr'''<br />
<br />
(''imperfective'') to sway, to shift, to move it waves, slowly and elegantly; to turn, to change; to bend.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* kḥr-é-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: karets<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#cari.C3.A7|cariç]]<br />
* kḥr-mṇ-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: karmən<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#carmen|carmen]]<br />
* kḥor-éie-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: korejets<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#core.C3.A7|coreç]]<br />
<br />
===kreud===<br />
[kreu̯d̪] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''krud'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''kreud'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''kroud'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''noun'') blood, flesh, meat.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
{{columns-list|2|<br />
* kréud-š, krud-ós<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: krous<br />
*** Aeranir: crūs ("blood")<br />
* kérud-to-<br />
** Proto-Talothic: kʰérussos<br />
*** Dalitian: kheryssos ("blood, heart")<br />
* krud-ió-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: krujjos<br />
*** Aeranir: cruius ("flesh")<br />
* krúd-ďďḥ-ti<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: ob kruzdets<br />
*** Aeranir: occrūdiç ("it commits me, violates me")<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== KW ==<br />
<br />
===kweyy===<br />
[kʷeɟ̊] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''kwayy'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''kweyy'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''kwoyy'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''perfective'') to separate, to divide, to split, to section off.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
{{columns-list|2|<br />
* kwéyy-io-š<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: kʷegjos<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#cueius|cueius]]<br />
* kwóyy-o-m<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: kʷogom<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#cogun|cogun]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== M ==<br />
<br />
===men===<br />
[men] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''mṇ'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''men'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''mon'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''noun'') body, shape, form, mass, substance, essence. (stative) to be alike, to be similar, to resemble, look like, to embody.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* mṇ-těr-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: məntēr<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#menter|menter]]<br />
** Proto-Talothic: mətʰḗr<br />
*** Dalitian: mathḗs<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#mater|mater]]<br />
* mén-ie-ti<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: menjets<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#meni.C3.A7|meniç]]<br />
<br />
== P ==<br />
<br />
===peť===<br />
[pet] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''pať'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''peť'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''poť'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''perfective'') to cook, to bake (in an oven), to boil, to make a stew, to ripen.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* póť-to-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: possos<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#possus|possus]]<br />
* peť-mṇ-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: petmən<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#pemmen|pemmen]]<br />
* peť-nó-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: petnom<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#pannu.E1.B9.85|pannuṅ]]<br />
* poť-iḥ-nó-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: potsīnom<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#pa.C3.A7.C4.ABnu.E1.B9.85|paçīnuṅ]]<br />
* peť-šló-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: petslom<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#p.C4.93lu.E1.B9.85|pēluṅ]]<br />
* peť-ié-<br />
** Proto-Talothic: pʰéťťetsi<br />
*** Dalitian: phétteis<br />
<br />
===plei===<br />
[plei̯] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''pli'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''plei'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ploi'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''imperfect'') to divide, to dissect, to split, to take apart into constituent pieces, to disassemble, to de-rig or deactivate a trap, to unarm. (''perfective'') to separate, to put apart, to remove, to exile, to ostracise.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* pli-ié-ti<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: plijets<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#pli.C3.A7|pliç]]<br />
* pléi-no-š<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: pleinos<br />
*** Aeranir: plīnus<br />
* plei-dó-š<br />
** Proto-Talothic: pʰleidós<br />
*** Dalitian: Pleidós<br />
<br />
===pred===<br />
[pred] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''pṛd'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''pred'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''prod'''<br /><br />
alt. <code>e-stem</code> '''perd'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''pord'''<br />
<br />
(''perfective'') to join, to attach, to suit, to agree or be in unison with. (''noun'') agreement, promise, settlement.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* pred-tó-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: pressos<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#persus|persus]]<br />
* pord-éie-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: proðejets<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#prode.C3.A7|prodeç]]<br />
** Proto-Talothic: pʰrodejetsi<br />
*** Dalitian: phrodéeis<br />
<br />
== R ==<br />
<br />
===renḫw===<br />
[renħʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''rṇḫw'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''renḫw'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ronḫw'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''imperfective'') to lead, to rule, to straighten, to organise, be setting right. (stative) to be straight, to be orderly, organised, to be right, just, correct.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* rēnħʷ-š<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: rēns<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#r.C4.93s|rēs]]<br />
* rṇħʷ-nó-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: rənnom<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#rennu.E1.B9.85|rennuṅ]]<br />
* š-ṛnḫw-téḥ-<br />
** Proto-Talothic: ʰranotʰḗs<br />
*** Dalitian: rhanothḗs<br />
<br />
== Š ==<br />
<br />
===šeḫl===<br />
[ʃeħl] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''šḫl'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''šeḫl'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''šoḫl'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''imperfective'') to spin, to coil, to whirl. (''perfective'') to curl, to foil, to wind. (''stative'') to be sitting in a way as to draw ones legs towards oneself.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* šḫl-w-éḫ-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: salwā<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#salva|salva]]<br />
<br />
===šem===<br />
[ʃem] ''cop.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''šṃ'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''šem'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''šom'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''copula'') to be, to exist.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* šóm-ti<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: sonts<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#sunz|sunz]]<br />
** Proto-Talothic: hóntsi<br />
*** Dalitian: hoúsi<br />
<br />
===šḫeip===<br />
[ʃħei̯p] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''šḫip'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''šḫeip'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''šḫoip'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''imperfective'') to swing, to slash, to strike, to cut; to move a blade in an arcing movement as to cut something.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* šéḫip-ie-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: saipjets<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#saepi.C3.A7|saepiç]]<br />
<br />
===šleup===<br />
[ʃleu̯p] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''šlup'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''šleup'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''šloup'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''imperfective'') to shout, to scream. (''noun'') a loud noise.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* šlup-eḥ-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: slupējets<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#lupe.C3.A7|lupeç]]<br />
<br />
== T ==<br />
<br />
=== tedłḫw ===<br />
[t̪edɮħʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''tadłḫw'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''tedłḫw'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''todłḫw'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''stative'') to see, to know.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* todłḫw-éie-ti<br />
** Proto-Talothic: tʰodzóyetsi<br />
*** Dalitian: thozoĩs<br />
** Proto-Iscairc: toɮejets<br />
*** Dalitian: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#tole.C3.A7|toleç]]<br />
** Proto-Fyrdic: þalīdi<br />
** Proto-Anderic: toleyeti<br />
** Proto-Maro-Stiric: tāĵʰáyati<br />
*** Stiric: tāháyati<br />
**** Doti: tāheti<br />
*** Old-Mirian: tādayatiy<br />
<br />
== Ť ==<br />
<br />
=== ťer ===<br />
[ter] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ťṛ'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ťer'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ťor'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''perfective'') to hit, to strike, to smack, to pack down, to beat.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* š-ťér-o-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: steros<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#sterus|sterus]]<br />
** Proto-Maro-Stiric: sʈárah<br />
*** Stiric: ṣṭaraḥ<br />
**** Doti: ṭharo<br />
<br />
== TŁ ==<br />
<br />
===tłeḫš===<br />
[tɬeħʃ] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''tłḫš'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''tłeḫš'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''tłoḫš'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''perfective'') to bloom, to blossom, to ripen, to come of age or maturity, to spread out, to open up. (''noun'') a flower.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* tłḫš-nó-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: tɬaznā<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#tl.C4.81na|tlāna]]<br />
<br />
== U ==<br />
<br />
===ueggš===<br />
[u̯eg̊ʃ] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''uggš'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''ueggš'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''uoggš'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''imperfective'') to stream, to flow, to run, to sweep, to spread; to drift, to float, to wander, to stray. (''perfective'') to be washed away, to be carried away, to disappear, to be removed.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* uéggš-mṅ-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: weksmən<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#v.C5.8Dmen|vōmen]]<br />
<br />
===uegh===<br />
[u̯eɢ] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ugh'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''uegh'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''uogh'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''imperfective'') to carry over one's shoulder, to sling over one's shoulder. (''noun'') a shoulder pole, a pole used for carrying things over one's shoulders.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* uégh-e-ti<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: weʁets<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#veghi.C3.A7|veghiç]]<br />
