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Kunesian
2018-04-11T15:25:13Z
<p>Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Vowels */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Erai Pe''' Andaidu tod te nok naito. [[Bearlandic|Lino Berulan]] te nok naito ama ama Andaidu tod, wati tod dabai rêai.<br />
<br />
There is a lot of dialectal variation, to the point that it is unclear whether Kunesian is one language or nine. In any case, this description focuses mostly on the standard variety which is based on the coastal dialects.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
Broadly speaking, Kunesian has these consonants:<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! colspan="2" | <br />
! Labial<br />
! Dental<br />
! Palatal<br />
! Velar<br />
! Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| ŋ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Stop<br />
! Voiceless<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
| b<br />
| d<br />
| <br />
| g<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Affricate<br />
! Voiceless<br />
| <br />
| t͡s<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
| <br />
| d͡z<br />
| ɟ͡ʝ<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Fricative<br />
| ɸ<br />
| s, θ, (ɬ)<br />
| <br />
| colspan="2" | x~χ<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Approximant<br />
| β<br />
| (ð) l<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Rhotic<br />
| <br />
| r<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| rʶ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The actual number of consonants is considerably larger as most of these "broad" consonant phonemes have several variants, also known as the "narrow" consonants. The exact inventory of narrow consonants varies considerably between different dialects, but in Standard Kunesian:<br />
* Voiceless stops distinguish aspirated and non-aspirated variants word-initially.<br />
* Every consonant except /q/, /ɟ͡ʝ/ and the rhotics has a palatalised version.<br />
** Voiceless stops, particularly the aspirated ones, become affricates when palatalised. These are transcribed as [p͡ç t͡ɕ c͡ç] respectively. /g/ also becomes and affricate and merges with /ɟ͡ʝ/.<br />
** The palatalised variants of /n/ and /ŋ/ merge as [ɲ].<br />
** The palatalised variants of /l/ and /ɰ/ are [ʎ] and [j] respectively.<br />
* Like all other varieties of Kunesian, it does not have all three of /θ ð ɬ/, and like all coastal dialects, it merges /ɬ/ with /θ/ and /ð/ with /l/.<br />
* Between vowels, the only rhotic is [ɾ].<br />
<br />
Consonant clusters only appear between vowels. The following ones are possible:<br />
* Nasal + stop. The nasal is always pronounced at the same POA as the following stop.<br />
* /r/ + coronal consonant. These clusters are realised as retroflex consonants, often preceded by a faint [ɻ].<br />
* [ɾχ] and its palatalised variant [ɾç].<br />
* [st] and its palatalised variant [ɕt͡ɕ], which, especially in colloquial speech, is often realised as [ɕː].<br />
<br />
Word finally, only the basic variants of /m n ŋ p t k q ɸ s θ ɬ x l/ appear. The word-final consonant which is realised as /x/ in Standard Kunesian is realised as a rhotic in some other varieties.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
In stressed syllables, the following monophthongs occur:<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! rowspan="2" | <br />
! colspan="2" | Front<br />
! colspan="2" | Cenral<br />
! colspan="2" | Back<br />
|-<br />
! Unrounded<br />
! colspan="2" | Rounded<br />
! colspan="2" | Unrounded<br />
! Rounded<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i<br />
| colspan="2" | y ~ ʉ<br />
| colspan="2" | ɨ ~ ɯ<br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! Mid<br />
| ɛ ~ e<br />
| colspan="2" | œ ~ ø<br />
| colspan="2" | ʌ ~ ɤ<br />
| ɔ ~ o<br />
|-<br />
! Near-open<br />
| æ<br />
| colspan="2" | <br />
| colspan="2" | <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| a<br />
| colspan="2" | <br />
| colspan="2" | <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
In addition, there are four stressed diphthongs: /aɨ̯/, /ei̯/, /ɔɨ̯/ and /aʉ̯/. /aʉ̯/ only appears in the word /kʰáʉ̯/ "swamp", where it contrasts with /kʰáɨ̯/ "he, she".<br />
<br />
In unstressed syllables, only /ɐ e ɨ ʊ/ and sometimes /əɨ̯/ occur. However, /əɨ̯/ merges with /ɨ/ for some speakers.<br />
<br />
===Suprasegmentals===<br />
Most Kunesian words are stressed on the first syllable, but a few are stressed on the second instead. The stressed syllable can have either a high or a low tone, and in addition each word may be pronounced with either modal or creaky voice. While phonation applies to a word as a whole, unstressed syllables tend to be pronounced with a medium tone regardless of what tone the stressed syllable has.<br />
<br />
===Sandhi===<br />
A few phonological processes take place at word boundaries:<br />
<br />
* Unaccented final vowels are lost if the following word begins with a vowel: ''nitote ad'' /ɲýt͡ɕe à/ --> [ɲýt͡ɕà].<br />
* /ɰ/ at the beginning of a word is dropped if the preceding word ends in a consonant, leaving creaky voice: ''eras hai'' /ǽɾɐs ɰáɨ̯/ --> [ǽɾɐ̄sá̰ɨ̯].<br />
* Final /x/ contracts with a following dorsal consonant to /ɾχ/ or /ɾç/: ''gor kolu'' /gʌ̰̀x kólʊ/ --> [gʌ̰̀ɾχólʊ̄].<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Without twisting the truth too much, this can be called a mess.<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
===Classifying particles===<br />
Nouns may be followed by a classifying particle. In principle any noun may be used with any particle, though many combinations have lexicalised meanings, as is shown by the following examples:<br />
<br />
* ''erai'' "word" > ''Erai Pe'' "Kunesian"<br />
* ''abok'' "root" > ''abok itu'' "carrot"<br />
* ''dsile'' "sky" > ''dsile nô'' "roof"<br />
<br />
In addition, some nouns exclusively, or almost exclusively, occur with one particular particle, such as ''gâlo kem'' "poison", with just ''gâlo'' being ungrammatical outside the phrase ''gâlo nênte'' "to poison".<br />
<br />
Nominal classifiers and their meanings include:<br />
<br />
* ''ap'': people<br />
* ''itu'': food<br />
* ''nô'': buildings and other human constructions<br />
* ''at'': language, speech<br />
* ''ils'': day, light<br />
* ''oko'': night, darkness<br />
* ''hêkai'': nature, weather conditions<br />
* ''ira'': big things<br />
* ''lid'': small things, small quantities<br />
* ''tai'': large quantities<br />
* ''ere'': old things<br />
* ''e'': good things<br />
* ''kem'': bad things<br />
* ''sio'': despective<br />
* ''pe'': beautiful things<br />
* ''ad'': something similar, usually occurs in lexicalised combinations<br />
* ''tod'': places and times, frequently forms adverbials<br />
* ''nai'': abstract, can be used very freely to derive nouns from adjectives and verbs<br />
* ''ô'': no clear meaning, only occurs in certain fixed combinations such as ''harid ô'' "knot" and ''sanap ô'' "family"<br />
<br />
===Plural===<br />
Plurals can be marked by the particle ''ti''. Frequently it is combined with the classifier ''tai''. Plural marking is not obligatory and is generally used either to stress that one is talking about a large group, or as a collective.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = ti potrai tai<br />
| IPA = /t͡ɕí pʌ̀ʈɨ tʰáɨ̯/<br />
| gloss = PL house CL(many)<br />
| translation = houses, many houses, a village<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Plurals are also used when making general statements.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ti nilaip nok nipu.<br />
| IPA = /t͡ɕí ɲílɨp nʌ̀k ɲýpʊ/<br />
| gloss = PL apple GNOM red<br />
| translation = Apples are red.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Relational particles===<br />
To indicate a noun's relationship to another one, Kunesian uses relational particles. Some of the most important relational particles and their uses are:<br />
<br />
* ''li'': possession, focus on possessed rather than possessor.<br />
** ''potrai mela li'': the man's house<br />
* ''du'': possession, focus on possessor rather than possessed.<br />
** ''mela potrai du'': the man who has a house<br />
* ''me'': the last noun is an important part of the first one.<br />
** ''potrai nipit me'': house with books = library<br />
* ''to'': the last thing is located inside the first one.<br />
** ''mura rente to'': a forest with monkeys<br />
* ''kim'': the first thing is inside the last.<br />
** ''rente mura kim'': a monkey in the forest<br />
* ''anku'': the two nouns refer to the same.<br />
** ''mela kusto anku'': the man who is a liar<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
Adjectives are placed before the nouns they modify and are often combined with a classifier with a similar meaning. They can be intensified by reduplication.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = sai mela ere<br />
| IPA = /sáɨ̯ mʲélɐ ǽɾe/<br />
| gloss = old man CL(old)<br />
| translation = an old man<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = ara ara akko pe<br />
| IPA = /áɾɐ áɾɐ àkɐ p͡çé/<br />
| gloss = handsome handsome boy CL(beautiful)<br />
| translation = a very handsome boy<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Comparisons are expressed using the relation particle ''anku''. One can distinguish three types of comparisons:<br />
<br />
* Equality, expressed with a single adjective<br />
* "More than", expressed with a reduplicated adjective<br />
* "Less than", expressed with the negative particle ''ku''.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = <font color="green">Paki</font> mela ira kigat <font color="green">anku</font>.<br />
| IPA = /pʰǽc͡çɨ mʲélɐ íɾɐ c͡çìgɐt à̰ŋkɨ/<br />
| gloss = big man CL(big) tiger as<br />
| translation = The man is <font color="green">as big as</font> a tiger.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = <font color="green">Zata zata</font> tôla pattu <font color="green">anku</font>.<br />
| IPA = /d͡záθɐ d͡záθɐ tòlɐ pʰàtʊ à̰ŋkɨ/<br />
| gloss = strong strong sun wind as<br />
| translation = The sun is <font color="green">stronger than</font> the wind.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = <font color="green">Ku laipi</font> no paik <font color="green">anku</font>.<br />
| IPA = /kɯ́ láɨ̯p͡çɨ nʌ́ pʰɯ́k à̰ŋkɨ/<br />
| gloss = NEG smart 1SG.SUBJ 2SG.OBJ as<br />
| translation = I'm <font color="green">not as smart as</font> you.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Person<br />
! rowspan="2" | Singular<br />
! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Inclusive<br />
! Exclusive<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| no, naik<br />
| ninke, lâm<br />
| bunai, pod<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| pas, paik<br />
| colspan="2" | nili, paik<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| kai, te<br />
| colspan="2" | enni, ten<br />
|-<br />
! 4th<br />
| nuro<br />
| colspan="2" | laite<br />
|-<br />
! All<br />
| colspan="3" | tola<br />
|-<br />
! Some<br />
| colspan="3" | kosse<br />
|-<br />
! No(ne)<br />
| colspan="3" | pige<br />
|-<br />
! Interrogative<br />
| colspan="3" | suk<br />
|-<br />
! Demonstrative<br />
| colspan="3" | ama<br />
|}<br />
<br />
When two forms are given, the first one is the subject form and the second one the object form.<br />
<br />
The fourth person refers to things not mentioned earlier in the sentence, but only if there already is a third person. Compare:<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = No te tânku.<br />
| IPA = /nʌ́ t͡ɕé tà̰ŋkɨ/<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ 3SG.OBJ hit<br />
| translation = I hit him.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Kai te tânku.<br />
| IPA = /kʰáɨ̯ t͡ɕé tà̰ŋkɨ/<br />
| gloss = 3SG.SUBJ 3SG.OBJ hit<br />
| translation = He hits himself.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Kai nuro tânku.<br />
| IPA = /kʰáɨ̯ nɯ́ɾɐ tà̰ŋkɨ/<br />
| gloss = 3SG.SUBJ 3SG hit<br />
| translation = He hits him (someone else).<br />
}}<br />
<br />
All pronouns can be used either independently or adjectivally. When a personal pronoun is used adjectivally, it is possessive.<br />
<br />
''Te'' and ''ten'' may be placed after a noun or a non-personal pronoun to indicate that it is the object. This is particularly common when the object has been fronted or when there is no overt subject.<br />
<br />
===''Numa'' and ''nuq''===<br />
''Numa'' and ''nuq'' are pronouns which refer to place and time respectively. They can be combined with the other pronouns to form combinations such as ''pige numa'' "nowhere" or ''ama nuq'' "then". When used alone, they tend to mean something like "here" and "now", though the exact meaning depends on the context.<br />
<br />
===''Sor''===<br />
<br />
==Numerals==<br />
Kunesian uses a duodecimal number system. The numbers 1-12 are:<br />
<br />
# son<br />
# pon<br />
# tara<br />
# naike<br />
# ogat<br />
# sinai<br />
# tirai<br />
# oras<br />
# korotan<br />
# sentil<br />
# mese<br />
# irek<br />
<br />
Larger numbers are expressed as twelves - irek - units:<br />
<br />
* irek ogat = 17 (12 + 5)<br />
* tara irek sinai = 42 (3 * 12 + 6)<br />
<br />
The powers of twelve are ''pinai'' (144), ''belu'' (1728) and ''ilarai'' (20736).<br />
<br />
The first two ordinals are ''hiôla'' "first" and ''mahai'' "second". Other ordinals are expressed as numeral - mahai:<br />
<br />
* tara mahai = third<br />
* naike irek sinai mahai = fifty-fourth<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
The verbal complex consists of at least one verb and a number of particles which indicate tense, aspect, mood, evidentiality and the speaker's opinion. The general formula for the verb complex is:<br />
<br />
* Evidentiality<br />
* Tense/aspect I<br />
* Verb root(s)<br />
* Tense/aspect II<br />
* Mood<br />
* Speaker's opinion<br />
<br />
===Evidentiality===<br />
There are three evidential particles: ''akai'' (inferential), ''namai'' (belief; the word is identical to the word for "think") and ''palai'' (hearsay).<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ku naik jêtte mapot era. Te <font color="green">akai</font> ne saiku ku.<br />
| IPA = /kɯ́ nɯ́k ɟ͡ʝèt͡ɕe mápɐt ǽɾɐ. t͡ɕé ákɨ ɲé sɔ́ɨ̯kʊ kɯ́/<br />
| gloss = NEG 1SG.OBJ bike find can / 3SG.OBJ INFER TEL steal PST<br />
| translation = I can't find my bike. It <font color="green">must</font> have been stolen.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Mura tod kai <font color="green">namai</font> molas.<br />
| IPA = /mɯ́ɾɐ tʰʌ̀ kʰáɨ̯ námɨ mʌ́lɐs/<br />
| gloss = forest CL(place) 3SG.SUBJ think be<br />
| translation = <font color="green">I think</font> he's in the forest.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Rente tola ti pinokas lâm li <font color="green">palai</font> ne peste ku.<br />
| IPA = /ræ̰̀nt͡ɕe tʰʌ́lɐ t͡ɕí p͡çɯ̰́kɐs làm ʎí pʰálɨ ɲé p͡çèɕːe kɯ́/<br />
| gloss = monkey all PL banana 1PL.INCL.OBJ of HS TEL eat PST<br />
| translation = <font color="green">They say</font> a monkey ate all our bananas.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Tense and aspect===<br />
Tense and aspect are marked by a variety of particles, some of which come before the verb and some after it. The particles that come before the verb are:<br />
<br />
* ''ne'': telic, indicates an action with a defined endpoint<br />
* ''tad'': habitual, indicates a habit<br />
* ''es'': dynamic, indicates a change<br />
* ''nok'': gnomic, indicates general facts<br />
* ''se'': momentane, indicates something which was done exactly once<br />
* ''nhi'': repetitive, indicates a repeated action<br />
<br />
The particles that come after the verb are:<br />
<br />
* ''mai'': present<br />
* ''ku'': past perfective<br />
* ''kju'': past imperfective<br />
* ''lai'': past inceptive<br />
* ''tire'': future<br />
<br />
Each verb may have one particle of either type, though for obvious reasons some combinations of tense/aspect particles are more common that others. A few specific combinations deserve extra attention:<br />
<br />
* ''es ... ku'': this indicates the end of an action, as opposed to ''es ... lai'', which marks the beginning.<br />
* ''nok ... mai'': this combination means "already". Apart from this combination, ''nok'' is always used without post-verbal tense particle. <br />
<br />
Note that all of these particles are optional and that they are normally left out when several consecutive verbs have the same tense and aspect.<br />
<br />
===Mood===<br />
There are four modal particles:<br />
<br />
* ''era'': potential, indicates a possibility or an ability<br />
* ''pin'': obligative, indicates an obligation<br />
* ''pot'': necessitive, indicates a necessity<br />
* ''hai'': optative, indicates a wish<br />
<br />
===Speaker's opinion===<br />
The speaker's opinion can be indicated with the particles ''kib'' (positive opinion) and ''moê'' (negative opinion).<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = No qaite arai moê.<br />
| IPA = /nʌ́ qʰáɨ̯t͡ɕ͜ áɾɨ mè/<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ headache be.ill MOÊ<br />
| translation = I have a headache.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The combination ''hai kib'' has been grammaticalised as an adhortative.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Eras hai kib!<br />
| IPA = /ǽɾɐs͜ á̰ɨ̯ c͡çỳ/<br />
| gloss = go OPT KIB<br />
| translation = Let's go!<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Compound verbs===<br />
Instead of a single verb root a verbal phrase may also contain several roots after one another. In such cases the first root is the main root while the following one(s) modify it. Many verbs have slightly different meanings than normally when used in such compounds. For example, ''nuli'', which usually means "to see", means "to intend" in compounds.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = No baistak nuli ôno lsi.<br />
| IPA = /nʌ́ bàɨ̯stɐk núʎɨ ónɐ θì/<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ leave intend morning rise<br />
| translation = I intend to leave tomorrow.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Somewhat relatedly, many combinations of verbs and nouns also have idiomatic meanings. An example is ''qotte nênte'' "to interrupt", which literally means "to carry a wall".<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Es nerep lai, hêtai no qotte nênte.<br />
| IPA = /èɕ ɲéɾep láɨ̯, jèθəɨ̯ nʌ́ qʰʌ̀t͡ɕe nḛ̀t͡ɕe/<br />
| gloss = DYN speak PST.INC, but 1SG.SUBJ wall carry<br />
| translation = He started to speak, but I interrupted him.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Word order==<br />
The basic word order of Kunesian is SOV.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Kigat allai peste.<br />
| IPA = /c͡çìgɐt àləɨ̯ p͡çèɕːe/<br />
| gloss = tiger rat eat<br />
| translation = The tiger eats a rat.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Adverbs are usually placed at the end.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = No nok naito nhaiki.<br />
| IPA = /nʌ́ nʌ̀k náɨ̯θɐ ŋáɨ̯c͡çɨ/<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ GNOM speak quick<br />
| translation = I speak quickly.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Deviations from the default word order are common. Often one part of the sentence is topicalised, which causes it to be moved to the very beginning of the sentence.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Allai te kigat peste.<br />
| IPA = /àləɨ̯ t͡ɕé c͡çìgɐt p͡çèɕːe/<br />
| gloss = rat 3SG.OBJ tiger eat<br />
| translation = The rat is eaten by a tiger.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Complex sentences==<br />
Complex sentences are formed by means of various subordinating and coordinating particles.<br />
<br />
===''Ed''===<br />
The particle ''ed'' generally indicates that a subordinate clause follows the main clause.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = No te <font color="green">ed</font> nerep ku, ku ama naira.<br />
| IPA = /nʌ́ t͡ɕé è ɲǽɾep kɯ́, kɯ́ ámɐ náɨ̯ɾɐ/<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ 3SG.OBJ SUB say PST, NEG that know<br />
| translation = I've told him <font color="green">that</font> I don't know that.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
It can also be followed by a noun phrase rather than an entire sentence.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Nanak hêkai ama <font color="green">ed</font> setai, nezu nitote ad.<br />
| IPA = /nánɐk jèkəɨ̯ ámɐ è ɕéθɨ, ɲǿd͡zʊ ɲýt͡ɕe à/<br />
| gloss = snow CL(nature) that SUB be, cold rain CL(similar)<br />
| translation = Snow is a kind of cold rain.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===''Man''===<br />
''Man'' indicates a conditional clause. It is placed at the very end of the clause.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Haiwi tede <font color="green">man</font> nok qiwise tire.<br />
| IPA = /ɰɔ́ɨ̯jɨ t͡ɕḛ̀ màn nʌ̀k qʰýɕe t͡ɕíɾe/<br />
| gloss = beer drink if GNOM drunk FUT<br />
| translation = <font color="green">If</font> you drink beer, you get drunk.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
It is used more often than "if" in English, and may sometimes better be translated using a relative clause.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Nilaip lino minte, no ne peste ku <font color="green">man</font>.<br />
| IPA = /ɲílɨp ʎínɐ mʲḭ̀t͡ɕe, nʌ́ ɲé p͡çèɕːe kɯ́ màn/<br />
| gloss = apple tongue confuse, 1SG.SUBJ TEL eat PST if<br />
| translation = The apple I just ate tasted weird.<br />
}} <br />
<br />
===''Heh''===<br />
<br />
===Other particles===<br />
<br />
==Sample==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>
Dē Graut Bʉr
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Aporese&diff=109318
Aporese
2018-03-24T10:43:11Z
<p>Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Numbers */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Aporese''' is the official and most widely spoken language of the country of Apore. A member of the Möqqic branch of the Iropo-Antilonian language family, it is distantly related to [[Bearlandic]], though after millennia of separation, there are only a limited number of cognates which generally look so different that most lexical resemblances are either chance or the result of borrowing. Just to give you an idea: Aporese ''såp'' "hole" is cognate to Bearlandic ''haus'' "house" (<PIA ''*sagʷs'' "cave"), ''lat'' "sun" is cognate to ''zoll'' "sun" (<PIA ''*zĺds'') and ''pedi'' "do" is cognate to ''tú'' "do" (<PIA ''*póid-''). However non-coincidental similarities exist as well, such as ''dzöysi'' ~ ''zʉs'' "sister" and ''lepi'' "go" ~ ''lop'' "walk".<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Labial<br />
! Dental<br />
! Lateral<br />
! Palatal<br />
! Velar<br />
! Uvular<br />
! Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| ň /ɲ/<br />
| (ng /ŋ/)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Stop<br />
| p b<br />
| t d<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| k g<br />
| q<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Affricate<br />
| <br />
| c /ts/ dz<br />
| <br />
| č /tʃ/ (dž /dʒ/)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| tl /ɬ/<br />
| š ž /ʃ ʒ/<br />
| ǧ /ɣ/<br />
| <br />
| h<br />
|-<br />
! Approximant<br />
| <br />
| r<br />
| l<br />
| j<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
In native words, /ŋ/ only occurs allophonically before other velar consonants. In loanwords it can also appear in other positions, making it marginally phonemic. Some speakers merge it with /n/.<br />
<br />
The phonemic status of /dʒ/ is currently unclear.<br />
<br />
Due to a historic sound change, /s/ becomes /ʃ/ before stops. This rule is still productive, as evidenced by recent loanwords. However, it is not always reflected in writing.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
Aporese has nine monophthongs:<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Front unrounded<br />
! Front rounded<br />
! Back<br />
|-<br />
! High<br />
| i<br />
| ü /y/<br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! Mid-high<br />
| e<br />
| ö /ø/<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! Mid-low<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| å /ɔ/<br />
|-<br />
! Low<br />
| ä /æ/<br />
| <br />
| a /ɑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Possible diphthongs include /ɑi æi ei ie øy yø ɑu ou oi uo/. For the most part, they are written the same as the vowels they are composed of, with the exception of /øy/, which is written as <öy> rather than <öü>.<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
There are two main classes of verbs: one whose citation form (third person singular present indicative) ends in -ip, and one whose citation form ends in -i. Verbs are conjugated for two tenses (present and past), two finite moods (indicative and subjunctive), and have both present and past infinitives and participles. In addition, there exist a few periphrastic verb forms as well.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! Ip-conjugation: ''qöysip'' "vomit"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| qöys-pan<br />
| qöys-pin<br />
| qöys-pin-an<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| qöys-pis<br />
| qöys-pis<br />
| qöys-pin-is<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| qöys-ip<br />
| qöys-pit<br />
| qöys-pin<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| qöys-piň<br />
| qöys-pitiň<br />
| qöys-pin-iň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| qöys-piš<br />
| qöys-pitiš<br />
| qöys-pin-iš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| qöys-par<br />
| qöys-pir<br />
| qöys-pin-ar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| qöys-pad<br />
| qöys-pit<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| qöys-pinu<br />
| qöys-pitu<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! I-conjugation: ''cadi'' "know"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| cad-an<br />
| cad-in<br />
| cad-in-an<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| cad-is<br />
| cad-is<br />
| cad-in-is<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| cad-i<br />
| cad-at<br />
| cad-in<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| cad-iňi<br />
| cad-atiň<br />
| cad-in-iň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| cad-iši<br />
| cad-atiš<br />
| cad-in-iš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| cad-ar<br />
| cad-ir<br />
| cad-in-ar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| cad-in<br />
| cad-it<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| cad-nu<br />
| cad-itu<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! Irregular: ''je'' "be"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| jan<br />
| šin<br />
| šinan<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| jis<br />
| šis<br />
| šinis<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| je<br />
| šit<br />
| šin<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| jiň<br />
| šiňi<br />
| šiniň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| jiš<br />
| šiši<br />
| šiniš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| jasar, je<br />
| šar<br />
| šinar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| jes<br />
| šit<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| janu<br />
| šitu<br />
|}<br />
In the third person plural, ''jasar'' is normally only used when no explicit subject is specified. If there is a subject, ''je'' is usually preferred.<br />
<br />
{{gloss<br />
| phrase = Jasar baikiš.<br />
| gloss = be.PRES.3PL young-PL.MASC<br />
| translation = They are young.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Künčir je baikiš.<br />
| gloss = boy-PL be.PRES.3SG young-PL.MASC<br />
| translation = The boys are young.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The future tense is made periphrastically with the verb ''jivi'' + infinitive.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jivan žitin makid.<br />
| gloss = FUT-1SG eat-PRES.INF chicken-GEN<br />
| translation = I'm going to eat chicken.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Progressive tenses are made with ''je'' + present participle.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jäk jan aispinu Aporid aisuna.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.NOM be.PRES.1SG speak-PRES.PRTC Apore-GEN language-ACC<br />
| translation = I'm speaking Aporese.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Passives are also made with ''je'' + participle, though in this case the past participle is used in the past tense and optionally also in the present tense. Especially in more formal situations, the potentially ambiguous construction using a present participle is preferred.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Šöys je žitinu žerme.<br />
| gloss = salmon be.PRES.3SG eat-PRES.PRTC bear-INSTR<br />
| translation = The salmon is eaten by a bear.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Nouns have two genders, two numbers and six cases. Their inflection is mostly agglutinative, with clearly separate number and case morphemes, though some cases have different endings in the singular than in the plural.<br />
<br />
There are several ways to form the plural. As a general rule, masculine nouns have plurals in -š and feminine nouns have plurals in -r, though there are exceptions to this, such as the masculine noun ''künči'' "boy, son", whose plural is ''künčir''. In addition, some nouns have a plural in -n, and ''ňet'' "human being" has a suppletive plural ''qöyke'', which takes singular case endings.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! colspan="2" | <br />
! "bear"<br />
! "woman"<br />
! "language"<br />
! "human being"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Singular<br />
! Nominative<br />
| žer<br />
| fräči<br />
| aisu<br />
| ňet<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| žerid<br />
| fräčid<br />
| aisud<br />
| ňetid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| žeran<br />
| fräčin<br />
| aisun<br />
| ňetan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| žerna<br />
| fräčina<br />
| aisuna<br />
| ňetna<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| žeriž<br />
| fräčiž<br />
| aisuž<br />
| ňetiž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| žerme<br />
| fräčime<br />
| aisume<br />
| ňetme<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Plural<br />
! Nominative<br />
| žeriš<br />
| fräčir<br />
| aisun<br />
| qöyke<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| žeršid<br />
| fräčirid<br />
| aisunid<br />
| qöykid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| žeršež<br />
| fräčirež<br />
| aisunež<br />
| qöykan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| žeršas<br />
| fräčiras<br />
| aisunas<br />
| qöykena<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| žeršiž<br />
| fräčiriž<br />
| aisuniž<br />
| qöykeniž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| žeršan<br />
| fräčiran<br />
| aisunan<br />
| qöykeme<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
Adjectives precede their heads. They do not agree in case, gender or number when used attributively, though they do agree in gender and number when used predicatively.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Masculine<br />
! Feminine<br />
|-<br />
! Singular<br />
| rousa<br />
| rousi<br />
|-<br />
! Plural<br />
| rousaš<br />
| rousar<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = rousa blaisi<br />
| gloss = red blood<br />
| translation = red blood<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Blaisi je rousi.<br />
| gloss = blood be.PRES.3SG red-FEM.SG<br />
| translation = Blood is red.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! colspan="2" | Person<br />
! 1st<br />
! 2nd<br />
! 3rd masculine<br />
! 3rd feminine<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Singular<br />
! Nominative<br />
| jäk<br />
| žäk<br />
| sämi<br />
| ši<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| mid<br />
| gid<br />
| sämid<br />
| šid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| minan<br />
| ginan<br />
| sämin<br />
| šinan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| mäk<br />
| gäk<br />
| sämin<br />
| šina<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| miquriž<br />
| giquriž<br />
| sämiž<br />
| šiquriž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| miqume<br />
| giqume<br />
| sämime<br />
| šiqume<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Plural<br />
! Nominative<br />
| bie<br />
| fie<br />
| colspan="2" | sånu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| bid<br />
| fid<br />
| colspan="2" | sånud<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| binan<br />
| finan<br />
| colspan="2" | sånun<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| bos<br />
| fos<br />
| colspan="2" | sånus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| biquriž<br />
| fiquriž<br />
| colspan="2" | sånuž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| biqume<br />
| fiqume<br />
| colspan="2" | sånume<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Interrogative pronouns do not have separate singular and plural forms. They are inflected as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! "who"<br />
! "what"<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| bi<br />
| bas<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | bad<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| binan<br />
| banan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| bina<br />
| bana<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | baže<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| colspan="2" | bame<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The demonstrative pronouns are ''šeda'' (proximal), ''jarda'' (distal) and ''da'' (unspecified). They are inflected as regular nouns with plurals ending in -n.<br />
<br />
==Numbers==<br />
# bå<br />
# šuma<br />
# cäži<br />
# caštra<br />
# fie<br />
# jäči<br />
# čaipa<br />
# bup<br />
# ňep<br />
# töyň<br />
<br />
The numbers 11-19 are formed by prefixing töy- to the units: ''töybå'' "11".<br />
<br />
The word for "twenty" is ''plata'', the other tens are formed by suffixing -ta: ''cäžita'' "thirty", ''caštrata'' "forty", etc. "Hundred" is ''surža''.<br />
<br />
Other numbers are expressed as tens - ja - units: ''caštrata ja šuma'' "42". In rapid speech, the conjunction ''ja'' may be left out, and the suffix -ta may be dropped from all other tens than ''plata'': ''cäži čaipa'' "37", ''plata fie'' "25".<br />
<br />
The first two ordinals are ''keri'' and ''jarig''. Other ordinals are formed by suffixing -(a)l: ''cäžil'' "third", ''bupal'' "eighth". Ordinal forms of compound numbers add -(a)l to the last part, except if this is ''bå'' or ''šuma'', in which case ''keri'' and ''jarig'' are used: ''fieta ja čaipal'' "57th", ''bupta ja jarig'' "82nd".<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Word order===<br />
The word order is relatively free, though it is usually SVO or sometimes SOV. Modifiers usually precede their heads, with the notable exception of possessive pronouns following them. Adverbs do not have a fixed position and may be placed anywhere.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Žäk ňauma jis dzaknu žärina mid.<br />
| gloss = 2SG.NOM again be.PRES.2SG drink-PRES.PRTC beer-ACC 1SG-GEN<br />
| translation = You're drinking my beer again.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Conjunctions===<br />
<br />
===Relative clauses===<br />
Relative clauses contain a participle and are placed before the noun they modify, just like most other modifiers.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jarže tlepnu at je papat mid.<br />
| gloss = there sleep-PRES.PRTC man be.PRES.3SG father 1SG-GEN<br />
| translation = The man who's sleeping over there is my father.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Note that the head is only marked for case according to its function in the main clause. Its function in the relative clause is often not explicitly expressed and has to be inferred from the context. Compare the following two sentences, noting the different case marking on the word ''böraq'':<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jäǧpin jarda böraqiž.<br />
| gloss = be.born-PST.1SG that village-LOC<br />
| translation = I was born in that village.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jivan lepin jäk jäǧpitu böraqan.<br />
| gloss = FUT-1SG go-PRES.INF 1SG.NOM be.born-PST.PRTC village-DAT<br />
| translation = I'm going to the village where I was born.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Which participle to use depends on whether the event described in the relative clause happened before, during or after the event described in the main clause.<br />
<br />
===Accusative with infinitive===<br />
Indirect statements, i.e. sentences with a clause depending on a verb meaning something like for example "say", "think" or "know", are expressed using an accusative with infinitive construction. In this construction, the subject of the clause is put in the accusative case and followed by an infinitive verb.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Tamat kičena žüötpit ǧietana.<br />
| gloss = say-PST.3SG king-ACC kill-PST.INF goat-ACC<br />
| translation = He said the king had killed a goat.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
As in relative clauses, tense marking in accusative with infinitive constructions is relative to the tense in the main clause.<br />
<br />
===Locative absolute===<br />
A locative absolute is a construction which indicates a time, a circumstance or a condition. It consists of a noun in the locative case followed by a participle.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Miquriž aispinu žäk bal tleisinis.<br />
| gloss = 1SG-LOC speak-PRES.PRTC 2SG.NOM PT be.silent-SUBJ-2SG<br />
| translation = When I talk you are silent.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>
Dē Graut Bʉr
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:D%C4%93_Graut_B%CA%89r&diff=109317
User:Dē Graut Bʉr
2018-03-24T10:42:39Z
<p>Dē Graut Bʉr: </p>
<hr />
<div>Hello, I am Dē Graut Bʉr (IPA: /dɛ ɣrau̯t bœːr/). I live in the Netherlands (but I am from Swedish descent; I speak both languages fluently) and my best developed conlangs are [[Bearlandic]], [[Kunesian]] and [http://akana.conlang.org/wiki/Nåmúþ Nåmúþ]. I also have various sketches which may or may not become publishable sometime in the future.<br />
<br />
Sketchy stuff and red links:<br />
* [[Cyrmanian]]<br />
* [[Antilonian]]<br />
* [[Bzəčqi]]<br />
* [[Vis]]<br />
* [[Aporese]]<br />
* [[Proto-Iropo-Antilonian]]<br />
* [[Proto-Berilonian]]<br />
* Indo-Evrópai dàngai neči ànma ("Indo-European language without name")<br />
<br />
Pages whose contents can be ignored safely:<br />
* [[/Prufzytī]]<br />
* [[/Siffer]]</div>
Dē Graut Bʉr
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Aporese&diff=108562
Aporese
2018-03-18T13:37:51Z
<p>Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Numbers */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Aporese''' is the official and most widely spoken language of the country of Apore. A member of the Möqqic branch of the Iropo-Antilonian language family, it is distantly related to [[Bearlandic]], though after millennia of separation, there are only a limited number of cognates which generally look so different that most lexical resemblances are either chance or the result of borrowing. Just to give you an idea: Aporese ''såp'' "hole" is cognate to Bearlandic ''haus'' "house" (<PIA ''*sagʷs'' "cave"), ''lat'' "sun" is cognate to ''zoll'' "sun" (<PIA ''*zĺds'') and ''pedi'' "do" is cognate to ''tú'' "do" (<PIA ''*póid-''). However non-coincidental similarities exist as well, such as ''dzöysi'' ~ ''zʉs'' "sister" and ''lepi'' "go" ~ ''lop'' "walk".<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Labial<br />
