Kliqel orthography

2026-04-13T02:58:06Z

Suqi:

Lanikel orthography

2026-04-13T02:55:28Z

Suqi:

Kliqel orthography

2026-04-13T02:36:15Z

Suqi: Replaced content with "<code>THIS PAGE IS INCOMPLETE AND INACCURATE PLEASE DISREGARD</code>"

<code>THIS PAGE IS INCOMPLETE AND INACCURATE PLEASE DISREGARD</code>

Lanikel orthography

2026-04-13T02:35:17Z

Suqi: /* Basic Phonemes */

Lanikel orthography

2026-04-13T02:32:07Z

Suqi: /* Tones */

2026-04-11T03:54:17Z

Suqi: /* Multigraph Disambiguation */

'''Lanikel''' is a dialect of [[Iskel]] which is primarily distinct from the others in its phonology. Therefore, its orthography differs from other dialects for both romanization and native script.

== Romanization ==

=== Basic Phonemes ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
![[w:Labial_consonant|Labial]]
![[w:dental_consonant|Dental]]
![[w:alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]]
![[w:postalveolar_consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[w:palatal_consonant|Palatal]]
![[w:dorsal_consonant|Dorsal]]
![[w:glottal_consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|[[w:Voiced_labiodental_nasal|ɱ]] '''m'''
|
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]] '''n'''
|
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]] '''ñ'''
|[[w:Voiced_velar_nasal|ŋ]] '''ng'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:stop_consonant|Stop]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|[[w:voiceless_bilabial_plosive|p]] '''p'''
|
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]] '''t'''
|[[w:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate|t͡ʃ]] '''ch'''
|
|[[w:IPA_k|k]] '''k'''
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]] '''c'''
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|[[w:IPA_b|b]] '''b'''
|
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]] '''dz'''
|[[w:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate|d͡ʒ]] '''j'''
|
|[[w:IPA_g|ɡ]] '''g'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|[[w:IPA_f|f]] '''f'''
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] '''th'''
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh'''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''lh'''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|[[w:IPA_v|v]] '''v'''
|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]] '''dh'''
|[[w:IPA_z|z]] '''z'''
|[[w:voiced_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʒ]] '''zh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
![[w:oral_consonant|Oral]]
|[[w:IPA_w|w]] '''w'''
|
|[[w:IPA_l|l]] '''l'''
|
|[[w:IPA_j|j]] '''y'''
|
|
|-
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|w̃]] '''ňw'''
|
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|l̃]] '''ňl'''
|
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|j̃]] '''ňy'''
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:vibrant_consonant|Vibrant]]
|
|
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_tap|ɾ]] '''r'''
|
|
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]] '''rr'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:click_consonant|Click]]
![[w:nasal_click|Nasal]]
|
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]] '''dn'''
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]] '''qn'''
|
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]] '''qñ'''
|
|
|-
![[w:tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
|
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]] '''d'''
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]] '''ql'''
|
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]] '''q'''
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!
![[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
![[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
![[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
![[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''ie'''
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''uo'''
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''eo'''
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''oe'''
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
|[[w:IPA_a|a]] '''a'''
|
|
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao'''
|}

=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Dorsal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|
|n̩ '''ṇ'''
|ɲ̩ '''ṇy'''
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|z̩ '''ẓ'''
|ʒ̍ '''ẓh'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ÿ'''
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃ '''ňẉ'''
|
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňÿ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|ɾ̩ '''ṛ'''
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|}

=== Tones ===
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩).

Mid tone on vowels is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩).

Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.

Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.

For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |[[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|í '''í'''
|ī '''ì'''
|ì '''<nowiki/>'i'''
|ɪ́ '''íe'''
|ɪ̄ '''ìe'''
|ɪ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ie'''
|ʊ́ '''úo'''
|ʊ̄ '''ùo'''
|ʊ̀ '''<nowiki/>'uo'''
|ú '''ú'''
|ū '''ù'''
|ù '''<nowiki/>'u'''
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|é '''é'''
|ē '''è'''
|è '''<nowiki/>'e'''
|ə́ '''éo'''
|ə̄ '''èo'''
|ə̀ '''<nowiki/>'eo'''
|ʌ́ '''óe'''
|ʌ̄ '''òe'''
|ʌ̀ '''<nowiki/>'oe'''
|ó '''ó'''
|ō '''ò'''
|ò '''<nowiki/>'o'''
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
|á '''á'''
|ā '''à'''
|à '''<nowiki/>'a'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɑ́ '''áo'''
|ɑ̄ '''ào'''
|ɑ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ao'''
|}
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.

Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄/, however, is written ⟨ẅ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |Palatal
! colspan="3" |Dorsal
|-
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|ŋ̩˥ '''ńg'''
|ŋ̩˧ '''ṅg'''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ẏ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ňĺ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ňŀ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ̩ː˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩ː˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
|
|
|
|ʀ̩˥ '''ŕr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|}

=== Gemination ===
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.

Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="22" |Geminate Romanization
|-
! rowspan="4" |Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Occlusive
!Phoneme
!ɱː
!nː
!ɲː
!ŋː
!pː
!tː
!t͡ʃː
!kː
!ʔː
!bː
!d͡zː
!d͡ʒː
!ɡː
!ŋ͡ʇː
!ŋ͡ǃ¡ː
!ŋ͡ǂː
!k͡ʇː
!k͡ǃ¡ː
!k͡ǂː
|-
!Grapheme
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''ññ''
|''ngg''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''chh''
|''kk''
|''cc''
|''bb''
|''ddz''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''dnn''
|''qnn''
|''qññ''
|''dd''
|''qql''
|''qq''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Continuant
!Phoneme
!fː
!θː
!sː
!ʃː
!ʎ̝̊ː
!xː
!hː
!vː
!ðː
!zː
!ʒː
!wː
!lː
!jː
!w̃ː
!l̃ː
!j̃ː
!ʀː
! rowspan="2" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ff''
|''thh''
|''ss''
|''shh''
|''lhh''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''dhh''
|''zz''
|''zhh''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''ňww''
|''ňll''
|''ňyy''
|''rrr''
|-
! rowspan="8" |Syllabic Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː
!n̩ː
!ɲ̩ː
!ŋ̩ː
!v̩ː
!ð̩ː
!z̩ː
!ʒ̍ː
!w̩ː
!l̩ː
!j̍ː
!w̩̃ː
!l̩̃ː
!j̩̃ː
!ʀ̩ː
! colspan="4" rowspan="8" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṃṃ''
|''ṇṇ''
|''ṇṇy''
|''ṇṇg''
|''ṿṿ''
|''ḍḍ''
|''ẓẓ''
|''ẓẓh''
|''ẉẉ''
|''ḷḷ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ňẉẉ''
|''ňḷḷ''
|''ňÿÿ''
|''ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˥
!n̩ː˥
!ɲ̩ː˥
!ŋ̩ː˥
!v̩ː˥
!ð̩ː˥
!z̩ː˥
!ʒ̍ː˥
!w̩ː˥
!l̩ː˥
!j̍ː˥
!w̩̃ː˥
!l̩̃ː˥
!j̩̃ː˥
!ʀ̩ː˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''ḿḿ''
|''ńń''
|''ńńy''
|''ńńg''
|''ŵŵ''
|''ðð''
|''źź''
|''źźh''
|''ẃẃ''
|''ĺĺ''
|''ýý''
|''ňẃẃ''
|''ňĺĺ''
|''ňýý''
|''ŕŕ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˧
!n̩ː˧
!ɲ̩ː˧
!ŋ̩ː˧
!v̩ː˧
!ð̩ː˧
!z̩ː˧
!ʒ̍ː˧
!w̩ː˧
!l̩ː˧
!j̍ː˧
!w̩̃ː˧
!l̩̃ː˧
!j̩̃ː˧
!ʀ̩ː˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṁṁ''
|''ṅṅ''
|''ṅṅy''
|''ṅṅg''
|''ẅẅ''
|''ḋḋ''
|''żż''
|''żżh''
|''ẇẇ''
|''ŀŀ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ňẇẇ''
|''ňŀŀ''
|''ňẏẏ''
|''ṙṙ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˩
!n̩ː˩
!ɲ̩ː˩
!ŋ̩ː˩
!v̩ː˩
!ð̩ː˩
!z̩ː˩
!ʒ̍ː˩
!w̩ː˩
!l̩ː˩
!j̍ː˩
!w̩̃ː˩
!l̩̃ː˩
!j̩̃ː˩
!ʀ̩ː˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ṃṃ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg''
|''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓh''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ÿÿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňÿÿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="8" |Vowel
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!iː
!ɪː
!ʊː
!uː
!eː
!əː
!ʌː
!oː
!aː
!ɑː
! colspan="9" rowspan="8" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ī''
|''īe''
|''ūo''
|''ū''
|''ē''
|''ēo''
|''ōe''
|''ō''
|''ā''
|''āo''
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˥
!ɪː˥
!ʊː˥
!uː˥
!eː˥
!əː˥
!ʌː˥
!oː˥
!aː˥
!ɑː˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''î''
|''îe''
|''ûo''
|''û''
|''ê''
|''êo''
|''ôe''
|''ô''
|''â''
|''âo''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˧
!ɪː˧
!ʊː˧
!uː˧
!eː˧
!əː˧
!ʌː˧
!oː˧
!aː˧
!ɑː˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ǐ''
|''ǐe''
|''ǔo''
|''ǔ''
|''ě''
|''ěo''
|''ǒe''
|''ǒ''
|''ǎ''
|''ǎo''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˩
!ɪː˩
!ʊː˩
!uː˩
!eː˩
!əː˩
!ʌː˩
!oː˩
!aː˩
!ɑː˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'īe''
|''<nowiki/>'ūo''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ēo''
|''<nowiki/>'ōe''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'āo''
|}
=== Multigraph Disambiguation ===
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.

Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė *aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).

When there are two adjacent instances of the a cluster separator (i.e. apostrophe for consonants or overdot for vowels), they are both omitted. This results in a rule that when ambiguity arises due to exactly 3 consonant or 3 vowel letters in a row, they are always read as 3 monographs. For example in consonants, ⟨qng⟩ must always be read as ⟨q⟩ /k͡ǂ/, ⟨n⟩ /n/, and then ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/, and not rewritten ⟨q'n'g⟩. However, ⟨chl⟩ must still be read as ⟨ch⟩ /t͡ʃ/ and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, and not ⟨c⟩ /ʔ/, ⟨h⟩ /h/, and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, because the ambiguity of ⟨ch⟩ only arises when it is alone, not due to being in a cluster with a third letter. For example in vowels, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation (Short Phonemes)
|-
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="3" |Syllabic Consonants
! colspan="6" |Vowels
|-
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Trigraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Short Vowel Multigraph
! colspan="3" |Long Vowel Multigraph
|-
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
|-
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
|-
! rowspan="2" |ch
|''ch''
|/t͡ʃ/
! rowspan="3" |chh
|''chh''
|/t͡ʃː/
! rowspan="2" |ṇy
|''ṇy''
|/ɲ̩/
! rowspan="3" |ie
|''ie''
|/ɪ/
! rowspan="2" |īe
|''īe''
|/ɪː/
|-
|''c'h''
|/ʔh/
|''ch'h''
|/t͡ʃh/
|''ṇ'y''
|/n̩j/
|''iė''
|/ie̯/
|''īë''
|/iː.e/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''c'hh''
|/ʔhː/
! rowspan="2" |ńy
|''ńy''
|/ɲ̩˥/
|''ië''
|/i.e/
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |dh
|''dh''
|/ð/
! rowspan="3" |dhh
|''dhh''
|/ðː/
|''ń'y''
|/n̩˥j/
! rowspan="3" |uo
|''uo''
|/ʊ/
! rowspan="2" |ūo
|''ūo''
|/ʊː/
|-
|''d'h''
|/k͡ʇh/
|''dh'h''
|/ðh/
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
|''ṅy''
|/ɲ̩˧/
|''uȯ''
|/uo̯/
|''ūö''
|/uː.o/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''d'hh''
|/k͡ʇhː/
|''ṅ'y''
|/n̩˧j/
|''uö''
|/u.o/
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |dn
|''dn''
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="3" |dnn
|''dnn''
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɲ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
! rowspan="3" |eo
|''eo''
|/ə/
! rowspan="2" |ēo
|''ēo''
|/əː/
|-
|''d'n''
|/k͡ʇn/
|''dn'n''
|/ŋ͡ʇh/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
|''eȯ''
|/eo̯/
|''ēö''
|/eː.o/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''d'nn''
|/k͡ʇnː/
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
|''ṇg''
|/ŋ̩/
|''eö''
|/e.o/
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |dz
|''dz''
|/d͡z/
! rowspan="3" |ddz
|''ddz''
|/d͡zː/
|''ṇ'g''
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="3" |oe
|''oe''
|/ʌ/
! rowspan="2" |ōe
|''ōe''
|/ʌː/
|-
|''d'z''
|/k͡ʇz/
|''d'dz''
|/k͡ʇd͡z/
! rowspan="2" |ńg
|''ńg''
|/ŋ̩˥/
|''oė''
|/oe̯/
|''ōë''
|/oː.e/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''dd'z''
|/k͡ʇːz/
|''ń'g''
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|''oë''
|/o.e/
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |hl
|''hl''
|/ʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="3" |lhh
|''lhh''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
|''ṅg''
|/ŋ̩˧/
! rowspan="3" |ao