* uégh-(k)lo-m<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: weʁlom<br />
*** Aeranir: veġüluṅ ("palanquin")<br />
* uegh-kṓr<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: wekkōr<br />
*** Aeranir: veccor ("courier")<br />
<br />
===uekḫ===<br />
[u̯ekħ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''ukḫ'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''uekḫ'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''uokḫ'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''noun'') illness, sickness, disease, disability, disfigurement, bad luck, curse, anything that negatively effects human life. (''perfective'') to curse, to wish or being bad luck or misfortune upon someone. (''stative'') to be sick, to be ill, disabled, disfigured, to have bad luck, to be cursed, to be disaffected. <br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* uékḫ-o-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: wekom<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#vecu.E1.B9.85|vecuṅ]]<br />
<br />
== Y ==<br />
<br />
===yneḥ===<br />
[ɟneh] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''yṇḥ'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''yneḥ'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''ynoḥ'''<br /><br />
alt. <code>e-stem</code> '''yenḥ'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''yonḥ'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''nominal'') earth, soil, dirt; humans, regular folk. (''adjective'') strong, sturdy, reliable.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* yneḥ-iš-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: ŋnēis<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#n.C4.ABs|nīs]]<br />
* yónḥ-o-<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: xonom<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#hunu.E1.B9.85|hunuṅ]]<br />
<br />
== YY ==<br />
<br />
===yyeḥr===<br />
[ɟ̊ehr] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>Ø-stem</code> '''yyḥr'''; <code>e-stem</code> '''yyeḥr'''; <br />
<code>o-stem</code> '''yyoḥr'''<br /><br />
<br />
(''stative'') to be tall, high, to be important, to be sacred, to be beloved, of elevated or special status.<br />
<br />
'''Descendants:'''<br />
* yyḥr-ḫṓr<br />
** Proto-Iscaric: garōr<br />
*** Aeranir: [[Aeranir_Lexicon#garor|garor]]<br />
** Proto-Talothic: kéretsi<br />
*** Dalitian: kéreis<br />
<br />
[[Category:PME Lexicon]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210641
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T21:02:23Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Kȟe */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' meanwhile<br />
1. Meanwhile<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟe===<br />
[kχe] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> ''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'', from PT ''Ḥalqʼck’a'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210640
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T21:01:59Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* K */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' meanwhile<br />
1. Meanwhile<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼ===<br />
[ˈkʲʼatʼoχʷʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Kʲʼatʼoȟʷʼi'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''kʲʼatȟʷʼa'' "meeting"<br />
<br />
# meeting<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟa===<br />
[kχa] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> ''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'', from PT ''Ḥalqʼck’a'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210638
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T20:58:03Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' meanwhile<br />
1. Meanwhile<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟa===<br />
[kχa] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> ''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'', from PT ''Ḥalqʼck’a'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210598
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-02T15:09:46Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Dialectical Variety */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 75 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210597
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-02T15:09:36Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Phonology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 75 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Allophony==<br />
#t > t̪ / r_<br />
#t > dʷ / V_V<br />
<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210596
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-02T15:09:02Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 77 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|(t̪)<br />
|t<br />
|(dʷ)<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Allophony==<br />
#t > t̪ / r_<br />
#t > dʷ / V_V<br />
<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210595
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-02T15:08:39Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Consonants */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 77 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|(t̪)<br />
|t<br />
|(dʷ)<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Allophony==<br />
#t > t̪ / r_<br />
#t > dʷ / V_V<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210594
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-02T15:07:56Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Allophony */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 77 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|(t̪)<br />
|t<br />
|(dʷ)<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Allophony==<br />
#t > t̪ / r_<br />
#t > dʷ / V_V<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210593