! Dental<br />
! Lateral<br />
! Palatal<br />
! Velar<br />
! Uvular<br />
! Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| ň /ɲ/<br />
| (ng /ŋ/)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Stop<br />
| p b<br />
| t d<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| k g<br />
| q<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Affricate<br />
| <br />
| c /ts/ dz<br />
| <br />
| č /tʃ/ (dž /dʒ/)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| tl /ɬ/<br />
| š ž /ʃ ʒ/<br />
| ǧ /ɣ/<br />
| <br />
| h<br />
|-<br />
! Approximant<br />
| <br />
| r<br />
| l<br />
| j<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
In native words, /ŋ/ only occurs allophonically before other velar consonants. In loanwords it can also appear in other positions, making it marginally phonemic. Some speakers merge it with /n/.<br />
<br />
The phonemic status of /dʒ/ is currently unclear.<br />
<br />
Due to a historic sound change, /s/ becomes /ʃ/ before stops. This rule is still productive, as evidenced by recent loanwords. However, it is not always reflected in writing.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
Aporese has nine monophthongs:<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Front unrounded<br />
! Front rounded<br />
! Back<br />
|-<br />
! High<br />
| i<br />
| ü /y/<br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! Mid-high<br />
| e<br />
| ö /ø/<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! Mid-low<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| å /ɔ/<br />
|-<br />
! Low<br />
| ä /æ/<br />
| <br />
| a /ɑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Possible diphthongs include /ɑi æi ei ie øy yø ɑu ou oi uo/. For the most part, they are written the same as the vowels they are composed of, with the exception of /øy/, which is written as <öy> rather than <öü>.<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
There are two main classes of verbs: one whose citation form (third person singular present indicative) ends in -ip, and one whose citation form ends in -i. Verbs are conjugated for two tenses (present and past), two finite moods (indicative and subjunctive), and have both present and past infinitives and participles. In addition, there exist a few periphrastic verb forms as well.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! Ip-conjugation: ''qöysip'' "vomit"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| qöys-pan<br />
| qöys-pin<br />
| qöys-pin-an<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| qöys-pis<br />
| qöys-pis<br />
| qöys-pin-is<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| qöys-ip<br />
| qöys-pit<br />
| qöys-pin<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| qöys-piň<br />
| qöys-pitiň<br />
| qöys-pin-iň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| qöys-piš<br />
| qöys-pitiš<br />
| qöys-pin-iš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| qöys-par<br />
| qöys-pir<br />
| qöys-pin-ar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| qöys-pad<br />
| qöys-pit<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| qöys-pinu<br />
| qöys-pitu<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! I-conjugation: ''cadi'' "know"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| cad-an<br />
| cad-in<br />
| cad-in-an<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| cad-is<br />
| cad-is<br />
| cad-in-is<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| cad-i<br />
| cad-at<br />
| cad-in<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| cad-iňi<br />
| cad-atiň<br />
| cad-in-iň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| cad-iši<br />
| cad-atiš<br />
| cad-in-iš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| cad-ar<br />
| cad-ir<br />
| cad-in-ar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| cad-in<br />
| cad-it<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| cad-nu<br />
| cad-itu<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! Irregular: ''je'' "be"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| jan<br />
| šin<br />
| šinan<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| jis<br />
| šis<br />
| šinis<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| je<br />
| šit<br />
| šin<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| jiň<br />
| šiňi<br />
| šiniň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| jiš<br />
| šiši<br />
| šiniš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| jasar, je<br />
| šar<br />
| šinar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| jes<br />
| šit<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| janu<br />
| šitu<br />
|}<br />
In the third person plural, ''jasar'' is normally only used when no explicit subject is specified. If there is a subject, ''je'' is usually preferred.<br />
<br />
{{gloss<br />
| phrase = Jasar baikiš.<br />
| gloss = be.PRES.3PL young-PL.MASC<br />
| translation = They are young.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Künčir je baikiš.<br />
| gloss = boy-PL be.PRES.3SG young-PL.MASC<br />
| translation = The boys are young.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The future tense is made periphrastically with the verb ''jivi'' + infinitive.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jivan žitin makid.<br />
| gloss = FUT-1SG eat-PRES.INF chicken-GEN<br />
| translation = I'm going to eat chicken.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Progressive tenses are made with ''je'' + present participle.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jäk jan aispinu Aporid aisuna.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.NOM be.PRES.1SG speak-PRES.PRTC Apore-GEN language-ACC<br />
| translation = I'm speaking Aporese.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Passives are also made with ''je'' + participle, though in this case the past participle is used in the past tense and optionally also in the present tense. Especially in more formal situations, the potentially ambiguous construction using a present participle is preferred.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Šöys je žitinu žerme.<br />
| gloss = salmon be.PRES.3SG eat-PRES.PRTC bear-INSTR<br />
| translation = The salmon is eaten by a bear.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Nouns have two genders, two numbers and six cases. Their inflection is mostly agglutinative, with clearly separate number and case morphemes, though some cases have different endings in the singular than in the plural.<br />
<br />
There are several ways to form the plural. As a general rule, masculine nouns have plurals in -š and feminine nouns have plurals in -r, though there are exceptions to this, such as the masculine noun ''künči'' "boy, son", whose plural is ''künčir''. In addition, some nouns have a plural in -n, and ''ňet'' "human being" has a suppletive plural ''qöyke'', which takes singular case endings.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! colspan="2" | <br />
! "bear"<br />
! "woman"<br />
! "language"<br />
! "human being"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Singular<br />
! Nominative<br />
| žer<br />
| fräči<br />
| aisu<br />
| ňet<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| žerid<br />
| fräčid<br />
| aisud<br />
| ňetid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| žeran<br />
| fräčin<br />
| aisun<br />
| ňetan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| žerna<br />
| fräčina<br />
| aisuna<br />
| ňetna<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| žeriž<br />
| fräčiž<br />
| aisuž<br />
| ňetiž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| žerme<br />
| fräčime<br />
| aisume<br />
| ňetme<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Plural<br />
! Nominative<br />
| žeriš<br />
| fräčir<br />
| aisun<br />
| qöyke<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| žeršid<br />
| fräčirid<br />
| aisunid<br />
| qöykid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| žeršež<br />
| fräčirež<br />
| aisunež<br />
| qöykan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| žeršas<br />
| fräčiras<br />
| aisunas<br />
| qöykena<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| žeršiž<br />
| fräčiriž<br />
| aisuniž<br />
| qöykeniž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| žeršan<br />
| fräčiran<br />
| aisunan<br />
| qöykeme<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
Adjectives precede their heads. They do not agree in case, gender or number when used attributively, though they do agree in gender and number when used predicatively.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Masculine<br />
! Feminine<br />
|-<br />
! Singular<br />
| rousa<br />
| rousi<br />
|-<br />
! Plural<br />
| rousaš<br />
| rousar<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = rousa blaisi<br />
| gloss = red blood<br />
| translation = red blood<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Blaisi je rousi.<br />
| gloss = blood be.PRES.3SG red-FEM.SG<br />
| translation = Blood is red.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! colspan="2" | Person<br />
! 1st<br />
! 2nd<br />
! 3rd masculine<br />
! 3rd feminine<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Singular<br />
! Nominative<br />
| jäk<br />
| žäk<br />
| sämi<br />
| ši<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| mid<br />
| gid<br />
| sämid<br />
| šid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| minan<br />
| ginan<br />
| sämin<br />
| šinan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| mäk<br />
| gäk<br />
| sämin<br />
| šina<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| miquriž<br />
| giquriž<br />
| sämiž<br />
| šiquriž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| miqume<br />
| giqume<br />
| sämime<br />
| šiqume<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Plural<br />
! Nominative<br />
| bie<br />
| fie<br />
| colspan="2" | sånu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| bid<br />
| fid<br />
| colspan="2" | sånud<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| binan<br />
| finan<br />
| colspan="2" | sånun<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| bos<br />
| fos<br />
| colspan="2" | sånus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| biquriž<br />
| fiquriž<br />
| colspan="2" | sånuž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| biqume<br />
| fiqume<br />
| colspan="2" | sånume<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Interrogative pronouns do not have separate singular and plural forms. They are inflected as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! "who"<br />
! "what"<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| bi<br />
| bas<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | bad<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| binan<br />
| banan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| bina<br />
| bana<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | baže<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| colspan="2" | bame<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The demonstrative pronouns are ''šeda'' (proximal), ''jarda'' (distal) and ''da'' (unspecified). They are inflected as regular nouns with plurals ending in -n.<br />
<br />
==Numbers==<br />
# bå<br />
# šuma<br />
# cäži<br />
# caštra<br />
# fie<br />
# jäči<br />
# čaipa<br />
# bup<br />
# ňep<br />
# töyň<br />
<br />
The numbers 11-19 are formed by prefixing töy- to the units: ''töybå'' "11".<br />
<br />
The word for "twenty" is ''plata'', the other tens are formed by suffixing -ta: ''cäžita'' "thirty", ''caštrata'' "forty", etc. "Hundred" is ''surža''.<br />
<br />
Other numbers are expressed as tens - ja - units: ''caštrata ja šuma'' "42". In rapid speech, the conjunction ''ja'' may be left out, and the suffix -ta may be dropped from all other tens than ''plata'': ''cäži čaipa'' "37", ''plata fie'' "25".<br />
<br />
The first two ordinals are ''keri'' and ''jarig''. Other ordinals are formed by suffixing -(a)l: ''cäžil'' "third", ''bupal'' "eighth". Ordinal forms of compound numbers add -(a)l to the last part, except if this is ''bå'' or ''šuma'', in which case ''keri'' and ''jarig'' are used: ''fieta ja čapail'' "57th", ''bupta ja jarig'' "82nd".<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Word order===<br />
The word order is relatively free, though it is usually SVO or sometimes SOV. Modifiers usually precede their heads, with the notable exception of possessive pronouns following them. Adverbs do not have a fixed position and may be placed anywhere.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Žäk ňauma jis dzaknu žärina mid.<br />
| gloss = 2SG.NOM again be.PRES.2SG drink-PRES.PRTC beer-ACC 1SG-GEN<br />
| translation = You're drinking my beer again.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Conjunctions===<br />
<br />
===Relative clauses===<br />
Relative clauses contain a participle and are placed before the noun they modify, just like most other modifiers.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jarže tlepnu at je papat mid.<br />
| gloss = there sleep-PRES.PRTC man be.PRES.3SG father 1SG-GEN<br />
| translation = The man who's sleeping over there is my father.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Note that the head is only marked for case according to its function in the main clause. Its function in the relative clause is often not explicitly expressed and has to be inferred from the context. Compare the following two sentences, noting the different case marking on the word ''böraq'':<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jäǧpin jarda böraqiž.<br />
| gloss = be.born-PST.1SG that village-LOC<br />
| translation = I was born in that village.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jivan lepin jäk jäǧpitu böraqan.<br />
| gloss = FUT-1SG go-PRES.INF 1SG.NOM be.born-PST.PRTC village-DAT<br />
| translation = I'm going to the village where I was born.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Which participle to use depends on whether the event described in the relative clause happened before, during or after the event described in the main clause.<br />
<br />
===Accusative with infinitive===<br />
Indirect statements, i.e. sentences with a clause depending on a verb meaning something like for example "say", "think" or "know", are expressed using an accusative with infinitive construction. In this construction, the subject of the clause is put in the accusative case and followed by an infinitive verb.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Tamat kičena žüötpit ǧietana.<br />
| gloss = say-PST.3SG king-ACC kill-PST.INF goat-ACC<br />
| translation = He said the king had killed a goat.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
As in relative clauses, tense marking in accusative with infinitive constructions is relative to the tense in the main clause.<br />
<br />
===Locative absolute===<br />
A locative absolute is a construction which indicates a time, a circumstance or a condition. It consists of a noun in the locative case followed by a participle.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Miquriž aispinu žäk bal tleisinis.<br />
| gloss = 1SG-LOC speak-PRES.PRTC 2SG.NOM PT be.silent-SUBJ-2SG<br />
| translation = When I talk you are silent.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>
Dē Graut Bʉr
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Aporese&diff=108559
Aporese
2018-03-18T13:18:13Z
<p>Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Vowels */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Aporese''' is the official and most widely spoken language of the country of Apore. A member of the Möqqic branch of the Iropo-Antilonian language family, it is distantly related to [[Bearlandic]], though after millennia of separation, there are only a limited number of cognates which generally look so different that most lexical resemblances are either chance or the result of borrowing. Just to give you an idea: Aporese ''såp'' "hole" is cognate to Bearlandic ''haus'' "house" (<PIA ''*sagʷs'' "cave"), ''lat'' "sun" is cognate to ''zoll'' "sun" (<PIA ''*zĺds'') and ''pedi'' "do" is cognate to ''tú'' "do" (<PIA ''*póid-''). However non-coincidental similarities exist as well, such as ''dzöysi'' ~ ''zʉs'' "sister" and ''lepi'' "go" ~ ''lop'' "walk".<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Labial<br />
! Dental<br />
! Lateral<br />
! Palatal<br />
! Velar<br />
! Uvular<br />
! Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| ň /ɲ/<br />
| (ng /ŋ/)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Stop<br />
| p b<br />
| t d<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| k g<br />
| q<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Affricate<br />
| <br />
| c /ts/ dz<br />
| <br />
| č /tʃ/ (dž /dʒ/)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| tl /ɬ/<br />
| š ž /ʃ ʒ/<br />
| ǧ /ɣ/<br />
| <br />
| h<br />
|-<br />
! Approximant<br />
| <br />
| r<br />
| l<br />
| j<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
In native words, /ŋ/ only occurs allophonically before other velar consonants. In loanwords it can also appear in other positions, making it marginally phonemic. Some speakers merge it with /n/.<br />
<br />
The phonemic status of /dʒ/ is currently unclear.<br />
<br />
Due to a historic sound change, /s/ becomes /ʃ/ before stops. This rule is still productive, as evidenced by recent loanwords. However, it is not always reflected in writing.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
Aporese has nine monophthongs:<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Front unrounded<br />
! Front rounded<br />
! Back<br />
|-<br />
! High<br />
| i<br />
| ü /y/<br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! Mid-high<br />
| e<br />
| ö /ø/<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! Mid-low<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| å /ɔ/<br />
|-<br />
! Low<br />
| ä /æ/<br />
| <br />
| a /ɑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Possible diphthongs include /ɑi æi ei ie øy yø ɑu ou oi uo/. For the most part, they are written the same as the vowels they are composed of, with the exception of /øy/, which is written as <öy> rather than <öü>.<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
There are two main classes of verbs: one whose citation form (third person singular present indicative) ends in -ip, and one whose citation form ends in -i. Verbs are conjugated for two tenses (present and past), two finite moods (indicative and subjunctive), and have both present and past infinitives and participles. In addition, there exist a few periphrastic verb forms as well.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! Ip-conjugation: ''qöysip'' "vomit"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| qöys-pan<br />
| qöys-pin<br />
| qöys-pin-an<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| qöys-pis<br />
| qöys-pis<br />
| qöys-pin-is<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| qöys-ip<br />
| qöys-pit<br />
| qöys-pin<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| qöys-piň<br />
| qöys-pitiň<br />
| qöys-pin-iň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| qöys-piš<br />
| qöys-pitiš<br />
| qöys-pin-iš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| qöys-par<br />
| qöys-pir<br />
| qöys-pin-ar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| qöys-pad<br />
| qöys-pit<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| qöys-pinu<br />
| qöys-pitu<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! I-conjugation: ''cadi'' "know"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| cad-an<br />
| cad-in<br />
| cad-in-an<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| cad-is<br />
| cad-is<br />
| cad-in-is<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| cad-i<br />
| cad-at<br />
| cad-in<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| cad-iňi<br />
| cad-atiň<br />
| cad-in-iň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| cad-iši<br />
| cad-atiš<br />
| cad-in-iš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| cad-ar<br />
| cad-ir<br />
| cad-in-ar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| cad-in<br />
| cad-it<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| cad-nu<br />
| cad-itu<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! Irregular: ''je'' "be"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| jan<br />
| šin<br />
| šinan<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| jis<br />
| šis<br />
| šinis<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| je<br />
| šit<br />
| šin<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| jiň<br />
| šiňi<br />
| šiniň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| jiš<br />
| šiši<br />
| šiniš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| jasar, je<br />
| šar<br />
| šinar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| jes<br />
| šit<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| janu<br />
| šitu<br />
|}<br />
In the third person plural, ''jasar'' is normally only used when no explicit subject is specified. If there is a subject, ''je'' is usually preferred.<br />
<br />
{{gloss<br />
| phrase = Jasar baikiš.<br />
| gloss = be.PRES.3PL young-PL.MASC<br />
| translation = They are young.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Künčir je baikiš.<br />
| gloss = boy-PL be.PRES.3SG young-PL.MASC<br />
| translation = The boys are young.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The future tense is made periphrastically with the verb ''jivi'' + infinitive.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jivan žitin makid.<br />
| gloss = FUT-1SG eat-PRES.INF chicken-GEN<br />
| translation = I'm going to eat chicken.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Progressive tenses are made with ''je'' + present participle.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jäk jan aispinu Aporid aisuna.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.NOM be.PRES.1SG speak-PRES.PRTC Apore-GEN language-ACC<br />
| translation = I'm speaking Aporese.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Passives are also made with ''je'' + participle, though in this case the past participle is used in the past tense and optionally also in the present tense. Especially in more formal situations, the potentially ambiguous construction using a present participle is preferred.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Šöys je žitinu žerme.<br />
| gloss = salmon be.PRES.3SG eat-PRES.PRTC bear-INSTR<br />
| translation = The salmon is eaten by a bear.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Nouns have two genders, two numbers and six cases. Their inflection is mostly agglutinative, with clearly separate number and case morphemes, though some cases have different endings in the singular than in the plural.<br />
<br />
There are several ways to form the plural. As a general rule, masculine nouns have plurals in -š and feminine nouns have plurals in -r, though there are exceptions to this, such as the masculine noun ''künči'' "boy, son", whose plural is ''künčir''. In addition, some nouns have a plural in -n, and ''ňet'' "human being" has a suppletive plural ''qöyke'', which takes singular case endings.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! colspan="2" | <br />
! "bear"<br />
! "woman"<br />
! "language"<br />
! "human being"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Singular<br />
! Nominative<br />
| žer<br />
| fräči<br />
| aisu<br />
| ňet<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| žerid<br />
| fräčid<br />
| aisud<br />
| ňetid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| žeran<br />
| fräčin<br />
| aisun<br />
| ňetan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| žerna<br />
| fräčina<br />
| aisuna<br />
| ňetna<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| žeriž<br />
| fräčiž<br />
| aisuž<br />
| ňetiž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| žerme<br />
| fräčime<br />
| aisume<br />
| ňetme<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Plural<br />
! Nominative<br />
| žeriš<br />
| fräčir<br />
| aisun<br />
| qöyke<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| žeršid<br />
| fräčirid<br />
| aisunid<br />
| qöykid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| žeršež<br />
| fräčirež<br />
| aisunež<br />
| qöykan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| žeršas<br />
| fräčiras<br />
| aisunas<br />
| qöykena<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| žeršiž<br />
| fräčiriž<br />
| aisuniž<br />
| qöykeniž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| žeršan<br />
| fräčiran<br />
| aisunan<br />
| qöykeme<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
Adjectives precede their heads. They do not agree in case, gender or number when used attributively, though they do agree in gender and number when used predicatively.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Masculine<br />
! Feminine<br />
|-<br />
! Singular<br />
| rousa<br />
| rousi<br />
|-<br />
! Plural<br />
| rousaš<br />
| rousar<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = rousa blaisi<br />
| gloss = red blood<br />
| translation = red blood<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Blaisi je rousi.<br />
| gloss = blood be.PRES.3SG red-FEM.SG<br />
| translation = Blood is red.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! colspan="2" | Person<br />
! 1st<br />
! 2nd<br />
! 3rd masculine<br />
! 3rd feminine<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Singular<br />
! Nominative<br />
| jäk<br />
| žäk<br />
| sämi<br />
| ši<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| mid<br />
| gid<br />
| sämid<br />
| šid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| minan<br />
| ginan<br />
| sämin<br />
| šinan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| mäk<br />
| gäk<br />
| sämin<br />
| šina<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| miquriž<br />
| giquriž<br />
| sämiž<br />
| šiquriž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| miqume<br />
| giqume<br />
| sämime<br />
| šiqume<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Plural<br />
! Nominative<br />
| bie<br />
| fie<br />
| colspan="2" | sånu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| bid<br />
| fid<br />
| colspan="2" | sånud<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| binan<br />
| finan<br />
| colspan="2" | sånun<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| bos<br />
| fos<br />
| colspan="2" | sånus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| biquriž<br />
| fiquriž<br />
| colspan="2" | sånuž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| biqume<br />
| fiqume<br />
| colspan="2" | sånume<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Interrogative pronouns do not have separate singular and plural forms. They are inflected as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! "who"<br />
! "what"<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| bi<br />
| bas<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | bad<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| binan<br />
| banan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| bina<br />
| bana<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | baže<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| colspan="2" | bame<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The demonstrative pronouns are ''šeda'' (proximal), ''jarda'' (distal) and ''da'' (unspecified). They are inflected as regular nouns with plurals ending in -n.<br />
<br />
==Numbers==<br />
# bå<br />
# šuma<br />
# cäži<br />
# caštra<br />
# fie<br />
# jäči<br />
# čaipa<br />
# bup<br />
# ňep<br />
# töyň<br />
<br />
The numbers 11-19 are formed by prefixing töy- to the units: ''töybå'' "11".<br />
<br />
The word for "twenty" is ''plata'', the other tens are formed by suffixing -ta: ''cäžita'' "thirty", ''caštrata'' "forty", etc. "Hundred" is ''surža''.<br />
<br />
Other numbers are expressed as tens - ja - units: ''caštrata ja šuma'' "42". In rapid speech, the conjunction ''ja'' may be left out, and the suffix -ta may be dropped from all other tens than ''plata'': ''cäži čaipa'' "37", ''plata fie'' "25".<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Word order===<br />
The word order is relatively free, though it is usually SVO or sometimes SOV. Modifiers usually precede their heads, with the notable exception of possessive pronouns following them. Adverbs do not have a fixed position and may be placed anywhere.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Žäk ňauma jis dzaknu žärina mid.<br />
| gloss = 2SG.NOM again be.PRES.2SG drink-PRES.PRTC beer-ACC 1SG-GEN<br />
| translation = You're drinking my beer again.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Conjunctions===<br />
<br />
===Relative clauses===<br />
Relative clauses contain a participle and are placed before the noun they modify, just like most other modifiers.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jarže tlepnu at je papat mid.<br />
| gloss = there sleep-PRES.PRTC man be.PRES.3SG father 1SG-GEN<br />
| translation = The man who's sleeping over there is my father.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Note that the head is only marked for case according to its function in the main clause. Its function in the relative clause is often not explicitly expressed and has to be inferred from the context. Compare the following two sentences, noting the different case marking on the word ''böraq'':<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jäǧpin jarda böraqiž.<br />
| gloss = be.born-PST.1SG that village-LOC<br />
| translation = I was born in that village.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jivan lepin jäk jäǧpitu böraqan.<br />
| gloss = FUT-1SG go-PRES.INF 1SG.NOM be.born-PST.PRTC village-DAT<br />
| translation = I'm going to the village where I was born.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Which participle to use depends on whether the event described in the relative clause happened before, during or after the event described in the main clause.<br />
<br />
===Accusative with infinitive===<br />
Indirect statements, i.e. sentences with a clause depending on a verb meaning something like for example "say", "think" or "know", are expressed using an accusative with infinitive construction. In this construction, the subject of the clause is put in the accusative case and followed by an infinitive verb.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Tamat kičena žüötpit ǧietana.<br />
| gloss = say-PST.3SG king-ACC kill-PST.INF goat-ACC<br />
| translation = He said the king had killed a goat.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
As in relative clauses, tense marking in accusative with infinitive constructions is relative to the tense in the main clause.<br />
<br />
===Locative absolute===<br />
A locative absolute is a construction which indicates a time, a circumstance or a condition. It consists of a noun in the locative case followed by a participle.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Miquriž aispinu žäk bal tleisinis.<br />
| gloss = 1SG-LOC speak-PRES.PRTC 2SG.NOM PT be.silent-SUBJ-2SG<br />
| translation = When I talk you are silent.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>
Dē Graut Bʉr
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Aporese&diff=108492
Aporese
2018-03-18T00:46:40Z
<p>Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Syntax */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Aporese''' is the official and most widely spoken language of the country of Apore. A member of the Möqqic branch of the Iropo-Antilonian language family, it is distantly related to [[Bearlandic]], though after millennia of separation, there are only a limited number of cognates which generally look so different that most lexical resemblances are either chance or the result of borrowing. Just to give you an idea: Aporese ''såp'' "hole" is cognate to Bearlandic ''haus'' "house" (<PIA ''*sagʷs'' "cave"), ''lat'' "sun" is cognate to ''zoll'' "sun" (<PIA ''*zĺds'') and ''pedi'' "do" is cognate to ''tú'' "do" (<PIA ''*póid-''). However non-coincidental similarities exist as well, such as ''dzöysi'' ~ ''zʉs'' "sister" and ''lepi'' "go" ~ ''lop'' "walk".<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Labial<br />
! Dental<br />
! Lateral<br />
! Palatal<br />
! Velar<br />
! Uvular<br />
! Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| ň /ɲ/<br />
| (ng /ŋ/)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Stop<br />
| p b<br />
| t d<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| k g<br />
| q<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Affricate<br />
| <br />
| c /ts/ dz<br />
| <br />
| č /tʃ/ (dž /dʒ/)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| tl /ɬ/<br />
| š ž /ʃ ʒ/<br />
| ǧ /ɣ/<br />
| <br />
| h<br />
|-<br />
! Approximant<br />
| <br />
| r<br />
| l<br />
| j<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
In native words, /ŋ/ only occurs allophonically before other velar consonants. In loanwords it can also appear in other positions, making it marginally phonemic. Some speakers merge it with /n/.<br />
<br />
The phonemic status of /dʒ/ is currently unclear.<br />
<br />
Due to a historic sound change, /s/ becomes /ʃ/ before stops. This rule is still productive, as evidenced by recent loanwords. However, it is not always reflected in writing.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
Aporese has nine monophthongs:<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Front unrounded<br />
! Front rounded<br />
! Back<br />
|-<br />
! High<br />
| i<br />
| ü /y/<br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! Mid-high<br />
| e<br />
| ö /ø/<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! Mid-low<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| å /ɔ/<br />
|-<br />
! Low<br />
| ä /æ/<br />
| <br />
| a /ɑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Possible diphthongs include /ɑi æi ei ie øy yø ɑu ou oi/. For the most part, they are written the same as the vowels they are composed of, with the exception of /øy/, which is written as <öy> rather than <öü>.<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
There are two main classes of verbs: one whose citation form (third person singular present indicative) ends in -ip, and one whose citation form ends in -i. Verbs are conjugated for two tenses (present and past), two finite moods (indicative and subjunctive), and have both present and past infinitives and participles. In addition, there exist a few periphrastic verb forms as well.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! Ip-conjugation: ''qöysip'' "vomit"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| qöys-pan<br />
| qöys-pin<br />
| qöys-pin-an<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| qöys-pis<br />
| qöys-pis<br />
| qöys-pin-is<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| qöys-ip<br />
| qöys-pit<br />
| qöys-pin<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| qöys-piň<br />
| qöys-pitiň<br />
| qöys-pin-iň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| qöys-piš<br />
| qöys-pitiš<br />
| qöys-pin-iš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| qöys-par<br />
| qöys-pir<br />
| qöys-pin-ar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| qöys-pad<br />
| qöys-pit<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| qöys-pinu<br />
| qöys-pitu<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! I-conjugation: ''cadi'' "know"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| cad-an<br />
| cad-in<br />
| cad-in-an<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| cad-is<br />
| cad-is<br />
| cad-in-is<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| cad-i<br />
| cad-at<br />
| cad-in<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| cad-iňi<br />
| cad-atiň<br />
| cad-in-iň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| cad-iši<br />
| cad-atiš<br />
| cad-in-iš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| cad-ar<br />
| cad-ir<br />
| cad-in-ar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| cad-in<br />
| cad-it<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| cad-nu<br />
| cad-itu<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! Irregular: ''je'' "be"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| jan<br />
| šin<br />
| šinan<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| jis<br />
| šis<br />
| šinis<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| je<br />
| šit<br />
| šin<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| jiň<br />
| šiňi<br />
| šiniň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| jiš<br />
| šiši<br />
| šiniš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| jasar, je<br />
| šar<br />
| šinar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| jes<br />
| šit<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| janu<br />
| šitu<br />
|}<br />
In the third person plural, ''jasar'' is normally only used when no explicit subject is specified. If there is a subject, ''je'' is usually preferred.<br />
<br />
{{gloss<br />
| phrase = Jasar baikiš.<br />
| gloss = be.PRES.3PL young-PL.MASC<br />
| translation = They are young.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Künčir je baikiš.<br />
| gloss = boy-PL be.PRES.3SG young-PL.MASC<br />
| translation = The boys are young.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The future tense is made periphrastically with the verb ''jivi'' + infinitive.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jivan žitin makid.<br />
| gloss = FUT-1SG eat-PRES.INF chicken-GEN<br />
| translation = I'm going to eat chicken.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Progressive tenses are made with ''je'' + present participle.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jäk jan aispinu Aporid aisuna.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.NOM be.PRES.1SG speak-PRES.PRTC Apore-GEN language-ACC<br />
| translation = I'm speaking Aporese.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Passives are also made with ''je'' + participle, though in this case the past participle is used in the past tense and optionally also in the present tense. Especially in more formal situations, the potentially ambiguous construction using a present participle is preferred.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Šöys je žitinu žerme.<br />
| gloss = salmon be.PRES.3SG eat-PRES.PRTC bear-INSTR<br />
| translation = The salmon is eaten by a bear.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Nouns have two genders, two numbers and six cases. Their inflection is mostly agglutinative, with clearly separate number and case morphemes, though some cases have different endings in the singular than in the plural.<br />
<br />
There are several ways to form the plural. As a general rule, masculine nouns have plurals in -š and feminine nouns have plurals in -r, though there are exceptions to this, such as the masculine noun ''künči'' "boy, son", whose plural is ''künčir''. In addition, some nouns have a plural in -n, and ''ňet'' "human being" has a suppletive plural ''qöyke'', which takes singular case endings.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! colspan="2" | <br />
! "bear"<br />
! "woman"<br />
! "language"<br />
! "human being"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Singular<br />
! Nominative<br />
| žer<br />
| fräči<br />
| aisu<br />
| ňet<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| žerid<br />
| fräčid<br />
| aisud<br />
| ňetid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| žeran<br />
| fräčin<br />
| aisun<br />
| ňetan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| žerna<br />
| fräčina<br />
| aisuna<br />