|''ao''
|/ɑ/
! rowspan="2" |āo
|''āo''
|/ɑː/
|-
|''h'l''
|/hl/
|''lh'h''
|/ʎ̝̊h/
|''ṅ'g''
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|''aȯ''
|/ao̯/
|''āö''
|/aː.o/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''l'hh''
|/lhː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ŋ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''aö''
|/a.o/
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |ng
|''ng''
|/ŋ/
! rowspan="3" |ngg
|''ng''
|/ŋː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="8" |ieo
|''ieo''
|/ie̯o̯/
! colspan="3" rowspan="30" |
|-
|''n'g''
|/nɡ/
|''ng'g''
|/ŋɡ/
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
|''ẓh''
|/ʒ̍/
|''iėo''
|/iə̯/
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="7" |
|''n'gg''
|/nɡː/
|''ẓ'h''
|/z̩h/
|''ieȯ''
|/ɪo̯/
|-
! rowspan="3" |qlh
|''qlh''
|/k͡ǂlh/
! rowspan="2" |źh
|''źh''
|/ʒ̍˥/
|''iëo''
|/i.ə/
|-
|''ql'h''
|/k͡ǃ¡h/
|''ź'h''
|/z̩˥h/
|''ieö''
|/ɪ.o/
|-
|''q'lh''
|/k͡ǂʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="2" |żh
|''żh''
|/ʒ̍˧/
|''iëö''
|/i.e.o/
|-
! rowspan="3" |qng
|''qng''
|/k͡ǂnɡ/
|''ż'h''
|/z̩˧h/
|''iëȯ''
|/i.eo̯/
|-
|''qn'g''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ɡ/
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʒ̍˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''iėö''
|/ie̯.o/
|-
|''q'ng''
|/k͡ǂŋ/
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/z̩˩h/
! rowspan="4" |oua
|''oua''
|/ou̯a̯/
|-
! rowspan="2" |ql
|''ql''
|/k͡ǃ¡/
! rowspan="3" |qql
|''ql''
|/k͡ǃ¡ː/
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
|''ṛr''
|/ʀ̩/
|''oüa''
|/o.ua̯/
|-
|''q'l''
|/k͡ǂl/
|''q'ql''
|/k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/
|''ṛ'r''
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|''ouä''
|/ou̯.a/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''qq'l''
|/k͡ǂːl/
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
|''ŕr''
|/ʀ̩˥/
|''oüä''
|/o.u.a/
|-
! rowspan="2" |qn
|''qn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡/
! rowspan="3" |qnn
|''qnn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/
|''ŕ'r''
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
! colspan="3" rowspan="18" |
|-
|''q'n''
|/k͡ǂn/
|''qn'n''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡n/
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
|''ṙr''
|/ʀ̩˧/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''q'nn''
|/k͡ǂnː/
|''ṙ'r''
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |qñ
|''qñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂ/
! rowspan="3" |qññ
|''qññ''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
|''q'ñ''
|/k͡ǂɲ/
|''qñ'ñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
|''q'ññ''
|/k͡ǂɲː/
! colspan="3" rowspan="13" |
|-
! rowspan="3" |rrr
|''rrr''
|/ʀː/
|-
|''rr'r''
|/ʀɾ/
|-
|''r'rr''
|/ɾʀ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |sh
|''sh''
|/ʃ/
! rowspan="3" |shh
|''shh''
|/ʃː/
|-
|''s'h''
|/sh/
|''sh'h''
|/ʃh/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''s'hh''
|/shː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |th
|''th''
|/θ/
! rowspan="3" |thh
|''thh''
|/θː/
|-
|''t'h''
|/th/
|''th'h''
|/θh/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''t'hh''
|/thː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |zh
|''zh''
|/ʒ/
! rowspan="3" |zhh
|''zhh''
|/ʒː/
|-
|''z'h''
|/zh/
|''zh'h''
|/ʒh/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''z'hh''
|/zhː/
|}