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-02T15:07:42Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Allophony */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 77 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|(t̪)<br />
|t<br />
|(dʷ)<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Allophony==<br />
t > t̪ / r_<br />
t > dʷ / V_V<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210592
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-02T15:06:15Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Phonological rules */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 77 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|(t̪)<br />
|t<br />
|(dʷ)<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Phonological rules===<br />
t > t̪ / r_<br />
t > dʷ / V_V<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210591
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-02T15:05:28Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Consonants */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 77 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|(t̪)<br />
|t<br />
|(dʷ)<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonological rules==<br />
t > t̪ / r_<br />
tʷ > dʷ / V_V<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor&diff=210590
Th’uȟw’aas’oor
2020-11-02T15:05:14Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Consonants */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ<br />
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]<br />
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]<br />
|created = 2020<br />
|setting = Sirius<br />
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a<br />
|speakers = 4 thousand<br />
|date = 7th sun<br />
|fam1= [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br><br />
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor<br />
|Modern <br />
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)<br />
Western (Erpsxi)<br />
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. <br />
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).<br />
<br />
===Alphabet===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|А а<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ā ā<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|E e<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ē ē<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|O o<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[aː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[eː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|R r<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|S s<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[r]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]<br />
|}<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|7<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ƛ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḥ ḥ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ł ł<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ʀ ʀ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ȟ ȟ<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X̱ x̱<br />
|-<br />
! text-align: center; "|IPA<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʔ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ħ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɬ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʀ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[χ]<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 77 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 | Labial<br />
! rowspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Alveolar<br />
! rowspan=2 | Palatal<br />
! colspan="3" | Velar<br />
! colspan=2 | Uvular<br />
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal<br />
! rowspan=2 | Glottal<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>pal.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>lab.</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Stop<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|(t̪)<br />
|t<br />
|dʷ<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|kʷ<br />
|kʲ<br />
|q<br />
|qʷ<br />
|ʡ<br />
|ʡʷ<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|pʼ<br />
|pʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|tʼ<br />
|tʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|kʼ<br />
|kʷʼ<br />
|kʲʼ<br />
|qʼ<br />
|qʷʼ<br />
|ʡʼ<br />
|ʡʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θ<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃ<br />
|k͡x<br />
|k͡xʷ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χ<br />
|q͡χʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t̪͡θʼ<br />
|t͡sʼ<br />
|<br />
|t͡ʃʼ<br />
|k͡xʼ<br />
|k͡xʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|q͡χʼ<br />
|q͡χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|f<br />
|<br />
|θ<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|ʃ ç<br />
|x<br />
|xʷ<br />
|xʲ<br />
|χ<br />
|χʷ<br />
|ħ<br />
|ħʷ<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|fʼ<br />
|<br />
|θʼ<br />
|sʼ<br />
|<br />
|ʃʼ çʼ<br />
|xʼ<br />
|xʷʼ<br />
|xʲʼ<br />
|χʼ<br />
|χʷʼ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Trill<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʀ<br />
|<br />
|ʜ<br />
|ʜʷ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|r̥’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʜ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Affricate<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ<br />
|t͡ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɬ’<br />
|t͡ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lateral Fricative<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ<br />
|ɬʷ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>ejective</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɬ’<br />
|ɬʷ’<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==Phonological rules==<br />
t > t̪ / r_<br />
tʷ > dʷ / V_V<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| <br />
! colspan=2 |Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|- class=small<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|-<br />
!| Close<br />
|i<br />
|iː<br />
|u<br />
|uː<br />
|-<br />
!| Mid<br />
|e<br />
|eː<br />
|o<br />
|oː<br />
|-<br />
!| Open<br />