| ňetna<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| žeriž<br />
| fräčiž<br />
| aisuž<br />
| ňetiž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| žerme<br />
| fräčime<br />
| aisume<br />
| ňetme<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Plural<br />
! Nominative<br />
| žeriš<br />
| fräčir<br />
| aisun<br />
| qöyke<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| žeršid<br />
| fräčirid<br />
| aisunid<br />
| qöykid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| žeršež<br />
| fräčirež<br />
| aisunež<br />
| qöykan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| žeršas<br />
| fräčiras<br />
| aisunas<br />
| qöykena<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| žeršiž<br />
| fräčiriž<br />
| aisuniž<br />
| qöykeniž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| žeršan<br />
| fräčiran<br />
| aisunan<br />
| qöykeme<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
Adjectives precede their heads. They do not agree in case, gender or number when used attributively, though they do agree in gender and number when used predicatively.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Masculine<br />
! Feminine<br />
|-<br />
! Singular<br />
| rousa<br />
| rousi<br />
|-<br />
! Plural<br />
| rousaš<br />
| rousar<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = rousa blaisi<br />
| gloss = red blood<br />
| translation = red blood<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Blaisi je rousi.<br />
| gloss = blood be.PRES.3SG red-FEM.SG<br />
| translation = Blood is red.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! colspan="2" | Person<br />
! 1st<br />
! 2nd<br />
! 3rd masculine<br />
! 3rd feminine<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Singular<br />
! Nominative<br />
| jäk<br />
| žäk<br />
| sämi<br />
| ši<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| mid<br />
| gid<br />
| sämid<br />
| šid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| minan<br />
| ginan<br />
| sämin<br />
| šinan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| mäk<br />
| gäk<br />
| sämin<br />
| šina<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| miquriž<br />
| giquriž<br />
| sämiž<br />
| šiquriž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| miqume<br />
| giqume<br />
| sämime<br />
| šiqume<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Plural<br />
! Nominative<br />
| bie<br />
| fie<br />
| colspan="2" | sånu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| bid<br />
| fid<br />
| colspan="2" | sånud<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| binan<br />
| finan<br />
| colspan="2" | sånun<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| bos<br />
| fos<br />
| colspan="2" | sånus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| biquriž<br />
| fiquriž<br />
| colspan="2" | sånuž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| biqume<br />
| fiqume<br />
| colspan="2" | sånume<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Interrogative pronouns do not have separate singular and plural forms. They are inflected as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! "who"<br />
! "what"<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| bi<br />
| bas<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | bad<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| binan<br />
| banan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| bina<br />
| bana<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | baže<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| colspan="2" | bame<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The demonstrative pronouns are ''šeda'' (proximal), ''jarda'' (distal) and ''da'' (unspecified). They are inflected as regular nouns with plurals ending in -n.<br />
<br />
==Numbers==<br />
# bå<br />
# šuma<br />
# cäži<br />
# caštra<br />
# fie<br />
# jäči<br />
# čaipa<br />
# bup<br />
# ňep<br />
# töyň<br />
<br />
The numbers 11-19 are formed by prefixing töy- to the units: ''töybå'' "11".<br />
<br />
The word for "twenty" is ''plata'', the other tens are formed by suffixing -ta: ''cäžita'' "thirty", ''caštrata'' "forty", etc. "Hundred" is ''surža''.<br />
<br />
Other numbers are expressed as tens - ja - units: ''caštrata ja šuma'' "42". In rapid speech, the conjunction ''ja'' may be left out, and the suffix -ta may be dropped from all other tens than ''plata'': ''cäži čaipa'' "37", ''plata fie'' "25".<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Word order===<br />
The word order is relatively free, though it is usually SVO or sometimes SOV. Modifiers usually precede their heads, with the notable exception of possessive pronouns following them. Adverbs do not have a fixed position and may be placed anywhere.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Žäk ňauma jis dzaknu žärina mid.<br />
| gloss = 2SG.NOM again be.PRES.2SG drink-PRES.PRTC beer-ACC 1SG-GEN<br />
| translation = You're drinking my beer again.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Conjunctions===<br />
<br />
===Relative clauses===<br />
Relative clauses contain a participle and are placed before the noun they modify, just like most other modifiers.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jarže tlepnu at je papat mid.<br />
| gloss = there sleep-PRES.PRTC man be.PRES.3SG father 1SG-GEN<br />
| translation = The man who's sleeping over there is my father.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Note that the head is only marked for case according to its function in the main clause. Its function in the relative clause is often not explicitly expressed and has to be inferred from the context. Compare the following two sentences, noting the different case marking on the word ''böraq'':<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jäǧpin jarda böraqiž.<br />
| gloss = be.born-PST.1SG that village-LOC<br />
| translation = I was born in that village.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jivan lepin jäk jäǧpitu böraqan.<br />
| gloss = FUT-1SG go-PRES.INF 1SG.NOM be.born-PST.PRTC village-DAT<br />
| translation = I'm going to the village where I was born.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Which participle to use depends on whether the event described in the relative clause happened before, during or after the event described in the main clause.<br />
<br />
===Accusative with infinitive===<br />
Indirect statements, i.e. sentences with a clause depending on a verb meaning something like for example "say", "think" or "know", are expressed using an accusative with infinitive construction. In this construction, the subject of the clause is put in the accusative case and followed by an infinitive verb.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Tamat kičena žüötpit ǧietana.<br />
| gloss = say-PST.3SG king-ACC kill-PST.INF goat-ACC<br />
| translation = He said the king had killed a goat.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
As in relative clauses, tense marking in accusative with infinitive constructions is relative to the tense in the main clause.<br />
<br />
===Locative absolute===<br />
A locative absolute is a construction which indicates a time, a circumstance or a condition. It consists of a noun in the locative case followed by a participle.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Miquriž aispinu žäk bal tleisinis.<br />
| gloss = 1SG-LOC speak-PRES.PRTC 2SG.NOM PT be.silent-SUBJ-2SG<br />
| translation = When I talk you are silent.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>
Dē Graut Bʉr
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Aporese&diff=108462
Aporese
2018-03-17T18:28:53Z
<p>Dē Graut Bʉr: Created page with "'''Aporese''' is the official and most widely spoken language of the country of Apore. A member of the Möqqic branch of the Iropo-Antilonian language family, it is distantly..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Aporese''' is the official and most widely spoken language of the country of Apore. A member of the Möqqic branch of the Iropo-Antilonian language family, it is distantly related to [[Bearlandic]], though after millennia of separation, there are only a limited number of cognates which generally look so different that most lexical resemblances are either chance or the result of borrowing. Just to give you an idea: Aporese ''såp'' "hole" is cognate to Bearlandic ''haus'' "house" (<PIA ''*sagʷs'' "cave"), ''lat'' "sun" is cognate to ''zoll'' "sun" (<PIA ''*zĺds'') and ''pedi'' "do" is cognate to ''tú'' "do" (<PIA ''*póid-''). However non-coincidental similarities exist as well, such as ''dzöysi'' ~ ''zʉs'' "sister" and ''lepi'' "go" ~ ''lop'' "walk".<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Labial<br />
! Dental<br />
! Lateral<br />
! Palatal<br />
! Velar<br />
! Uvular<br />
! Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| ň /ɲ/<br />
| (ng /ŋ/)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Stop<br />
| p b<br />
| t d<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| k g<br />
| q<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Affricate<br />
| <br />
| c /ts/ dz<br />
| <br />
| č /tʃ/ (dž /dʒ/)<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| tl /ɬ/<br />
| š ž /ʃ ʒ/<br />
| ǧ /ɣ/<br />
| <br />
| h<br />
|-<br />
! Approximant<br />
| <br />
| r<br />
| l<br />
| j<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
In native words, /ŋ/ only occurs allophonically before other velar consonants. In loanwords it can also appear in other positions, making it marginally phonemic. Some speakers merge it with /n/.<br />
<br />
The phonemic status of /dʒ/ is currently unclear.<br />
<br />
Due to a historic sound change, /s/ becomes /ʃ/ before stops. This rule is still productive, as evidenced by recent loanwords. However, it is not always reflected in writing.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
Aporese has nine monophthongs:<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Front unrounded<br />
! Front rounded<br />
! Back<br />
|-<br />
! High<br />
| i<br />
| ü /y/<br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! Mid-high<br />
| e<br />
| ö /ø/<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! Mid-low<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| å /ɔ/<br />
|-<br />
! Low<br />
| ä /æ/<br />
| <br />
| a /ɑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Possible diphthongs include /ɑi æi ei ie øy yø ɑu ou oi/. For the most part, they are written the same as the vowels they are composed of, with the exception of /øy/, which is written as <öy> rather than <öü>.<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
There are two main classes of verbs: one whose citation form (third person singular present indicative) ends in -ip, and one whose citation form ends in -i. Verbs are conjugated for two tenses (present and past), two finite moods (indicative and subjunctive), and have both present and past infinitives and participles. In addition, there exist a few periphrastic verb forms as well.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! Ip-conjugation: ''qöysip'' "vomit"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| qöys-pan<br />
| qöys-pin<br />
| qöys-pin-an<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| qöys-pis<br />
| qöys-pis<br />
| qöys-pin-is<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| qöys-ip<br />
| qöys-pit<br />
| qöys-pin<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| qöys-piň<br />
| qöys-pitiň<br />
| qöys-pin-iň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| qöys-piš<br />
| qöys-pitiš<br />
| qöys-pin-iš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| qöys-par<br />
| qöys-pir<br />
| qöys-pin-ar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| qöys-pad<br />
| qöys-pit<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| qöys-pinu<br />
| qöys-pitu<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! I-conjugation: ''cadi'' "know"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| cad-an<br />
| cad-in<br />
| cad-in-an<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| cad-is<br />
| cad-is<br />
| cad-in-is<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| cad-i<br />
| cad-at<br />
| cad-in<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| cad-iňi<br />
| cad-atiň<br />
| cad-in-iň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| cad-iši<br />
| cad-atiš<br />
| cad-in-iš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| cad-ar<br />
| cad-ir<br />
| cad-in-ar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| cad-in<br />
| cad-it<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| cad-nu<br />
| cad-itu<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! Irregular: ''je'' "be"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
|-<br />
! 1sg<br />
| jan<br />
| šin<br />
| šinan<br />
|-<br />
! 2sg<br />
| jis<br />
| šis<br />
| šinis<br />
|-<br />
! 3sg<br />
| je<br />
| šit<br />
| šin<br />
|-<br />
! 1pl<br />
| jiň<br />
| šiňi<br />
| šiniň<br />
|-<br />
! 2pl<br />
| jiš<br />
| šiši<br />
| šiniš<br />
|-<br />
! 3pl<br />
| jasar, je<br />
| šar<br />
| šinar<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| jes<br />
| šit<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BBBBBB" | <br />
|-<br />
! Participle<br />
| janu<br />
| šitu<br />
|}<br />
In the third person plural, ''jasar'' is normally only used when no explicit subject is specified. If there is a subject, ''je'' is usually preferred.<br />
<br />
{{gloss<br />
| phrase = Jasar baikiš.<br />
| gloss = be.PRES.3PL young-PL.MASC<br />
| translation = They are young.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Künčir je baikiš.<br />
| gloss = boy-PL be.PRES.3SG young-PL.MASC<br />
| translation = The boys are young.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The future tense is made periphrastically with the verb ''jivi'' + infinitive.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jivan žitin makid.<br />
| gloss = FUT-1SG eat-PRES.INF chicken-GEN<br />
| translation = I'm going to eat chicken.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Progressive tenses are made with ''je'' + present participle.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Jäk jan aispinu Aporid aisuna.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.NOM be.PRES.1SG speak-PRES.PRTC Apore-GEN language-ACC<br />
| translation = I'm speaking Aporese.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Passives are also made with ''je'' + participle, though in this case the past participle is used in the past tense and optionally also in the present tense. Especially in more formal situations, the potentially ambiguous construction using a present participle is preferred.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Šöys je žitinu žerme.<br />
| gloss = salmon be.PRES.3SG eat-PRES.PRTC bear-INSTR<br />
| translation = The salmon is eaten by a bear.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Nouns have two genders, two numbers and six cases. Their inflection is mostly agglutinative, with clearly separate number and case morphemes, though some cases have different endings in the singular than in the plural.<br />
<br />
There are several ways to form the plural. As a general rule, masculine nouns have plurals in -š and feminine nouns have plurals in -r, though there are exceptions to this, such as the masculine noun ''künči'' "boy, son", whose plural is ''künčir''. In addition, some nouns have a plural in -n, and ''ňet'' "human being" has a suppletive plural ''qöyke'', which takes singular case endings.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! colspan="2" | <br />
! "bear"<br />
! "woman"<br />
! "language"<br />
! "human being"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Singular<br />
! Nominative<br />
| žer<br />
| fräči<br />
| aisu<br />
| ňet<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| žerid<br />
| fräčid<br />
| aisud<br />
| ňetid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| žeran<br />
| fräčin<br />
| aisun<br />
| ňetan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| žerna<br />
| fräčina<br />
| aisuna<br />
| ňetna<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| žeriž<br />
| fräčiž<br />
| aisuž<br />
| ňetiž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| žerme<br />
| fräčime<br />
| aisume<br />
| ňetme<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Plural<br />
! Nominative<br />
| žeriš<br />
| fräčir<br />
| aisun<br />
| qöyke<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| žeršid<br />
| fräčirid<br />
| aisunid<br />
| qöykid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| žeršež<br />
| fräčirež<br />
| aisunež<br />
| qöykan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| žeršas<br />
| fräčiras<br />
| aisunas<br />
| qöykena<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| žeršiž<br />
| fräčiriž<br />
| aisuniž<br />
| qöykeniž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| žeršan<br />
| fräčiran<br />
| aisunan<br />
| qöykeme<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
Adjectives precede their heads. They do not agree in case, gender or number when used attributively, though they do agree in gender and number when used predicatively.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Masculine<br />
! Feminine<br />
|-<br />
! Singular<br />
| rousa<br />
| rousi<br />
|-<br />
! Plural<br />
| rousaš<br />
| rousar<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = rousa blaisi<br />
| gloss = red blood<br />
| translation = red blood<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Blaisi je rousi.<br />
| gloss = blood be.PRES.3SG red-FEM.SG<br />
| translation = Blood is red.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! colspan="2" | Person<br />
! 1st<br />
! 2nd<br />
! 3rd masculine<br />
! 3rd feminine<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Singular<br />
! Nominative<br />
| jäk<br />
| žäk<br />
| sämi<br />
| ši<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| mid<br />
| gid<br />
| sämid<br />
| šid<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| minan<br />
| ginan<br />
| sämin<br />
| šinan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| mäk<br />
| gäk<br />
| sämin<br />
| šina<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| miquriž<br />
| giquriž<br />
| sämiž<br />
| šiquriž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| miqume<br />
| giqume<br />
| sämime<br />
| šiqume<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Plural<br />
! Nominative<br />
| bie<br />
| fie<br />
| colspan="2" | sånu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| bid<br />
| fid<br />
| colspan="2" | sånud<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| binan<br />
| finan<br />
| colspan="2" | sånun<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| bos<br />
| fos<br />
| colspan="2" | sånus<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| biquriž<br />
| fiquriž<br />
| colspan="2" | sånuž<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| biqume<br />
| fiqume<br />
| colspan="2" | sånume<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Interrogative pronouns do not have separate singular and plural forms. They are inflected as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! "who"<br />
! "what"<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| bi<br />
| bas<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| colspan="2" | bad<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| binan<br />
| banan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| bina<br />
| bana<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| colspan="2" | baže<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| colspan="2" | bame<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The demonstrative pronouns are ''šeda'' (proximal), ''jarda'' (distal) and ''da'' (unspecified). They are inflected as regular nouns with plurals ending in -n.<br />
<br />
==Numbers==<br />
# bå<br />
# šuma<br />
# cäži<br />
# caštra<br />
# fie<br />
# jäči<br />
# čaipa<br />
# bup<br />
# ňep<br />
# töyň<br />
<br />
The numbers 11-19 are formed by prefixing töy- to the units: ''töybå'' "11".<br />
<br />
The word for "twenty" is ''plata'', the other tens are formed by suffixing -ta: ''cäžita'' "thirty", ''caštrata'' "forty", etc. "Hundred" is ''surža''.<br />
<br />
Other numbers are expressed as tens - ja - units: ''caštrata ja šuma'' "42". In rapid speech, the conjunction ''ja'' may be left out, and the suffix -ta may be dropped from all other tens than ''plata'': ''cäži čaipa'' "37", ''plata fie'' "25".<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Word order===<br />
The word order is relatively free, though it is usually SVO or sometimes SOV. Modifiers usually precede their heads, with the notable exception of possessive pronouns following them. Adverbs do not have a fixed position and may be placed anywhere.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Žäk ňauma jis dzaknu žärina mid.<br />
| gloss = 2SG.NOM again be.PRES.2SG drink-PRES.PRTC beer-ACC 1SG-GEN<br />
| translation = You're drinking my beer again.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Conjunctions===<br />
<br />
===Relative clauses===<br />
<br />
===Accusative with infinitive===<br />
<br />
===Locative absolute===<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>
Dē Graut Bʉr
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Bearlandic&diff=104572
Bearlandic
2018-02-23T19:39:04Z
<p>Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Consonants */</p>
<hr />
<div>Kimmig: a [[/Vocabulary|ellpossgirytnē]] enn a [[/Thematic dictionary|prattdúlig]] worrtliss.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|image = <br />
|imagesize = <br />
|name = Bearlandic<br />
|nativename = ''Bʉrnlannts''<br />
|pronunciation= /ˈbœːrnlɑnːts/<br />
|region = <br />
|states = <br />
|speakers = Approximately 20 million <br />
|date = 2653<br />
|familycolor=<br />
|family=Iropo-Antilonian languages<br />
* Berilonian languages<br />
** Western Berilonian languages<br />
*** '''Bearlandic'''<br />
|ancestor=Old Bearlandic<br />
|script=Berilonian alphabet, western style<br />
|agency=<br />
|iso1=<br />
|iso2=<br />
|iso3=<br />
|notice=IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Bearlandic (''Bʉrnlannts'', IPA: /ˈbœːrnlɑnːts/) is one of many languages of the planet which is called ''dē Virrolt'' in Bearlandic. The language belongs to the Berilonian language family, which in its turn is a branch of the Iropo-Antilonian language family.<br />
<br />
Spoken natively by approximately 20 million people, it is one of the most spoken Berilonian languages. It is also one of the major lingua francas of the world, so it also has millions of second-language speakers. Most speakers can pretend to speak [[Antilonian]] (another Berilonian language) as well, and many also know a few words in random other languages such as [[Kunesian]].<br />
<br />
"Coincidentally", it is very similar to real-world Germanic languages, in particular to Dutch, which happens to be the creator's native language. However, it is not a member of the Germanic language family, but is instead related to various languages which do not bear such similarities to real-world languages.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m /m/<br />
| <br />
| n /n/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ng /ŋ/<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p b /p b/<br />
| <br />
| t d /t d/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| k q /k kʷ/<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| <br />
| f v /f v/<br />
| s z /s z/<br />
| (ʃ)<br />
| (ç)<br />
| g /x ~ ɣ/<br />
| h /h/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| <br />
| w /ʋ/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| j /j/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Trill<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| r /r/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Lateral app.<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| l /l/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
[ʃ] and [ç] are quite common as allophones of /s/ before stops and /x/ after /i/ respectively. This is however nonstandard and typically associated with lower classes.<br />
<br />
The velar fricative is often slightly fronted or palatalized in the standard dialect.<br />
<br />
All consonants except /b d ŋ kʷ v z h/ can be geminated.<br />
<br />
The velar fricative is pronounced /ɣ/ in onsets (except in the cluster /sx/) and /x/ in codas.<br />
<br />
Coda consonants may be voiced when the following syllable begins with a voiced consonant.<br />
<br />
Most speakers have [ɬ] as an allophone of /l/, though the exact conditioning of this allophony varies considerably. In the cluster /tl/, the [ɬ] allophone is nearly universal, and the pronunciation of /lh/ as [ɬ], though less common, is also found all over the country. In a few places scattered across the country one may hear [sɬ] or even [ɬ] for /sl/, and in the east, some people devoice /l/ in any cluster involving voiceless consonants.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Front<br />
! Rounded<br />
! Back<br />
|-<br />
! High<br />
| i /ɪ iː/<br />
| u /ʏ yː/<br />
| ú /uː/<br />
|-<br />
! Mid<br />
| e /ɛ eː/<br />
| ʉ /œ œː/<br />
| o /ɔ oː/<br />
|-<br />
! Low<br />
| colspan="3" | a /ɑ aː/<br />
|}<br />
Short vowels are followed by long consonants and vice versa. Orthographically, vowel length is indicated by the doubling of the following consonant. Word-finally, short vowels are marked with a macron.<br />
<br />
There are two diphthongs: y, pronounced /ɛɪ̯/ and au, pronounced /aʊ̯/. Just like long vowels, they are always followed by a short consonant.<br />
<br />
In affixes, which are always unstressed, /iː/ is shortened to /i/.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
Bearlandic roots consist of one or two syllables and allow clusters of up to three consonants. Affixes usually consist of a single syllable (though a few consist of just a consonant) and never contain any consonant clusters.<br />
<br />
The following rules determine which onsets are possible:<br />
*S can be followed by any of p t g w n l.<br />
*An obstruent other than q s z h can be followed by r.<br />
*An obstruent other than q t d h can be followed by l.<br />
*T d z can be followed by w.<br />
*K can be followed by n.<br />
*Ng does not occur at the beginning of a syllable.<br />
<br />
To codas the following rules apply:<br />
*There is no phonemic voicing contrast, but instead all syllable-final obstruents are voiceless by default. However, they may be optionally voiced if the following syllable starts with a voiced consonant.<br />
*P t k s can be preceded by r l s or a homorganic nasal consonant.<br />
*H q do not occur at the end of a syllable.<br />
<br />
In general, disyllabic roots consist of a syllable which would be a valid monosyllabic root followed by a sequence of a vowel and a consonant or just a vowel. In native roots, the only such sequences that are known to occur are /ər ɛrː ɪrː ɔlː ol ɪmː ɪsː ɛ ɪ ʏ oː/, and of these, /ɪmː ʏ oː/ are all restricted to a single root. In addition to the possible syllable-final cluster, /tj/ is also a possible medial cluster in disyllabic roots.<br />
<br />
There is a slight tendency to shorten disyllabic roots to monosyllabic ones. Occasionally this has created two variants of a single root, as in ''valt'' "go for a walk" and its derived noun ''vantl-ing'' "walk".<br />
<br />
Some non-native or recently coined words break these rules. /tl/, which is realised as [tɬ] by most speakers, is a particularly common cluster in non-inherited vocabulary.<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
===Conjugation===<br />
====Weak verbs====<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! "walk"<br />
! "shoot"<br />
! "improve"<br />
! "need"<br />
! "leave"<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| lop<br />
| sgit<br />
| byterr<br />
| bi-húf<br />
| aus-dwyn, dwyn aus<br />
|-<br />
! Past<br />
| lop-ti<br />
| sgit-<font color="red">i</font><br />
| byterr-ti<br />
| bi-húf-ti<br />
| aus-dwyn-ti, dwyn-ti aus<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| gi-lop-t<br />
| gi-sgit-<font color="red">Ø</font><br />
| gi-byterr-t<br />
| <font color="red">bi</font>-húf-t<br />
| aus-gi-dwyn-t<br />
|-<br />
! Ē-form<br />
| lop-ē<br />
| sgit-ē<br />
| byt<font color="red">r</font>-ē<br />
| bi-hú<font color="red">v</font>-ē<br />
| aus-dwyn-ē<br />
|-<br />
! Present participle<br />
| lop-nē<br />
| sgit-nē<br />
| byt<font color="red">re</font>-nē<br />
| bi-húf-nē<br />
| aus-dw<font color="red">in</font>-nē<br />
|-<br />
! Past participle<br />
| gi-lop-t-nē<br />
| gi-sgit-<font color="red">Ø</font>-nē<br />
| gi-byterr-t-nē<br />
| <font color="red">bi</font>-húf-t-nē<br />
| aus-gi-dwyn-t-nē<br />
|}<br />
There are a few minor irregularities (marked in red in the table above) which are all fully predictable:<br />
* Verbs ending in -t don't add an extra t in the past and perfect forms.<br />
* Verbs ending in -n do add an extra n in the present participle, causing the preceding vowel to become short. If this vowel is y, it becomes i. If the verb already has a short vowel, the participle is written with three consecutive n's, but there is no change in pronunciation.<br />
* Verbs with a disyllabic root drop the second vowel in the ē-form and the present participle. In the latter form, this would result in an unpronounceable consonant cluster which is broken up by an /ə/ directly before the ending.<br />
* If the stem ends in a short f or s, this final fricative becomes voiced in the ē-form.<br />
* Verbs beginning with an unstressed prefix don't add an extra prefix in the perfect forms.<br />
* Verbs beginning with a stressed prefix are separable. Depending on the context, the prefix may be separated from the stem in the present and past tenses, and in the perfect, the gi- prefix comes between the separable prefix and the stem.<br />
<br />
The ē-form is used for several unrelated purposes and may be thought of as a variant present form.<br />
<br />
====Strong verbs====<br />
Strong verbs are conjugated just like weak verbs, but additionally feature some vowel changes. These vowel changes can be summarised like this.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Perfect<br />
|-<br />
| a<br />
| i<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
| a<br />
| i<br />
| short i<br />
|-<br />
| e<br />
| a<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
| e<br />
| a<br />
| short i<br />
|-<br />
| i<br />
| a<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
| o<br />
| i<br />
| short i<br />
|-<br />
| y<br />
| i<br />
| short i<br />
|}<br />
The ē-form of strong verbs always has either an y or a short i, depending on the length of the stem vowel. There are three verbs whose ē-form seemingly has the wrong vowel, namely ''zegg'' "say", whose ē-form is ''zygē'', ''stass'' "stand", whose ē-form may be either ''stissē'' or ''styzē'', and ''slap'' "sleep", whose ē-form ''slapē'' retains the stem vowel of the present tense.<br />
<br />
Some examples:<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! "carry"<br />
! "stand"<br />
! "weigh"<br />
! "read"<br />
! "win"<br />
! "come"<br />
! "write"<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| barr<br />
| stass<br />
| veg<br />
| les<br />
| winn<br />
| komm<br />
| sgryf<br />
|-<br />
! Past<br />
| birrti<br />
| stissti<br />
| vagti<br />
| lasti<br />
| wannti<br />
| kimmti<br />
| sgrifti<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| giborrt<br />
| gistisst<br />
| givogt<br />
| gilisst<br />
| giwonnt<br />
| gikimmt<br />
| gisgrifft<br />
|-<br />
! Ē-form<br />
| birrē<br />
| stissē/styzē<br />
| vygē<br />
| lyzē<br />
| winnē<br />
| kimmē<br />
| sgryvē<br />
|-<br />
! Present participle<br />
| barrnē<br />
| stassnē<br />
| vegnē<br />
| lesnē<br />
| winnnē<br />
| kommnē<br />
| sgryfnē<br />
|-<br />
! Past participle<br />
| giborrtnē<br />
| gistisstnē<br />
| givogtnē<br />
| gilisstnē<br />
| giwonntnē<br />
| gikimmtnē<br />
| gisgrifftnē<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Irregular verbs====<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
!<br />
! "be"<br />
! "have"<br />
! "go"<br />
! "give"<br />
! "eat"<br />
! "know"<br />
! "become"<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| iss<br />
| heppt<br />
| ga<br />
| gef<br />
| et<br />
| wet<br />
| vort<br />
|-<br />
! Past<br />
| wast<br />
| haptē<br />
| gigti<br />
| giffti<br />
| ati<br />
| wati<br />
| virti<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| giasst<br />
| gihapt<br />
| gigisst<br />
| gigifft<br />
| giotē<br />
| giwotē<br />
| givirtē<br />
|-<br />
! Ē-form<br />
| yē, zyt<br />
| hypē<br />
| gatē<br />
| gyvē<br />
| ytē<br />
| wytē<br />
| vortē<br />
|-<br />
! Present participle<br />
| zytnē<br />
| hepptnē<br />
| gatnē<br />
| gefnē<br />
| etnē<br />
| wetnē<br />
| vortnē<br />
|-<br />
! Past participle<br />
| wastnē<br />
| gihaptnē<br />
| gigisstnē<br />
| gigifftnē<br />
| giotnē<br />
| giwotnē<br />
| givirtnē<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Iss'' has two distinct forms corresponding to the ē-forms of all other verbs. ''Yē'' is used as an infinitive, whereas ''zyt'' is used in subordinate clauses.<br />
<br />
===Tenses===<br />
Bearlandic has two simple tenses, two perfect tenses and two future tenses.<br />
<br />
====Formation====<br />
The formation of the present and the simple past is described above. The remaining four tenses are all formed periphrastically.<br />
<br />
The perfect tenses are formed using the perfect form and an auxiliary, which depending on the verb can be either ''heppt'' or ''iss''. As a general rule, intransitive verbs use ''iss'', whereas transitive and impersonal verbs all use ''heppt''. The present perfect uses the present of the auxiliary, while the past perfect uses the past.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''heppt''' a appoll '''giotē'''.''<br><br />
I '''have eaten''' an apple.<br />
<br />
''Dē mann '''iss gilopt'''.''<br><br />
The man '''has walked'''.<br />
<br />
''Dē '''heppt gisniwwt'''.''<br><br />
It '''has snowed'''.<br />
<br />
Modal verbs take the same auxiliary as the main verb. The modal is put in the perfect form, while the main verb is put in the ē-form and preceded by ''oss''.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''heppt gikusst''' oss ytē.''<br><br />
I '''have been able''' to eat.<br />
<br />
''Dē mann '''iss gikusst''' oss lopē.''<br><br />
The man '''has been able''' to walk.<br />
<br />
The prase ''dē zyt'' "there is" becomes ''dē zyt giasst'' in the present perfect.<br />
<br />
''Dē '''zyt''' a pegging '''giasst'''.''<br><br />
There '''has been''' an accident.<br />
<br />
The verb ''zʉll'' and its past form ''zʉllti'' are used to form the future and the future past respectively. These are both followed by the ē-form.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''zʉll ytē'''.''<br><br />
I '''will eat'''.<br />
<br />
''Anymann '''zʉllti''' bly '''yē'''.''<br><br />
''Everyone '''would be''' happy.''<br />
<br />
====Usage====<br />
<br />
===The passive===<br />
The passive is formed with the verb ''vort'' and the perfect form.<br />
<br />
''Dē appoll '''vort giotē'''.''<br><br />
''The apple '''is eaten'''.<br />
<br />
In the perfect tenses, the perfect form of ''vort'' is optional and may be left out.<br />
<br />
''Miess ferrpratter '''iss gidift (givirtē)'''.<br><br />
''My phone '''has been stolen'''.<br />
<br />
===Modality===<br />
Modality is expressed using a variety of modal auxiliary verbs. The main ones are basic auxiliaries ''kuss'' "can", ''mut'' "must", ''will'' "want", ''mogg'' "may", as well as ''tyē, yē, hyē, wylē'' and ''kynē'', which are remnants of old optative forms of ''tú'' "do", ''iss'' "be", ''heppt'' "have", ''will'' and ''kuss'' respectively.<br />
<br />
After the basic auxiliaries one can choose between two possible constructions: SVOV using an ē-form and SVVO using the base form. These two constructions differ slightly in meaning in some contexts and are known as the "definite" and "uncertain" mood respectively. An optative may only be followed by an ē-form when used as an auxiliary. Thus one may say:<br />
<br />
* ''Ig kuss dē túē.'' (definite)<br />
* ''Ig kuss tú dē.'' (uncertain)<br />
* ''Ig kynē dē túē.'' (optative)<br />
<br />
The choice between these forms is a complicated matter and varies considerably between dialects and even between different speakers of the same dialect. Some guidelines are presented below, but the reader should bear in mind that the actual usage is considerably more complicated than can be shown here.<br />
<br />
====''Kuss''====<br />
''Kuss'' indicates an ability or a possibility. In affirmative sentences, it normally takes the definite mood.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''kuss''' dē Bʉrnlannts '''prattē'''.''<br><br />
I '''can speak''' Bearlandic.<br />
<br />
In negative sentences, the definite mood indicates a "stronger" impossibility that the uncertain mood.<br />
<br />
''Hissē '''kuss nikkt flikē'''.''<br><br />
Houses '''cannot fly'''.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''kuss nikkt les''' oss dē tē dorrk zyt.<br><br />
I '''can't read''' because it's too dark.<br />
<br />
====''Mut''====<br />
Just like ''kuss'', ''mut'' usually takes the definite mood in affirmative sentences.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''mut''' oss itē '''slapē'''.''<br><br />
I '''should get''' some '''sleep'''.<br />
<br />
In negative sentences, the definite mood indicates something which is disrecommendable, while the uncertain mood indicates something which is possible but not necessary.<br />
<br />
''Man '''mut gyn''' rʉtig gʉmless '''ytē'''.<br><br />
You '''shouldn't eat''' rotten fruit.<br />
<br />
====''Will''====<br />
With ''will'', the definite mood implies determination or immediacy, whereas the uncertain mood may imply hesitation or hindrance.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''will pratt''' oss emm, mar hi bigryf miess spraking nikkt.''<br><br />
I '''want to talk''' to him, but he doesn't understand my dialect.<br />
<br />
====''Mogg''====<br />
''Mogg'' usually indicates permission, but occasionally it may indicate a possibility instead. In affirmative sentences it usually takes the uncertain mood.<br />
<br />
In negative sentences, it indicates something which is forbidden and typically takes the definite mood.<br />
<br />
====The optative====<br />
As mentioned above, there exist five synthetic optatives. All other optatives are made by using one of these as an auxiliary verb. Note that although ''wylē'' derives from the ancient optative of ''will'', it functions as a separate verb in modern Bearlandic rather than as a form of "want".<br />
<br />
The optative can be used in several ways, two of which will be discussed in this section. Firstly, it may be used to express a wish. In this case, the optative verb comes at the beginning of the sentence, and ''tyē'' is used when the subject can control the action, whereas ''wylē'' is used when it can't.<br />
<br />
'''''Yē''' hi oss hirr!''<br><br />
'''If only''' he '''were''' here!<br />
<br />
'''''Tyē''' hi '''ytē'''!''<br><br />
'''May''' he '''eat'''!<br />
<br />
'''''Wylē''' dē zoll '''sgynē'''!''<br><br />
'''May''' the sun '''shine'''!<br />
<br />
The optative may also be used to express a possibility. In this case, the normal word order (SVOV) is used and the auxiliary verb is ''kynē''.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''yē''' túpig.''<br><br />
I '''may be''' mad.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''kynē''' dē '''túē'''.''<br><br />
I '''could do''' that.<br />
<br />
The optative also appears in certain conditional clauses. These uses are explained [[#Conditionals|here]].<br />