Lanikel orthography

2026-04-11T03:42:48Z

Suqi: /* Syllabic Consonants */

'''Lanikel''' is a dialect of [[Iskel]] which is primarily distinct from the others in its phonology. Therefore, its orthography differs from other dialects for both romanization and native script.

== Romanization ==

=== Basic Phonemes ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
![[w:Labial_consonant|Labial]]
![[w:dental_consonant|Dental]]
![[w:alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]]
![[w:postalveolar_consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[w:palatal_consonant|Palatal]]
![[w:dorsal_consonant|Dorsal]]
![[w:glottal_consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|[[w:Voiced_labiodental_nasal|ɱ]] '''m'''
|
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]] '''n'''
|
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]] '''ñ'''
|[[w:Voiced_velar_nasal|ŋ]] '''ng'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:stop_consonant|Stop]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|[[w:voiceless_bilabial_plosive|p]] '''p'''
|
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]] '''t'''
|[[w:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate|t͡ʃ]] '''ch'''
|
|[[w:IPA_k|k]] '''k'''
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]] '''c'''
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|[[w:IPA_b|b]] '''b'''
|
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]] '''dz'''
|[[w:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate|d͡ʒ]] '''j'''
|
|[[w:IPA_g|ɡ]] '''g'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|[[w:IPA_f|f]] '''f'''
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] '''th'''
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh'''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''lh'''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|[[w:IPA_v|v]] '''v'''
|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]] '''dh'''
|[[w:IPA_z|z]] '''z'''
|[[w:voiced_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʒ]] '''zh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
![[w:oral_consonant|Oral]]
|[[w:IPA_w|w]] '''w'''
|
|[[w:IPA_l|l]] '''l'''
|
|[[w:IPA_j|j]] '''y'''
|
|
|-
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|w̃]] '''ňw'''
|
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|l̃]] '''ňl'''
|
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|j̃]] '''ňy'''
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:vibrant_consonant|Vibrant]]
|
|
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_tap|ɾ]] '''r'''
|
|
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]] '''rr'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:click_consonant|Click]]
![[w:nasal_click|Nasal]]
|
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]] '''dn'''
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]] '''qn'''
|
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]] '''qñ'''
|
|
|-
![[w:tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
|
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]] '''d'''
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]] '''ql'''
|
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]] '''q'''
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!
![[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
![[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
![[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
![[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''ie'''
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''uo'''
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''eo'''
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''oe'''
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
|[[w:IPA_a|a]] '''a'''
|
|
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao'''
|}

=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Dorsal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|
|n̩ '''ṇ'''
|ɲ̩ '''ṇy'''
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|z̩ '''ẓ'''
|ʒ̍ '''ẓh'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ÿ'''
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃ '''ňẉ'''
|
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňÿ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|ɾ̩ '''ṛ'''
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|}

=== Tones ===
High tone is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩). High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.

Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.

Mid tone is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩). Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄/, however, is written ⟨ẅ⟩.

Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.

For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |Palatal
|-
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ẏ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ÿ'''
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ňĺ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ňŀ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňÿ'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ̩ː˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩ː˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |Palatal
! colspan="3" |Dorsal
|-
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|ŋ̩˥ '''ńg'''
|ŋ̩˧ '''ṅg'''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ẏ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ňĺ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ňŀ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ̩ː˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩ː˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
|
|
|
|ʀ̩˥ '''ŕr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|}

=== Gemination ===
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.

Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="22" |Geminate Romanization
|-
! rowspan="4" |Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Occlusive
!Phoneme
!ɱː
!nː
!ɲː
!ŋː
!pː
!tː
!t͡ʃː
!kː
!ʔː
!bː
!d͡zː
!d͡ʒː
!ɡː
!ŋ͡ʇː
!ŋ͡ǃ¡ː
!ŋ͡ǂː
!k͡ʇː
!k͡ǃ¡ː
!k͡ǂː
|-
!Grapheme
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''ññ''
|''ngg''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''chh''
|''kk''
|''cc''
|''bb''
|''ddz''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''dnn''
|''qnn''
|''qññ''
|''dd''
|''qql''
|''qq''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Continuant
!Phoneme
!fː
!θː
!sː
!ʃː
!ʎ̝̊ː
!xː
!hː
!vː
!ðː
!zː
!ʒː
!wː
!lː
!jː
!w̃ː
!l̃ː
!j̃ː
!ʀː
! rowspan="2" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ff''
|''thh''
|''ss''
|''shh''
|''lhh''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''dhh''
|''zz''
|''zhh''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''ňww''
|''ňll''
|''ňyy''
|''rrr''
|-
! rowspan="8" |Syllabic Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː
!n̩ː
!ɲ̩ː
!ŋ̩ː
!v̩ː
!ð̩ː
!z̩ː
!ʒ̍ː
!w̩ː
!l̩ː
!j̍ː
!w̩̃ː
!l̩̃ː
!j̩̃ː
!ʀ̩ː
! colspan="4" rowspan="8" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṃṃ''
|''ṇṇ''
|''ṇṇy''
|''ṇṇg''
|''ṿṿ''
|''ḍḍ''
|''ẓẓ''
|''ẓẓh''
|''ẉẉ''
|''ḷḷ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ňẉẉ''
|''ňḷḷ''
|''ňÿÿ''
|''ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˥
!n̩ː˥
!ɲ̩ː˥
!ŋ̩ː˥
!v̩ː˥
!ð̩ː˥
!z̩ː˥
!ʒ̍ː˥
!w̩ː˥
!l̩ː˥
!j̍ː˥
!w̩̃ː˥
!l̩̃ː˥
!j̩̃ː˥
!ʀ̩ː˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''ḿḿ''
|''ńń''
|''ńńy''
|''ńńg''
|''ŵŵ''
|''ðð''
|''źź''
|''źźh''
|''ẃẃ''
|''ĺĺ''
|''ýý''
|''ňẃẃ''
|''ňĺĺ''
|''ňýý''
|''ŕŕ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˧
!n̩ː˧
!ɲ̩ː˧
!ŋ̩ː˧
!v̩ː˧
!ð̩ː˧
!z̩ː˧
!ʒ̍ː˧
!w̩ː˧
!l̩ː˧
!j̍ː˧
!w̩̃ː˧
!l̩̃ː˧
!j̩̃ː˧
!ʀ̩ː˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṁṁ''
|''ṅṅ''
|''ṅṅy''
|''ṅṅg''
|''ẅẅ''
|''ḋḋ''
|''żż''
|''żżh''
|''ẇẇ''
|''ŀŀ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ňẇẇ''
|''ňŀŀ''
|''ňẏẏ''
|''ṙṙ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˩
!n̩ː˩
!ɲ̩ː˩
!ŋ̩ː˩
!v̩ː˩
!ð̩ː˩
!z̩ː˩
!ʒ̍ː˩
!w̩ː˩
!l̩ː˩
!j̍ː˩
!w̩̃ː˩
!l̩̃ː˩
!j̩̃ː˩
!ʀ̩ː˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ṃṃ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg''
|''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓh''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ÿÿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňÿÿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="8" |Vowel
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!iː
!ɪː
!ʊː
!uː
!eː
!əː
!ʌː
!oː
!aː
!ɑː
! colspan="9" rowspan="8" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ī''
|''īe''
|''ūo''
|''ū''
|''ē''
|''ēo''
|''ōe''
|''ō''
|''ā''
|''āo''
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˥
!ɪː˥
!ʊː˥
!uː˥
!eː˥
!əː˥
!ʌː˥
!oː˥
!aː˥
!ɑː˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''î''
|''îe''
|''ûo''
|''û''
|''ê''
|''êo''
|''ôe''
|''ô''
|''â''
|''âo''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˧
!ɪː˧
!ʊː˧
!uː˧
!eː˧
!əː˧
!ʌː˧
!oː˧
!aː˧
!ɑː˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ǐ''
|''ǐe''
|''ǔo''
|''ǔ''
|''ě''
|''ěo''
|''ǒe''
|''ǒ''
|''ǎ''
|''ǎo''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˩
!ɪː˩
!ʊː˩
!uː˩
!eː˩
!əː˩
!ʌː˩
!oː˩
!aː˩
!ɑː˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'īe''
|''<nowiki/>'ūo''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ēo''
|''<nowiki/>'ōe''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'āo''
|}
=== Multigraph Disambiguation ===
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.

Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė *aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).

When there are two adjacent instances of the a cluster separator (i.e. apostrophe for consonants or overdot for vowels), they are both omitted. This results in a rule that when ambiguity arises due to exactly 3 consonant or 3 vowel letters in a row, they are always read as 3 monographs. For example in consonants, ⟨qng⟩ must always be read as ⟨q⟩ /k͡ǂ/, ⟨n⟩ /n/, and then ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/, and not rewritten ⟨q'n'g⟩. However, ⟨chl⟩ must still be read as ⟨ch⟩ /t͡ʃ/ and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, and not ⟨c⟩ /ʔ/, ⟨h⟩ /h/, and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, because the ambiguity of ⟨ch⟩ only arises when it is alone, not due to being in a cluster with a third letter. For example in vowels, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation (Short Phonemes)
|-
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="3" |Syllabic Consonants
! colspan="6" |Vowels
|-
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Trigraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Short Vowel Multigraph
! colspan="3" |Long Vowel Multigraph
|-
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
|-
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
|-
! rowspan="2" |ch
|''ch''
|/t͡ʃ/
! rowspan="3" |chh
|''chh''
|/t͡ʃː/
! rowspan="2" |ṇy
|''ṇy''
|/ɲ̩/
! rowspan="3" |ie
|''ie''
|/ɪ/
! rowspan="2" |īe
|''īe''
|/ɪː/
|-
|''c'h''
|/ʔh/
|''ch'h''
|/t͡ʃh/
|''ṇ'y''
|/n̩j/
|''iė''
|/ie̯/
|''īë''
|/iː.e/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''c'hh''
|/ʔhː/
! rowspan="2" |ńy
|''ńy''
|/ɲ̩˥/
|''ië''
|/i.e/
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |dh
|''dh''
|/ð/
! rowspan="3" |dhh
|''dhh''
|/ðː/
|''ń'y''
|/n̩˥j/
! rowspan="3" |uo
|''uo''
|/ʊ/
! rowspan="2" |ūo
|''ūo''
|/ʊː/
|-
|''d'h''
|/k͡ʇh/
|''dh'h''
|/ðh/
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
|''ṅy''
|/ɲ̩˧/
|''uȯ''
|/uo̯/
|''ūö''
|/uː.o/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''d'hh''
|/k͡ʇhː/
|''ṅ'y''
|/n̩˧j/
|''uö''
|/u.o/
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |dn
|''dn''
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="3" |dnn
|''dnn''
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɲ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
! rowspan="3" |eo
|''eo''
|/ə/
! rowspan="2" |ēo
|''ēo''
|/əː/
|-
|''d'n''
|/k͡ʇn/
|''dn'n''
|/ŋ͡ʇh/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
|''eȯ''
|/eo̯/
|''ēö''
|/eː.o/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''d'nn''
|/k͡ʇnː/
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
|''ṇg''
|/ŋ̩/
|''eö''
|/e.o/
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |dz
|''dz''
|/d͡z/
! rowspan="3" |ddz
|''ddz''
|/d͡zː/
|''ṇ'g''
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="3" |oe
|''oe''
|/ʌ/
! rowspan="2" |ōe
|''ōe''
|/ʌː/
|-
|''d'z''
|/k͡ʇz/
|''d'dz''
|/k͡ʇd͡z/
! rowspan="2" |ńg
|''ńg''
|/ŋ̩˥/
|''oė''
|/oe̯/
|''ōë''
|/oː.e/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''dd'z''
|/k͡ʇːz/
|''ń'g''
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|''oë''
|/o.e/
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |hl
|''hl''
|/ʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="3" |lhh
|''lhh''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