|a<br />
|aː<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
===Dialectical Variety===<br />
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].<br />
<br />
===Prosody===<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.<br />
<br />
The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:<br />
<br />
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.<br />
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.<br />
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.<br />
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.<br />
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object<br />
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.<br />
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location. <br />
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. <br />
Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+|<br />
!Person<br />
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Dependent possessive (determiner)<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Independent possessive<br />
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |First<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
|I<br />
|me<br />
|my<br />
|mine<br />
|myself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|We<br />
|us<br />
|our<br />
|ours<br />
|ourselves<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Second<br />
! colspan="2" |Singular<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |you<br />
| rowspan="2" |your<br />
| rowspan="2" |yours<br />
|yourself<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|yourselves<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third<br />
!Masculine<br />
|he<br />
|him<br />
| colspan="2" |his<br />
|himself<br />
|-<br />
!Feminine<br />
|she<br />
| colspan="2" |her<br />
|hers<br />
|herself<br />
|-<br />
!Neuter<br />
| colspan="2" |It<br />
|its<br />
| -<br />
|itself<br />
|-<br />
!Epicene<br />
|they<br />
|them<br />
|their<br />
|theirs<br />
|themself/ themselves<br />
|} <br />
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Demonstrative<br />
!Relative<br />
!Indefinite<br />
!Interrogative<br />
|-<br />
|this<br />
|who<br />
|one<br />
|who<br />
|-<br />
|these<br />
|what<br />
|something / nothing <br />
|what<br />
|-<br />
|that<br />
|which<br />
|someone / anyone / no one <br />
|which<br />
|-<br />
|those<br />
|that<br />
|somebody / nobody <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.<br />
<br />
===Tense===<br />
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):<br />
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form. <br />
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.<br />
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative. <br />
<br />
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high<br />
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child. <br />
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age<br />
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210589
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T14:43:36Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* G̠ */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' meanwhile<br />
1. Meanwhile<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟa===<br />
[kχa] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
===G̠ēkʲʼ===<br />
[ʡeːkʲʼ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> ''G̠ēkʲʼi '''<br />
<br />
From PT ''G̠ēkʲʼ''<br />
<br />
# horse<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'', from PT ''Ḥalqʼck’a'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''X̱a7aƛ'', from PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210588
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T14:41:28Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* Xʲʼōḥē */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' meanwhile<br />
1. Meanwhile<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟa===<br />
[kχa] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'', from PT ''Ḥalqʼck’a'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''X̱a7aƛ'', from PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210587
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T14:40:41Z
<p>MacySinrich2: /* ϴ */</p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' meanwhile<br />
1. Meanwhile<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟa===<br />
[kχa] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
===ϴʼuȟʷʼāsʼōr===<br />
[θʼuχʷʼaːsʼoːr] ''n.''<br/><br />
<br />
# The Th’uȟwaasʼoor language<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# deprive<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'', from PT ''Ḥalqʼck’a'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''X̱a7aƛ'', from PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210586
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T14:36:37Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' meanwhile<br />
1. Meanwhile<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟa===<br />
[kχa] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# deprive<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'', from PT ''Ḥalqʼck’a'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''X̱a7aƛ'', from PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210585
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T14:36:27Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' meanwhile<br />
1. Meanwhile<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟa===<br />
[kχa] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# deprive<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'', from PT ''Ḥalqʼck’a'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==Ȟ==<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''X̱a7aƛ'', from PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210584
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T14:36:20Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' meanwhile<br />
1. Meanwhile<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟa===<br />
[kχa] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# deprive<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'', from PT ''Ḥalqʼck’a'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