<br />
===Verbal prefixes===<br />
Verbs can have up to two derivational prefixes. There are two types of prefixes: stressed prefixes, which are separable, and unstressed prefixes, which always remain attached to the root. A verb may have at most one prefix of either type, and when both are present, the stressed one comes first. Most are very productive and also very vague semantically.<br />
<br />
*Stressed prefixes:<br />
**''aus-'': this one generally marks the end of an action or a state.<br />
***''mogg'' "be allowed to" -> ''ausmogg'' "forbid"<br />
***''gygē'' "beard" -> ''ausgyg'' "shave" ("end the state of having a beard")<br />
**''ferr-'': this one usually creates a causative verb.<br />
***''dwyn'' "disappear" -> ''ferrdwyn'' "remove"<br />
***''sgill'' "be different" -> ''ferrsgill'' "distinguish"<br />
**''inn-'': this one generally indicates being or going inside, or the beginning of a state.<br />
***''heppt'' "have" -> ''innhyf'' "contain" ("have inside")<br />
***''vúr'' "bring" -> ''innvúr'' "bring in"<br />
***''slap'' "sleep" -> ''innslap'' "fall asleep"<br />
**''oss-'': this one usually marks either a causative verbs or the beginning of a state.<br />
***''lag'' "laugh" -> ''osslag'' "be ridiculous, make someone laugh"<br />
***''rʉtig'' "rotten" -> ''ossrʉt'' "rot"<br />
**''yt-'': this one is no longer productive and its meaning is not yet well understood.<br />
***''pratt'' "speak" -> ''ytpratt'' "pronounce"<br />
*Unstressed prefixes:<br />
**''bi-'': this one is very productive and can form verbs from any other word.<br />
***''kopp'' "buy" -> ''bikopp'' "sell"<br />
***''irrig'' "annoying" -> ''biirr'' "annoy"<br />
***''kis'' "choose" -> ''bikis'' "vote"<br />
***''straf'' "punishment" -> ''bistraf'' "punish"<br />
***''siff'' "number" -> ''bisiff'' "calculate"<br />
**''her-'': this one indicates a repetition.<br />
***''tú'' "do" -> ''hertú'' "repeat"<br />
***''wet'' "know" -> ''herwet'' "remember"<br />
<br />
====Conjugation of prefixed verbs====<br />
Verbs derived from other verbs are conjugated the same as their base verbs. The only exceptions to this rule are the verbs derived from ''iss'' and ''heppt'', which become ''zyt'' and ''hyf'' respectively when a prefix is added. Both are then conjugated like weak verbs.<br />
<br />
Verbs derived from other parts of speech are almost always weak, except if the base word has y as its stem vowel, in which case it is strong. Thus ''ossrʉt'' is weak while ''ausgyg'' is strong.<br />
<br />
====Separation====<br />
As mentioned, the stressed prefixes can be separated from the root. This happens in the main clause, whereas the prefix remains attached in subordinate clauses.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi pratti miess nam fautlyk yt.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.SUBJ speak-PST 1SG.POSS name wrong-ADV YT<br />
| translation = He pronounced my name wrongly.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig bizaggti oss emm dass hi miess nam fautlyk ytpratti.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ tell.PST to 3SG.OBJ that 3SG.SUBJ 1SG.POSS name wrong-ADV YT-speak-PST<br />
| translation = I told him that he pronounced my name wrongly.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Nouns distinguish two numbers and are otherwise uninflected. A few ancient case forms survive in fixed expressions, all of them preceded by the preposition ''oss''.<br />
<br />
===Pluralisation===<br />
Most nouns form their plural by adding -s. If the noun ends in a short vowel, the plural suffix is a long -ss.<br />
<br />
*''vogg'' "bird" > ''voggs'' "birds"<br />
*''mann'' "man" > ''manns'' "men"<br />
*''fingrī'' "finger" > ''fingriss'' "fingers"<br />
<br />
A few nouns feature an irregular vowel change in the plural.<br />
<br />
*''ze'' "sea" > ''zyess'' "seas"<br />
*''sten'' "stone" > ''styness'' "stones"<br />
*''ry'' "row" > ''ryess'' "rows"<br />
*''kennī'' "dog" > ''kenniss'' "dogs"<br />
<br />
The nouns which end in -s in the singular are all irregular. Three of them have a plural in -issē.<br />
<br />
*''haus'' "house" > ''hissē'' "houses"<br />
*''maus'' "mouse" > ''missē'' "mice"<br />
*''voss'' "fox" > ''vissē'' "foxes"<br />
<br />
The remaining native nouns ending in -s, as well as some thirty other irregular nouns, have plurals in -er.<br />
<br />
*''fiss'' "fish" > ''fisser'' "fish"<br />
*''bom'' "tree" > ''bomer'' "trees"<br />
<br />
Nouns which end in -er in the singular have identical singular and plural forms.<br />
<br />
*''jaggter'' "hunter" > ''jaggter'' "hunters"<br />
<br />
===Nominalising suffixes===<br />
The main nominalising suffixes are:<br />
<br />
*''-ē'': an all-purpose noun suffix. Among the functions it can have are:<br />
**Forming a noun meaning "person/thing with quality X" from an adjective: ''stirg'' "strong" -> ''a stirgē'' "a strong person", ''lykig'' "similar" -> ''a lykigē'' "something similar"<br />
**Forming various kinds of associated nouns from various other parts of speech: ''knirr'' "cut with scissors" -> ''knirrē'' "scissors"<br />
**Forming diminutives, often with highly idiomatic meanings and frequently accompanied by a vowel change: ''vogg'' "bird" -> ''vʉggē'' "feather"<br />
**For many nouns ending in -ē, this ending has no meaning at all: ''atjē'' "bridge", ''hillvē'' "hill"<br />
*''-hyt'': an abstract noun suffix, usually but not always added to adjectives to form a nouns referring a state:<br />
**''bly'' "happy" -> ''blyhyt'' "happiness"<br />
**''brútē'' "brother" -> ''brúthyt'' "family"<br />
*''-ing'': an abstract noun suffix which is usually added to verbs:<br />
**''kis'' "choose" -> ''kising'' "choice"<br />
**''kopp'' "buy" -> ''kopping'' "trade"<br />
*''-er'': forms a noun referring to either the person doing something or the instrument used for it<br />
**''jaggt'' "hunt" -> ''jaggter'' "hunter"<br />
**''sgit'' "shoot" -> ''sgiter'' "gun"<br />
*''-ness'': technically not a single suffix but a pluralised nominalised participle. It forms collective nouns.<br />
**''won'' "live, dwell" -> ''wonness'' "population"<br />
**''burr'' "happen" -> ''giburrtness'' "history"<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
Adjectives are placed before the nouns they modify.<br />
<br />
===Formation===<br />
With a few exceptions, all adjectives end in the highly productive adjectivising suffix -ig. Adjectives derived from place names and names of ethnic groups end in -iess instead, and a closed class of native adjectives has no suffix at all.<br />
<br />
A sizeable group of adjectives look like past participles, but are not derived from any actually existing verb. For example, ''ausgioggt(nē)'' "neutral" looks like it is the past participle of ''*ausogg'', but no such verb actually exists.<br />
<br />
===Inflection===<br />
Adjectives are inflected for three degrees of comparison. The positive is unmarked. The comparative and superlative are marked with the suffixes -err and -iss respectively, which become -terr and -tiss after vowels.<br />
<br />
*''klyn'' "small" > ''klynerr'' "smaller" > ''klyniss'' "smallest"<br />
*''mojj'' "beautiful" > ''mojjerr'' "more beautiful" > ''mojjiss'' "most beautiful"<br />
*''kra'' "big" > ''kraterr'' "bigger" > ''kratiss'' "biggest"<br />
<br />
There are three irregular adjectives.<br />
<br />
*''gut'' "good" > ''byterr'' "better" > ''bisst'' "best"<br />
*''fill'' "much/many" > ''mirr'' "more" > ''filless'' "most"<br />
*''ferr'' "far" > ''ferrtē'' "further" > ''firrst'' "furthest"<br />
<br />
Adverbs can be derived from adjectives using the suffix -lyk. Most adjectives not ending in -ig can be used as adverbs without first adding -lyk.<br />
<br />
Participial adjectives, as well as ''wyg'' "few, little", have separate attributive and predicative forms. When used attributively, the end in -nē, while they have no ending when used predicatively. The citation form of these adjectives is the predicative from.<br />
<br />
===Comparison===<br />
In the formal standard language, comparisons of equality are expressed by ''ef ... solls''. However, in informal language, ''solls'' in this expression is often replaced by ''oss''.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē bom iss ef kra solls dē haus.<br />
| gloss = DEF tree be equally big as DEF house<br />
| translation = The tree is as tall as the house<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Comparisons of inequality always use ''oss''.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig iss auterr oss emm.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ be old-COMP than 3SG.OBJ<br />
| translation = I am older than him.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē missē iss minnig snell oss dē katt.<br />
| gloss = DEF mouse.PL be less fast than DEF cat<br />
| translation = The mice are not as fast as the cat.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
===Personal and possessive pronouns===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! colspan="2" | <br />
! Subject<br />
! Object<br />
! Possessive<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1sg<br />
| ig<br />
| mi<br />
| miess<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 2sg<br />
| ji /jɪ/<br />
| ji /jɪ/<br />
| jiess<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | 3sg<br />
! Masculine<br />
| hi<br />
| emm, zigg<br />
| hiess<br />
|-<br />
! Feminine<br />
| zē<br />
| zy, zigg<br />
| zess<br />
|-<br />
! Neuter<br />
| dē<br />
| dē, zigg<br />
| dess<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1pl<br />
| wi<br />
| oss<br />
| oss<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 2pl<br />
| jis<br />
| jis<br />
| jisiss<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 3pl<br />
! Human<br />
| zess<br />
| hʉn, zess, zy<br />
| hʉness, zess<br />
|-<br />
! Non-human<br />
| zess<br />
| zess, zy<br />
| zess<br />
|}<br />
''Zigg'' and ''zy'' are singular and plural reflexive pronouns respectively. ''Hʉn'' and ''hʉness'' are mainly used for emphasis, and tend to be replaced by ''zess'' in other contexts.<br />
<br />
The gender distinction in the third person singular is based purely on natural gender. Children and animals of unknown gender may be referred to by ''dē'', but for teenagers and adults of unknown gender it is more common to use ''hi'' as a gender-neutral pronoun.<br />
<br />
===Relative pronouns===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Without preposition<br />
! With preposition<br />
|-<br />
! Person<br />
| colspan="2" | wē<br />
|-<br />
! Thing<br />
| dē<br />
| dy<br />
|-<br />
! Several things<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | dy<br />
|-<br />
! Sentence<br />
|-<br />
! "that which"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Other pronouns===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Which<br />
! This<br />
! That<br />
! All<br />
! Some<br />
! None<br />
|-<br />
! Determiner<br />
| willg<br />
| rowspan="2" | ditt, dē<br />
| rowspan="2" | di, dē<br />
| all, anē<br />
| somm, imig, itig<br />
| gyn<br />
|-<br />
! Thing<br />
| wass<br />
| all, alltingiss<br />
| itiss<br />
| nikktitiss, nytitiss, nitiss<br />
|-<br />
! Person<br />
| wi<br />
| colspan="2" | hi, zē, zess<br />
| anmann, all<br />
| imann, imē<br />
| nimē, nytimē<br />
|-<br />
! Place<br />
| warr<br />
| hirr<br />
| dirr<br />
| oss allpē<br />
| irgiss<br />
| nytirgiss, nirgiss<br />
|-<br />
! Time<br />
| wann<br />
| nu<br />
| tann<br />
| alltyt<br />
| oss ojjē<br />
| nauter<br />
|-<br />
! Reason<br />
| werrmē<br />
| colspan="2" | darross, derrmē<br />
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD" | <br />
|-<br />
! Manner<br />
| hu, hulyk<br />
| colspan="2" | zoss, solls dē<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Ditt'' and ''di'' are used less often than "this" and "that" in English.<br />
<br />
The determiners ''all'' and ''somm'' cannot be followed by a singular countable noun; they have to be followed by either a plural noun or an uncountable one. ''Anē'', ''imig'' and ''itig'' on the other hand can only be followed by a singular noun. ''Imig'' is only used before nouns referring to people, whereas ''itig'' is only used before other nouns.<br />
<br />
''Alltingiss'' is an emphatic variant of ''all'' in the sense of "everything".<br />
<br />
''All'' in the sense of "everyone" is dialectal and tends to be avoided in formal speech and writing.<br />
<br />
The short forms ''nitiss'' and ''nirgiss'' of the negative pronouns are colloquial, and in many situations the full forms are preferred. By contrast, the short form ''nimē'' is generally preferred to the somewhat archaic ''nytimē''.<br />
<br />
''solls dē'' generally refers to something more concrete than ''zoss''.<br />
<br />
==Numerals==<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! x<br />
! 10x<br />
! Ordinal<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| a<br />
| tinn<br />
| astē, atiss<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| to<br />
| totē<br />
| tostē<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| tri<br />
| tritē<br />
| tristē<br />
|-<br />
! 4<br />
| forr<br />
| forrtē<br />
| forrstē<br />
|-<br />
! 5<br />
| vy<br />
| vytē<br />
| vystē<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
| zett<br />
| zetttē<br />
| zettstē<br />
|-<br />
! 7<br />
| safē<br />
| saftē<br />
| safstē<br />
|-<br />
! 8<br />
| ottjo<br />
| otttē<br />
| ottstē<br />
|-<br />
! 9<br />
| nippē<br />
| nipptē<br />
| nippstē<br />
|-<br />
! 10<br />
| tinn<br />
| horrt<br />
| tinnstē<br />
|}<br />
Words for higher numbers are ''dass'' "thousand" and ''millē'' "million".<br />
<br />
Numbers from 11-99 are expressed as units-tens. Multiples of hundred and thousand are expressed as compounds, but ''millē'' behaves as a noun and needs to be pluralised when making multiples of it. Numbers above 100 are formed by placing the parts of it after each other, starting with the largest number.<br />
<br />
*''toforrtē'' 42<br />
*''horrt atotē'' 121<br />
*''nippēdass nippēhorrt nippēnipptē'' 9999<br />
*''to milless'' 2,000,000<br />
*''zetttinn milless vyhorrtnippētinndass trihorrt safēnipptē'' 16,519,397<br />
<br />
Ordinals are formed by adding -stē to the last part: ''forrhorrt tonipptēstē'' "492nd".<br />
<br />
Non-final ē in numerals is usually pronounced as /ə/.<br />
<br />
==Compounding==<br />
Compounds can be made freely and are always head-last. There are several types:<br />
* Noun-noun:<br />
** ''bʉk'' "book" + ''haus'' "house" -> ''bʉkhaus'' "library"<br />
* Verb-noun:<br />
** ''slap'' "to sleep" + ''kammerr'' "room" -> ''slapkammerr'' "bedroom"<br />
Adjective-noun compounds can be used when the adjective describes a typical quality.<br />
<br />
Either part of a compound can in itself also be a compound, thus a compound can theoretically be infinitely long. Long compounds do however have some complications:<br />
* Noun-noun-noun compounds can be slightly ambiguous as to whether it's compound-noun or noun-compound. They can sometimes be disambiguated by context or meaning, but sometimes a workaround is needed.<br />
* In an adjective-noun-noun compound, the adjective refers to the first noun only, whereas when the adjective is used as a separate word, it refers to the entire compound.<br />
<br />
==Word order==<br />
===Sentence===<br />
Bearlandic normally has SVO and V2 word order, but questions have a VSO order. Any constituent can be placed in front of the verb to add emphasis, but because of the V2 word order, the subject will have to be moved to directly after the verb.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss a sgiter.<br />
| gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit with a gun<br />
| translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit with a gun.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Oss a sgiter sgit dē jaggter dē konin.<br />
| gloss = With a gun shoot the hunter the rabbit.<br />
| translation = With a gun, the hunter shoots the rabbit.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The object is usually not fronted; instead the passive is usually used. However, since pronouns distinguish between subject and object forms, if either the subject or the object (or both) is a pronoun, an OVS construction will be used.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē konin vort oss dē jaggter gisgit.<br />
| gloss = The rabbit become by the hunter PERF-shoot-PERF.<br />
| translation = The rabbit is shot by the hunter with a gun.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē konin sgit ig.<br />
| gloss = The rabbit shoot I.<br />
| translation = The rabbit I shoot.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
Within the noun phrase the word order is determiner - number - adjective(s) - noun - modifying phrase, where the modifying phrase may be either a relative clause or a prepositional phrase. A single noun phrase may contain several adjectives, though all other elements can appear only once.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = dē tri klyn witt hissē inn dē tarrp<br />
| gloss = the three small white house.PL in the village<br />
| translation = the three small white houses in the village<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Complex sentences==<br />
===Subordinate clauses===<br />
Subordinate clauses always begin with a subordinating word, which, depending on the type of clause, is either a conjunction or a relative pronoun, and can be preceded by a preposition. Just like modal verbs, subordinate clauses distinguish between definite, uncertain and optative moods.<br />
<br />
====Complement clauses====<br />
Complement clauses begin with the conjunction ''dass'', which becomes ''dy'' after prepositions. Unlike in English, the conjunction cannot be left out. Usually the definite mood is used in complement clauses.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig wet dass hi a yzēpart hypē.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ know that 3SG.M.SUBJ INDEF car have.INF<br />
| translation = I know (that) he has a car.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig iss zykrig oss dy ji dē wytē.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ be certain PREP that 2SG 3SG.N know.INF<br />
| translation = I am certain that you know that.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Indirect questions====<br />
Indirect yes-no questions are introduced by ''oss dy''.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig wet nikkt oss dy dē a prʉlē zyt.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ know not PREP that 3SG.N INDEF problem be.DEF<br />
| translation = I don't know if that's a problem.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Indirect open questions can be formed in two ways:<br />
* ''oss dy'' + interrogative pronoun<br />
* interrogative pronoun + ''dy''<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi frigti oss mi warr dy dē pispott dē zyti.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.M.SUBJ ask.PST PREP 1SG.OBJ where that DEF toilet PT exist-PST<br />
| translation = He asked me where the toilet was.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Relative clauses====<br />
Relative clauses start with a [[#Relative pronouns|relative pronoun]]. The pronoun is followed by the subject of the clause (if it isn't the same as the antecedent), which in turn is followed by the verb.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē mann wē plʉkti dē fiss iss stoppig.<br />
| gloss = DEF man REL.HUM catch-PST DEF fish be stupid<br />
| translation = The man who caught the fish is stupid.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi heppt dē fiss dē hi plʉkti giotē.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.M.SUBJ have DEF fish REL.NHUM 3SG.M.SUBJ catch-PST eat.PERF<br />
| translation = He has eaten the fish he caught.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Since the position of the verb within a relative clause is determined by strict rules, so is the choice of the verb form. In the present tense, an ē-form is used if the verb is the last word in the clause, while otherwise the ordinary present is used.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig tú dy ig willē.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ do that.which 1SG.SUBJ want-INF<br />
| translation = I do what I want.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Conditional and causal clauses====<br />
Conditional and causal clauses both start with the conjunction ''oss'', but are distinguished from one another by the choice of moods.<br />
<br />
===Participial phrases===<br />
A participial phrase consists of the preposition ''oss'' and a participle and functions as a kind of temporal or adverbial clause. A subject may be specified, in which case it comes between ''oss'' and the participle. If no subject is specified, the subject of the participial phrase is taken to be the same as the sentence's subject.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Oss zangnē lopti wi nass haus.<br />
| gloss = PREP sing-PTC walk-PST 1PL.SUBJ to house<br />
| translation = While singing, we walked home.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Oss mi zangnē lopti wi nass haus.<br />
| gloss = PREP 1SG.OBJ sing-PTC walk-PST 1PL.SUBJ to house<br />
| translation = While I was singing, we walked home.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Participial phrases can also have objects and adverbial phrases, both of which follow the participle. Having multiple modifiers within a single participial phrase is considered awkward and is best avoided.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi zitti oss dirr oss lesnē a bʉk.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.SUBJ sit-PST PREP there PREP read-PTC INDEF book<br />
| translation = He sat there, reading a book.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Independent infinitives===<br />
Infinitives can be used as nouns. Just like participial phrases, independent infinitives can be followed by objects and adverbs, though they cannot have a subject.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ytē gʉmless iss gut oss dē zaning.<br />
| gloss = eat.INF fruit-PL be good for DEF health<br />
| translation = Eating fruit is good for your health.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Negation==<br />
Sentences are negated by means of a variety of negative words. The most basic negator is the adverb ''nikkt'' "not", which is usually placed after the object, or after the verb if there is no object.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi ziti dē mann nikkt.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.SUBJ see-PST DEF man not<br />
| translation = He didn't see the man.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Sentences with indefinite objects, however, are negated with ''gyn'' "no, none" instead.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Miess brútē lif gyn vyn.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.POSS brother like no wine<br />
| translation = My brother doesn't like wine.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
When a negative pronoun is used, no other negator has to be used.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig wet nikktitiss oss dē talllirring.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ know nothing about DEF linguistics.<br />
| translation = I know nothing about linguistics.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Questions==<br />
Yes-no questions are made by inverting the subject and the verb and raising the tone:<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Pratt ji dē Bʉrnlannts?<br />
| gloss = speak 2SG DEF Bearlandic<br />
| translation = Do you speak Bearlandic?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Interrogative pronouns are always placed at the beginning of the phrase:<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Wass tú ji?<br />
| gloss = what do 2SG<br />
| translation = What are you doing?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In questions, ''iss'', ''kuss'' and ''will'' usually appear in their optative forms ''yē'', ''kynē'' and ''wylē''. The latter two are used to make polite requests or offers.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Yē dē a maktall?<br />
| gloss = be.OPT 3SG.N INDEF conlang<br />
| translation = Is that a conlang?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Kynē ji mi hellfē?<br />
| gloss = can.OPT 2SG 1SG.OBJ help-INF<br />
| translation = Could you help me?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Wylē ji itiss oss ytē?<br />
| gloss = want.OPT 2SG something PREP eat-INF<br />
| translation = Would you like something to eat?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The particle ''nyē'' can be placed at the end of a sentence to form a tag question.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ji pratt gyn Kunyziess, nyē?<br />
| gloss = 2SG speak none Kunesian Q<br />
| translation = You don't speak Kunesian, do you?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==''Dē zyt''==<br />
The phrase ''dē zyt'' "there is, exist" behaves a bit oddly syntactically. The word ''dē'' is treated as the subject, while the thing that exists behaves as an object.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē zyt a haus.<br />
| gloss = PT exist a house.<br />
| translation = there is a house.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Mi zyt dē.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.OBJ exist PT<br />
| translation = I exist.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Samples==<br />
===The North Wind and the Sun===<br />
Dē Norrtwinnt enn dē Sonn wast toig oss dy wi stirgiss wast. Oss dē tythyt kimmti a lauf wē barrti a warrm klúk oss dē vegg, enn zess avirti oss dass hi wē oss atiss kussti bitúē dass dē lauf hiess klúk austúti solls dē stirgissē gisgaut zʉllti vortē. Tann blissti dē Norrtwinnt ef hart solls dē kussti, mar oss dē harterr blissti túti dē lauf hiess klúk byigerr oss, enn oss dē ynt ferrgifti dē dē pogging. Tann bisgynti dē Sonn hilliglyk warrm oss dess lygess, enn dellyk túti dē lauf hiess klúk aus enn wast dē Norrtwinnt ferrgimut oss bizeggē dass dē sonn dē stirgissē wast oss hʉn to.<br />
<br />
<br />
The North Wind and the Sun were disputing who was the strongest. At that moment, a traveller who wore a warm cloak came on the road, and they agreed that he who first could make the traveller take off his cloak would be considered the strongest. Then The North Wind blew as hard as it could, but the harder it blew the more closely the traveller wrapped the cloak around him, and at last it gave up the attempt. Then the Sun let its rays shine very warmly, and immediately the traveller took off his cloak and the North Wind was forced to admit that the Sun was the strongest of the two.<br />
<br />
===A bit of history===<br />
Oss dē a tingī zyti dē dē norrtig stattryks nikkt willti, wast dē ausgikrygt vortē oss dē Niwryk. Enn oss dē a tingī zytī dē dē Niwryk jagglyk willti, wast dē auskrygē dē norrtig stattryks. A kryg zʉllti kommē, mar wann?<br />
<br />
Wyl dē kryg dē nikkt zyti makti dē norrtig stattryks grautig bihellfighyts. Kra murs fisgynti oss dē nikktitiss allig oss dē lannt enn oss sgillig plikks virti wasssgillts gimakt oss stoppē dē fikess. Oss dē tyt virti dē bihellfighyts gibyterrt enn oss zellig virti dē auslanntig veggs ferrgisligt. Oss yntighyt virti dē auslannt a sorrtig dwalstatt. Oss snell tyt wast dē bynē nitkunnig oss finntē dē vegg tʉssig oss dē statts. Zell dē dirrig manns bidwalti, enn fann nu wast difer dē lytness oss dē auslannt.<br />
<br />
Dē statts makti oss zesszell aug bihellfighyts: dē graut vorrbylt oss dē iss dē statt Westēfúrt. Dirr virti oss atiss a fúrt gibaut oss sgilltē oss a dirrig lyter. Natig oss dē grúti a klyn statt ronnig oss dē fúrt enn darros virti niw murs gibaut. A mur virti nikkt oss nugig gidenkt, oss allig virti tri murs gibaut, enn tʉssig oss zess zyti dē wasssgillts enn fills.<br />
<br />
Wann dē krygness oss dē Niwryk kimmti zyti dē dass dē bihellfighyts dē nikkt oss nititiss zyti: zess virti ausgilslomt, enn dē fillē virti gidot oss dē difer enn dē pylsgiter oss dē murs. Mar dē zyti a kra prʉl oss dē follk: dē etgyving wast sammig oss dē veggs ferrgisligt. Darross zyti dē minnig oss minnig oss ytē, enn dē makti dē follk wyg. Dē verletigti dē winnē oss dē Niwryk.<br />
<br />
Ausgislomt virti dē stattryks ausgikrygt. Dē klyn tarrps wast dē letigess oss auskrygē, dʉs zess wast aug de astē oss vortē ausgikrygt. Oss dē nu hilliglyk gyn búrs oss mirr zyti wē dē statts kussti bivútē ginnti a haping inn zess. Wylig oss dē poggti dē Niwryk oss ausbrykē dē murs oss inngatē dē krygness inn dē statts. Nat tyt virti aug dē statts ausgikrygt. Oss ynt virti virti Kyrgeffstatt, dē latiss bizytnē stattryk, ausgikrygt.<br />
<br />
Dē hillig ylanntgrúp wast oss dē niwē agivirtē oss a kiksryk.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
If there was one thing that the northern city-states did not want, it was to be conquered by the New Kingdom. And if there was one thing that the New Kingdom ''did'' want, it was to conquer the northern city-states. A war was to come, but when?<br />
<br />
While the war hadn't started yet the northern city-states made impressive defenses. Great walls appeared all over the land and at several spots canals were dug to stop the enemies. Over time the defenses were improved and at the same time the roads got worse. Eventually the countryside literally became a labyrinth. Soon it had become nearly impossible to find a way between the cities. Even the local people got lost, and from now on bandits ruled the countryside.<br />
<br />
The cities themselves also made defenses. The great example of this is the city of Westēfúrt. A fortress wast built there to protect a local chief. Afterwards a small town arose around the fortress and new walls were built. One wall wasn't considered enough, in total three walls were built, and between them there were moats and traps.<br />
<br />
When the troops of the New Kingdom came it became clear that the defenses hadn't been completely useless: they were slowed down, and many were killed by the bandits and the archers on top of the walls. But the was one big problem for the people: the food supply had become worse together with the roads. Therefore there was increasingly less to eat, and that made the people weak. This made it easier to win for the New Kingdom.<br />
<br />
Slowly the city-states were conquered. The smaller villages were the easiest to conquer, so they were also the first ones to be conquered. As there were no farmers at all who could feed the cities a famine began. In the meantime the New Kingdom tried to destroy the walls to let their warriors go inside the cities. After a while the cities were conquered as well. At last Krygeffstatt, the last remaining city-state, was conquered.<br />
<br />
The whole archipelago was united in one kingdom again.<br />
<br />
===A random sentence===<br />
Dē fillgikentnē mann hermakti miess aut enn itig mojj bot nat dē pabrúr oss a stoppig mys dē oss pegging oss a aut zworrt zwart gisgat haptē.<br />
<br />
The well-known man repaired my old and quite beautiful boat after a stupid girl's uncle by accident had damaged it with an old black sword.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>
Dē Graut Bʉr
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Bearlandic/Vocabulary&diff=104568
Bearlandic/Vocabulary
2018-02-23T19:26:30Z
<p>Dē Graut Bʉr: /* W */</p>
<hr />
<div>See also:<br />
* [[:Category:Bearlandic words]]<br />
* [[Bearlandic/Thematic dictionary]]<br />
<br />
For strong and irregular verbs, the past and perfect are given. For irregular nouns, the plural is given.<br />
<br />
Small words indicate fixed combinations.<br />
<br />
Abbreviations used on this page include:<br />
* ''a'' adjective<br />
* ''adv'' adverb<br />
* ''conj'' conjunction<br />
* ''det'' determiner<br />
* ''intj'' interjection<br />
* ''n'' noun<br />
* ''num'' numeral<br />
* ''postp'' postposition<br />
* ''prep'' preposition<br />
* ''pron'' pronoun<br />
* ''vc'' copula<br />
* ''vi'' intransitive verb<br />
* ''vm'' modal verb<br />
* ''vr'' reflexive verb<br />
* ''vt'' transitive verb<br />
<br />
==A==<br />
<poem><br />
'''a''' ''num'' one; ''det'' a, an<br />
'''<small>oss</small> afnē''' ''adv'' tonight<br />
'''afning''' ''n'' evening<br />
'''agterr''' ''prep'' behind<br />
'''agtrig''' ''a'' located in the back; velar<br />
'''ahyt''' ''n'' union<br />
'''akerr''' ''n'' field<br />
'''all''' ''pron'' all, everything<br />
'''allmig''' ''a'' general, common<br />
'''<small>oss</small> allpē''' ''pron'' everywhere<br />
'''allpig''' ''a'' common, ubiquitous<br />
'''alltingiss''' ''pron'' everything<br />
'''alltyt''' ''pron'' always<br />
'''almyzē''' ''n'' precious stone, gem, jewel<br />
'''anderr''' ''vt'' to change<br />
'''andrig''' ''a'' other, different<br />
'''anē''' ''pron'' each, every<br />
'''anglī''' ''n'' angel, inhabitant of the sky<br />
'''aper''', iperti, giopert ''v'' seem, appear, look like, turn out; '''aper <small>oss</small>''' apparently do, turn out to<br />
'''appoll''' ''n'' apple<br />
'''aprig''' ''a'' seeming, apparent<br />
'''arr''' ''a'' poor<br />
'''arrm''' ''n'' arm<br />
'''artē''' ''n'' doctor, healer<br />
'''asboll''' ''n'' meatball<br />
'''atall''' ''n'' singular<br />
'''<small>oss</small> atē''' ''adv'' only; on one's own<br />
'''atig''' ''a'' only, sole<br />
'''atiglyk''' ''adv'' only<br />
'''atimm''' ''vi, vt'' breathe<br />
'''atjē''' ''n'' bridge<br />
'''atming''' ''n'' breath<br />
'''attoll''' ''n'' nobility<br />
'''attlig''' ''a'' noble, of or pertaining to nobility<br />
'''aug''' ''adv'' too, also, as well<br />
'''aukig''' ''a'' clumsy, awkward<br />
'''aupig''' ''a'' open, free<br />
'''ausbarr''', birrti aus, ausgiborrt ''vt'' give birth to<br />
'''ausbiga''', bigigti aus, ausbigisst ''vt'' avoid<br />
'''ausbigatig''' ''a'' elusive<br />
'''ausbigating''' ''n'' avoidance<br />
'''ausbikopp''' ''vt'' sell out<br />
'''ausbikopping''' ''n'' sale<br />
'''ausbiring''' ''n'' hangover<br />
'''ausbisik''' ''vt'' heal, cure<br />
'''ausbisiking''' ''n'' medicine (discipline)<br />
'''ausbrant''', brinti aus, ausgibront ''vt'' put out a fire ''(takes the burning building as its object)''<br />
'''ausbranter''' ''n'' firefighter<br />
'''ausbranthaus''' ''n'' fire station<br />
'''ausbranting''' ''n'' fire service<br />
'''ausbryt''' ''vt'' expand, enlarge<br />
'''ausbyig''' ''a'' lonely<br />
'''ausdankig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' despite<br />
'''ausdwyn <small>oss</small>''' ''v'' leave, go away from<br />
'''ausfrag''' ''vt'' answer, reply<br />
'''ausfraging''' ''n'' answer, reply<br />
'''ausgibirt''' ''a'' hungover<br />
'''ausgijʉngtnē''' ''n'' adult, grown-up<br />
'''ausgioggt''' ''a'' neutral, impartial<br />
'''ausgiriggt''' ''a'' illegal<br />
'''ausgyg''', gigti aus, ausgigiggt ''vr'' shave<br />
'''aushyf''' ''vt'' lose (an object)<br />
'''ausirr''' ''vt'' annoy, upset<br />
'''ausjʉng''' ''vi'' grow up<br />
'''ausklirr''' ''vt'' undress<br />
'''ausklúk''' ''vt'' betray<br />
'''ausklúker''' ''n'' traitor<br />
'''ausklúkig''' ''a'' treacherous, misleading<br />
'''ausklúking''' ''n'' treason<br />
'''auskryg''', krigti aus, asgikriggt ''vt'' conquer<br />
'''auskryging''' ''n'' conquest<br />
'''auskyk''' ''vt'' summarise<br />
'''auskykig''' ''a'' clear, structured, organised<br />
'''auskyking''' ''n'' overview, summary<br />
'''auslannt''' ''n'' countryside<br />
'''auslanntig''' ''a'' rural<br />
'''auslellk''' ''vt'' forgive; ''vr'' start over<br />
'''auslellking''' ''n'' forgiveness; restart, second chance<br />
'''ausleting''' ''n'' inconvenience, unease; disease, illness<br />
'''auslis''' ''vt'' lose (a match or a battle)<br />
'''auslúg''' ''vi'' go down, set<br />
'''auslʉk''' ''v'' fail, not succeed<br />
'''auslʉking''' ''n'' failure<br />
'''auslyzing''' ''n'' defeat<br />
'''ausmak''', mikti aus, ausgimikkt ''v'' derive; conclude<br />
'''ausmaking''' ''n'' derivation; conclusion<br />
'''ausmogg''' ''vt'' forbid, prohibit<br />
'''ausmogging''' ''n'' prohibition, ban<br />
'''ausogging''' ''n'' neutrality, impartiality<br />
'''ausperk''' ''vt'' forbid, make impossible<br />
'''ausperking''' prohibition, ban<br />
'''ausqyf''', qifti aus, ausgiqifft ''vt'' strangle<br />
'''ausqyving''' ''n'' strangulation<br />
'''ausriggt''' ''vt'' illegalise<br />
'''aussik''' ''vi'' recover (from an illness)<br />
'''ausslap''', slipti aus, ausgislippt ''vi'' wake up<br />
'''aussliggt''' ''vt'' watch, guard<br />
'''aussliggting''' ''n'' watch, guard<br />
'''ausslom''' ''vt'' postpone, delay<br />
'''aussloming''' ''n'' delay<br />
'''aussort''' ''vt'' sort<br />
'''aussorting''' ''n'' sorting<br />
'''ausstamm <small>oss</small>''' ''v'' be descended from<br />
'''ausstamming''' ''n'' ancestry, descent<br />
'''austekk''' ''vt'' take over<br />
'''ausvirrig''' ''a'' approximate<br />
'''ausvúr''' ''vt'' bring out; ''vi'' vomit<br />
'''auszell <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' brag about<br />
'''auszellig''' ''a'' arrogant, egoistic<br />
'''auszelling''' ''n'' arrogance, egoism<br />
'''auszi <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' be careful with<br />
'''ausziig''' ''a'' careful<br />
'''auszúk''' ''vt, vi'' research<br />
'''auszúking''' ''n'' research<br />
'''auszwyl''' ''v'' receive, accept<br />
'''aut''' ''a'' old<br />
'''autrēmann''' ''n'' elderly person<br />
'''autresshaus''' ''n'' retirement home<br />
'''auzē''' ''n'' outside<br />
'''avort''', avirti, agivirt ''vi'' unite, become one<br />
'''avorting''' ''n'' unification<br />
'''azē''' ''n'' meat<br />
'''azyter''' ''n'' carnivore<br />
'''azytig''' ''a'' carnivorous<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==B==<br />
<poem><br />
'''banann''' ''n'' banana<br />
'''bank''' ''n'' bench, seat<br />
'''barbrē''' ''n'' barbarian<br />
'''barr''', birrti, giborrt ''vt'' carry, wear<br />
'''bass''', basser ''n'' base, foundation<br />
'''bassig''' ''a'' basic, fundamental<br />
'''bassstauf''' ''n'' raw material; chemical element<br />
'''batt''' ''n'' bath<br />
'''bau''' ''v'' build<br />
'''ben''' ''n'' leg<br />
'''berrg''' ''n'' mountain<br />
'''bibatt''' ''vr'' bathe<br />
'''bidryg''' ''vt'' get someone drunk<br />
'''bidrygt''' ''a'' drunk; ''(of beverages)'' containing alcohol<br />
'''bidrygtness''' ''n'' alcohol, alcoholic beverages<br />
'''bidyg''' ''vt'' invent, come up with<br />
'''bidyger''' ''n'' inventor<br />
'''bidyging''' ''n'' invention<br />
'''bidwyn''' ''vt'' hide<br />
'''biellp''' ''vt'' spell<br />
'''biellping''' ''n'' spelling, orthography<br />
'''bif''' ''vi'' shake, vibrate<br />
'''bifing''' ''n'' vibration<br />
'''bifrag''' ''vt'' ask, request<br />
'''biga''', bigigti, bigisst ''vi'' move<br />
'''bigaut''' ''vt, vi'' mine<br />
'''bigautighyt''' ''n'' mine<br />
'''bigauting''' ''n'' mining<br />
'''bigef''', bigifti, bigifft ''vt'' lend<br />
'''bigift''' ''vt'' poison<br />
'''bigifting''' ''n'' poisoning<br />
'''biginn''' ''vt'' begin, start<br />
'''bigraup''' ''vt'' make fun of<br />
'''bigryf''' ''v'' understand<br />
'''bigyving''' ''n'' loan<br />
'''bihang <small>oss</small>''' depend on, rely on<br />
'''bihangtnē''' ''n'' condition, requirement<br />
'''bihangtnig''' ''a'' required, necessary<br />
'''bihauf''' ''vt'' lead, govern<br />
'''bihaus''' ''vt'' house<br />
'''bihauvig''' ''a'' political<br />
'''bihauvighyt''' ''n'' politics<br />
'''bihauving''' ''n'' government<br />
'''bihauzing''' ''n'' housing<br />
'''bihellf''' ''vt'' protect<br />
'''bihorr''' ''vt'' listen to<br />
'''bihúf''' ''vt'' need<br />
'''bihúvig''' ''a'' needed, necessary<br />
'''bihúvighyt''' ''n'' need, necessity; condition, requirement<br />
'''biirr''' ''vt'' annoy<br />
'''bikis''' ''vt'' vote for<br />
'''bikizing''' ''n'' election<br />
'''biklagg''' ''vt'' complain about<br />
'''biklúk''' ''vt'' cover<br />
'''biklúkig''' ''a'' covering<br />