|''ṅg''
|/ŋ̩˧/
! rowspan="3" |ao
|''ao''
|/ɑ/
! rowspan="2" |āo
|''āo''
|/ɑː/
|-
|''h'l''
|/hl/
|''lh'h''
|/ʎ̝̊h/
|''ṅ'g''
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|''aȯ''
|/ao̯/
|''āö''
|/aː.o/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''l'hh''
|/lhː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ŋ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''aö''
|/a.o/
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |ng
|''ng''
|/ŋ/
! rowspan="3" |ngg
|''ng''
|/ŋː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="8" |ieo
|''ieo''
|/ie̯o̯/
! colspan="3" rowspan="30" |
|-
|''n'g''
|/nɡ/
|''ng'g''
|/ŋɡ/
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
|''ẓh''
|/ʒ̍/
|''iėo''
|/iə̯/
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="7" |
|''n'gg''
|/nɡː/
|''ẓ'h''
|/z̩h/
|''ieȯ''
|/ɪo̯/
|-
! rowspan="3" |qlh
|''qlh''
|/k͡ǂlh/
! rowspan="2" |źh
|''źh''
|/ʒ̍˥/
|''iëo''
|/i.ə/
|-
|''ql'h''
|/k͡ǃ¡h/
|''ź'h''
|/z̩˥h/
|''ieö''
|/ɪ.o/
|-
|''q'lh''
|/k͡ǂʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="2" |żh
|''żh''
|/ʒ̍˧/
|''iëö''
|/i.e.o/
|-
! rowspan="3" |qng
|''qng''
|/k͡ǂnɡ/
|''ż'h''
|/z̩˧h/
|''iëȯ''
|/i.eo̯/
|-
|''qn'g''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ɡ/
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʒ̍˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''iėö''
|/ie̯.o/
|-
|''q'ng''
|/k͡ǂŋ/
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/z̩˩h/
! colspan="3" rowspan="22" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |ql
|''ql''
|/k͡ǃ¡/
! rowspan="3" |qql
|''ql''
|/k͡ǃ¡ː/
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
|''ṛr''
|/ʀ̩/
|-
|''q'l''
|/k͡ǂl/
|''q'ql''
|/k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/
|''ṛ'r''
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''qq'l''
|/k͡ǂːl/
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
|''ŕr''
|/ʀ̩˥/
|-
! rowspan="2" |qn
|''qn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡/
! rowspan="3" |qnn
|''qnn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/
|''ŕ'r''
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
|-
|''q'n''
|/k͡ǂn/
|''qn'n''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡n/
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
|''ṙr''
|/ʀ̩˧/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''q'nn''
|/k͡ǂnː/
|''ṙ'r''
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |qñ
|''qñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂ/
! rowspan="3" |qññ
|''qññ''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
|''q'ñ''
|/k͡ǂɲ/
|''qñ'ñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
|''q'ññ''
|/k͡ǂɲː/
! colspan="3" rowspan="13" |
|-
! rowspan="3" |rrr
|''rrr''
|/ʀː/
|-
|''rr'r''
|/ʀɾ/
|-
|''r'rr''
|/ɾʀ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |sh
|''sh''
|/ʃ/
! rowspan="3" |shh
|''shh''
|/ʃː/
|-
|''s'h''
|/sh/
|''sh'h''
|/ʃh/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''s'hh''
|/shː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |th
|''th''
|/θ/
! rowspan="3" |thh
|''thh''
|/θː/
|-
|''t'h''
|/th/
|''th'h''
|/θh/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''t'hh''
|/thː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |zh
|''zh''
|/ʒ/
! rowspan="3" |zhh
|''zhh''
|/ʒː/
|-
|''z'h''
|/zh/
|''zh'h''
|/ʒh/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''z'hh''
|/zhː/
|}