==Ł==<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==Ȟ==<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''X̱a7aƛ'', from PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210583
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T14:36:10Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' meanwhile<br />
1. Meanwhile<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟa===<br />
[kχa] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# deprive<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==ƛ==<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'', from PT ''Ḥalqʼck’a'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
==Ł==<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==Ȟ==<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''X̱a7aƛ'', from PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210582
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T14:35:57Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' meanwhile<br />
1. Meanwhile<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟa===<br />
[kχa] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# deprive<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==7==<br />
==ƛ==<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'', from PT ''Ḥalqʼck’a'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
==Ł==<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==Ȟ==<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''X̱a7aƛ'', from PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Th%E2%80%99u%C8%9Fw%E2%80%99aas%E2%80%99oor_Lexicon&diff=210581
Th’uȟw’aas’oor Lexicon
2020-11-02T14:35:48Z
<p>MacySinrich2: </p>
<hr />
<div>==A==<br />
===Awici===<br />
[aˌwit͡si] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Awica'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Awhac'', From Proto Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Axʷc''<br />
<br />
# magic<br />
<br />
==Ā==<br />
=== Āk̠ičʼu ===<br />
[aːˌçiʧʼu] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟʷ’aas’oor ''Ahji''<br />
<br />
<code>suffix</code> ''čʼu'' <br />
<br />
#balance<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Erpsxi===<br />
['erpsxi] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Erpsxa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Erpsxa7'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# of the sea<br />
<br />
===Ek̠aƛ===<br />
['ˈeçat͡ɬ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''ˈeçat͡ɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ehjaƛ'' " the sea"<br />
<br />
# strong<br />
# tough<br />
# solid<br />
<br />
===Eƛʷʼe===<br />
[ˈet͡ɬʷʼe] ''adv.'' <br/><br />
From PT ''eƛwa'' meanwhile<br />
1. Meanwhile<br />
==O==<br />
===Ostxrcapšq’a===<br />
['ostxrt͡sapʃq’a] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''Ostxrcapšq’aca'''<br />
<br />
<code>prefix</code> ''ostxr'', <code>suffix</code> ''capšq’a'' "behave"<br />
<br />
# to behave<br />
==K==<br />
===Kxaʀsi7===<br />
['k͡xaʀ.siʔ] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>NOM.SG</code> '''Kxaʀsa'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Kxaȟrsa'' "mountain"<br />
<br />
# of the mountain<br />
<br />
===Kʷ’p’t’k’===<br />
[kʷ’p’t’kʲ’] ''(interjection)'' <br />
<br />
# A command meaning stop.<br />
<br />
===Kȟa===<br />
[kχa] ''v.''<br/> <br />
<br />
1. A command meaning move.<br />
==P==<br />
===Pθkc’eli===<br />
[pθkt͡s’e.li] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Pθkc’elt’i'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''Pθkc’el'', from PT ''Ptθeli'' "hard"<br />
<br />
# hard<br />
<br />
===Psaḥitxātθ===<br />
[psaˈħitxaːt͡θ] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Psaḥitxātθtʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''psaħitxāθ'', from PT ''psajtxātθ'' "natural"<br />
<br />
# natural<br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
===Qȟʼakk̠ārłe ===<br />
[q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬe] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''q͡χʼakˈçaːrɬi'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Qȟʼakjārle'' "destroy"<br />
<br />
# destruction<br />
==G̠==<br />
==S==<br />
===S’ufjēqʷ===<br />
['sʼufjeːqʷ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''desire'''<br />
<br />
From the phrase ''Sʼuf jeqʷ'' “I want” in OT<br />
<br />
# to desire<br />
<br />
==T==<br />
===Tʷʼepaȟʷū===<br />
['tʷʼeˈpaχʷuː] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''hunter'''<br />
<br />
From the Kxaʀsi dialectal corruption of ''tʷʼepχʷu'' “to hunt” in Erpsxi<br />
<br />
# to hunt<br />
==ϴ==<br />
==C==<br />
===Ckłta ===<br />
[t͡skɬta] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ckłti'''<br />
<br />
From PT ''Ckłta'' "life"<br />
<br />
# life<br />
==K̠==<br />
===K̠ʼekšāf===<br />
[ˈçʼekʃaːf] ''v.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ʼekšāft’i'''<br />
<br />
from PT ''K̠ʼekšāf'' "listen"<br />
<br />
# listen<br />
<br />
===K̠ūx’exʲʼa===<br />
[çuːxʼeˈxʲʼa] ''adj.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''K̠ūx’exʲʼatʼi'''<br />
<br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''k̠ūxʼexʲʼa'' "gold"<br />
<br />
# golden<br />
<br />
==X==<br />
===Xūpčīk̠===<br />
[ˈxuːpʧiːç] ''adv.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''xūpčīah''<br />
<br />
# simply<br />
<br />
===Xʲʼōḥē===<br />
[ˈxʲʼoːħeː] ''v.''<br/><br />
<br />
From PT ''Xʲʼōḥē''<br />
<br />
# remove<br />
# take out<br />
# deprive<br />
# take away<br />
# erase<br />
<br />
==W==<br />
==7==<br />
==ƛ==<br />
<br />
==Ḥ==<br />
===Ḥałq’ckʷ’a===<br />
['ħaɬ.q’t͡skʷ’a] ''n.''<br/><br />
<code>GEN.SG</code> '''Ḥalq’ckʷ’i'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Ḥałq’ckʷʼa'', from PT ''Ḥalqʼck’a'' "water"<br />
<br />
# water<br />
==Ł==<br />
==Ʀ==<br />
===Ʀōk̠tōƛʼ===<br />
[ˈʀoːçtoːt͡ɬʼ] ''v.''<br/><br />
''(reflexive)'' '''swimmer'''<br />
<br />
From OT ''Xrōštoƛʼ'', from PT ''Xōštot'' "to swim"<br />
<br />
# swim<br />
<br />
==Ȟ==<br />
<br />
==X̱==<br />
===X̱āƛ===<br />
[ʜaːt͡ɬ] ''n'' <br/><br />
From Old-Th’uȟw’aas’oor ''X̱a7aƛ'', from PT ''G̱g̱aƛ'' "language"<br />
# language</div>
MacySinrich2