'''biklúking''' ''n'' cover, wrapping<br />
'''bikomm''', bikimmti, bikimmt ''vi'' get (X bikomm (oss) Y = Y gets X)<br />
'''bikopp''' ''vt'' sell<br />
'''bikryg''' ''vt'' attack, invade<br />
'''bikryging''' ''n'' attack, invasion<br />
'''bikyk''' ''vt'' pay attention to<br />
'''bikykig''' ''a'' attentive<br />
'''bikyking''' ''n'' attention<br />
'''bilaut''' ''vi'' sound<br />
'''biles''', bilasti, bilisst ''vt'' collect<br />
'''bilif''' ''vt'' respect<br />
'''biliss''' ''vt'' list, sum up<br />
'''bilivig''' ''a'' respectful, polite<br />
'''biliving''' ''n'' respect, politeness<br />
'''bilyg''', biligti, biliggt ''vi'' emit light, radiate, shine<br />
'''bilyt''' ''vi, vt'' drive (a car)<br />
'''bilyter''' ''n'' driver<br />
'''bilytossmogging''' ''n'' driving licence<br />
'''bilyzing''' ''n'' collection<br />
'''bimamm''' ''vt'' raise (children)<br />
'''bimamming''' ''n'' upbringing<br />
'''bimerr''' ''vt'' sharpen<br />
'''binog''' ''vt'' maintain, preserve<br />
'''binoging''' ''n'' preservation<br />
'''binug <small>oss</small>''' ''vt'' supply with (X binug Y oss Z = X supplies Y with Z)<br />
'''binuging''' ''n'' supply<br />
'''binugt''' ''a'' satisfied<br />
'''bipal''' ''vt'' decide, determine<br />
'''bipaler''' ''n'' determiner, article<br />
'''bipyl''' ''vi, vt'' shoot arrows (X bipyl Y = X shoots arrows at Y)<br />
'''bipyn''' ''vt'' hurt<br />
'''bipratt''' ''vt'' tell; talk about, explain<br />
'''bipratting''' ''n'' explanation<br />
'''biprʉlt''' ''a'' in trouble<br />
'''biqyf''', biqifti, biqifft ''vt'' cause to suffocate<br />
'''biqyt''' ''vt'' lose (an object)<br />
'''bir''' ''n'' beer<br />
'''birauk''' ''vi, vt'' smoke<br />
'''biriggt''' ''vi'' be just, be honest, be reasonable; ''vt'' treat with justice<br />
'''briggtig''' ''a'' just, honest, reasonable<br />
'''biriggting''' ''n'' court case<br />
'''bisgap''' ''vt'' keep (animals)<br />
'''bisgaping''' ''n'' animal husbadry<br />
'''bisgillt''' ''vt'' protect<br />
'''bisgillting''' ''n'' protection<br />
'''bisgiss''' ''vt'' design, draft, sketch<br />
'''bisgissing''' ''n'' design<br />
'''bisgisst''' ''a'' sketchy<br />
'''bisgoll''' ''vi'' go to school, study, be a student<br />
'''bisgoller''' ''n'' student, pupil<br />
'''bisgolling''' ''n'' education<br />
'''bisgon''' ''vt'' clean, wash<br />
'''bisgryf''' ''vt'' write about, describe<br />
'''bisiff''' ''vi, vt'' count, calculate<br />
'''bisiffing''' ''n'' calculation; arithmetics<br />
'''bislap''', bislipti, bislippt ''vi'' fall asleep<br />
'''bislyt''' ''vt'' finish, complete<br />
'''bislyting''' ''n'' completion<br />
'''bispell''' ''vt'' play<br />
'''bisperr''' ''vt'' hope for<br />
'''bispog''' ''vi, vt'' spit on<br />
'''bisser''' ''a'' strange, bizarre<br />
'''bistamm''' ''vi'' begin, originate, arise<br />
'''bistoll''' ''vr'' settle, take residence<br />
'''bistraf''' ''vt'' punish<br />
'''bistryf''' ''vt'' murder, kill<br />
'''bistryver''' ''n'' murderer<br />
'''bistryving''' ''n'' murder<br />
'''bitarrp''' ''vt'' settle, populate, colonise<br />
'''bitarrping''' ''n'' colonisation<br />
'''bitrau''' ''vt'' trust<br />
'''bitrauig''' ''a'' trustworthy, reliable<br />
'''bitrauing''' ''n'' trust<br />
'''bitt''' ''n'' bit, part<br />
'''bittig''' ''a'' partial<br />
'''<small>oss</small> bittrē''' ''adv'' to the right<br />
'''bittrig''' ''a'' right (side)<br />
'''bittrighyt''' ''n'' right-hand side<br />
'''bitú''' ''vt'' cause, make happen<br />
'''bitúing''' ''n'' consequence<br />
'''biveg''', bivagti, bivogt ''vt'' weigh<br />
'''bivell''' ''vi'' go to bed<br />
'''bivills''' ''vi'' turn around, go back, return<br />
'''bivillsing''' ''n'' return, homecoming<br />
'''bivragg''' ''vt'' confirm<br />
'''bivrimm''' ''vt'' change for the worse, ruin, spoil, vandalise<br />
'''bivrimming''' ''n'' vandalism<br />
'''bivurr''' ''vt'' burn<br />
'''biwalg''' ''vt'' disgust<br />
'''biwet''', biwati, biwotē ''vt'' remember; remind; inform<br />
'''bizē''' ''n'' fly<br />
'''bizegg''' ''vt'' tell, explain<br />
'''bizegging''' ''n'' explanation<br />
'''bizyt''' ''vi'' continue; stay, remain<br />
'''bizytiglyk''' ''adv'' still<br />
'''blanig''' ''a'' important<br />
'''blanighyt''' ''n'' importance<br />
'''blass''' ''vi'' blow<br />
'''blau''' ''a, n'' blue<br />
'''blot''' ''n'' blood<br />
'''blúm''' ''n'' rose<br />
'''bly''' ''a'' happy<br />
'''blyhyt''' ''n'' happiness<br />
'''boll''' ''n'' ball, sphere<br />
'''bom''', bomer ''n'' tree<br />
'''borr''' ''vi'' be born<br />
'''bos''' ''a'' angry<br />
'''boss''', bosser ''n'' forest<br />
'''brant''', brinti, gibront ''vi'' burn<br />
'''brappling''' ''n'' gibberish<br />
'''brappol''' ''vi'' speak gibberish<br />
'''brok''', brikti, gibrikkt ''vt'' break<br />
'''brot''' ''n'' bread<br />
'''brʉk''' ''n'' fracture, crack; separation<br />
'''brʉktall''' ''n'' fraction, rational number<br />
'''brʉtē''' ''n'' sandwich<br />
'''brútē''' ''n'' brother; ''(plural only)'' family, relatives<br />
'''brúthyt''' ''n'' family<br />
'''bryk''' ''vt'' use<br />
'''brykig''' ''a'' fragile; usual, common<br />
'''bryking''' ''n'' use<br />
'''bryn''' ''a, n'' brown<br />
'''bryt''' ''a'' wide, broad<br />
'''bʉk''' ''n'' book<br />
'''bʉkhaus''' ''n'' library<br />
'''búlē''' ''n'' onion<br />
'''búm''' ''vi'' explode<br />
'''búmig''' ''a'' explosive<br />
'''búming''' ''n'' explosion<br />
'''búmstauf''' ''n'' explosive<br />
'''bur''' ''n'' neighbour<br />
'''bʉr''' ''n'' bear<br />
'''búr''' ''n'' farmer<br />
'''búrhaus''' ''n'' farm<br />
'''Bʉrnlannt''' ''n'' Bearland<br />
'''Bʉrnlannts''' ''a'' Bearlandic, ''n'' the Bearlandic language<br />
'''burr''' ''v'' happen, occur<br />
'''burring''' ''n'' event<br />
'''búzē''' ''n'' anger<br />
'''by''' ''prep'' near, close to<br />
'''bydrukk''' ''vt'' stress, emphasise<br />
'''bydrukking''' ''n'' stress, emphasis<br />
'''byiglyk''' ''adv'' nearly, almost<br />
'''bykē''' ''n'' letter, message; notebook<br />
'''bylt''', bylter ''n'' image (abstract)<br />
'''byltī''' ''n'' image, picture, drawing<br />
'''<small>oss</small> bynē''' ''adv'' almost<br />
'''byryk''' ''n'' colony, vassal state<br />
'''byt''' ''pron'' both; '''byt''' X '''oss''' Y both X and Y<br />
'''bytekk''' ''vt'' summarise<br />
'''bytekking''' ''n'' summary<br />
'''byterr''' ''vt'' improve<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==D==<br />
<poem><br />
'''dag''', dager ''n'' day<br />
'''dakk''' ''n'' roof<br />
'''dakkkammerr''' ''n'' attic<br />
'''dank''' ''vt'' thank; '''dank oss ji''' thank you, '''danknē <small>oss</small>''' thanks to<br />
'''darf <small>oss</small>''', dirfti, gidirrft ''vi'' dare<br />
'''darfig''' ''a'' brave, courageous<br />
'''darfighyt''' ''n'' bravery, courage<br />
'''darfing''' ''n'' arrogance<br />
'''darross''' ''pron'' therefore<br />
'''dass''' ''num'' thousand; ''conj'' that<br />
'''dasspass''', dasspasser ''n'' a length unit of about 730 m<br />
'''dē''' ''det'' the, this, that; ''pron'' it, this, that (demonstrative); which, that (relative)<br />
'''denkt''' ''vi'' think<br />
'''di''' ''pron'' that, those<br />
'''dif''' ''vt'' steal<br />
'''difer''' ''n'' thief<br />
'''difing''' ''n'' theft<br />
'''dill''' ''vt'' divide<br />
'''dillē''' ''n'' member<br />
'''dilling''' ''n'' division, partition<br />
'''dir''' ''n'' animal<br />
'''dirr''' ''pron'' there<br />
'''ditt''' ''pron'' this, these<br />
'''dittag''' ''adv'' today<br />
'''dorrk''' ''a'' dark<br />
'''dorrkhyt''' ''n'' darkness<br />
'''dot''' ''n'' death; ''v'' kill<br />
'''dotig''' ''a'' dead<br />
'''drink''' ''vt'' drink; ''vi'' drink alcohol<br />
'''dritig''' ''a'' sad<br />
'''driting''' ''n'' sadness<br />
'''drukk''' ''vi, vt'' puss, press<br />
'''drukking''' ''n'' pressure<br />
'''drygē''' ''n'' drunkard, alcoholic<br />
'''dryging''' ''n'' alcoholism<br />
'''dryt''' ''vt'' turn, rotate<br />
'''dryting''' ''n'' rotation<br />
'''dúl''' ''n'' goal, purpose, reason, intention; '''dúl <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' mean<br />
'''dúlig''' ''a'' meaningful, useful<br />
'''dúling''' ''n'' meaning<br />
'''dúrg''' ''prep'' by ''(always followed by ē-form)''<br />
'''durr''' ''n'' door<br />
'''dʉs''' ''adv'' so, therefore<br />
'''dwass''' ''n'' fool, idiot<br />
'''dwassig''' ''a'' foolish, stupid<br />
'''dwassing''' ''n'' foolishness, stupidity<br />
'''dwyn''' ''vi'' disappear<br />
'''dygē''' ''n'' light<br />
'''dyging''' ''n'' thought<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==E==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ef ... <small>solls/oss</small>''' ''adv'' as ... as (ef X solls/oss Y = as X as Y)<br />
'''ellpē''' ''n'' beech; letter; ''(plural only)'' alphabet<br />
'''ellpossgiryt''' ''a'' alphabetic, in alphabetic order<br />
'''ellpossryting''' ''n'' alphabetic order<br />
'''emm''' ''pron'' him<br />
'''et''', ati, giotē ''vt'' eat<br />
'''eting''' ''n'' meal; ''(usually plural)'' food<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==F==<br />
<poem><br />
'''fak''' ''adv'' often<br />
'''fakk''' ''n'' square; compartment, section<br />
'''fall''', fillti, gifollt ''v'' fall; ''n'' fall; case, situation, instance; grammatical case<br />
'''fallry''', fallryess ''n'' column<br />
'''fann''' ''prep'' from<br />
'''fatt''' ''n'' foot<br />
'''fattboll''' ''n'' football<br />
'''faut''' ''n'' mistake, error<br />
'''fautig''' ''a'' wrong; fake<br />
'''fautighyt''' ''n'' wrongness<br />
'''ferr''', ferrtē, firrst ''a'' far<br />
'''ferrat''' ''vt'' bridge; solve<br />
'''ferrating''' ''n'' solution<br />
'''ferrbikomm''' ''vt'' get, acquire<br />
'''ferrburr''' ''vi'' happen by coincidence; '''ferrburr <small>oss</small>''' happen to<br />
'''ferrburring''' ''n'' coincidence<br />
'''ferrdryt''' ''vt'' twist, bend; make wrong<br />
'''ferrdúl''' ''vt'' define<br />
'''ferrdúling''' ''n'' definition<br />
'''ferrdwyn''' ''vt'' remove, delete, destroy<br />
'''ferrē''' ''n'' quarter of an hour<br />
'''ferrfill''' ''vt'' increase, multiply<br />
'''ferrflút''' ''vt'' influence<br />
'''ferrflútig''' ''a'' influential<br />
'''ferrflúting''' ''n'' influence<br />
'''ferrga''', gigti ferr, ferrgigisst ''vi'' forget (X ga ferr oss Y = Y forgets X)<br />
'''ferrgiburrt''' ''a'' coincidental<br />
'''ferrgigisst''' ''a'' advanced, complicated<br />
'''ferrgiriggt''' ''a'' legal<br />
'''ferrhass''' ''vr'' hurry<br />
'''ferrkall''' ''vt'' paint<br />
'''ferrkarrt''' ''vt'' map<br />
'''ferrkell''' ''vt'' cost<br />
'''ferrkellings''' ''n (plural only)'' costs, expenses<br />
'''ferrkryg''' ''vi'' rebel, protest<br />
'''ferrkryger''' ''n'' rebel<br />
'''ferrkrygig''' ''a'' rebellious<br />
'''ferrkryging''' ''n'' rebellion<br />
'''ferrlellk''' ''vt'' spoil, ruin<br />
'''ferrlellkig''' ''a'' afwul, terrible<br />
'''ferrles''', lasti ferr, ferrgilisst ''vt'' study<br />
'''ferrletig''' ''vt'' facilitate, make easier<br />
'''ferrletiging''' ''n'' tool<br />
'''ferrlinnt''' ''vt'' refresh, renew<br />
'''ferrlinnting''' ''n'' refreshment, renewal<br />
'''ferrlyk''' ''vt'' compare<br />
'''ferrlykig''' ''a'' comparable, similar<br />
'''ferrlyking''' ''n'' comparison; equation<br />
'''ferrlyzing''' ''n'' course, study<br />
'''ferrmas''' ''vt'' surprise, amaze<br />
'''ferrminn''' ''vt'' decrease, minimise<br />
'''ferrminning''' ''n'' decrease<br />
'''ferrnikkt''' ''vt'' deny<br />
'''ferrnyg''' ''vt'' refuse<br />
'''ferrnyging''' ''n'' refusal<br />
'''ferrogg''' ''vt'' be biased, have prejudices<br />
'''ferrogging''' ''n'' bias, prejudice<br />
'''ferrplikk''' ''vt'' replace<br />
'''ferrplikking''' ''n'' replacement<br />
'''ferrpratter''' ''n'' telephone<br />
'''ferrrif''' ''vt'' fully supply, saturate<br />
'''ferrriggt''' ''vt'' legalise<br />
'''ferrsgau''' ''vt'' show<br />
'''ferrsgill''' ''vt'' distinguish<br />
'''ferrsgilling''' ''n'' distinction, opposition<br />
'''ferrsgrikk''' ''vt'' scare, startle<br />
'''ferrsgryf''', sgrifti ferr, ferrgisgrifft ''vt'' rewrite, edit<br />
'''ferrslaff''' ''vt'' be addictive<br />
'''ferrslaffig''' ''a'' addictive<br />
'''ferrslaffing''' ''n'' addiction<br />
'''ferrslyt''' ''vt'' lock up, imprison<br />
'''ferrtwig''' ''vi'' be mistaken<br />
'''ferrvark''' ''vi'' sail, travel by boat<br />
'''ferrvort''', virti ferr, ferrgivirt ''vt, vr'' develop<br />
'''ferrvorter''' ''n'' developer<br />
'''ferrvortig''' ''a'' developing, under development<br />
'''ferrvorting''' ''n'' development<br />
'''ferrwak''' ''vt'' wake<br />
'''ferrwaker''' ''n'' alarm clock<br />
'''ferrynt''' ''vt'' end, finish<br />
'''ferrzwart''' ''vi'' conspire<br />
'''ferrzwarting''' ''n'' conspiracy<br />
'''fill''', mirr, filless ''a'' many, much<br />
'''fillfatt''' ''n'' centipede<br />
'''filltall''' ''n'' plural<br />
'''fillter''' ''a'' several<br />
'''fingrī''' ''n'' finger<br />
'''finnt''', fannti, gifonnt ''v'' find, discover<br />
'''finnting''' ''n'' discovery<br />
'''fiss''', fisser ''n'' fish<br />
'''flaff''' ''vi'' whisper<br />
'''flaffing''' ''n'' whisper, whispering<br />
'''flagg''' ''n'' flag<br />
'''flik''' ''vi'' fly<br />
'''fluk''' ''vi'' swear (an oath)<br />
'''fluking''' ''n'' oath<br />
'''flúrē''' ''n'' flower<br />
'''flút''' ''vi'' flow<br />
'''flútdwass''' ''n'' alcohol, ethanol<br />
'''flúter''' ''n'' liquid<br />
'''flútig''' ''a'' liquid<br />
'''flúting''' ''n'' flow, current<br />
'''flútzilvirr''' ''n'' mercury<br />
'''follg <small>oss</small>''', fillgti, gifillgt ''vi'' follow<br />
'''follgig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' according to<br />
'''follk''' ''n'' people, population<br />
'''follkbipalig''' ''a'' democratic<br />
'''follkbipalighyt''' ''n'' democracy<br />
'''follkhyt''' ''n'' culture<br />
'''follkhytig''' ''a'' cultural<br />
'''form''', former ''n'' shape, form; variant<br />
'''forr''' ''num'' four<br />
'''forrgúkē''' ''n'' quadrilateral<br />
'''forrzytē''' ''n'' square<br />
'''frag''' ''n'' question; ''vt'' ask<br />
'''frau''' ''n'' woman<br />
'''frauig''' ''a'' feminine<br />
'''fryf''' ''vi, vt'' rub<br />
'''fryfing''' ''n'' friction<br />
'''fryflaut''' ''n'' fricative<br />
'''fu''' ''n'' whistle; flute<br />
'''fúlē''' ''n'' leaf<br />
'''fúrt''' ''n'' castle, fortress<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==G==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ga''', gigti, gigisst ''vi'' go<br />
'''gaut''' ''n'' gold<br />
'''gautig''' ''a'' valuable, expensive<br />
'''gef''', giifti, gigifft ''vt'' give<br />
'''giburrtness''' ''n'' history<br />
'''gifft''' ''n'' gift, present<br />
'''gift''' ''n'' poison<br />
'''giftig''' ''a'' poisonous, toxic<br />
'''giftighyt''' ''n'' toxicity<br />
'''gill''' ''a, n'' yellow<br />
'''gimmf''' ''vi'' marry<br />
'''gimmfing''' ''n'' wedding, marriage<br />
'''ginn''' ''vi'' begin, start<br />
'''ginning''' ''n'' beginning, start, origin<br />
'''ginntyt''' ''n'' prehistory<br />
'''ginnvaut''' ''n'' jungle, old-growth forest<br />
'''giprattness''' ''n'' spoken language<br />
'''girr''' ''n'' female friend<br />
'''girrst''' ''n'' barley<br />
'''gisgrifftness''' ''n'' literature; written language<br />
'''gisst''' ''n'' spirit, soul; mind, conscience<br />
'''gistrī''' ''adv'' yesterday<br />
'''giwellt''' ''a'' excellent<br />
'''glút''' ''vi'' glow<br />
'''glúter''' ''n'' ember<br />
'''glúting''' ''n'' glow<br />
'''glyvig''' ''a'' straight; ''(mathematics)'' even<br />
'''glyving''' ''n'' straightness<br />
'''gott''' ''n'' god<br />
'''gotthyt''' ''n'' the four gods<br />
'''gottig''' ''a'' divine, holy<br />
'''gragglyk''' ''adv'' willingly<br />
'''grass''' ''n'' grass<br />
'''grat''' ''n'' degree, level<br />
'''grathyt''' ''n'' scale, measurement<br />
'''graunt''' ''n'' ground, earth<br />
'''grauntbifing''' ''n'' earthquake<br />
'''grauntkammerr''' ''n'' cellar<br />
'''graup''' ''n'' joke<br />
'''grauping''' ''n'' humour<br />
'''graut''' ''a'' great, strong, mighty, powerful<br />
'''grauthyt''' ''n'' strength, power, influence<br />
'''grautig''' ''a'' important, influential<br />
'''grautiglyk''' ''adv'' mainly, predominantly<br />
'''grautze''', grautzyess ''n'' ocean<br />
'''grens''', grenser ''n'' border, limit; outside<br />
'''grottē''' ''n'' cave<br />
'''grún''' ''a, n'' green<br />
'''grúp''' ''n'' group; ''(mathematics)'' set<br />
'''grúping''' ''n'' group, category; division into groups<br />
'''grúplirring''' ''n'' set theory<br />
'''grút''' ''vi'' grow, increase, rise<br />
'''grútig''' ''a'' growing, increasing<br />
'''grútiglyk''' ''adv'' more and more, increasingly<br />
'''grúting''' ''n'' growth, increase, rise<br />
'''gryk''', gryker ''n'' pair of trousers<br />
'''gryt''' ''a, n'' grey<br />
'''gʉgtē''' ''n'' small farming village, hamlet<br />
'''gúk''' ''n'' corner, angle<br />
'''gúl''' ''n'' feast; party<br />
'''gʉmlē''' ''n'' fruit ''(often pluralised)''<br />
'''gúring''' ''n'' role, function<br />
'''gut''' ''a'' good<br />
'''gutgissting''' ''n'' common sense<br />
'''gutig''' ''a'' of good quality<br />
'''gutighyt''' ''n'' quality<br />
'''gybess''' ''n (plural only)'' area, region<br />
'''gybesslirring''' ''n'' geography<br />
'''gygē''' ''n'' beard<br />
'''gygfrau''' ''n'' witch<br />
'''gyn''' ''pron'' no, none<br />
'''gynazer''' ''n'' vegetarian<br />
'''gyt''' ''n'' goat<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==H==<br />
<poem><br />
'''haff''' ''n'' harbour, port<br />
'''haj''' ''intj'' hi, hello<br />
'''hallf''' ''a'' half<br />
'''hallfhyt''' ''n'' half<br />
'''hallfylē''' ''n'' peninsula<br />
'''hang''', hignti, gihongt ''vi'' hang<br />
'''hangig''' ''a'' dependent<br />
'''hant''' ''n'' hand<br />
'''hantig''' ''a'' handy, useful<br />
'''hantsgryving''' ''n'' handwriting<br />
'''haping''' ''n'' hunger<br />
'''harē''' ''n'' (a single) hair<br />
'''harrt''' ''n'' heart<br />
'''hart''' ''a'' hard<br />
'''hass''' ''n'' wood<br />
'''hassig''' ''a'' in a hurry<br />
'''hassing''' ''n'' hurry<br />
'''hatlē''' ''n'' berry<br />
'''hauf''' ''n'' head<br />
'''haufmann''' ''n'' chief, leader<br />
'''haufstatt''' ''n'' capital<br />
'''haus''', hissē ''n'' house<br />
'''haustúings''' ''n (plural only)'' housework; homework<br />
'''hautē''' ''intj'' goodbye<br />
'''hekoll''' ''vt'' hate<br />
'''hetkling''' ''n'' hate<br />
'''hell''' ''n'' the underworld, the place where the dead go to<br />
'''hellf''' ''vt'' help<br />
'''hellfig''' ''a'' helpful; useful<br />
'''hellfighyt''' ''n'' tool; helpfulness<br />
'''hellfing''' ''n'' help<br />
'''heppt''', haptē, gihapt ''vt'' have<br />
'''herkimming''' ''n'' return<br />
'''herkomm''', herkimmti, herkimmt ''v'' return, come back<br />
'''hermak''' ''vt'' repair, restore; reconstruct<br />
'''hertraff''' ''vt'' meet again<br />
'''hertú''' ''vt'' repeat<br />
'''hertúig''' ''a'' repetitive<br />
'''hertúing''' ''n'' repetition<br />
'''herwet''', herwati, herwotē ''vt'' remember, recall<br />
'''herweting''' ''n'' memory<br />
'''herzegg''', herzaggti, herziggt ''vt'' repeat, say again<br />
'''hi''' ''pron'' he<br />
'''hiess''' ''pron'' his<br />
'''<small>oss</small> hillē''' ''adv'' completely<br />
'''hillig''' ''a'' whole, complete, entire<br />
'''hilltall''' ''n'' integer<br />
'''hillvē''' ''n'' hill<br />
'''hillvig''' ''a'' hilly; rough<br />
'''himmell''' ''n'' sky<br />
'''himmlig''' ''a'' of or pertaining to the sky; fucking, damn ''(emphasises the following noun)''<br />
'''hirr''' ''pron'' here<br />
'''hirrig''' ''a'' local, from or belonging to here<br />
'''hirrst''' ''n'' autumn, fall<br />
'''hirrstig''' ''a'' harsh, severe<br />
'''ho''' ''a'' high<br />
'''hobrútē''' ''n'' uncle<br />
'''hohyt''' ''n'' height<br />
'''holaut''' ''n'' vowel<br />
'''holl''' ''n'' hole<br />
'''hollig''' ''a'' hollow; full of holes<br />
'''homamm''' ''n'' grandmother<br />
'''hopapp''' ''n'' grandfather<br />
'''hozʉs''' ''n'' aunt<br />
'''horr''' ''vt'' hear<br />
'''horrig''' ''a'' audible<br />
'''horring''' ''n'' hearing<br />
'''horrt''' ''num'' hundred<br />
'''<small>oss</small> hotē''' ''adv'' above, upstairs<br />
'''hotig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' above; more than, over<br />
'''hu''' ''pron'' how ''(asks for a manner)''<br />
'''huing''' ''n'' manner, way; grammatical mood<br />
'''hulyk''' ''pron'' how, why ''(asks for an explanation)''<br />
'''hʉn''' ''pron'' them ''(only refers to people)''<br />
'''hús''' ''n'' pub, café<br />
'''hyē''' ''intj'' hey, hello<br />
'''hyjē''' ''n'' shark<br />
'''hyl''' ''vi'' cry<br />
'''hylig''' ''a'' sad<br />
'''hymig''' ''a'' secret<br />
'''hymighyt''' ''n'' secret<br />
'''hytig''' ''a'' warm, hot<br />
'''hytighyt''' ''n'' warmth, heat<br />
'''hyving''' ''n (usually plural)'' possession, property<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==I==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ig''' ''pron'' I<br />
'''illg''' ''n'' elk<br />
'''imann''' ''pron'' someone<br />
'''imē''' ''n'' unknown person<br />
'''imig''' ''pron'' some ''(only refers to people)''<br />
'''inngisst''' ''v'' inspire<br />
'''inngisstig''' ''a'' inspiring<br />
'''inngissting''' ''n'' inspiration<br />
'''innhúzē''' ''n'' piece of furniture<br />
'''innhyf''' ''vt'' contain<br />
'''innslap''', slitpi inn, inngislippt ''vi'' fall asleep<br />
'''inntig''' ''a'' true, actual<br />
'''inntigyt''' ''n'' fact<br />
'''inntiglyk''' ''adv'' indeed<br />
'''innvúr''' ''vt'' bring in, enter<br />
'''innwak''' ''vi'' wake up<br />
'''irgiss''' ''pron'' somewhere<br />
'''iss''', wast, giasst ''vc'' be<br />
'''itē''' ''n'' unknown thing<br />
'''itig''' ''pron'' some ''(not used for people)''<br />
'''itiss''' ''pron'' something<br />
'''iww''' ''n'' century<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==J==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ja''' ''intj'' yes<br />
'''jagglyk''' ''adv'' ''the opposite of "not"''<br />
'''jaggt''' ''vt'' hunt<br />
'''jaggter''' ''n'' hunter<br />
'''jaggting''' ''n'' hunt<br />
'''jaggplʉker''' ''n'' hunter-gatherer<br />
'''jar''' ''n'' year<br />
'''jardag''' ''n'' birthday<br />
'''jarginning''' ''n'' spring<br />
'''jarynting''' ''n'' autumn, fall<br />
'''ji''' ''pron'' you ''(singular)''<br />
'''jiess''' ''pron'' your ''(singular)''<br />
'''jis''' ''pron'' you ''(plural)''<br />
'''jʉng''' ''a'' young<br />
'''jʉngē''' ''n'' boy<br />
'''jʉnghyt''' ''n'' youth<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==K==<br />
<poem><br />
'''kall''' ''n'' colour<br />
'''kallig''' ''a'' colourful<br />
'''kalling''' ''n'' paint<br />
'''kammerr''' ''n'' room, chamber<br />
'''kart''' ''n'' card<br />
'''karvē''' ''n'' carbon<br />
'''karrtē''' ''n'' map<br />
'''kass''' ''n'' cheese<br />
'''katt''', katter ''n'' kat<br />
'''kaut''' ''a'' cold<br />
'''kauhyt''' ''n'' cold (low temperature)<br />
'''kauting''' ''n'' cold (illness)<br />
'''kell''' ''vt'' pay<br />
'''kellig''' ''a'' expensive<br />
'''kelling''' ''n'' price<br />
'''ken''' ''vt'' know (a person)<br />
'''kennī''', kinness ''n'' dog<br />
'''keppvogg''' ''n'' a large flightless bird endemic to Bearland<br />
'''kettē''' ''n'' dick<br />
'''ketthauf''' ''n'' asshole<br />
'''kiks''' ''n'' king<br />
'''kikshyt''' ''n'' power, monarchy<br />
'''kiksig''' ''a'' royal<br />
'''kiksryk''' ''n'' kingdom<br />
'''kill''' ''n'' throat<br />
'''killig''' ''a'' uvular<br />
'''kimmig''' ''a'' upcoming, future<br />
'''kimmigē''' ''n'' future<br />
'''kimming''' ''n'' coming, arrival; future<br />
'''kinn''' ''n'' chin<br />
'''kis''' ''vt'' choose; vote<br />
'''kising''' ''n'' choice; election; vote<br />
'''klagg''' ''vi'' complain<br />
'''klagging''' ''n'' complain<br />
'''klirr''' ''n'' piece of clothing, cloth<br />
'''klirring''' ''n'' clothing<br />
'''klúk''' ''n'' coat, cloak<br />
'''klurr''' ''vt'' paint<br />
'''klurrer''' ''n'' painter<br />
'''klyn''' ''a'' small<br />
'''klyning''' ''a'' unimportant, irrelevant<br />
'''knirr''' ''vt'' cut<br />
'''knirrē''' ''n'' pair of scissors<br />
'''knugoll <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' hug<br />
'''knyf''' ''n'' knife<br />
'''kogg''' ''n'' bullet, projectile<br />
'''koll''' ''vt'' connect, link<br />
'''kolling''' ''n'' connection, link<br />
'''komm''', kimmti, gikimmt ''vi'' come<br />
'''konin''' ''n'' rabbit<br />
'''kopp''' ''vt'' buy<br />
'''koppig''' ''a'' cheap<br />
'''kopping''' ''n'' trade<br />
'''korrt''' ''a'' short<br />
'''kotts''' ''vi'' vomit<br />
'''kra''' ''a'' big, large<br />
'''krahyt''' ''n'' size<br />
'''<small>oss</small> krútē''' ''adv'' seriously, gravely<br />
'''krútig''' ''a (of people)'' cruel, ruthless; ''(of places and situations)'' harsh, unpleasant, inhospitable<br />
'''kryg''' ''n'' war<br />
'''krymē''' ''n'' curve<br />
'''krymig''' ''a'' bent, curved<br />
'''krys''' ''n'' cross<br />
'''ku''', kuer ''n'' cow<br />
'''kunn''' ''vi'' be possible<br />
'''kunnig''' ''a'' possible<br />
'''kunnighyt''' ''n'' possibility<br />
'''kʉprē''' ''n'' copper<br />
'''kúrvē''' ''n'' corpse, body<br />
'''kuss''' ''vm'' can, be able to<br />
'''kyk''', kikti, gikikkt ''vt'' look at, watch<br />
'''kynt''', kynter ''n'' child<br />
'''kypē''' ''n'' market, shop<br />
'''Kystē''' ''n'' the fire god<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==L==<br />
<poem><br />
'''lag''' ''vi'' laugh, smile<br />
'''lagig''' ''a'' happy, cheerful<br />
'''laging''' ''n'' laugh, smile<br />
'''lak''' ''a'' low<br />
'''laklaut''' ''n'' consonant<br />
'''lamp''', lamper ''n'' lamp, candle, source of light<br />
'''lampig''' ''a'' luminescent, emitting light<br />
'''lamping''' ''n'' lighting<br />
'''lang''' ''a'' long<br />
'''<small>nikkt oss</small> langē''' ''adv'' no longer, not anymore<br />
'''langhyt''' ''n'' length<br />
'''langig''' ''a'' slow<br />
'''lannt''' ''n'' land, country, state, nation<br />
'''lat''' ''a'' late<br />
'''latiss''' ''a'' last<br />
'''lauf''' ''n'' traveller, pedestrian<br />
'''laut''' ''n'' sound<br />
'''lautgrúp''' ''n'' syllable<br />
'''lautig''' ''a'' loud<br />
'''lautighyt''' ''n'' loud noise; loudness, volume<br />
'''lef''' ''vi'' live, be alive<br />
'''leflirring''' ''n'' biology<br />
'''lellk''' ''a'' ugly<br />
'''lellkhyt''' ''n'' ugliness<br />
'''les''', lasti, gilisst ''vt'' read<br />
'''letig''' ''a'' easy, simple<br />
'''letighyt''' ''n'' ease, simplicity<br />
'''lif''' ''vt'' love<br />
'''lifgirr''' ''n'' girlfriend<br />
'''lifvrinnt''' ''n'' boyfriend<br />
'''lig''' ''vi'' lie, tell lies<br />
'''liger''' ''n'' liar<br />
'''liging''' ''n'' lie, untruth<br />
'''linntē''' ''n'' spring<br />
'''linntig''' ''a'' fresh, new<br />
'''lipp''' ''n'' lip<br />
'''lippig''' ''a'' labial<br />
'''lipplē''' ''n'' spoon<br />
'''lirr''' ''vt'' learn<br />
'''lirring''' ''n'' knowledge, study, science<br />
'''liss''', lisser ''n'' list<br />
'''lisster''' ''vi'' suffer<br />
'''lisstrer''' ''n'' victim; ''(grammar)'' object<br />
'''lisstring''' ''n'' suffering<br />
'''livig''' ''a'' dear<br />
'''living''' ''n'' love<br />
'''lop''' ''vi'' walk<br />
'''lúgē''' ''n'' air<br />
'''lúghaff''' ''n'' airport<br />
'''lúnauslúging''' ''n'' moonset<br />
'''lúnē''' ''n'' moon<br />
'''lúnosslúging''' ''n'' moonrise<br />
'''lʉkig''' ''a'' fun; lucky<br />
'''lʉking''' ''n'' fun; luck<br />
'''lʉklyk''' ''adv'' fortunately<br />
'''lútē''' ''n'' lead (metal)<br />
'''ly''' ''a'' lazy<br />
'''lyē''' ''n'' princess<br />
'''lyflúgē''' ''n'' oxygen<br />
'''lyhyt''' ''n'' laziness<br />
'''lygē''' ''n'' ray of light<br />
'''lyging''' ''n'' light; radiation<br />
'''lygt <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' seem like, look like<br />
'''lykig''' ''a'' similar<br />
'''lyt''' ''vt'' lead<br />
'''lyter''' ''n'' leader<br />
'''lytig''' ''a'' administrative<br />
'''lytighyt''' ''n'' administration<br />
'''lyting''' ''n'' management, governing board<br />
'''lytjē''' ''n'' milk<br />
'''lyving''' ''n'' life<br />
'''lyzing''' ''n'' lesson<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==M==<br />
<poem><br />
'''mak''', mikti, gimikkt ''vt'' make, create<br />
'''making''' ''n'' creation; act of creating; thing which is created<br />
'''mamm''' ''n'' mother<br />
'''mammig''' ''a'' motherly, maternal<br />
'''man''' ''pron'' one<br />
'''mann''' ''n'' man<br />
'''mannig''' ''a'' manly, male, masculine<br />
'''mar''' ''conj'' but<br />
'''mattē''' ''n'' mat, carpet<br />
'''maus''', missē ''n'' mouse<br />
'''maussperr''' ''n'' spine of a hedgehog<br />
'''mazig''' ''a'' amazing, extraordinary, incredible<br />
'''mell''' ''a'' vague, unclear<br />
'''mellhyt''' ''n'' vagueness<br />
'''merrig''' ''a'' sharp<br />
'''mess''' ''n'' mess, chaos<br />
'''messig''' ''a'' messy, chaotic<br />
'''mi''' ''pron'' me<br />
'''miess''' ''pron'' my<br />
'''miks''' ''vt'' mix<br />
'''<small>oss</small> miksī''' ''adv'' at random; interchangeably<br />
'''miksing''' ''n'' mix<br />
'''minnig''' ''a'' less, fewer<br />
'''mirē''' ''n'' dragon<br />
'''mirr''' ''a'' more<br />
'''mittlē''' ''n'' middle, center<br />
'''mittlig''' ''a'' average; central<br />
'''mittling''' ''n'' average<br />
'''mogg''' ''vm'' may, be allowed to<br />
'''mogglig''' ''a'' plausible, possible<br />
'''moggling''' ''n'' plausibility<br />
'''mojj''' ''a'' beautiful<br />
'''mojjhyt''' ''n'' beauty<br />
'''<small>oss</small> morrē''' ''adv'' tomorrow<br />
'''morrig''' ''a'' early<br />
'''morrighyt''' ''n'' morning<br />
'''múlē''' ''n'' corn, grain, flake<br />
'''múlig''' ''a'' hard, difficult<br />
'''múlighyt''' ''n'' difficulty<br />
'''múling''' ''n'' minor problem, obstacle<br />
'''mʉllē''' ''n'' mill<br />
'''mʉllmann''' ''n'' miller<br />
'''mʉnnt''' ''n'' coin<br />
'''mʉnnting''' ''n'' money<br />
'''mut''' ''vm'' must, have to<br />
'''<small>oss</small> mutē''' ''adv'' properly, correctly<br />
'''mutig''' ''a'' compulsory, obligatory<br />
'''mutighyt''' ''n'' duty<br />
'''<small>oss</small> mygē''' ''adv'' to a reasonable or acceptable degree<br />
'''mykē''' ''n'' cinnamon<br />
'''mys''', myzer ''n'' girl<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==N==<br />
<poem><br />
'''naggt''' ''n'' night<br />
'''nam''' ''n'' name<br />
'''namsgryf''' ''vi'' sign<br />
'''namsgryving''' ''n'' signature<br />
'''nass''' ''prep'' to, toward<br />
'''nasstekk''' ''vt'' take for oneself<br />
'''nat''' ''prep, conj'' after<br />
'''natferrē''' ''n'' the last quarter of an hour<br />
'''naug''' ''adv'' rather<br />
'''naus''' ''n'' nose<br />
'''nauzig''' ''a'' nasal<br />
'''nauter''' ''pron'' never<br />
'''nikkt''' ''adv'' not<br />
'''nikktig''' ''a'' negative, denying<br />
'''niktig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' without<br />
'''niktū''' ''prep'' without<br />
'''nimē''' ''pron'' no-one, nobody<br />
'''nippē''' ''num'' nine<br />
'''nirgiss''' ''pron (colloquial)'' nowhere<br />
'''nitglyvig''' ''a'' odd (of numbers)<br />
'''nithangig''' ''a'' independent<br />
'''nithangighyt''' ''n'' independence<br />
'''nitreklig''' ''a'' irregular<br />
'''nitreklighyt''' ''n'' irregularity<br />
'''nitstellig''' ''a'' unimaginable<br />
'''nittellig''' ''a'' uncountable<br />
'''nittellighyt''' ''n'' uncountability<br />
'''nittúig''' ''a'' passive, idle<br />
'''nitvagtig''' ''a'' impatient<br />
'''nitverker''' ''n'' unemployed person<br />
'''nitverkig''' ''a'' unemployed<br />
'''nitverkighyt''' ''n'' unemployment<br />
'''nityntig''' ''a'' infinite<br />
'''nityntighyt''' ''n'' infinity<br />
'''nitzytig''' ''a'' nonexistent, absent<br />
'''nitzytighyt''' ''n'' nonexistence, absence<br />
'''niw''' ''a'' new<br />
'''niwess''' ''n'' news<br />
'''niwhyt''' ''n'' newness; news item<br />
'''no''' ''intj'' no<br />
'''nogig''' ''a'' remaining, still existing<br />
'''nogiglyk''' ''adv'' still<br />
'''<small>oss</small> nojjē''' ''adv'' never<br />
'''norrlig''' ''a'' normal, common<br />
'''norrtē''' ''n'' north<br />
'''norrtig''' ''a'' northern<br />
'''norrtsgyning''' ''n'' aurora borealis, northern lights<br />
'''nu''' ''adv'' now<br />
'''<small>oss dē</small> nuē''' ''adv'' at the moment, currently<br />
'''nugig''' ''a'' enough<br />
'''nʉllē''' ''n'' hole<br />
'''nʉllig''' ''a'' hollow, empty<br />
'''nyē ... oss''' ''conj'' neither ... nor<br />
'''nygig''' ''a (mathematics)'' negative<br />
'''nygtall''' ''n'' negative number<br />
'''nytimē''' ''pron (somewhat archaic)'' no-one, nobody<br />
'''nytirgiss''' ''pron'' nowhere<br />
'''nyvē''' ''n'' level<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==O==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ogg''', ogger ''n'' eye<br />
'''ogging''' ''n'' sight<br />
'''oggqatsing''' ''n'' something extremely ugly<br />
'''<small>oss</small> ojjē''' ''pron'' sometime, once, ever<br />
'''onndrig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' under<br />
'''oppfig''' ''a'' obvious<br />
'''orr''' ''n'' ear<br />
'''oss''' ''prep'' of, with, on, to, for; ''n'' ox; ''conj'' or; if, because<br />
'''ossbitraut''' ''a'' trusting<br />
'''ossfinnt''', fannti oss, ossgifonnt ''vt'' discover<br />
'''ossfinnting''' ''n'' discovery<br />
'''ossgibirt''' ''a'' tipsy<br />
'''ossgigiggt''' ''a'' bearded<br />
'''ossgijart''' ''a (pejorative)'' aged, elderly<br />
'''ossginn''' ''vi'' appear<br />
'''ossgyf''', gifti oss, ossgigifft ''vt'' command, order<br />
'''ossgyving''' ''n'' command, order<br />
'''osshorr''' ''vi'' belong<br />
'''osshyf''' ''vt'' acquire, have<br />
'''ossig''' ''a'' stronger, better, superior; ''(mathematics)'' positive<br />
'''osskall''' ''vt'' paint, colour<br />
'''ossklúk''' ''vt'' protect, hide, cover<br />
'''ossklúkig''' ''a'' fake<br />
'''ossklúkighyt''' ''n'' fakeness<br />
'''ossklúking''' ''n'' cover, front<br />
'''osslag''' ''vi, vt'' be ridiculous (to someone), make no sense<br />
'''osslagig''' ''a'' ridiculous<br />
'''osslaging''' ''n'' nonsense<br />
'''osslang''' ''vt'' lengthen, extend<br />
'''osslangig''' ''a'' protruding<br />
'''osslanging''' ''n'' lengthening, extension<br />
'''osslef''' ''vi'' survive<br />
'''osslop''' ''vi'' progress<br />
'''osslopig''' ''a'' progressive<br />
'''ossloping''' ''n'' progress<br />
'''osslúg''' ''vi'' rise (of the sun and the moon)<br />
'''osslyving''' ''n'' survival<br />
'''ossmogg''' ''vt'' allow, grant permission<br />
'''ossmogging''' ''n'' approval, permission<br />
'''ossmut''' ''vt'' order, command<br />
'''ossmutig''' ''a'' compulsory, obligatory<br />
'''ossmuting''' ''n'' order, command<br />
'''ossnam''' ''vt'' call, name<br />
'''osspass''' ''vi'' continue<br />
'''ossrʉt''' ''vi'' rot, spoil, go bad<br />
'''ossryg''' ''vt'' enrich<br />
'''ossryging''' ''n'' enrichment<br />
'''ossryt''' ''vt'' sort, put in order<br />
'''ossryting''' ''n'' order, sequence<br />
'''osssgerr''' ''vt'' protect, guard, secure<br />
'''osssgerring''' ''n'' protection, guarding, security<br />
'''ossslap''', slipti oss, ossgislippt ''vt'' make someone fall asleep by being boring<br />
'''ossslapig''' ''a'' boring<br />
'''ossstamm''' ''vt'' descend from<br />
'''ossstamming''' ''n'' offspring<br />
'''ossstirg''' ''vt'' strengthen, reinforce<br />
'''ossstirging''' ''n'' strengthening, reinforcement<br />
'''osstall''' ''vt'' translate; ''n'' positive number<br />
'''osstaller''' ''n'' translator<br />
'''osstalling''' ''n'' translation<br />
'''osstē''' ''n'' east<br />
'''osstig''' ''a'' eastern<br />
'''osstiglyk''' ''adv'' sometimes, occasionally<br />
'''osszyt''' ''vi'' stick, remain<br />
'''ottjo''' ''num'' eight<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==P==<br />
<poem><br />
'''palig''' ''a'' definite, fixed, certain<br />
'''papp''' ''n'' father<br />
'''pars''' ''a, n'' purple<br />
'''part''' ''n'' horse<br />
'''pass''', passer ''n'' step; a length unit of about 73 cm<br />
'''pat''', pater ''n'' path, road<br />
'''pegging''' ''n'' accident; coincidence<br />
'''perk''' ''vt'' limit, restrict<br />
'''perking''' ''n'' limit, restriction<br />
'''perrē''' ''n'' person, human being<br />
'''perrig''' ''a'' human<br />
'''perring''' ''n'' humanity, mankind<br />
'''pillē''' ''n'' bow and arrow<br />
'''pillstryp''' ''n'' straight line ''(usually collocates with the adjective ''glyvig)''<br />
'''pirr''' ''n'' pear<br />
'''pjúkē''' ''n'' banana<br />
'''plank''' ''n'' plank<br />
'''plant''' ''n'' plant<br />
'''plantyter''' ''n'' herbivore<br />
'''plantytig''' ''a'' herbivorous<br />
'''platt''' ''a'' flat<br />
'''pletting''' ''n'' plain<br />
'''plikk''' ''n'' place<br />
'''plʉk''' ''vt'' pick (berries or fruit), catch (animals or fish), gather food<br />
'''plʉking''' ''n'' bunch of fruit<br />
'''pogg''' ''vm'' try<br />
'''pogging''' ''n'' attempt<br />
'''Polltrē''' ''n'' the earth god<br />
'''pot''' ''n'' leg (particularly that of an animal)<br />
'''pottē''' ''n'' pot<br />
'''pratt''' ''vt'' talk, speak ''(takes the language as its object; the topic of the conversation is preceded by the preposition ''oss'')''<br />
'''prattdúl''' ''n'' topic, theme<br />
'''pratter''' ''n'' speaker<br />
'''pratting''' ''n'' conversation, discussion<br />
'''prattstryps''' ''n (plural only)'' vocal chords<br />
'''prattstrypig''' ''a'' glottal<br />
'''pruf''' ''vt'' test, try<br />
'''prufing''' ''n'' experiment, test<br />
'''prʉlē''' ''n'' problem<br />
'''pryg''' ''vt'' stab, poke<br />
'''prygē''' ''n'' needle<br />
'''púr''' ''vt'' dig; bury<br />
'''púring''' ''n'' funeral, burial<br />
'''pyl''' ''n'' arrow<br />
'''pyler''' ''n'' archer<br />
'''pylig''' ''a'' straight<br />
'''pyling''' ''n'' archery<br />
'''pyn''' ''n'' pain<br />
'''pynig''' ''a'' painful, hurtful<br />
'''pyning''' ''n (often pluralised)'' damage<br />
'''pyprē''' ''n'' pepper<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
<poem><br />
'''qak''' ''n'' frog<br />
'''qalg''' ''vt'' excuse, forgive<br />
'''qalging''' ''n'' excuse, forgiveness<br />
'''qats''' ''vt'' insult<br />
'''qatsing''' ''n'' insult<br />
'''qinnē''' ''n'' queen<br />
'''qinnig''' ''a'' beautiful, excellent<br />
'''qitt''' ''n'' ink<br />
'''qittvʉggē''' ''n'' pen, quill<br />
'''qoll''' ''n'' jellyfish<br />
'''qyf''', qifti, giqifft ''vi'' suffocate<br />
'''qyflúgē''' ''n'' nitrogen<br />
'''qytig''' ''a'' gone, missing<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==R==<br />
<poem><br />
'''rak''', rikti, girikkt ''vt'' hit, crash into<br />
'''raking''' ''n'' crash<br />
'''rat''' ''n'' wheel<br />
'''rauk''' ''n'' smoke<br />
'''raukig''' ''a'' smoky<br />
'''reklig''' ''a'' regular<br />
'''reklighyt''' ''n'' regularity, pattern<br />
'''rekling''' ''n'' law<br />
'''rekoll''' ''n'' rule<br />
'''riggt''' ''n'' right, justice, law<br />
'''riggtig''' ''a'' just<br />
'''riggtighyt''' ''n'' justice<br />
'''riggthaus''' ''n'' court, courthouse<br />
'''riggtmann''' ''n'' judge<br />
'''riverr''' ''n'' river<br />
'''ronnig''' ''a'' round; '''ronnig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' around<br />
'''ronnighyt''' ''n'' surroundings<br />
'''ronning''' ''n'' circle<br />
'''rot''' ''a, n'' red<br />
'''rup''' ''vt'' call<br />
'''rʉss''' ''vi'' rest<br />
'''rʉsshillvē''' ''n'' grave, cemetery<br />
'''rʉssig''' ''a'' calm, quiet, peaceful<br />
'''rʉssing''' ''n'' rest, peace<br />
'''rútē''' ''n'' sulfur<br />
'''rʉtig''' ''a'' rotten<br />
'''ry''', ryess ''n'' row, sequence<br />
'''ryg''' ''a'' rich, wealthy<br />
'''rygen''' ''vi'' rain<br />
'''ryghyt''' ''n'' richness, wealth<br />
'''rygness''' ''n (plural only)'' rain<br />
'''rygnig''' ''a'' rainy<br />
'''ryk''' ''n'' kingdom, country<br />
'''rykig''' ''a'' national; royal<br />
'''ryt''', riti, giritt ''vi'' ride<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==S==<br />
<poem><br />
'''safē''' ''num'' seven<br />
'''sag''' ''a'' boring<br />
'''saghyt''' ''n'' boringness<br />
'''<small>oss</small> samē''' ''adv'' together<br />
'''samig''' ''a'' joint, mutual, collective<br />
'''samighyt''' ''n'' community, society; collection<br />
'''sgall''' ''n'' skull<br />
'''sgallig''' ''a'' bald<br />
'''sgap''' ''n'' sheep<br />
'''sgaper''' ''n'' shepherd<br />
'''sgass''' ''n'' treasure<br />
'''sgat''' ''vt'' damage<br />
'''sgau <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' look at<br />
'''sgerrig''' ''a'' safe<br />
'''sgerrighyt''' ''n'' safety<br />
'''sgill''' ''vi'' differ, be different<br />
'''sgillig''' ''a'' different, various<br />
'''sgillighyt''' ''n'' difference<br />
'''sgillt''' ''n'' shield<br />
'''sginlyk''' ''adv'' maybe, perhaps<br />
'''sgiss''' ''n'' sketch, idea, proposal<br />
'''sgit''' ''vt'' shoot<br />
'''sgiter''' ''n'' gun<br />
'''sgiting''' ''n'' shot<br />
'''sgoll''' ''n'' school<br />
'''sgon''' ''a'' clean<br />
'''sgonhyt''' ''n'' cleanliness<br />
'''sgriff''' ''vi'' scream, shout<br />
'''sgriffing''' ''n'' scream, shout<br />
'''sgrikk''' ''vi'' be startled, be scared<br />
'''sgrikkig''' ''a'' terrible<br />
'''sgrikking''' ''n'' fright, fear<br />
'''sgryf''', sgrifti, gisgrifft ''vt'' write<br />
'''sgryftall''' ''n'' written language<br />
'''sgryftappī''' ''n'' desk<br />
'''sgryver''' ''n'' writer, author<br />
'''sgryving''' ''n'' writing, writing system; document, text<br />
'''sgú''', sgúer ''n'' shoe<br />
'''sgʉllig''' ''a'' guilty, responsible<br />
'''sgʉlling''' ''n'' guilt<br />
'''sgyn''' ''vi'' shine<br />
'''sgynig''' ''a'' bright<br />
'''sgyning''' ''n'' light<br />
'''sgys''' ''n'' poop<br />
'''sgyt''' ''vt'' separate, split<br />
'''sgyting''' ''n'' separation, split<br />
'''<small>oss</small> sgyvē''' ''adv'' nonsensically, wrongly<br />
'''sgyvig''' ''a'' nonsensical<br />
'''siff''', siffer ''n'' number, digit<br />
'''sik''' ''a'' ill, sick<br />
'''sikhaus''' ''n'' hospital<br />
'''skopp''' ''n'' cupboard<br />
'''sla''', sliti, gislot ''vt'' hit, beat<br />
'''slaff''' ''n'' slave<br />
'''slaffing''' ''n'' slavery<br />
'''slaggē''' ''n'' gender, sex<br />
'''slap''', slipti, gislippt ''vi'' sleep<br />
'''slapig''' ''a'' sleepy, tired<br />
'''slaping''' ''n'' sleep<br />
'''slapkammerr''' ''n'' bedroom<br />
'''slapp''' ''a'' weak<br />
'''slarrfig''' ''a'' sloppy<br />
'''sliggt''' ''a'' bad<br />
'''sliggtgissting''' ''n'' lack of common sense<br />
'''sliggttrauming''' ''n'' nightmare<br />
'''slyt''' ''vt'' lock; fix<br />
'''slytē''' ''n'' key<br />
'''slythaus''' ''n'' prison<br />
'''slytig''' ''a'' definitive, final<br />
'''slyting''' ''n'' lock<br />
'''slytlē''' ''n'' key<br />
'''snell''' ''a'' quick, fast<br />
'''sniww''' ''n, v'' snow<br />
'''sniwwig''' ''a'' snowy<br />
'''sniwwwittig''' ''a'' snow-white<br />
'''snyt''' ''vt'' cut (with a knife)<br />
'''snyter''' ''n'' knife<br />
'''snytig''' ''a'' sharp<br />
'''sokk''' ''n'' sock<br />
'''solls''' ''conj, prep'' like<br />
'''somm''' ''a'' some<br />
'''sopp''' ''vt'' swap<br />
'''sopping''' ''n'' swap<br />
'''sort''' ''n'' sort, type, species<br />
'''spass''' ''n'' space<br />
'''spell''', spallti, gispollt ''vi'' play; ''n'' game<br />
'''spellig''' ''a'' playful<br />
'''spelling''' ''n'' game, playing<br />
'''sperr''' ''n'' spear<br />
'''sperrē''' ''n'' hope<br />
'''sperrmaus''', sperrmissē ''n'' hedgehog<br />
'''spog''' ''n'' spit; ''intj'' fuck, shit<br />
'''spraking''' ''n'' dialect<br />
'''stakk''' ''n'' stick, branch (of a tree)<br />
'''stakking''' ''n'' structure; skeleton<br />
'''stallpig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' instead of<br />
'''stamm''' ''n'' trunk of a tree; origin; core<br />
'''stammmann''' ''n'' ancestor<br />
'''start''' ''n'' street<br />
'''stass''', stissti, gistisst ''vi'' stand<br />
'''statt''' ''n'' city, town<br />
'''stattig''' ''a'' urban<br />
'''stattsgerrer''' ''n'' policeman, policewoman<br />
'''stattsgerrhaus''' ''n'' police station<br />
'''stattsgerring''' ''n'' police<br />
'''stauf''', stauver ''n'' dust, substance<br />
'''stauflirring''' ''n'' chemistry<br />
'''stell''', stallti, gistollt ''vt'' image<br />
'''stellig''' ''a'' imaginable, understandable<br />
'''sten''', styness ''n'' stone, rock, pebble<br />
'''still''' ''a'' quiet, silent<br />
'''stillhyt''' ''n'' silence<br />
'''stirg''' ''a'' strong<br />
'''stirghyt''' ''n'' strength, power<br />
'''stoll''' ''n'' chair<br />
'''stopp''', stippti, gistippt ''vi'' stop<br />
'''stoppig''' ''a'' stupid<br />
'''stopplaut''' ''n'' stop consonant<br />
'''straf''' ''n'' punishment<br />
'''strafbistryving''' ''n'' capital punishment<br />
'''strat''' ''n'' tail<br />
'''stryf''', strifti, gistrifft ''vi'' die<br />
'''stryp''' ''n'' strip, band<br />
'''sturr''' ''vt'' steer, drive; govern<br />
'''sturring''' ''n'' government<br />
'''sturrrat''' ''n'' steering wheel<br />
'''stynlygig''' ''a'' radioactive<br />
'''stynlyging''' ''n'' radioactivity<br />
'''styntall''' ''n'' prime number<br />
'''styp''' ''n'' point, dot<br />
'''styrē''' ''n'' star<br />
'''sʉll''' ''n'' a type of tree<br />
'''sʉmmrē''' ''n'' summer<br />
'''supē''' ''n'' soup<br />
'''sytē''' ''n'' chair, seat, throne<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==T==<br />
<poem><br />
'''taggtrē''' ''n'' daughter<br />
'''taglyk''' ''adv'' anyway, nonetheless<br />
'''tall''' ''n'' language; number<br />
'''talllirring''' ''n'' linguistics<br />
'''tallrekolls''' ''n (plural only)'' grammar<br />
'''Talnē''' ''n'' the sea goddess<br />
'''tann''' ''adv'' then<br />
'''tanner''' ''n'' dentist<br />
'''tannt''' ''n'' tooth<br />
'''tanntig''' ''a'' dental<br />
'''tappī''' ''n'' table (both furniture and chart)<br />
'''tarrp''' ''n'' village<br />
'''tarrping''' ''n'' settlement<br />
'''tauferr''' ''vi, vt'' do magic, make something appear by magic<br />
'''taufrer''' ''n'' magician, wizard<br />
'''tē''' ''adv'' too, excessively<br />
'''tekk''' ''vt'' take, pick<br />
'''tell''' ''vi, vt'' count<br />
'''tellig''' ''a'' countable<br />
'''telling''' ''n'' story<br />
'''terrē''' ''n'' elephant<br />
'''terrig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' through<br />
'''terrpē''' ''n'' neighbourhood<br />
'''tettig''' ''a'' excessive<br />
'''tettighyt''' ''n'' excess<br />
'''tingī''' ''n'' thing, object<br />
'''tingworrt''' ''n'' noun<br />
'''tinn''' ''num'' ten<br />
'''tinnig''' ''a'' teenage<br />
'''tinniger''' ''n'' teenager<br />
'''tinnighyt''' ''n'' puberty<br />
'''to''' ''num'' two<br />
'''toig''' ''a'' divided, disagreeing<br />
'''toighyt''' ''n'' disagreement, dispute<br />
'''tokkē''' ''n'' chicken<br />
'''tokkig''' ''a'' crazy<br />
'''tong''' ''n'' tongue<br />
'''torat''' ''n'' bicycle<br />
'''torr''' ''n'' tower<br />
'''traff''', triffti, gitrifft ''vt'' meet, encounter<br />
'''traffing''' ''n'' meeting<br />
'''trauig''' ''a'' faithful, loyal<br />
'''trauing''' ''n'' trust<br />
'''traum''' ''vt'' dream<br />
'''trauming''' ''n'' dream<br />
'''tri''' ''num'' three<br />
'''trigg''' ''vt'' pull<br />
'''trigger''' ''n'' tractor<br />
'''trigúke''' ''n'' triangle<br />
'''trizytē''' ''n'' equilateral triangle<br />
'''trʉg''' ''adv'' back<br />
'''trʉgē''' ''n'' past<br />
'''trʉgig''' ''a'' past<br />
'''trʉgtyt''' ''n'' past tense<br />
'''trybē''' ''n'' lobster<br />
'''tryjē''' ''n'' shirt<br />
'''tú''' ''vt'' do<br />
'''túig''' ''a'' active<br />
'''túing''' ''n'' action, activity<br />
'''túmhyt''' ''n'' emptiness<br />
'''túmig''' ''a'' empty<br />
'''<small>oss</small> túntē''' ''adv'' to the left<br />
'''túntig''' ''a'' left (side)<br />
'''túntighyt''' ''n'' left side<br />
'''túp''' ''n'' idiot<br />
'''túpbir''' ''n'' bad beer; nonsense<br />
'''<small>oss</small> túpē''' ''adv'' to a crazy degree<br />
'''túpig''' ''a'' stupid<br />
'''tʉrf''' ''vt'' tally<br />
'''turrē''' ''n'' tear<br />
'''tʉssig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' between<br />
'''tʉsskimming''' ''n'' interruption, intermezzo<br />
'''tʉsslantig''' ''a'' international<br />
'''tʉssur''' ''n'' half hour<br />
'''túworrt''' ''n'' verb<br />
'''twellē''' ''n'' prince<br />
'''twig''' ''vt'' guess<br />
'''twillg''' ''n'' bell, clock<br />
'''twyf''', twifti, gitwifft ''vi'' doubt<br />
'''twyvig''' ''a'' dubious<br />
'''twyving''' ''n'' doubt<br />
'''tygē''' ''prep'' against<br />
'''tygig''' ''a'' opposite<br />
'''tyging''' ''n'' opposite<br />
'''tygpratt''' ''vt'' contradict<br />
'''tygprattig''' ''a'' contradictory<br />
'''tygpratting''' ''n'' contradiction<br />
'''tyn''' ''n'' garden<br />
'''tyning''' ''n'' agriculture<br />
'''tyt''' ''n'' time<br />
'''tythyt''' ''n'' moment, point in time<br />
'''tytrʉg''' ''postp'' ago<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==U==<br />
<poem><br />
'''úlgē''', úlger ''n'' a type of evil bird in Berilonian mythology<br />
'''ur''' ''n'' hour<br />
'''urē''' ''n'' miracle<br />
'''ursprygē''' ''n'' myth, fairytale<br />
'''ʉste''' ''n'' voice<br />
'''úvig''' ''a'' sober<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==V==<br />
<poem><br />
'''vaggt''' ''n'' fur<br />
'''vagt <small>oss</small>''', vigti, givogt ''vi'' wait<br />
'''vagtig''' ''a'' patient<br />
'''vagting''' ''n'' patience<br />
'''valt''', vilti, givolt ''vi'' go for a walk, hike<br />
'''vantling''' ''n'' walk, hike<br />
'''varkē''' ''n'' boat<br />
'''varr''' ''vt'' confuse, mix up<br />
'''varrig''' ''a'' confusing<br />
'''varring''' ''n'' confusion<br />
'''varst''', varster ''n'' sausage<br />
'''vaut''' ''n'' forest<br />
'''veg''', vagti, givogt ''vt'' weigh<br />
'''vegg''' ''n'' road<br />
'''vegig''' ''a'' heavy<br />
'''vell''' ''n'' bed<br />
'''verk''', varkti, givorkt ''vi'' work<br />
'''verker''' ''n'' worker<br />
'''verking''' ''n'' work, function, profession<br />
'''verrtlē''' ''n'' carrot<br />
'''vigatt''' ''n'' enemy<br />
'''vigattig''' ''a'' hostile<br />
'''vills''' ''vt'' switch, change<br />
'''villsing''' ''n'' switch, change<br />
'''vins''' ''vt'' wish<br />
'''vinsing''' ''n'' wish<br />
'''virrig''' ''a'' exact, precise<br />
'''virrolt''' ''n'' world<br />
'''vlurr''' ''vt'' knock down<br />
'''vogg''' ''n'' bird; chicken ''(as food)''<br />
'''voggsgys''' ''n'' excrement of birds, guano; nonsense<br />
'''vojj <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' fight<br />
'''vojjing''' ''n'' fight, battle<br />
'''voll''' ''a'' full<br />
'''vorr''' ''adv'' at the front<br />
'''vorrbylt''', vorrbylter ''n'' example<br />
'''vorrferrē''' ''n'' first quarter of an hour<br />
'''vorrig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' before<br />
'''vorriww''' ''n'' century before the start of the Berilonian calendar<br />
'''vorrlig''' ''a'' main, predominant<br />
'''vorrliglyk''' ''n'' mostly, mainly, predominantly<br />
'''vort''' ''vc'' become<br />
'''voss''', vissē ''n'' fox<br />
'''vragg''' ''a'' true, correct<br />
'''vragghyt''' ''n'' truth<br />
'''vrimmig''' ''a'' strange, weird; foreign<br />
'''vrimmighyt''' ''n'' strangeness, weirdness<br />
'''vrimmlannt''' ''n'' foreign country<br />
'''vrimmtall''' ''n'' foreign language<br />
'''vrinnt''' ''n'' friend<br />
'''vryt''' ''a'' free<br />
'''vrythyt''' ''n'' freedom<br />
'''vrytig''' ''a'' peaceful, calm<br />
'''vrytighyt''' ''n'' peace<br />
'''vug''' ''vt'' add<br />
'''vʉggē''' ''n'' feather; pen, quill<br />
'''vugig''' ''a'' extra, additional<br />
'''vuging''' ''n'' addition<br />
'''vúr''' ''vt'' bring<br />
'''vurr''' ''n'' fire<br />
'''vurrkarvē''' ''n'' charcoal, ash<br />
'''vy''' ''num'' five<br />
'''vyn''' ''n'' wine<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==W==<br />
<poem><br />
'''wakig''' ''a'' awake<br />
'''walgig''' ''a'' disgusting<br />
'''walging''' ''n'' disgust<br />
'''wann''' ''pron'' when<br />
'''warr''' ''pron'' where<br />
'''warrm''' ''a'' warm<br />
'''warrmhyt''' ''n'' warmth<br />
'''wass''' ''pron'' what; ''n'' water<br />
'''wassig''' ''a'' wet<br />
'''werrmē''' ''pron'' why<br />
'''westē''' ''n'' west<br />
'''westig''' ''a'' western<br />
'''wet''', wati, giwotē ''vt'' know<br />
'''wi''' ''pron'' who; we<br />
'''will''', wallti, giwollt ''vt, vm'' want<br />
'''winn''', wannti, giwonnt ''vt'' win<br />
'''winnt''' ''n'' wind<br />
'''wintirr''' ''n'' winter<br />
'''wirr''' ''n'' weather<br />
'''wirrlirring''' ''n'' meteorology<br />
'''witt''' ''a, n'' white<br />
'''wittness''' ''n'' information<br />
'''woll''' ''n'' wool<br />
'''worrt''' ''n'' word<br />
'''worrtbʉk''' ''n'' dictionary<br />
'''worrthyving''' ''n'' vocabulary<br />
'''worrtsgyting''' ''n'' space<br />
'''wyg''' ''a'' few, little<br />
'''wyl''' ''conj'' while<br />
'''wylig''' ''a'' contemporary<br />
'''wys <small>oss</small>''', wisti, giwisst ''vi'' point at, refer to<br />
'''wytings''' ''n (plural only)'' knowledge<br />
'''wytlirring''' ''n'' mathematics<br />
'''wyzing''' ''n'' reference<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==Y==<br />
<poem><br />
'''y''' ''n'' egg<br />
'''yē ... oss''' ''conj'' either ... or<br />
'''ygiss''' ''a'' own<br />
'''ygisshyt''' ''n'' trait, characteristic<br />
'''yglyk''' ''adv'' actually, in fact<br />
'''yk''', yker ''n'' oak<br />
'''yklē''' ''n'' acorn<br />
'''ylē''' ''n'' island<br />
'''ylessgrúp''' ''n'' archipelago<br />
'''ylessryk''' ''n'' island nation<br />
'''<small>oss</small> ymē''' ''adv'' agreeing with each other<br />
'''ynt''' ''vi'' end, finish; result<br />
'''yntig''' ''a'' finite<br />
'''yntighyt''' ''n'' finiteness<br />
'''ynting''' ''n'' end, finish; result<br />
'''ys''' ''n'' ice<br />
'''ytē''' ''n'' idea<br />
'''ytga''', gigti yt, ytgigisst ''vt'' go out, leave<br />
'''ythaus''' ''vi'' move, change residence<br />
'''ytkis''' ''vt'' choose, select, pick<br />
'''ytkryg''', krigti aus, ausgikriggt ''vt'' expel<br />
'''ytkyk''', kikti yt, ytgikikkt ''vt'' have a view of<br />
'''ytkyking''' ''n'' view, scenery<br />
'''ytpratt''' ''vt'' pronounce<br />
'''ytpratting''' ''n'' pronunciation<br />
'''yzē''' ''n'' iron<br />
'''yzēpart''' ''n'' car<br />
'''yzēvegg''' ''n'' railway; train<br />
'''yzēveggryter''' ''n'' train; train driver<br />
'''yzēvogg''' ''n'' aeroplane<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==Z==<br />
<poem><br />
'''zanig''' ''a'' healthy<br />
'''zaning''' ''n'' health<br />
'''zang''', zingti, gizongt ''vi, vt'' sing<br />
'''zangig''' ''a'' musical<br />
'''zangighyt''' ''n'' musicality<br />
'''zanging''' ''n'' music<br />
'''zangvogg''' ''n'' songbird<br />
'''zant''' ''n'' sand<br />
'''zarvē''' ''n'' an alcoholic drink made from the berries and leaves of the sʉll tree<br />
'''zautē''' ''n'' south<br />
'''zautig''' ''a'' southern<br />
'''zautsgyning''' ''n'' aurora australis, southern lights<br />
'''ze''', zyess ''n'' sea<br />
'''zē''' ''pron'' she<br />
'''zegg''', zaggti, giziggt ''vt'' say<br />
'''zeggworrt''' ''n'' adjective<br />
'''zell''' ''pron'' on one's own, by oneself<br />
'''zellbistryf''', bistrifti zell, zellbistrifft ''vr'' commit suicide<br />
'''zellbistryving''' ''n'' suicide<br />
'''<small>oss</small> zellē''' ''adv'' even<br />
'''zellig''' ''a'' same<br />
'''zess''' ''pron'' they; her<br />
'''zet''' ''vt'' put, place, set<br />
'''zeting''' ''n'' setting, background<br />
'''zett''' ''num'' six<br />
'''zettpot''' ''n'' insect<br />
'''zettting''' ''n'' a length unit of about 1.2 cm<br />
'''zi''' ''vt'' see<br />
'''ziggtē''' ''n'' face<br />
'''zilvirr''' ''n'' silver<br />
'''zin''' ''vi'' make sense<br />
'''zinig''' ''a'' sensical<br />
'''zitt''' ''vi'' sit<br />
'''zoll''' ''n'' sun<br />
'''zollauslúging''' ''n'' sunset<br />
'''zollosslúging''' ''n'' sunrise<br />
'''zoss''' ''adv'' so, like this/that<br />
'''zott''' ''n'' salt<br />
'''zúk''' ''vt'' search, look for<br />
'''zúking''' ''n'' search, quest<br />
'''zʉkrē''' ''n'' sugar<br />
'''zʉll''' ''vm'' will<br />
'''zʉllg''' ''a'' such<br />
'''zún''' ''n'' son<br />
'''zʉs''', zʉser ''n'' sister<br />
'''zwammp''' ''n'' mushroom<br />
'''zwan''', zwaner ''n'' swan<br />
'''zwart''' ''n'' sword<br />
'''zwem''', zwamti, gizwomt ''vi'' swim<br />
'''zwerrē''' ''n'' school<br />
'''Zwirē''' ''n'' the sky goddess<br />
'''zworrt''' ''a, n'' black<br />
'''zwyl''' ''vt'' send<br />
'''zwyg''' ''a'' weak, soft<br />
'''zwytī''' ''n'' sweat<br />
'''zy''' ''pron'' her<br />
'''zyging''' ''n'' sentence<br />
'''zygnē <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' according to<br />
'''zytē''' ''prep'' since<br />
'''zytī''' ''n'' side, page<br />
'''zytigē''' ''n'' fact<br />
</poem></div>
Dē Graut Bʉr
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Bearlandic&diff=104567
Bearlandic
2018-02-23T19:25:46Z
<p>Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Inflection */</p>
<hr />
<div>Kimmig: a [[/Vocabulary|ellpossgirytnē]] enn a [[/Thematic dictionary|prattdúlig]] worrtliss.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|image = <br />
|imagesize = <br />
|name = Bearlandic<br />
|nativename = ''Bʉrnlannts''<br />
|pronunciation= /ˈbœːrnlɑnːts/<br />
|region = <br />
|states = <br />
|speakers = Approximately 20 million <br />
|date = 2653<br />
|familycolor=<br />
|family=Iropo-Antilonian languages<br />
* Berilonian languages<br />
** Western Berilonian languages<br />
*** '''Bearlandic'''<br />
|ancestor=Old Bearlandic<br />
|script=Berilonian alphabet, western style<br />
|agency=<br />
|iso1=<br />
|iso2=<br />
|iso3=<br />
|notice=IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Bearlandic (''Bʉrnlannts'', IPA: /ˈbœːrnlɑnːts/) is one of many languages of the planet which is called ''dē Virrolt'' in Bearlandic. The language belongs to the Berilonian language family, which in its turn is a branch of the Iropo-Antilonian language family.<br />
<br />
Spoken natively by approximately 20 million people, it is one of the most spoken Berilonian languages. It is also one of the major lingua francas of the world, so it also has millions of second-language speakers. Most speakers can pretend to speak [[Antilonian]] (another Berilonian language) as well, and many also know a few words in random other languages such as [[Kunesian]].<br />
<br />
"Coincidentally", it is very similar to real-world Germanic languages, in particular to Dutch, which happens to be the creator's native language. However, it is not a member of the Germanic language family, but is instead related to various languages which do not bear such similarities to real-world languages.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m /m/<br />
| <br />
| n /n/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ng /ŋ/<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p b /p b/<br />
| <br />
| t d /t d/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| k q /k kʷ/<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| <br />
| f v /f v/<br />
| s z /s z/<br />
| (ʃ)<br />
| (ç)<br />
| g /x ~ ɣ/<br />
| h /h/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| <br />
| w /ʋ/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| j /j/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Trill<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| r /r/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Lateral app.<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| l /l/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
[ʃ] and [ç] are quite common as allophones of /s/ before stops and /x/ after /i/ respectively. This is however nonstandard and typically associated with lower classes.<br />
<br />
The velar fricative is often slightly fronted or palatalized in the standard dialect.<br />
<br />
All consonants except /b d ŋ kʷ v z h/ can be geminated.<br />
<br />
The velar fricative is pronounced /ɣ/ in onsets (except in the cluster /sx/) and /x/ in codas.<br />
<br />
Coda consonants may be voiced when the following syllable begins with a voiced consonant.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Front<br />
! Rounded<br />
! Back<br />
|-<br />
! High<br />
| i /ɪ iː/<br />
| u /ʏ yː/<br />
| ú /uː/<br />
|-<br />
! Mid<br />
| e /ɛ eː/<br />
| ʉ /œ œː/<br />
| o /ɔ oː/<br />
|-<br />
! Low<br />
| colspan="3" | a /ɑ aː/<br />
|}<br />
Short vowels are followed by long consonants and vice versa. Orthographically, vowel length is indicated by the doubling of the following consonant. Word-finally, short vowels are marked with a macron.<br />
<br />
There are two diphthongs: y, pronounced /ɛɪ̯/ and au, pronounced /aʊ̯/. Just like long vowels, they are always followed by a short consonant.<br />
<br />
In affixes, which are always unstressed, /iː/ is shortened to /i/.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
Bearlandic roots consist of one or two syllables and allow clusters of up to three consonants. Affixes usually consist of a single syllable (though a few consist of just a consonant) and never contain any consonant clusters.<br />
<br />
The following rules determine which onsets are possible:<br />
*S can be followed by any of p t g w n l.<br />
*An obstruent other than q s z h can be followed by r.<br />
*An obstruent other than q t d h can be followed by l.<br />
*T d z can be followed by w.<br />
*K can be followed by n.<br />
*Ng does not occur at the beginning of a syllable.<br />
<br />
To codas the following rules apply:<br />
*There is no phonemic voicing contrast, but instead all syllable-final obstruents are voiceless by default. However, they may be optionally voiced if the following syllable starts with a voiced consonant.<br />
*P t k s can be preceded by r l s or a homorganic nasal consonant.<br />
*H q do not occur at the end of a syllable.<br />
<br />
In general, disyllabic roots consist of a syllable which would be a valid monosyllabic root followed by a sequence of a vowel and a consonant or just a vowel. In native roots, the only such sequences that are known to occur are /ər ɛrː ɪrː ɔlː ol ɪmː ɪsː ɛ ɪ ʏ oː/, and of these, /ɪmː ʏ oː/ are all restricted to a single root. In addition to the possible syllable-final cluster, /tj/ is also a possible medial cluster in disyllabic roots.<br />
<br />
There is a slight tendency to shorten disyllabic roots to monosyllabic ones. Occasionally this has created two variants of a single root, as in ''valt'' "go for a walk" and its derived noun ''vantl-ing'' "walk".<br />
<br />
Some non-native or recently coined words break these rules. /tl/, which is realised as [tɬ] by most speakers, is a particularly common cluster in non-inherited vocabulary.<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
===Conjugation===<br />
====Weak verbs====<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! "walk"<br />
! "shoot"<br />
! "improve"<br />
! "need"<br />
! "leave"<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| lop<br />
| sgit<br />
| byterr<br />
| bi-húf<br />
| aus-dwyn, dwyn aus<br />
|-<br />
! Past<br />
| lop-ti<br />
| sgit-<font color="red">i</font><br />
| byterr-ti<br />
| bi-húf-ti<br />
| aus-dwyn-ti, dwyn-ti aus<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| gi-lop-t<br />
| gi-sgit-<font color="red">Ø</font><br />
| gi-byterr-t<br />
| <font color="red">bi</font>-húf-t<br />
| aus-gi-dwyn-t<br />
|-<br />
! Ē-form<br />
| lop-ē<br />
| sgit-ē<br />
| byt<font color="red">r</font>-ē<br />
| bi-hú<font color="red">v</font>-ē<br />
| aus-dwyn-ē<br />
|-<br />
! Present participle<br />
| lop-nē<br />
| sgit-nē<br />
| byt<font color="red">re</font>-nē<br />
| bi-húf-nē<br />
| aus-dw<font color="red">in</font>-nē<br />
|-<br />
! Past participle<br />
| gi-lop-t-nē<br />
| gi-sgit-<font color="red">Ø</font>-nē<br />
| gi-byterr-t-nē<br />
| <font color="red">bi</font>-húf-t-nē<br />
| aus-gi-dwyn-t-nē<br />
|}<br />
There are a few minor irregularities (marked in red in the table above) which are all fully predictable:<br />
* Verbs ending in -t don't add an extra t in the past and perfect forms.<br />
* Verbs ending in -n do add an extra n in the present participle, causing the preceding vowel to become short. If this vowel is y, it becomes i. If the verb already has a short vowel, the participle is written with three consecutive n's, but there is no change in pronunciation.<br />
* Verbs with a disyllabic root drop the second vowel in the ē-form and the present participle. In the latter form, this would result in an unpronounceable consonant cluster which is broken up by an /ə/ directly before the ending.<br />
* If the stem ends in a short f or s, this final fricative becomes voiced in the ē-form.<br />
* Verbs beginning with an unstressed prefix don't add an extra prefix in the perfect forms.<br />
* Verbs beginning with a stressed prefix are separable. Depending on the context, the prefix may be separated from the stem in the present and past tenses, and in the perfect, the gi- prefix comes between the separable prefix and the stem.<br />
<br />
The ē-form is used for several unrelated purposes and may be thought of as a variant present form.<br />
<br />
====Strong verbs====<br />
Strong verbs are conjugated just like weak verbs, but additionally feature some vowel changes. These vowel changes can be summarised like this.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Perfect<br />
|-<br />
| a<br />
| i<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
| a<br />
| i<br />
| short i<br />
|-<br />
| e<br />
| a<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
| e<br />
| a<br />
| short i<br />
|-<br />
| i<br />
| a<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
| o<br />
| i<br />
| short i<br />
|-<br />
| y<br />
| i<br />
| short i<br />
|}<br />
The ē-form of strong verbs always has either an y or a short i, depending on the length of the stem vowel. There are three verbs whose ē-form seemingly has the wrong vowel, namely ''zegg'' "say", whose ē-form is ''zygē'', ''stass'' "stand", whose ē-form may be either ''stissē'' or ''styzē'', and ''slap'' "sleep", whose ē-form ''slapē'' retains the stem vowel of the present tense.<br />
<br />
Some examples:<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! "carry"<br />
! "stand"<br />
! "weigh"<br />
! "read"<br />
! "win"<br />
! "come"<br />
! "write"<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| barr<br />
| stass<br />
| veg<br />
| les<br />
| winn<br />
| komm<br />
| sgryf<br />
|-<br />
! Past<br />
| birrti<br />
| stissti<br />
| vagti<br />
| lasti<br />
| wannti<br />
| kimmti<br />
| sgrifti<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| giborrt<br />
| gistisst<br />
| givogt<br />
| gilisst<br />
| giwonnt<br />
| gikimmt<br />
| gisgrifft<br />
|-<br />
! Ē-form<br />
| birrē<br />
| stissē/styzē<br />
| vygē<br />
| lyzē<br />
| winnē<br />
| kimmē<br />
| sgryvē<br />
|-<br />
! Present participle<br />
| barrnē<br />
| stassnē<br />
| vegnē<br />
| lesnē<br />
| winnnē<br />
| kommnē<br />
| sgryfnē<br />
|-<br />
! Past participle<br />
| giborrtnē<br />
| gistisstnē<br />
| givogtnē<br />
| gilisstnē<br />
| giwonntnē<br />
| gikimmtnē<br />
| gisgrifftnē<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Irregular verbs====<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
!<br />
! "be"<br />
! "have"<br />
! "go"<br />
! "give"<br />
! "eat"<br />
! "know"<br />
! "become"<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| iss<br />
| heppt<br />
| ga<br />
| gef<br />
| et<br />
| wet<br />
| vort<br />
|-<br />
! Past<br />
| wast<br />
| haptē<br />
| gigti<br />
| giffti<br />
| ati<br />
| wati<br />
| virti<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| giasst<br />
| gihapt<br />
| gigisst<br />
| gigifft<br />
| giotē<br />
| giwotē<br />
| givirtē<br />
|-<br />
! Ē-form<br />
| yē, zyt<br />
| hypē<br />
| gatē<br />
| gyvē<br />
| ytē<br />
| wytē<br />
| vortē<br />
|-<br />
! Present participle<br />
| zytnē<br />
| hepptnē<br />
| gatnē<br />
| gefnē<br />
| etnē<br />
| wetnē<br />
| vortnē<br />
|-<br />
! Past participle<br />
| wastnē<br />
| gihaptnē<br />
| gigisstnē<br />
| gigifftnē<br />
| giotnē<br />
| giwotnē<br />
| givirtnē<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Iss'' has two distinct forms corresponding to the ē-forms of all other verbs. ''Yē'' is used as an infinitive, whereas ''zyt'' is used in subordinate clauses.<br />
<br />
===Tenses===<br />
Bearlandic has two simple tenses, two perfect tenses and two future tenses.<br />
<br />
====Formation====<br />
The formation of the present and the simple past is described above. The remaining four tenses are all formed periphrastically.<br />
<br />
The perfect tenses are formed using the perfect form and an auxiliary, which depending on the verb can be either ''heppt'' or ''iss''. As a general rule, intransitive verbs use ''iss'', whereas transitive and impersonal verbs all use ''heppt''. The present perfect uses the present of the auxiliary, while the past perfect uses the past.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''heppt''' a appoll '''giotē'''.''<br><br />
I '''have eaten''' an apple.<br />
<br />
''Dē mann '''iss gilopt'''.''<br><br />
The man '''has walked'''.<br />
<br />
''Dē '''heppt gisniwwt'''.''<br><br />
It '''has snowed'''.<br />
<br />
Modal verbs take the same auxiliary as the main verb. The modal is put in the perfect form, while the main verb is put in the ē-form and preceded by ''oss''.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''heppt gikusst''' oss ytē.''<br><br />
I '''have been able''' to eat.<br />
<br />
''Dē mann '''iss gikusst''' oss lopē.''<br><br />
The man '''has been able''' to walk.<br />
<br />
The prase ''dē zyt'' "there is" becomes ''dē zyt giasst'' in the present perfect.<br />
<br />
''Dē '''zyt''' a pegging '''giasst'''.''<br><br />
There '''has been''' an accident.<br />
<br />
The verb ''zʉll'' and its past form ''zʉllti'' are used to form the future and the future past respectively. These are both followed by the ē-form.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''zʉll ytē'''.''<br><br />
I '''will eat'''.<br />
<br />
''Anymann '''zʉllti''' bly '''yē'''.''<br><br />
''Everyone '''would be''' happy.''<br />
<br />
====Usage====<br />
<br />
===The passive===<br />
The passive is formed with the verb ''vort'' and the perfect form.<br />
<br />
''Dē appoll '''vort giotē'''.''<br><br />
''The apple '''is eaten'''.<br />
<br />
In the perfect tenses, the perfect form of ''vort'' is optional and may be left out.<br />
<br />
''Miess ferrpratter '''iss gidift (givirtē)'''.<br><br />
''My phone '''has been stolen'''.<br />
<br />
===Modality===<br />
Modality is expressed using a variety of modal auxiliary verbs. The main ones are basic auxiliaries ''kuss'' "can", ''mut'' "must", ''will'' "want", ''mogg'' "may", as well as ''tyē, yē, hyē, wylē'' and ''kynē'', which are remnants of old optative forms of ''tú'' "do", ''iss'' "be", ''heppt'' "have", ''will'' and ''kuss'' respectively.<br />
<br />
After the basic auxiliaries one can choose between two possible constructions: SVOV using an ē-form and SVVO using the base form. These two constructions differ slightly in meaning in some contexts and are known as the "definite" and "uncertain" mood respectively. An optative may only be followed by an ē-form when used as an auxiliary. Thus one may say:<br />
<br />
* ''Ig kuss dē túē.'' (definite)<br />
* ''Ig kuss tú dē.'' (uncertain)<br />
* ''Ig kynē dē túē.'' (optative)<br />
<br />
The choice between these forms is a complicated matter and varies considerably between dialects and even between different speakers of the same dialect. Some guidelines are presented below, but the reader should bear in mind that the actual usage is considerably more complicated than can be shown here.<br />
<br />
====''Kuss''====<br />
''Kuss'' indicates an ability or a possibility. In affirmative sentences, it normally takes the definite mood.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''kuss''' dē Bʉrnlannts '''prattē'''.''<br><br />
I '''can speak''' Bearlandic.<br />
<br />
In negative sentences, the definite mood indicates a "stronger" impossibility that the uncertain mood.<br />
<br />
''Hissē '''kuss nikkt flikē'''.''<br><br />
Houses '''cannot fly'''.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''kuss nikkt les''' oss dē tē dorrk zyt.<br><br />
I '''can't read''' because it's too dark.<br />
<br />
====''Mut''====<br />
Just like ''kuss'', ''mut'' usually takes the definite mood in affirmative sentences.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''mut''' oss itē '''slapē'''.''<br><br />
I '''should get''' some '''sleep'''.<br />
<br />
In negative sentences, the definite mood indicates something which is disrecommendable, while the uncertain mood indicates something which is possible but not necessary.<br />
<br />
''Man '''mut gyn''' rʉtig gʉmless '''ytē'''.<br><br />
You '''shouldn't eat''' rotten fruit.<br />
<br />
====''Will''====<br />
With ''will'', the definite mood implies determination or immediacy, whereas the uncertain mood may imply hesitation or hindrance.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''will pratt''' oss emm, mar hi bigryf miess spraking nikkt.''<br><br />
I '''want to talk''' to him, but he doesn't understand my dialect.<br />
<br />
====''Mogg''====<br />
''Mogg'' usually indicates permission, but occasionally it may indicate a possibility instead. In affirmative sentences it usually takes the uncertain mood.<br />
<br />
In negative sentences, it indicates something which is forbidden and typically takes the definite mood.<br />
<br />
====The optative====<br />
As mentioned above, there exist five synthetic optatives. All other optatives are made by using one of these as an auxiliary verb. Note that although ''wylē'' derives from the ancient optative of ''will'', it functions as a separate verb in modern Bearlandic rather than as a form of "want".<br />
<br />
The optative can be used in several ways, two of which will be discussed in this section. Firstly, it may be used to express a wish. In this case, the optative verb comes at the beginning of the sentence, and ''tyē'' is used when the subject can control the action, whereas ''wylē'' is used when it can't.<br />
<br />
'''''Yē''' hi oss hirr!''<br><br />
'''If only''' he '''were''' here!<br />
<br />
'''''Tyē''' hi '''ytē'''!''<br><br />
'''May''' he '''eat'''!<br />
<br />
'''''Wylē''' dē zoll '''sgynē'''!''<br><br />
'''May''' the sun '''shine'''!<br />
<br />
The optative may also be used to express a possibility. In this case, the normal word order (SVOV) is used and the auxiliary verb is ''kynē''.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''yē''' túpig.''<br><br />
I '''may be''' mad.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''kynē''' dē '''túē'''.''<br><br />
I '''could do''' that.<br />
<br />
The optative also appears in certain conditional clauses. These uses are explained [[#Conditionals|here]].<br />
<br />
===Verbal prefixes===<br />
Verbs can have up to two derivational prefixes. There are two types of prefixes: stressed prefixes, which are separable, and unstressed prefixes, which always remain attached to the root. A verb may have at most one prefix of either type, and when both are present, the stressed one comes first. Most are very productive and also very vague semantically.<br />
<br />
*Stressed prefixes:<br />
**''aus-'': this one generally marks the end of an action or a state.<br />
***''mogg'' "be allowed to" -> ''ausmogg'' "forbid"<br />
***''gygē'' "beard" -> ''ausgyg'' "shave" ("end the state of having a beard")<br />
**''ferr-'': this one usually creates a causative verb.<br />
***''dwyn'' "disappear" -> ''ferrdwyn'' "remove"<br />
***''sgill'' "be different" -> ''ferrsgill'' "distinguish"<br />
**''inn-'': this one generally indicates being or going inside, or the beginning of a state.<br />
***''heppt'' "have" -> ''innhyf'' "contain" ("have inside")<br />
***''vúr'' "bring" -> ''innvúr'' "bring in"<br />
***''slap'' "sleep" -> ''innslap'' "fall asleep"<br />
**''oss-'': this one usually marks either a causative verbs or the beginning of a state.<br />
***''lag'' "laugh" -> ''osslag'' "be ridiculous, make someone laugh"<br />
***''rʉtig'' "rotten" -> ''ossrʉt'' "rot"<br />
**''yt-'': this one is no longer productive and its meaning is not yet well understood.<br />
***''pratt'' "speak" -> ''ytpratt'' "pronounce"<br />
*Unstressed prefixes:<br />
**''bi-'': this one is very productive and can form verbs from any other word.<br />
***''kopp'' "buy" -> ''bikopp'' "sell"<br />
***''irrig'' "annoying" -> ''biirr'' "annoy"<br />
***''kis'' "choose" -> ''bikis'' "vote"<br />
***''straf'' "punishment" -> ''bistraf'' "punish"<br />
***''siff'' "number" -> ''bisiff'' "calculate"<br />
**''her-'': this one indicates a repetition.<br />
***''tú'' "do" -> ''hertú'' "repeat"<br />
***''wet'' "know" -> ''herwet'' "remember"<br />
<br />
====Conjugation of prefixed verbs====<br />
Verbs derived from other verbs are conjugated the same as their base verbs. The only exceptions to this rule are the verbs derived from ''iss'' and ''heppt'', which become ''zyt'' and ''hyf'' respectively when a prefix is added. Both are then conjugated like weak verbs.<br />
<br />
Verbs derived from other parts of speech are almost always weak, except if the base word has y as its stem vowel, in which case it is strong. Thus ''ossrʉt'' is weak while ''ausgyg'' is strong.<br />
<br />
====Separation====<br />
As mentioned, the stressed prefixes can be separated from the root. This happens in the main clause, whereas the prefix remains attached in subordinate clauses.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi pratti miess nam fautlyk yt.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.SUBJ speak-PST 1SG.POSS name wrong-ADV YT<br />
| translation = He pronounced my name wrongly.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig bizaggti oss emm dass hi miess nam fautlyk ytpratti.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ tell.PST to 3SG.OBJ that 3SG.SUBJ 1SG.POSS name wrong-ADV YT-speak-PST<br />
| translation = I told him that he pronounced my name wrongly.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Nouns distinguish two numbers and are otherwise uninflected. A few ancient case forms survive in fixed expressions, all of them preceded by the preposition ''oss''.<br />
<br />
===Pluralisation===<br />
Most nouns form their plural by adding -s. If the noun ends in a short vowel, the plural suffix is a long -ss.<br />
<br />
*''vogg'' "bird" > ''voggs'' "birds"<br />
*''mann'' "man" > ''manns'' "men"<br />
*''fingrī'' "finger" > ''fingriss'' "fingers"<br />
<br />
A few nouns feature an irregular vowel change in the plural.<br />
<br />
*''ze'' "sea" > ''zyess'' "seas"<br />
*''sten'' "stone" > ''styness'' "stones"<br />
*''ry'' "row" > ''ryess'' "rows"<br />
*''kennī'' "dog" > ''kenniss'' "dogs"<br />
<br />
The nouns which end in -s in the singular are all irregular. Three of them have a plural in -issē.<br />
<br />
*''haus'' "house" > ''hissē'' "houses"<br />
*''maus'' "mouse" > ''missē'' "mice"<br />
*''voss'' "fox" > ''vissē'' "foxes"<br />
<br />
The remaining native nouns ending in -s, as well as some thirty other irregular nouns, have plurals in -er.<br />
<br />
*''fiss'' "fish" > ''fisser'' "fish"<br />
*''bom'' "tree" > ''bomer'' "trees"<br />
<br />
Nouns which end in -er in the singular have identical singular and plural forms.<br />
<br />
*''jaggter'' "hunter" > ''jaggter'' "hunters"<br />
<br />
===Nominalising suffixes===<br />
The main nominalising suffixes are:<br />
<br />
*''-ē'': an all-purpose noun suffix. Among the functions it can have are:<br />
**Forming a noun meaning "person/thing with quality X" from an adjective: ''stirg'' "strong" -> ''a stirgē'' "a strong person", ''lykig'' "similar" -> ''a lykigē'' "something similar"<br />
**Forming various kinds of associated nouns from various other parts of speech: ''knirr'' "cut with scissors" -> ''knirrē'' "scissors"<br />
**Forming diminutives, often with highly idiomatic meanings and frequently accompanied by a vowel change: ''vogg'' "bird" -> ''vʉggē'' "feather"<br />
**For many nouns ending in -ē, this ending has no meaning at all: ''atjē'' "bridge", ''hillvē'' "hill"<br />
*''-hyt'': an abstract noun suffix, usually but not always added to adjectives to form a nouns referring a state:<br />
**''bly'' "happy" -> ''blyhyt'' "happiness"<br />
**''brútē'' "brother" -> ''brúthyt'' "family"<br />
*''-ing'': an abstract noun suffix which is usually added to verbs:<br />
**''kis'' "choose" -> ''kising'' "choice"<br />
**''kopp'' "buy" -> ''kopping'' "trade"<br />
*''-er'': forms a noun referring to either the person doing something or the instrument used for it<br />
**''jaggt'' "hunt" -> ''jaggter'' "hunter"<br />
**''sgit'' "shoot" -> ''sgiter'' "gun"<br />
*''-ness'': technically not a single suffix but a pluralised nominalised participle. It forms collective nouns.<br />
**''won'' "live, dwell" -> ''wonness'' "population"<br />
**''burr'' "happen" -> ''giburrtness'' "history"<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
Adjectives are placed before the nouns they modify.<br />
<br />
===Formation===<br />
With a few exceptions, all adjectives end in the highly productive adjectivising suffix -ig. Adjectives derived from place names and names of ethnic groups end in -iess instead, and a closed class of native adjectives has no suffix at all.<br />
<br />
A sizeable group of adjectives look like past participles, but are not derived from any actually existing verb. For example, ''ausgioggt(nē)'' "neutral" looks like it is the past participle of ''*ausogg'', but no such verb actually exists.<br />
<br />
===Inflection===<br />
Adjectives are inflected for three degrees of comparison. The positive is unmarked. The comparative and superlative are marked with the suffixes -err and -iss respectively, which become -terr and -tiss after vowels.<br />
<br />
*''klyn'' "small" > ''klynerr'' "smaller" > ''klyniss'' "smallest"<br />
*''mojj'' "beautiful" > ''mojjerr'' "more beautiful" > ''mojjiss'' "most beautiful"<br />
*''kra'' "big" > ''kraterr'' "bigger" > ''kratiss'' "biggest"<br />
<br />
There are three irregular adjectives.<br />
<br />
*''gut'' "good" > ''byterr'' "better" > ''bisst'' "best"<br />
*''fill'' "much/many" > ''mirr'' "more" > ''filless'' "most"<br />
*''ferr'' "far" > ''ferrtē'' "further" > ''firrst'' "furthest"<br />
<br />
Adverbs can be derived from adjectives using the suffix -lyk. Most adjectives not ending in -ig can be used as adverbs without first adding -lyk.<br />
<br />
Participial adjectives, as well as ''wyg'' "few, little", have separate attributive and predicative forms. When used attributively, the end in -nē, while they have no ending when used predicatively. The citation form of these adjectives is the predicative from.<br />
<br />
===Comparison===<br />
In the formal standard language, comparisons of equality are expressed by ''ef ... solls''. However, in informal language, ''solls'' in this expression is often replaced by ''oss''.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē bom iss ef kra solls dē haus.<br />
| gloss = DEF tree be equally big as DEF house<br />
| translation = The tree is as tall as the house<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Comparisons of inequality always use ''oss''.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig iss auterr oss emm.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ be old-COMP than 3SG.OBJ<br />
| translation = I am older than him.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē missē iss minnig snell oss dē katt.<br />
| gloss = DEF mouse.PL be less fast than DEF cat<br />
| translation = The mice are not as fast as the cat.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
===Personal and possessive pronouns===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! colspan="2" | <br />
! Subject<br />
! Object<br />
! Possessive<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1sg<br />
| ig<br />
| mi<br />
| miess<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 2sg<br />
| ji /jɪ/<br />
| ji /jɪ/<br />
| jiess<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | 3sg<br />
! Masculine<br />
| hi<br />
| emm, zigg<br />
| hiess<br />
|-<br />
! Feminine<br />
| zē<br />
| zy, zigg<br />
| zess<br />
|-<br />
! Neuter<br />
| dē<br />
| dē, zigg<br />
| dess<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1pl<br />
| wi<br />
| oss<br />
| oss<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 2pl<br />
| jis<br />
| jis<br />
| jisiss<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 3pl<br />
! Human<br />
| zess<br />
| hʉn, zess, zy<br />
| hʉness, zess<br />
|-<br />
! Non-human<br />
| zess<br />
| zess, zy<br />
| zess<br />
|}<br />
''Zigg'' and ''zy'' are singular and plural reflexive pronouns respectively. ''Hʉn'' and ''hʉness'' are mainly used for emphasis, and tend to be replaced by ''zess'' in other contexts.<br />
<br />
The gender distinction in the third person singular is based purely on natural gender. Children and animals of unknown gender may be referred to by ''dē'', but for teenagers and adults of unknown gender it is more common to use ''hi'' as a gender-neutral pronoun.<br />
<br />
===Relative pronouns===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Without preposition<br />
! With preposition<br />
|-<br />
! Person<br />
| colspan="2" | wē<br />
|-<br />
! Thing<br />
| dē<br />
| dy<br />
|-<br />
! Several things<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | dy<br />
|-<br />
! Sentence<br />
|-<br />
! "that which"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Other pronouns===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Which<br />
! This<br />
! That<br />
! All<br />
! Some<br />
! None<br />
|-<br />
! Determiner<br />
| willg<br />
| rowspan="2" | ditt, dē<br />
| rowspan="2" | di, dē<br />
| all, anē<br />
| somm, imig, itig<br />
| gyn<br />
|-<br />
! Thing<br />
| wass<br />
| all, alltingiss<br />
| itiss<br />
| nikktitiss, nytitiss, nitiss<br />
|-<br />
! Person<br />
| wi<br />
| colspan="2" | hi, zē, zess<br />
| anmann, all<br />
| imann, imē<br />
| nimē, nytimē<br />
|-<br />
! Place<br />
| warr<br />
| hirr<br />
| dirr<br />
| oss allpē<br />
| irgiss<br />
| nytirgiss, nirgiss<br />
|-<br />
! Time<br />
| wann<br />
| nu<br />
| tann<br />
| alltyt<br />
| oss ojjē<br />
| nauter<br />
|-<br />
! Reason<br />
| werrmē<br />
| colspan="2" | darross, derrmē<br />
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD" | <br />
|-<br />
! Manner<br />
| hu, hulyk<br />
| colspan="2" | zoss, solls dē<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Ditt'' and ''di'' are used less often than "this" and "that" in English.<br />
<br />
The determiners ''all'' and ''somm'' cannot be followed by a singular countable noun; they have to be followed by either a plural noun or an uncountable one. ''Anē'', ''imig'' and ''itig'' on the other hand can only be followed by a singular noun. ''Imig'' is only used before nouns referring to people, whereas ''itig'' is only used before other nouns.<br />
<br />
''Alltingiss'' is an emphatic variant of ''all'' in the sense of "everything".<br />
<br />
''All'' in the sense of "everyone" is dialectal and tends to be avoided in formal speech and writing.<br />
<br />
The short forms ''nitiss'' and ''nirgiss'' of the negative pronouns are colloquial, and in many situations the full forms are preferred. By contrast, the short form ''nimē'' is generally preferred to the somewhat archaic ''nytimē''.<br />
<br />
''solls dē'' generally refers to something more concrete than ''zoss''.<br />
<br />
==Numerals==<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! x<br />
! 10x<br />
! Ordinal<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| a<br />
| tinn<br />
| astē, atiss<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| to<br />
| totē<br />
| tostē<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| tri<br />
| tritē<br />
| tristē<br />
|-<br />
! 4<br />
| forr<br />
| forrtē<br />
| forrstē<br />
|-<br />
! 5<br />
| vy<br />
| vytē<br />
| vystē<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
| zett<br />
| zetttē<br />
| zettstē<br />
|-<br />
! 7<br />
| safē<br />
| saftē<br />
| safstē<br />
|-<br />
! 8<br />
| ottjo<br />
| otttē<br />
| ottstē<br />
|-<br />
! 9<br />
| nippē<br />
| nipptē<br />
| nippstē<br />
|-<br />
! 10<br />
| tinn<br />
| horrt<br />
| tinnstē<br />
|}<br />
Words for higher numbers are ''dass'' "thousand" and ''millē'' "million".<br />
<br />
Numbers from 11-99 are expressed as units-tens. Multiples of hundred and thousand are expressed as compounds, but ''millē'' behaves as a noun and needs to be pluralised when making multiples of it. Numbers above 100 are formed by placing the parts of it after each other, starting with the largest number.<br />
<br />
*''toforrtē'' 42<br />
*''horrt atotē'' 121<br />
*''nippēdass nippēhorrt nippēnipptē'' 9999<br />
*''to milless'' 2,000,000<br />
*''zetttinn milless vyhorrtnippētinndass trihorrt safēnipptē'' 16,519,397<br />
<br />
Ordinals are formed by adding -stē to the last part: ''forrhorrt tonipptēstē'' "492nd".<br />
<br />
Non-final ē in numerals is usually pronounced as /ə/.<br />
<br />
==Compounding==<br />
Compounds can be made freely and are always head-last. There are several types:<br />
* Noun-noun:<br />
** ''bʉk'' "book" + ''haus'' "house" -> ''bʉkhaus'' "library"<br />
* Verb-noun:<br />
** ''slap'' "to sleep" + ''kammerr'' "room" -> ''slapkammerr'' "bedroom"<br />
Adjective-noun compounds can be used when the adjective describes a typical quality.<br />
<br />
Either part of a compound can in itself also be a compound, thus a compound can theoretically be infinitely long. Long compounds do however have some complications:<br />
* Noun-noun-noun compounds can be slightly ambiguous as to whether it's compound-noun or noun-compound. They can sometimes be disambiguated by context or meaning, but sometimes a workaround is needed.<br />
* In an adjective-noun-noun compound, the adjective refers to the first noun only, whereas when the adjective is used as a separate word, it refers to the entire compound.<br />
<br />
==Word order==<br />
===Sentence===<br />
Bearlandic normally has SVO and V2 word order, but questions have a VSO order. Any constituent can be placed in front of the verb to add emphasis, but because of the V2 word order, the subject will have to be moved to directly after the verb.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss a sgiter.<br />
| gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit with a gun<br />
| translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit with a gun.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Oss a sgiter sgit dē jaggter dē konin.<br />
| gloss = With a gun shoot the hunter the rabbit.<br />
| translation = With a gun, the hunter shoots the rabbit.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The object is usually not fronted; instead the passive is usually used. However, since pronouns distinguish between subject and object forms, if either the subject or the object (or both) is a pronoun, an OVS construction will be used.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē konin vort oss dē jaggter gisgit.<br />
| gloss = The rabbit become by the hunter PERF-shoot-PERF.<br />
| translation = The rabbit is shot by the hunter with a gun.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē konin sgit ig.<br />
| gloss = The rabbit shoot I.<br />
| translation = The rabbit I shoot.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
Within the noun phrase the word order is determiner - number - adjective(s) - noun - modifying phrase, where the modifying phrase may be either a relative clause or a prepositional phrase. A single noun phrase may contain several adjectives, though all other elements can appear only once.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = dē tri klyn witt hissē inn dē tarrp<br />
| gloss = the three small white house.PL in the village<br />
| translation = the three small white houses in the village<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Complex sentences==<br />
===Subordinate clauses===<br />
Subordinate clauses always begin with a subordinating word, which, depending on the type of clause, is either a conjunction or a relative pronoun, and can be preceded by a preposition. Just like modal verbs, subordinate clauses distinguish between definite, uncertain and optative moods.<br />
<br />
====Complement clauses====<br />
Complement clauses begin with the conjunction ''dass'', which becomes ''dy'' after prepositions. Unlike in English, the conjunction cannot be left out. Usually the definite mood is used in complement clauses.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig wet dass hi a yzēpart hypē.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ know that 3SG.M.SUBJ INDEF car have.INF<br />
| translation = I know (that) he has a car.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig iss zykrig oss dy ji dē wytē.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ be certain PREP that 2SG 3SG.N know.INF<br />
| translation = I am certain that you know that.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Indirect questions====<br />
Indirect yes-no questions are introduced by ''oss dy''.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig wet nikkt oss dy dē a prʉlē zyt.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ know not PREP that 3SG.N INDEF problem be.DEF<br />
| translation = I don't know if that's a problem.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Indirect open questions can be formed in two ways:<br />
* ''oss dy'' + interrogative pronoun<br />
* interrogative pronoun + ''dy''<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi frigti oss mi warr dy dē pispott dē zyti.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.M.SUBJ ask.PST PREP 1SG.OBJ where that DEF toilet PT exist-PST<br />
| translation = He asked me where the toilet was.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Relative clauses====<br />
Relative clauses start with a [[#Relative pronouns|relative pronoun]]. The pronoun is followed by the subject of the clause (if it isn't the same as the antecedent), which in turn is followed by the verb.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē mann wē plʉkti dē fiss iss stoppig.<br />
| gloss = DEF man REL.HUM catch-PST DEF fish be stupid<br />
| translation = The man who caught the fish is stupid.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi heppt dē fiss dē hi plʉkti giotē.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.M.SUBJ have DEF fish REL.NHUM 3SG.M.SUBJ catch-PST eat.PERF<br />
| translation = He has eaten the fish he caught.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Since the position of the verb within a relative clause is determined by strict rules, so is the choice of the verb form. In the present tense, an ē-form is used if the verb is the last word in the clause, while otherwise the ordinary present is used.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig tú dy ig willē.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ do that.which 1SG.SUBJ want-INF<br />
| translation = I do what I want.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Conditional and causal clauses====<br />
Conditional and causal clauses both start with the conjunction ''oss'', but are distinguished from one another by the choice of moods.<br />
<br />
===Participial phrases===<br />
A participial phrase consists of the preposition ''oss'' and a participle and functions as a kind of temporal or adverbial clause. A subject may be specified, in which case it comes between ''oss'' and the participle. If no subject is specified, the subject of the participial phrase is taken to be the same as the sentence's subject.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Oss zangnē lopti wi nass haus.<br />
| gloss = PREP sing-PTC walk-PST 1PL.SUBJ to house<br />
| translation = While singing, we walked home.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Oss mi zangnē lopti wi nass haus.<br />
| gloss = PREP 1SG.OBJ sing-PTC walk-PST 1PL.SUBJ to house<br />
| translation = While I was singing, we walked home.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Participial phrases can also have objects and adverbial phrases, both of which follow the participle. Having multiple modifiers within a single participial phrase is considered awkward and is best avoided.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi zitti oss dirr oss lesnē a bʉk.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.SUBJ sit-PST PREP there PREP read-PTC INDEF book<br />
| translation = He sat there, reading a book.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Independent infinitives===<br />
Infinitives can be used as nouns. Just like participial phrases, independent infinitives can be followed by objects and adverbs, though they cannot have a subject.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ytē gʉmless iss gut oss dē zaning.<br />
| gloss = eat.INF fruit-PL be good for DEF health<br />
| translation = Eating fruit is good for your health.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Negation==<br />
Sentences are negated by means of a variety of negative words. The most basic negator is the adverb ''nikkt'' "not", which is usually placed after the object, or after the verb if there is no object.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi ziti dē mann nikkt.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.SUBJ see-PST DEF man not<br />
| translation = He didn't see the man.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Sentences with indefinite objects, however, are negated with ''gyn'' "no, none" instead.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Miess brútē lif gyn vyn.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.POSS brother like no wine<br />
| translation = My brother doesn't like wine.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
When a negative pronoun is used, no other negator has to be used.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig wet nikktitiss oss dē talllirring.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ know nothing about DEF linguistics.<br />
| translation = I know nothing about linguistics.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Questions==<br />
Yes-no questions are made by inverting the subject and the verb and raising the tone:<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Pratt ji dē Bʉrnlannts?<br />
| gloss = speak 2SG DEF Bearlandic<br />
| translation = Do you speak Bearlandic?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Interrogative pronouns are always placed at the beginning of the phrase:<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Wass tú ji?<br />
| gloss = what do 2SG<br />
| translation = What are you doing?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In questions, ''iss'', ''kuss'' and ''will'' usually appear in their optative forms ''yē'', ''kynē'' and ''wylē''. The latter two are used to make polite requests or offers.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Yē dē a maktall?<br />
| gloss = be.OPT 3SG.N INDEF conlang<br />
| translation = Is that a conlang?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Kynē ji mi hellfē?<br />
| gloss = can.OPT 2SG 1SG.OBJ help-INF<br />
| translation = Could you help me?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Wylē ji itiss oss ytē?<br />
| gloss = want.OPT 2SG something PREP eat-INF<br />
| translation = Would you like something to eat?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The particle ''nyē'' can be placed at the end of a sentence to form a tag question.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ji pratt gyn Kunyziess, nyē?<br />
| gloss = 2SG speak none Kunesian Q<br />
| translation = You don't speak Kunesian, do you?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==''Dē zyt''==<br />
The phrase ''dē zyt'' "there is, exist" behaves a bit oddly syntactically. The word ''dē'' is treated as the subject, while the thing that exists behaves as an object.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē zyt a haus.<br />
| gloss = PT exist a house.<br />
| translation = there is a house.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Mi zyt dē.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.OBJ exist PT<br />
| translation = I exist.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Samples==<br />
===The North Wind and the Sun===<br />
Dē Norrtwinnt enn dē Sonn wast toig oss dy wi stirgiss wast. Oss dē tythyt kimmti a lauf wē barrti a warrm klúk oss dē vegg, enn zess avirti oss dass hi wē oss atiss kussti bitúē dass dē lauf hiess klúk austúti solls dē stirgissē gisgaut zʉllti vortē. Tann blissti dē Norrtwinnt ef hart solls dē kussti, mar oss dē harterr blissti túti dē lauf hiess klúk byigerr oss, enn oss dē ynt ferrgifti dē dē pogging. Tann bisgynti dē Sonn hilliglyk warrm oss dess lygess, enn dellyk túti dē lauf hiess klúk aus enn wast dē Norrtwinnt ferrgimut oss bizeggē dass dē sonn dē stirgissē wast oss hʉn to.<br />
<br />
<br />
The North Wind and the Sun were disputing who was the strongest. At that moment, a traveller who wore a warm cloak came on the road, and they agreed that he who first could make the traveller take off his cloak would be considered the strongest. Then The North Wind blew as hard as it could, but the harder it blew the more closely the traveller wrapped the cloak around him, and at last it gave up the attempt. Then the Sun let its rays shine very warmly, and immediately the traveller took off his cloak and the North Wind was forced to admit that the Sun was the strongest of the two.<br />
<br />
===A bit of history===<br />
Oss dē a tingī zyti dē dē norrtig stattryks nikkt willti, wast dē ausgikrygt vortē oss dē Niwryk. Enn oss dē a tingī zytī dē dē Niwryk jagglyk willti, wast dē auskrygē dē norrtig stattryks. A kryg zʉllti kommē, mar wann?<br />
<br />
Wyl dē kryg dē nikkt zyti makti dē norrtig stattryks grautig bihellfighyts. Kra murs fisgynti oss dē nikktitiss allig oss dē lannt enn oss sgillig plikks virti wasssgillts gimakt oss stoppē dē fikess. Oss dē tyt virti dē bihellfighyts gibyterrt enn oss zellig virti dē auslanntig veggs ferrgisligt. Oss yntighyt virti dē auslannt a sorrtig dwalstatt. Oss snell tyt wast dē bynē nitkunnig oss finntē dē vegg tʉssig oss dē statts. Zell dē dirrig manns bidwalti, enn fann nu wast difer dē lytness oss dē auslannt.<br />
<br />
Dē statts makti oss zesszell aug bihellfighyts: dē graut vorrbylt oss dē iss dē statt Westēfúrt. Dirr virti oss atiss a fúrt gibaut oss sgilltē oss a dirrig lyter. Natig oss dē grúti a klyn statt ronnig oss dē fúrt enn darros virti niw murs gibaut. A mur virti nikkt oss nugig gidenkt, oss allig virti tri murs gibaut, enn tʉssig oss zess zyti dē wasssgillts enn fills.<br />
<br />
Wann dē krygness oss dē Niwryk kimmti zyti dē dass dē bihellfighyts dē nikkt oss nititiss zyti: zess virti ausgilslomt, enn dē fillē virti gidot oss dē difer enn dē pylsgiter oss dē murs. Mar dē zyti a kra prʉl oss dē follk: dē etgyving wast sammig oss dē veggs ferrgisligt. Darross zyti dē minnig oss minnig oss ytē, enn dē makti dē follk wyg. Dē verletigti dē winnē oss dē Niwryk.<br />
<br />
Ausgislomt virti dē stattryks ausgikrygt. Dē klyn tarrps wast dē letigess oss auskrygē, dʉs zess wast aug de astē oss vortē ausgikrygt. Oss dē nu hilliglyk gyn búrs oss mirr zyti wē dē statts kussti bivútē ginnti a haping inn zess. Wylig oss dē poggti dē Niwryk oss ausbrykē dē murs oss inngatē dē krygness inn dē statts. Nat tyt virti aug dē statts ausgikrygt. Oss ynt virti virti Kyrgeffstatt, dē latiss bizytnē stattryk, ausgikrygt.<br />
<br />
Dē hillig ylanntgrúp wast oss dē niwē agivirtē oss a kiksryk.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
If there was one thing that the northern city-states did not want, it was to be conquered by the New Kingdom. And if there was one thing that the New Kingdom ''did'' want, it was to conquer the northern city-states. A war was to come, but when?<br />
<br />
While the war hadn't started yet the northern city-states made impressive defenses. Great walls appeared all over the land and at several spots canals were dug to stop the enemies. Over time the defenses were improved and at the same time the roads got worse. Eventually the countryside literally became a labyrinth. Soon it had become nearly impossible to find a way between the cities. Even the local people got lost, and from now on bandits ruled the countryside.<br />
<br />
The cities themselves also made defenses. The great example of this is the city of Westēfúrt. A fortress wast built there to protect a local chief. Afterwards a small town arose around the fortress and new walls were built. One wall wasn't considered enough, in total three walls were built, and between them there were moats and traps.<br />
<br />
When the troops of the New Kingdom came it became clear that the defenses hadn't been completely useless: they were slowed down, and many were killed by the bandits and the archers on top of the walls. But the was one big problem for the people: the food supply had become worse together with the roads. Therefore there was increasingly less to eat, and that made the people weak. This made it easier to win for the New Kingdom.<br />
<br />
Slowly the city-states were conquered. The smaller villages were the easiest to conquer, so they were also the first ones to be conquered. As there were no farmers at all who could feed the cities a famine began. In the meantime the New Kingdom tried to destroy the walls to let their warriors go inside the cities. After a while the cities were conquered as well. At last Krygeffstatt, the last remaining city-state, was conquered.<br />
<br />
The whole archipelago was united in one kingdom again.<br />
<br />
===A random sentence===<br />
Dē fillgikentnē mann hermakti miess aut enn itig mojj bot nat dē pabrúr oss a stoppig mys dē oss pegging oss a aut zworrt zwart gisgat haptē.<br />
<br />
The well-known man repaired my old and quite beautiful boat after a stupid girl's uncle by accident had damaged it with an old black sword.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>
Dē Graut Bʉr
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Bearlandic&diff=104566
Bearlandic
2018-02-23T19:23:21Z
<p>Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Formation */</p>
<hr />
<div>Kimmig: a [[/Vocabulary|ellpossgirytnē]] enn a [[/Thematic dictionary|prattdúlig]] worrtliss.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|image = <br />
|imagesize = <br />
|name = Bearlandic<br />
|nativename = ''Bʉrnlannts''<br />
|pronunciation= /ˈbœːrnlɑnːts/<br />
|region = <br />
|states = <br />
|speakers = Approximately 20 million <br />
|date = 2653<br />
|familycolor=<br />
|family=Iropo-Antilonian languages<br />
* Berilonian languages<br />
** Western Berilonian languages<br />
*** '''Bearlandic'''<br />
|ancestor=Old Bearlandic<br />
|script=Berilonian alphabet, western style<br />
|agency=<br />
|iso1=<br />
|iso2=<br />
|iso3=<br />
|notice=IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Bearlandic (''Bʉrnlannts'', IPA: /ˈbœːrnlɑnːts/) is one of many languages of the planet which is called ''dē Virrolt'' in Bearlandic. The language belongs to the Berilonian language family, which in its turn is a branch of the Iropo-Antilonian language family.<br />
<br />
Spoken natively by approximately 20 million people, it is one of the most spoken Berilonian languages. It is also one of the major lingua francas of the world, so it also has millions of second-language speakers. Most speakers can pretend to speak [[Antilonian]] (another Berilonian language) as well, and many also know a few words in random other languages such as [[Kunesian]].<br />
<br />
"Coincidentally", it is very similar to real-world Germanic languages, in particular to Dutch, which happens to be the creator's native language. However, it is not a member of the Germanic language family, but is instead related to various languages which do not bear such similarities to real-world languages.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m /m/<br />
| <br />
| n /n/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ng /ŋ/<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p b /p b/<br />
| <br />
| t d /t d/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| k q /k kʷ/<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| <br />
| f v /f v/<br />
| s z /s z/<br />
| (ʃ)<br />
| (ç)<br />
| g /x ~ ɣ/<br />
| h /h/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| <br />
| w /ʋ/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| j /j/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Trill<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| r /r/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Lateral app.<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| l /l/<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
[ʃ] and [ç] are quite common as allophones of /s/ before stops and /x/ after /i/ respectively. This is however nonstandard and typically associated with lower classes.<br />
<br />
The velar fricative is often slightly fronted or palatalized in the standard dialect.<br />
<br />
All consonants except /b d ŋ kʷ v z h/ can be geminated.<br />
<br />
The velar fricative is pronounced /ɣ/ in onsets (except in the cluster /sx/) and /x/ in codas.<br />
<br />
Coda consonants may be voiced when the following syllable begins with a voiced consonant.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Front<br />
! Rounded<br />
! Back<br />
|-<br />
! High<br />
| i /ɪ iː/<br />
| u /ʏ yː/<br />
| ú /uː/<br />
|-<br />
! Mid<br />
| e /ɛ eː/<br />
| ʉ /œ œː/<br />
| o /ɔ oː/<br />
|-<br />
! Low<br />
| colspan="3" | a /ɑ aː/<br />
|}<br />
Short vowels are followed by long consonants and vice versa. Orthographically, vowel length is indicated by the doubling of the following consonant. Word-finally, short vowels are marked with a macron.<br />
<br />
There are two diphthongs: y, pronounced /ɛɪ̯/ and au, pronounced /aʊ̯/. Just like long vowels, they are always followed by a short consonant.<br />
<br />
In affixes, which are always unstressed, /iː/ is shortened to /i/.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
Bearlandic roots consist of one or two syllables and allow clusters of up to three consonants. Affixes usually consist of a single syllable (though a few consist of just a consonant) and never contain any consonant clusters.<br />
<br />
The following rules determine which onsets are possible:<br />
*S can be followed by any of p t g w n l.<br />
*An obstruent other than q s z h can be followed by r.<br />
*An obstruent other than q t d h can be followed by l.<br />
*T d z can be followed by w.<br />
*K can be followed by n.<br />
*Ng does not occur at the beginning of a syllable.<br />
<br />
To codas the following rules apply:<br />
*There is no phonemic voicing contrast, but instead all syllable-final obstruents are voiceless by default. However, they may be optionally voiced if the following syllable starts with a voiced consonant.<br />
*P t k s can be preceded by r l s or a homorganic nasal consonant.<br />
*H q do not occur at the end of a syllable.<br />
<br />
In general, disyllabic roots consist of a syllable which would be a valid monosyllabic root followed by a sequence of a vowel and a consonant or just a vowel. In native roots, the only such sequences that are known to occur are /ər ɛrː ɪrː ɔlː ol ɪmː ɪsː ɛ ɪ ʏ oː/, and of these, /ɪmː ʏ oː/ are all restricted to a single root. In addition to the possible syllable-final cluster, /tj/ is also a possible medial cluster in disyllabic roots.<br />
<br />
There is a slight tendency to shorten disyllabic roots to monosyllabic ones. Occasionally this has created two variants of a single root, as in ''valt'' "go for a walk" and its derived noun ''vantl-ing'' "walk".<br />
<br />
Some non-native or recently coined words break these rules. /tl/, which is realised as [tɬ] by most speakers, is a particularly common cluster in non-inherited vocabulary.<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
===Conjugation===<br />
====Weak verbs====<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! "walk"<br />
! "shoot"<br />
! "improve"<br />
! "need"<br />
! "leave"<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| lop<br />
| sgit<br />
| byterr<br />
| bi-húf<br />
| aus-dwyn, dwyn aus<br />
|-<br />
! Past<br />
| lop-ti<br />
| sgit-<font color="red">i</font><br />
| byterr-ti<br />
| bi-húf-ti<br />
| aus-dwyn-ti, dwyn-ti aus<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| gi-lop-t<br />
| gi-sgit-<font color="red">Ø</font><br />
| gi-byterr-t<br />
| <font color="red">bi</font>-húf-t<br />
| aus-gi-dwyn-t<br />
|-<br />
! Ē-form<br />
| lop-ē<br />
| sgit-ē<br />
| byt<font color="red">r</font>-ē<br />
| bi-hú<font color="red">v</font>-ē<br />
| aus-dwyn-ē<br />
|-<br />
! Present participle<br />
| lop-nē<br />
| sgit-nē<br />
| byt<font color="red">re</font>-nē<br />
| bi-húf-nē<br />
| aus-dw<font color="red">in</font>-nē<br />
|-<br />
! Past participle<br />
| gi-lop-t-nē<br />
| gi-sgit-<font color="red">Ø</font>-nē<br />
| gi-byterr-t-nē<br />
| <font color="red">bi</font>-húf-t-nē<br />
| aus-gi-dwyn-t-nē<br />
|}<br />
There are a few minor irregularities (marked in red in the table above) which are all fully predictable:<br />
* Verbs ending in -t don't add an extra t in the past and perfect forms.<br />
* Verbs ending in -n do add an extra n in the present participle, causing the preceding vowel to become short. If this vowel is y, it becomes i. If the verb already has a short vowel, the participle is written with three consecutive n's, but there is no change in pronunciation.<br />
* Verbs with a disyllabic root drop the second vowel in the ē-form and the present participle. In the latter form, this would result in an unpronounceable consonant cluster which is broken up by an /ə/ directly before the ending.<br />
* If the stem ends in a short f or s, this final fricative becomes voiced in the ē-form.<br />
* Verbs beginning with an unstressed prefix don't add an extra prefix in the perfect forms.<br />
* Verbs beginning with a stressed prefix are separable. Depending on the context, the prefix may be separated from the stem in the present and past tenses, and in the perfect, the gi- prefix comes between the separable prefix and the stem.<br />
<br />
The ē-form is used for several unrelated purposes and may be thought of as a variant present form.<br />
<br />
====Strong verbs====<br />
Strong verbs are conjugated just like weak verbs, but additionally feature some vowel changes. These vowel changes can be summarised like this.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! Present<br />
! Past<br />
! Perfect<br />
|-<br />
| a<br />
| i<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
| a<br />
| i<br />
| short i<br />
|-<br />
| e<br />
| a<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
| e<br />
| a<br />
| short i<br />
|-<br />
| i<br />
| a<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
| o<br />
| i<br />
| short i<br />
|-<br />
| y<br />
| i<br />
| short i<br />
|}<br />
The ē-form of strong verbs always has either an y or a short i, depending on the length of the stem vowel. There are three verbs whose ē-form seemingly has the wrong vowel, namely ''zegg'' "say", whose ē-form is ''zygē'', ''stass'' "stand", whose ē-form may be either ''stissē'' or ''styzē'', and ''slap'' "sleep", whose ē-form ''slapē'' retains the stem vowel of the present tense.<br />
<br />
Some examples:<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! "carry"<br />
! "stand"<br />
! "weigh"<br />
! "read"<br />
! "win"<br />
! "come"<br />
! "write"<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| barr<br />
| stass<br />
| veg<br />
| les<br />
| winn<br />
| komm<br />
| sgryf<br />
|-<br />
! Past<br />
| birrti<br />
| stissti<br />
| vagti<br />
| lasti<br />
| wannti<br />
| kimmti<br />
| sgrifti<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| giborrt<br />
| gistisst<br />
| givogt<br />
| gilisst<br />
| giwonnt<br />
| gikimmt<br />
| gisgrifft<br />
|-<br />
! Ē-form<br />
| birrē<br />
| stissē/styzē<br />
| vygē<br />
| lyzē<br />
| winnē<br />
| kimmē<br />
| sgryvē<br />
|-<br />
! Present participle<br />
| barrnē<br />
| stassnē<br />
| vegnē<br />
| lesnē<br />
| winnnē<br />
| kommnē<br />
| sgryfnē<br />
|-<br />
! Past participle<br />
| giborrtnē<br />
| gistisstnē<br />
| givogtnē<br />
| gilisstnē<br />
| giwonntnē<br />
| gikimmtnē<br />
| gisgrifftnē<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Irregular verbs====<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
!<br />
! "be"<br />
! "have"<br />
! "go"<br />
! "give"<br />
! "eat"<br />
! "know"<br />
! "become"<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| iss<br />
| heppt<br />
| ga<br />
| gef<br />
| et<br />
| wet<br />
| vort<br />
|-<br />
! Past<br />
| wast<br />
| haptē<br />
| gigti<br />
| giffti<br />
| ati<br />
| wati<br />
| virti<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| giasst<br />
| gihapt<br />
| gigisst<br />
| gigifft<br />
| giotē<br />
| giwotē<br />
| givirtē<br />
|-<br />
! Ē-form<br />
| yē, zyt<br />
| hypē<br />
| gatē<br />
| gyvē<br />
| ytē<br />
| wytē<br />
| vortē<br />
|-<br />
! Present participle<br />
| zytnē<br />
| hepptnē<br />
| gatnē<br />
| gefnē<br />
| etnē<br />
| wetnē<br />
| vortnē<br />
|-<br />
! Past participle<br />
| wastnē<br />
| gihaptnē<br />
| gigisstnē<br />
| gigifftnē<br />
| giotnē<br />
| giwotnē<br />
| givirtnē<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Iss'' has two distinct forms corresponding to the ē-forms of all other verbs. ''Yē'' is used as an infinitive, whereas ''zyt'' is used in subordinate clauses.<br />
<br />
===Tenses===<br />
Bearlandic has two simple tenses, two perfect tenses and two future tenses.<br />
<br />
====Formation====<br />
The formation of the present and the simple past is described above. The remaining four tenses are all formed periphrastically.<br />
<br />
The perfect tenses are formed using the perfect form and an auxiliary, which depending on the verb can be either ''heppt'' or ''iss''. As a general rule, intransitive verbs use ''iss'', whereas transitive and impersonal verbs all use ''heppt''. The present perfect uses the present of the auxiliary, while the past perfect uses the past.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''heppt''' a appoll '''giotē'''.''<br><br />
I '''have eaten''' an apple.<br />
<br />
''Dē mann '''iss gilopt'''.''<br><br />
The man '''has walked'''.<br />
<br />
''Dē '''heppt gisniwwt'''.''<br><br />
It '''has snowed'''.<br />
<br />
Modal verbs take the same auxiliary as the main verb. The modal is put in the perfect form, while the main verb is put in the ē-form and preceded by ''oss''.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''heppt gikusst''' oss ytē.''<br><br />
I '''have been able''' to eat.<br />
<br />
''Dē mann '''iss gikusst''' oss lopē.''<br><br />
The man '''has been able''' to walk.<br />
<br />
The prase ''dē zyt'' "there is" becomes ''dē zyt giasst'' in the present perfect.<br />
<br />
''Dē '''zyt''' a pegging '''giasst'''.''<br><br />
There '''has been''' an accident.<br />
<br />
The verb ''zʉll'' and its past form ''zʉllti'' are used to form the future and the future past respectively. These are both followed by the ē-form.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''zʉll ytē'''.''<br><br />
I '''will eat'''.<br />
<br />
''Anymann '''zʉllti''' bly '''yē'''.''<br><br />
''Everyone '''would be''' happy.''<br />
<br />
====Usage====<br />
<br />
===The passive===<br />
The passive is formed with the verb ''vort'' and the perfect form.<br />
<br />
''Dē appoll '''vort giotē'''.''<br><br />
''The apple '''is eaten'''.<br />
<br />
In the perfect tenses, the perfect form of ''vort'' is optional and may be left out.<br />
<br />
''Miess ferrpratter '''iss gidift (givirtē)'''.<br><br />
''My phone '''has been stolen'''.<br />
<br />
===Modality===<br />
Modality is expressed using a variety of modal auxiliary verbs. The main ones are basic auxiliaries ''kuss'' "can", ''mut'' "must", ''will'' "want", ''mogg'' "may", as well as ''tyē, yē, hyē, wylē'' and ''kynē'', which are remnants of old optative forms of ''tú'' "do", ''iss'' "be", ''heppt'' "have", ''will'' and ''kuss'' respectively.<br />
<br />
After the basic auxiliaries one can choose between two possible constructions: SVOV using an ē-form and SVVO using the base form. These two constructions differ slightly in meaning in some contexts and are known as the "definite" and "uncertain" mood respectively. An optative may only be followed by an ē-form when used as an auxiliary. Thus one may say:<br />
<br />
* ''Ig kuss dē túē.'' (definite)<br />
* ''Ig kuss tú dē.'' (uncertain)<br />
* ''Ig kynē dē túē.'' (optative)<br />
<br />
The choice between these forms is a complicated matter and varies considerably between dialects and even between different speakers of the same dialect. Some guidelines are presented below, but the reader should bear in mind that the actual usage is considerably more complicated than can be shown here.<br />
<br />
====''Kuss''====<br />
''Kuss'' indicates an ability or a possibility. In affirmative sentences, it normally takes the definite mood.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''kuss''' dē Bʉrnlannts '''prattē'''.''<br><br />
I '''can speak''' Bearlandic.<br />
<br />
In negative sentences, the definite mood indicates a "stronger" impossibility that the uncertain mood.<br />
<br />
''Hissē '''kuss nikkt flikē'''.''<br><br />
Houses '''cannot fly'''.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''kuss nikkt les''' oss dē tē dorrk zyt.<br><br />
I '''can't read''' because it's too dark.<br />
<br />
====''Mut''====<br />
Just like ''kuss'', ''mut'' usually takes the definite mood in affirmative sentences.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''mut''' oss itē '''slapē'''.''<br><br />
I '''should get''' some '''sleep'''.<br />
<br />
In negative sentences, the definite mood indicates something which is disrecommendable, while the uncertain mood indicates something which is possible but not necessary.<br />
<br />
''Man '''mut gyn''' rʉtig gʉmless '''ytē'''.<br><br />
You '''shouldn't eat''' rotten fruit.<br />
<br />
====''Will''====<br />
With ''will'', the definite mood implies determination or immediacy, whereas the uncertain mood may imply hesitation or hindrance.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''will pratt''' oss emm, mar hi bigryf miess spraking nikkt.''<br><br />
I '''want to talk''' to him, but he doesn't understand my dialect.<br />
<br />
====''Mogg''====<br />
''Mogg'' usually indicates permission, but occasionally it may indicate a possibility instead. In affirmative sentences it usually takes the uncertain mood.<br />
<br />
In negative sentences, it indicates something which is forbidden and typically takes the definite mood.<br />
<br />
====The optative====<br />
As mentioned above, there exist five synthetic optatives. All other optatives are made by using one of these as an auxiliary verb. Note that although ''wylē'' derives from the ancient optative of ''will'', it functions as a separate verb in modern Bearlandic rather than as a form of "want".<br />
<br />
The optative can be used in several ways, two of which will be discussed in this section. Firstly, it may be used to express a wish. In this case, the optative verb comes at the beginning of the sentence, and ''tyē'' is used when the subject can control the action, whereas ''wylē'' is used when it can't.<br />
<br />
'''''Yē''' hi oss hirr!''<br><br />
'''If only''' he '''were''' here!<br />
<br />
'''''Tyē''' hi '''ytē'''!''<br><br />
'''May''' he '''eat'''!<br />
<br />
'''''Wylē''' dē zoll '''sgynē'''!''<br><br />
'''May''' the sun '''shine'''!<br />
<br />
The optative may also be used to express a possibility. In this case, the normal word order (SVOV) is used and the auxiliary verb is ''kynē''.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''yē''' túpig.''<br><br />
I '''may be''' mad.<br />
<br />
''Ig '''kynē''' dē '''túē'''.''<br><br />
I '''could do''' that.<br />
<br />
The optative also appears in certain conditional clauses. These uses are explained [[#Conditionals|here]].<br />
<br />
===Verbal prefixes===<br />
Verbs can have up to two derivational prefixes. There are two types of prefixes: stressed prefixes, which are separable, and unstressed prefixes, which always remain attached to the root. A verb may have at most one prefix of either type, and when both are present, the stressed one comes first. Most are very productive and also very vague semantically.<br />
<br />
*Stressed prefixes:<br />
**''aus-'': this one generally marks the end of an action or a state.<br />
***''mogg'' "be allowed to" -> ''ausmogg'' "forbid"<br />
***''gygē'' "beard" -> ''ausgyg'' "shave" ("end the state of having a beard")<br />
**''ferr-'': this one usually creates a causative verb.<br />
***''dwyn'' "disappear" -> ''ferrdwyn'' "remove"<br />
***''sgill'' "be different" -> ''ferrsgill'' "distinguish"<br />
**''inn-'': this one generally indicates being or going inside, or the beginning of a state.<br />
***''heppt'' "have" -> ''innhyf'' "contain" ("have inside")<br />
***''vúr'' "bring" -> ''innvúr'' "bring in"<br />
***''slap'' "sleep" -> ''innslap'' "fall asleep"<br />
**''oss-'': this one usually marks either a causative verbs or the beginning of a state.<br />
***''lag'' "laugh" -> ''osslag'' "be ridiculous, make someone laugh"<br />
***''rʉtig'' "rotten" -> ''ossrʉt'' "rot"<br />
**''yt-'': this one is no longer productive and its meaning is not yet well understood.<br />
***''pratt'' "speak" -> ''ytpratt'' "pronounce"<br />
*Unstressed prefixes:<br />
**''bi-'': this one is very productive and can form verbs from any other word.<br />
***''kopp'' "buy" -> ''bikopp'' "sell"<br />
***''irrig'' "annoying" -> ''biirr'' "annoy"<br />
***''kis'' "choose" -> ''bikis'' "vote"<br />
***''straf'' "punishment" -> ''bistraf'' "punish"<br />
***''siff'' "number" -> ''bisiff'' "calculate"<br />
**''her-'': this one indicates a repetition.<br />
***''tú'' "do" -> ''hertú'' "repeat"<br />
***''wet'' "know" -> ''herwet'' "remember"<br />
<br />
====Conjugation of prefixed verbs====<br />
Verbs derived from other verbs are conjugated the same as their base verbs. The only exceptions to this rule are the verbs derived from ''iss'' and ''heppt'', which become ''zyt'' and ''hyf'' respectively when a prefix is added. Both are then conjugated like weak verbs.<br />
<br />
Verbs derived from other parts of speech are almost always weak, except if the base word has y as its stem vowel, in which case it is strong. Thus ''ossrʉt'' is weak while ''ausgyg'' is strong.<br />
<br />
====Separation====<br />
As mentioned, the stressed prefixes can be separated from the root. This happens in the main clause, whereas the prefix remains attached in subordinate clauses.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi pratti miess nam fautlyk yt.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.SUBJ speak-PST 1SG.POSS name wrong-ADV YT<br />
| translation = He pronounced my name wrongly.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig bizaggti oss emm dass hi miess nam fautlyk ytpratti.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ tell.PST to 3SG.OBJ that 3SG.SUBJ 1SG.POSS name wrong-ADV YT-speak-PST<br />
| translation = I told him that he pronounced my name wrongly.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Nouns distinguish two numbers and are otherwise uninflected. A few ancient case forms survive in fixed expressions, all of them preceded by the preposition ''oss''.<br />
<br />
===Pluralisation===<br />
Most nouns form their plural by adding -s. If the noun ends in a short vowel, the plural suffix is a long -ss.<br />
<br />
*''vogg'' "bird" > ''voggs'' "birds"<br />
*''mann'' "man" > ''manns'' "men"<br />
*''fingrī'' "finger" > ''fingriss'' "fingers"<br />
<br />
A few nouns feature an irregular vowel change in the plural.<br />
<br />
*''ze'' "sea" > ''zyess'' "seas"<br />
*''sten'' "stone" > ''styness'' "stones"<br />
*''ry'' "row" > ''ryess'' "rows"<br />
*''kennī'' "dog" > ''kenniss'' "dogs"<br />
<br />
The nouns which end in -s in the singular are all irregular. Three of them have a plural in -issē.<br />
<br />
*''haus'' "house" > ''hissē'' "houses"<br />
*''maus'' "mouse" > ''missē'' "mice"<br />
*''voss'' "fox" > ''vissē'' "foxes"<br />
<br />
The remaining native nouns ending in -s, as well as some thirty other irregular nouns, have plurals in -er.<br />
<br />
*''fiss'' "fish" > ''fisser'' "fish"<br />
*''bom'' "tree" > ''bomer'' "trees"<br />
<br />
Nouns which end in -er in the singular have identical singular and plural forms.<br />
<br />
*''jaggter'' "hunter" > ''jaggter'' "hunters"<br />
<br />
===Nominalising suffixes===<br />
The main nominalising suffixes are:<br />
<br />
*''-ē'': an all-purpose noun suffix. Among the functions it can have are:<br />
**Forming a noun meaning "person/thing with quality X" from an adjective: ''stirg'' "strong" -> ''a stirgē'' "a strong person", ''lykig'' "similar" -> ''a lykigē'' "something similar"<br />
**Forming various kinds of associated nouns from various other parts of speech: ''knirr'' "cut with scissors" -> ''knirrē'' "scissors"<br />
**Forming diminutives, often with highly idiomatic meanings and frequently accompanied by a vowel change: ''vogg'' "bird" -> ''vʉggē'' "feather"<br />
**For many nouns ending in -ē, this ending has no meaning at all: ''atjē'' "bridge", ''hillvē'' "hill"<br />
*''-hyt'': an abstract noun suffix, usually but not always added to adjectives to form a nouns referring a state:<br />
**''bly'' "happy" -> ''blyhyt'' "happiness"<br />
**''brútē'' "brother" -> ''brúthyt'' "family"<br />
*''-ing'': an abstract noun suffix which is usually added to verbs:<br />
**''kis'' "choose" -> ''kising'' "choice"<br />
**''kopp'' "buy" -> ''kopping'' "trade"<br />
*''-er'': forms a noun referring to either the person doing something or the instrument used for it<br />
**''jaggt'' "hunt" -> ''jaggter'' "hunter"<br />
**''sgit'' "shoot" -> ''sgiter'' "gun"<br />
*''-ness'': technically not a single suffix but a pluralised nominalised participle. It forms collective nouns.<br />
**''won'' "live, dwell" -> ''wonness'' "population"<br />
**''burr'' "happen" -> ''giburrtness'' "history"<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
Adjectives are placed before the nouns they modify.<br />
<br />
===Formation===<br />
With a few exceptions, all adjectives end in the highly productive adjectivising suffix -ig. Adjectives derived from place names and names of ethnic groups end in -iess instead, and a closed class of native adjectives has no suffix at all.<br />
<br />
A sizeable group of adjectives look like past participles, but are not derived from any actually existing verb. For example, ''ausgioggt(nē)'' "neutral" looks like it is the past participle of ''*ausogg'', but no such verb actually exists.<br />
<br />
===Inflection===<br />
Adjectives are inflected for three degrees of comparison. The positive is unmarked. The comparative and superlative are marked with the suffixes -err and -iss respectively, which become -terr and -tiss after vowels.<br />
<br />
*''klyn'' "small" > ''klynerr'' "smaller" > ''klyniss'' "smallest"<br />
*''mojj'' "beautiful" > ''mojjerr'' "more beautiful" > ''mojjiss'' "most beautiful"<br />
*''kra'' "big" > ''kraterr'' "bigger" > ''kratiss'' "biggest"<br />
<br />
There are three irregular adjectives.<br />
<br />
*''gut'' "good" > ''byterr'' "better" > ''bisst'' "best"<br />
*''fill'' "much/many" > ''mirr'' "more" > ''filless'' "most"<br />
*''ferr'' "far" > ''ferrtē'' "further" > ''firrst'' "furthest"<br />
<br />
Adverbs can be derived from adjectives using the suffix -lyk. Most adjectives not ending in -ig can be used as adverbs without first adding -lyk.<br />
<br />
===Comparison===<br />
In the formal standard language, comparisons of equality are expressed by ''ef ... solls''. However, in informal language, ''solls'' in this expression is often replaced by ''oss''.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē bom iss ef kra solls dē haus.<br />
| gloss = DEF tree be equally big as DEF house<br />
| translation = The tree is as tall as the house<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Comparisons of inequality always use ''oss''.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig iss auterr oss emm.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ be old-COMP than 3SG.OBJ<br />
| translation = I am older than him.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē missē iss minnig snell oss dē katt.<br />
| gloss = DEF mouse.PL be less fast than DEF cat<br />
| translation = The mice are not as fast as the cat.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
===Personal and possessive pronouns===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! colspan="2" | <br />
! Subject<br />
! Object<br />
! Possessive<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1sg<br />
| ig<br />
| mi<br />
| miess<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 2sg<br />
| ji /jɪ/<br />
| ji /jɪ/<br />
| jiess<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | 3sg<br />
! Masculine<br />
| hi<br />
| emm, zigg<br />
| hiess<br />
|-<br />
! Feminine<br />
| zē<br />
| zy, zigg<br />
| zess<br />
|-<br />
! Neuter<br />
| dē<br />
| dē, zigg<br />
| dess<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 1pl<br />
| wi<br />
| oss<br />
| oss<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 2pl<br />
| jis<br />
| jis<br />
| jisiss<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 3pl<br />
! Human<br />
| zess<br />
| hʉn, zess, zy<br />
| hʉness, zess<br />
|-<br />
! Non-human<br />
| zess<br />
| zess, zy<br />
| zess<br />
|}<br />
''Zigg'' and ''zy'' are singular and plural reflexive pronouns respectively. ''Hʉn'' and ''hʉness'' are mainly used for emphasis, and tend to be replaced by ''zess'' in other contexts.<br />
<br />
The gender distinction in the third person singular is based purely on natural gender. Children and animals of unknown gender may be referred to by ''dē'', but for teenagers and adults of unknown gender it is more common to use ''hi'' as a gender-neutral pronoun.<br />
<br />
===Relative pronouns===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Without preposition<br />
! With preposition<br />
|-<br />
! Person<br />
| colspan="2" | wē<br />
|-<br />
! Thing<br />
| dē<br />
| dy<br />
|-<br />
! Several things<br />
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | dy<br />
|-<br />
! Sentence<br />
|-<br />
! "that which"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Other pronouns===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! Which<br />
! This<br />
! That<br />
! All<br />
! Some<br />
! None<br />
|-<br />
! Determiner<br />
| willg<br />
| rowspan="2" | ditt, dē<br />
| rowspan="2" | di, dē<br />
| all, anē<br />
| somm, imig, itig<br />
| gyn<br />
|-<br />
! Thing<br />
| wass<br />
| all, alltingiss<br />
| itiss<br />
| nikktitiss, nytitiss, nitiss<br />
|-<br />
! Person<br />
| wi<br />
| colspan="2" | hi, zē, zess<br />
| anmann, all<br />
| imann, imē<br />
| nimē, nytimē<br />
|-<br />
! Place<br />
| warr<br />
| hirr<br />
| dirr<br />
| oss allpē<br />
| irgiss<br />
| nytirgiss, nirgiss<br />
|-<br />
! Time<br />
| wann<br />
| nu<br />
| tann<br />
| alltyt<br />
| oss ojjē<br />
| nauter<br />
|-<br />
! Reason<br />
| werrmē<br />
| colspan="2" | darross, derrmē<br />
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD" | <br />
|-<br />
! Manner<br />
| hu, hulyk<br />
| colspan="2" | zoss, solls dē<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Ditt'' and ''di'' are used less often than "this" and "that" in English.<br />
<br />
The determiners ''all'' and ''somm'' cannot be followed by a singular countable noun; they have to be followed by either a plural noun or an uncountable one. ''Anē'', ''imig'' and ''itig'' on the other hand can only be followed by a singular noun. ''Imig'' is only used before nouns referring to people, whereas ''itig'' is only used before other nouns.<br />
<br />
''Alltingiss'' is an emphatic variant of ''all'' in the sense of "everything".<br />
<br />
''All'' in the sense of "everyone" is dialectal and tends to be avoided in formal speech and writing.<br />
<br />
The short forms ''nitiss'' and ''nirgiss'' of the negative pronouns are colloquial, and in many situations the full forms are preferred. By contrast, the short form ''nimē'' is generally preferred to the somewhat archaic ''nytimē''.<br />
<br />
''solls dē'' generally refers to something more concrete than ''zoss''.<br />
<br />
==Numerals==<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
! <br />
! x<br />
! 10x<br />
! Ordinal<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| a<br />
| tinn<br />
| astē, atiss<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| to<br />
| totē<br />
| tostē<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| tri<br />
| tritē<br />
| tristē<br />
|-<br />
! 4<br />
| forr<br />
| forrtē<br />
| forrstē<br />
|-<br />
! 5<br />
| vy<br />
| vytē<br />
| vystē<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
| zett<br />
| zetttē<br />
| zettstē<br />
|-<br />
! 7<br />
| safē<br />
| saftē<br />
| safstē<br />
|-<br />
! 8<br />
| ottjo<br />
| otttē<br />
| ottstē<br />
|-<br />
! 9<br />
| nippē<br />
| nipptē<br />
| nippstē<br />
|-<br />
! 10<br />
| tinn<br />
| horrt<br />
| tinnstē<br />
|}<br />
Words for higher numbers are ''dass'' "thousand" and ''millē'' "million".<br />
<br />
Numbers from 11-99 are expressed as units-tens. Multiples of hundred and thousand are expressed as compounds, but ''millē'' behaves as a noun and needs to be pluralised when making multiples of it. Numbers above 100 are formed by placing the parts of it after each other, starting with the largest number.<br />
<br />
*''toforrtē'' 42<br />
*''horrt atotē'' 121<br />
*''nippēdass nippēhorrt nippēnipptē'' 9999<br />
*''to milless'' 2,000,000<br />
*''zetttinn milless vyhorrtnippētinndass trihorrt safēnipptē'' 16,519,397<br />
<br />
Ordinals are formed by adding -stē to the last part: ''forrhorrt tonipptēstē'' "492nd".<br />
<br />
Non-final ē in numerals is usually pronounced as /ə/.<br />
<br />
==Compounding==<br />
Compounds can be made freely and are always head-last. There are several types:<br />
* Noun-noun:<br />
** ''bʉk'' "book" + ''haus'' "house" -> ''bʉkhaus'' "library"<br />
* Verb-noun:<br />
** ''slap'' "to sleep" + ''kammerr'' "room" -> ''slapkammerr'' "bedroom"<br />
Adjective-noun compounds can be used when the adjective describes a typical quality.<br />
<br />
Either part of a compound can in itself also be a compound, thus a compound can theoretically be infinitely long. Long compounds do however have some complications:<br />
* Noun-noun-noun compounds can be slightly ambiguous as to whether it's compound-noun or noun-compound. They can sometimes be disambiguated by context or meaning, but sometimes a workaround is needed.<br />
* In an adjective-noun-noun compound, the adjective refers to the first noun only, whereas when the adjective is used as a separate word, it refers to the entire compound.<br />
<br />
==Word order==<br />
===Sentence===<br />
Bearlandic normally has SVO and V2 word order, but questions have a VSO order. Any constituent can be placed in front of the verb to add emphasis, but because of the V2 word order, the subject will have to be moved to directly after the verb.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss a sgiter.<br />
| gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit with a gun<br />
| translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit with a gun.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Oss a sgiter sgit dē jaggter dē konin.<br />
| gloss = With a gun shoot the hunter the rabbit.<br />
| translation = With a gun, the hunter shoots the rabbit.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The object is usually not fronted; instead the passive is usually used. However, since pronouns distinguish between subject and object forms, if either the subject or the object (or both) is a pronoun, an OVS construction will be used.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē konin vort oss dē jaggter gisgit.<br />
| gloss = The rabbit become by the hunter PERF-shoot-PERF.<br />
| translation = The rabbit is shot by the hunter with a gun.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē konin sgit ig.<br />
| gloss = The rabbit shoot I.<br />
| translation = The rabbit I shoot.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
Within the noun phrase the word order is determiner - number - adjective(s) - noun - modifying phrase, where the modifying phrase may be either a relative clause or a prepositional phrase. A single noun phrase may contain several adjectives, though all other elements can appear only once.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = dē tri klyn witt hissē inn dē tarrp<br />
| gloss = the three small white house.PL in the village<br />
| translation = the three small white houses in the village<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Complex sentences==<br />
===Subordinate clauses===<br />
Subordinate clauses always begin with a subordinating word, which, depending on the type of clause, is either a conjunction or a relative pronoun, and can be preceded by a preposition. Just like modal verbs, subordinate clauses distinguish between definite, uncertain and optative moods.<br />
<br />
====Complement clauses====<br />
Complement clauses begin with the conjunction ''dass'', which becomes ''dy'' after prepositions. Unlike in English, the conjunction cannot be left out. Usually the definite mood is used in complement clauses.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig wet dass hi a yzēpart hypē.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ know that 3SG.M.SUBJ INDEF car have.INF<br />
| translation = I know (that) he has a car.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig iss zykrig oss dy ji dē wytē.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ be certain PREP that 2SG 3SG.N know.INF<br />
| translation = I am certain that you know that.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Indirect questions====<br />
Indirect yes-no questions are introduced by ''oss dy''.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig wet nikkt oss dy dē a prʉlē zyt.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ know not PREP that 3SG.N INDEF problem be.DEF<br />
| translation = I don't know if that's a problem.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Indirect open questions can be formed in two ways:<br />
* ''oss dy'' + interrogative pronoun<br />
* interrogative pronoun + ''dy''<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi frigti oss mi warr dy dē pispott dē zyti.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.M.SUBJ ask.PST PREP 1SG.OBJ where that DEF toilet PT exist-PST<br />
| translation = He asked me where the toilet was.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Relative clauses====<br />
Relative clauses start with a [[#Relative pronouns|relative pronoun]]. The pronoun is followed by the subject of the clause (if it isn't the same as the antecedent), which in turn is followed by the verb.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē mann wē plʉkti dē fiss iss stoppig.<br />
| gloss = DEF man REL.HUM catch-PST DEF fish be stupid<br />
| translation = The man who caught the fish is stupid.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi heppt dē fiss dē hi plʉkti giotē.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.M.SUBJ have DEF fish REL.NHUM 3SG.M.SUBJ catch-PST eat.PERF<br />
| translation = He has eaten the fish he caught.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Since the position of the verb within a relative clause is determined by strict rules, so is the choice of the verb form. In the present tense, an ē-form is used if the verb is the last word in the clause, while otherwise the ordinary present is used.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig tú dy ig willē.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ do that.which 1SG.SUBJ want-INF<br />
| translation = I do what I want.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Conditional and causal clauses====<br />
Conditional and causal clauses both start with the conjunction ''oss'', but are distinguished from one another by the choice of moods.<br />
<br />
===Participial phrases===<br />
A participial phrase consists of the preposition ''oss'' and a participle and functions as a kind of temporal or adverbial clause. A subject may be specified, in which case it comes between ''oss'' and the participle. If no subject is specified, the subject of the participial phrase is taken to be the same as the sentence's subject.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Oss zangnē lopti wi nass haus.<br />
| gloss = PREP sing-PTC walk-PST 1PL.SUBJ to house<br />
| translation = While singing, we walked home.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Oss mi zangnē lopti wi nass haus.<br />
| gloss = PREP 1SG.OBJ sing-PTC walk-PST 1PL.SUBJ to house<br />
| translation = While I was singing, we walked home.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Participial phrases can also have objects and adverbial phrases, both of which follow the participle. Having multiple modifiers within a single participial phrase is considered awkward and is best avoided.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi zitti oss dirr oss lesnē a bʉk.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.SUBJ sit-PST PREP there PREP read-PTC INDEF book<br />
| translation = He sat there, reading a book.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Independent infinitives===<br />
Infinitives can be used as nouns. Just like participial phrases, independent infinitives can be followed by objects and adverbs, though they cannot have a subject.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ytē gʉmless iss gut oss dē zaning.<br />
| gloss = eat.INF fruit-PL be good for DEF health<br />
| translation = Eating fruit is good for your health.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Negation==<br />
Sentences are negated by means of a variety of negative words. The most basic negator is the adverb ''nikkt'' "not", which is usually placed after the object, or after the verb if there is no object.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Hi ziti dē mann nikkt.<br />
| gloss = 3SG.SUBJ see-PST DEF man not<br />
| translation = He didn't see the man.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Sentences with indefinite objects, however, are negated with ''gyn'' "no, none" instead.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Miess brútē lif gyn vyn.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.POSS brother like no wine<br />
| translation = My brother doesn't like wine.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
When a negative pronoun is used, no other negator has to be used.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ig wet nikktitiss oss dē talllirring.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ know nothing about DEF linguistics.<br />
| translation = I know nothing about linguistics.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Questions==<br />
Yes-no questions are made by inverting the subject and the verb and raising the tone:<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Pratt ji dē Bʉrnlannts?<br />
| gloss = speak 2SG DEF Bearlandic<br />
| translation = Do you speak Bearlandic?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Interrogative pronouns are always placed at the beginning of the phrase:<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Wass tú ji?<br />
| gloss = what do 2SG<br />
| translation = What are you doing?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In questions, ''iss'', ''kuss'' and ''will'' usually appear in their optative forms ''yē'', ''kynē'' and ''wylē''. The latter two are used to make polite requests or offers.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Yē dē a maktall?<br />
| gloss = be.OPT 3SG.N INDEF conlang<br />
| translation = Is that a conlang?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Kynē ji mi hellfē?<br />
| gloss = can.OPT 2SG 1SG.OBJ help-INF<br />
| translation = Could you help me?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Wylē ji itiss oss ytē?<br />
| gloss = want.OPT 2SG something PREP eat-INF<br />
| translation = Would you like something to eat?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The particle ''nyē'' can be placed at the end of a sentence to form a tag question.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Ji pratt gyn Kunyziess, nyē?<br />
| gloss = 2SG speak none Kunesian Q<br />
| translation = You don't speak Kunesian, do you?<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==''Dē zyt''==<br />
The phrase ''dē zyt'' "there is, exist" behaves a bit oddly syntactically. The word ''dē'' is treated as the subject, while the thing that exists behaves as an object.<br />
<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Dē zyt a haus.<br />
| gloss = PT exist a house.<br />
| translation = there is a house.<br />
}}<br />
{{Gloss<br />
| phrase = Mi zyt dē.<br />
| gloss = 1SG.OBJ exist PT<br />
| translation = I exist.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Samples==<br />
===The North Wind and the Sun===<br />
Dē Norrtwinnt enn dē Sonn wast toig oss dy wi stirgiss wast. Oss dē tythyt kimmti a lauf wē barrti a warrm klúk oss dē vegg, enn zess avirti oss dass hi wē oss atiss kussti bitúē dass dē lauf hiess klúk austúti solls dē stirgissē gisgaut zʉllti vortē. Tann blissti dē Norrtwinnt ef hart solls dē kussti, mar oss dē harterr blissti túti dē lauf hiess klúk byigerr oss, enn oss dē ynt ferrgifti dē dē pogging. Tann bisgynti dē Sonn hilliglyk warrm oss dess lygess, enn dellyk túti dē lauf hiess klúk aus enn wast dē Norrtwinnt ferrgimut oss bizeggē dass dē sonn dē stirgissē wast oss hʉn to.<br />
<br />
<br />
The North Wind and the Sun were disputing who was the strongest. At that moment, a traveller who wore a warm cloak came on the road, and they agreed that he who first could make the traveller take off his cloak would be considered the strongest. Then The North Wind blew as hard as it could, but the harder it blew the more closely the traveller wrapped the cloak around him, and at last it gave up the attempt. Then the Sun let its rays shine very warmly, and immediately the traveller took off his cloak and the North Wind was forced to admit that the Sun was the strongest of the two.<br />
<br />
===A bit of history===<br />
Oss dē a tingī zyti dē dē norrtig stattryks nikkt willti, wast dē ausgikrygt vortē oss dē Niwryk. Enn oss dē a tingī zytī dē dē Niwryk jagglyk willti, wast dē auskrygē dē norrtig stattryks. A kryg zʉllti kommē, mar wann?<br />
<br />
Wyl dē kryg dē nikkt zyti makti dē norrtig stattryks grautig bihellfighyts. Kra murs fisgynti oss dē nikktitiss allig oss dē lannt enn oss sgillig plikks virti wasssgillts gimakt oss stoppē dē fikess. Oss dē tyt virti dē bihellfighyts gibyterrt enn oss zellig virti dē auslanntig veggs ferrgisligt. Oss yntighyt virti dē auslannt a sorrtig dwalstatt. Oss snell tyt wast dē bynē nitkunnig oss finntē dē vegg tʉssig oss dē statts. Zell dē dirrig manns bidwalti, enn fann nu wast difer dē lytness oss dē auslannt.<br />
<br />
Dē statts makti oss zesszell aug bihellfighyts: dē graut vorrbylt oss dē iss dē statt Westēfúrt. Dirr virti oss atiss a fúrt gibaut oss sgilltē oss a dirrig lyter. Natig oss dē grúti a klyn statt ronnig oss dē fúrt enn darros virti niw murs gibaut. A mur virti nikkt oss nugig gidenkt, oss allig virti tri murs gibaut, enn tʉssig oss zess zyti dē wasssgillts enn fills.<br />
<br />
Wann dē krygness oss dē Niwryk kimmti zyti dē dass dē bihellfighyts dē nikkt oss nititiss zyti: zess virti ausgilslomt, enn dē fillē virti gidot oss dē difer enn dē pylsgiter oss dē murs. Mar dē zyti a kra prʉl oss dē follk: dē etgyving wast sammig oss dē veggs ferrgisligt. Darross zyti dē minnig oss minnig oss ytē, enn dē makti dē follk wyg. Dē verletigti dē winnē oss dē Niwryk.<br />
<br />
Ausgislomt virti dē stattryks ausgikrygt. Dē klyn tarrps wast dē letigess oss auskrygē, dʉs zess wast aug de astē oss vortē ausgikrygt. Oss dē nu hilliglyk gyn búrs oss mirr zyti wē dē statts kussti bivútē ginnti a haping inn zess. Wylig oss dē poggti dē Niwryk oss ausbrykē dē murs oss inngatē dē krygness inn dē statts. Nat tyt virti aug dē statts ausgikrygt. Oss ynt virti virti Kyrgeffstatt, dē latiss bizytnē stattryk, ausgikrygt.<br />
<br />
Dē hillig ylanntgrúp wast oss dē niwē agivirtē oss a kiksryk.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
If there was one thing that the northern city-states did not want, it was to be conquered by the New Kingdom. And if there was one thing that the New Kingdom ''did'' want, it was to conquer the northern city-states. A war was to come, but when?<br />
<br />
While the war hadn't started yet the northern city-states made impressive defenses. Great walls appeared all over the land and at several spots canals were dug to stop the enemies. Over time the defenses were improved and at the same time the roads got worse. Eventually the countryside literally became a labyrinth. Soon it had become nearly impossible to find a way between the cities. Even the local people got lost, and from now on bandits ruled the countryside.<br />
<br />
The cities themselves also made defenses. The great example of this is the city of Westēfúrt. A fortress wast built there to protect a local chief. Afterwards a small town arose around the fortress and new walls were built. One wall wasn't considered enough, in total three walls were built, and between them there were moats and traps.<br />
<br />
When the troops of the New Kingdom came it became clear that the defenses hadn't been completely useless: they were slowed down, and many were killed by the bandits and the archers on top of the walls. But the was one big problem for the people: the food supply had become worse together with the roads. Therefore there was increasingly less to eat, and that made the people weak. This made it easier to win for the New Kingdom.<br />
<br />
Slowly the city-states were conquered. The smaller villages were the easiest to conquer, so they were also the first ones to be conquered. As there were no farmers at all who could feed the cities a famine began. In the meantime the New Kingdom tried to destroy the walls to let their warriors go inside the cities. After a while the cities were conquered as well. At last Krygeffstatt, the last remaining city-state, was conquered.<br />
<br />
The whole archipelago was united in one kingdom again.<br />
<br />
===A random sentence===<br />
Dē fillgikentnē mann hermakti miess aut enn itig mojj bot nat dē pabrúr oss a stoppig mys dē oss pegging oss a aut zworrt zwart gisgat haptē.<br />
<br />
The well-known man repaired my old and quite beautiful boat after a stupid girl's uncle by accident had damaged it with an old black sword.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>
Dē Graut Bʉr
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Bearlandic/Vocabulary&diff=104517
Bearlandic/Vocabulary
2018-02-23T16:14:35Z
<p>Dē Graut Bʉr: </p>
<hr />
<div>See also:<br />
* [[:Category:Bearlandic words]]<br />
* [[Bearlandic/Thematic dictionary]]<br />
<br />
For strong and irregular verbs, the past and perfect are given. For irregular nouns, the plural is given.<br />
<br />
Small words indicate fixed combinations.<br />
<br />
Abbreviations used on this page include:<br />
* ''a'' adjective<br />
* ''adv'' adverb<br />
* ''conj'' conjunction<br />
* ''det'' determiner<br />
* ''intj'' interjection<br />
* ''n'' noun<br />
* ''num'' numeral<br />
* ''postp'' postposition<br />
* ''prep'' preposition<br />
* ''pron'' pronoun<br />
* ''vc'' copula<br />
* ''vi'' intransitive verb<br />
* ''vm'' modal verb<br />
* ''vr'' reflexive verb<br />
* ''vt'' transitive verb<br />
<br />
==A==<br />
<poem><br />
'''a''' ''num'' one; ''det'' a, an<br />
'''<small>oss</small> afnē''' ''adv'' tonight<br />
'''afning''' ''n'' evening<br />
'''agterr''' ''prep'' behind<br />
'''agtrig''' ''a'' located in the back; velar<br />
'''ahyt''' ''n'' union<br />
'''akerr''' ''n'' field<br />
'''all''' ''pron'' all, everything<br />
'''allmig''' ''a'' general, common<br />
'''<small>oss</small> allpē''' ''pron'' everywhere<br />
'''allpig''' ''a'' common, ubiquitous<br />
'''alltingiss''' ''pron'' everything<br />
'''alltyt''' ''pron'' always<br />
'''almyzē''' ''n'' precious stone, gem, jewel<br />
'''anderr''' ''vt'' to change<br />
'''andrig''' ''a'' other, different<br />
'''anē''' ''pron'' each, every<br />
'''anglī''' ''n'' angel, inhabitant of the sky<br />
'''aper''', iperti, giopert ''v'' seem, appear, look like, turn out; '''aper <small>oss</small>''' apparently do, turn out to<br />
'''appoll''' ''n'' apple<br />
'''aprig''' ''a'' seeming, apparent<br />
'''arr''' ''a'' poor<br />
'''arrm''' ''n'' arm<br />
'''artē''' ''n'' doctor, healer<br />
'''asboll''' ''n'' meatball<br />
'''atall''' ''n'' singular<br />
'''<small>oss</small> atē''' ''adv'' only; on one's own<br />
'''atig''' ''a'' only, sole<br />
'''atiglyk''' ''adv'' only<br />
'''atimm''' ''vi, vt'' breathe<br />
'''atjē''' ''n'' bridge<br />
'''atming''' ''n'' breath<br />
'''attoll''' ''n'' nobility<br />
'''attlig''' ''a'' noble, of or pertaining to nobility<br />
'''aug''' ''adv'' too, also, as well<br />
'''aukig''' ''a'' clumsy, awkward<br />
'''aupig''' ''a'' open, free<br />
'''ausbarr''', birrti aus, ausgiborrt ''vt'' give birth to<br />
'''ausbiga''', bigigti aus, ausbigisst ''vt'' avoid<br />
'''ausbigatig''' ''a'' elusive<br />
'''ausbigating''' ''n'' avoidance<br />
'''ausbikopp''' ''vt'' sell out<br />
'''ausbikopping''' ''n'' sale<br />
'''ausbiring''' ''n'' hangover<br />
'''ausbisik''' ''vt'' heal, cure<br />
'''ausbisiking''' ''n'' medicine (discipline)<br />
'''ausbrant''', brinti aus, ausgibront ''vt'' put out a fire ''(takes the burning building as its object)''<br />
'''ausbranter''' ''n'' firefighter<br />
'''ausbranthaus''' ''n'' fire station<br />
'''ausbranting''' ''n'' fire service<br />
'''ausbryt''' ''vt'' expand, enlarge<br />
'''ausbyig''' ''a'' lonely<br />
'''ausdankig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' despite<br />
'''ausdwyn <small>oss</small>''' ''v'' leave, go away from<br />
'''ausfrag''' ''vt'' answer, reply<br />
'''ausfraging''' ''n'' answer, reply<br />
'''ausgibirt''' ''a'' hungover<br />
'''ausgijʉngtnē''' ''n'' adult, grown-up<br />
'''ausgioggt''' ''a'' neutral, impartial<br />
'''ausgiriggt''' ''a'' illegal<br />
'''ausgyg''', gigti aus, ausgigiggt ''vr'' shave<br />
'''aushyf''' ''vt'' lose (an object)<br />
'''ausirr''' ''vt'' annoy, upset<br />
'''ausjʉng''' ''vi'' grow up<br />
'''ausklirr''' ''vt'' undress<br />
'''ausklúk''' ''vt'' betray<br />
'''ausklúker''' ''n'' traitor<br />
'''ausklúkig''' ''a'' treacherous, misleading<br />
'''ausklúking''' ''n'' treason<br />
'''auskryg''', krigti aus, asgikriggt ''vt'' conquer<br />
'''auskryging''' ''n'' conquest<br />
'''auskyk''' ''vt'' summarise<br />
'''auskykig''' ''a'' clear, structured, organised<br />
'''auskyking''' ''n'' overview, summary<br />
'''auslannt''' ''n'' countryside<br />
'''auslanntig''' ''a'' rural<br />
'''auslellk''' ''vt'' forgive; ''vr'' start over<br />
'''auslellking''' ''n'' forgiveness; restart, second chance<br />
'''ausleting''' ''n'' inconvenience, unease; disease, illness<br />
'''auslis''' ''vt'' lose (a match or a battle)<br />
'''auslúg''' ''vi'' go down, set<br />
'''auslʉk''' ''v'' fail, not succeed<br />
'''auslʉking''' ''n'' failure<br />
'''auslyzing''' ''n'' defeat<br />
'''ausmak''', mikti aus, ausgimikkt ''v'' derive; conclude<br />
'''ausmaking''' ''n'' derivation; conclusion<br />
'''ausmogg''' ''vt'' forbid, prohibit<br />
'''ausmogging''' ''n'' prohibition, ban<br />
'''ausogging''' ''n'' neutrality, impartiality<br />
'''ausperk''' ''vt'' forbid, make impossible<br />
'''ausperking''' prohibition, ban<br />
'''ausqyf''', qifti aus, ausgiqifft ''vt'' strangle<br />
'''ausqyving''' ''n'' strangulation<br />
'''ausriggt''' ''vt'' illegalise<br />
'''aussik''' ''vi'' recover (from an illness)<br />
'''ausslap''', slipti aus, ausgislippt ''vi'' wake up<br />
'''aussliggt''' ''vt'' watch, guard<br />
'''aussliggting''' ''n'' watch, guard<br />
'''ausslom''' ''vt'' postpone, delay<br />
'''aussloming''' ''n'' delay<br />
'''aussort''' ''vt'' sort<br />
'''aussorting''' ''n'' sorting<br />
'''ausstamm <small>oss</small>''' ''v'' be descended from<br />
'''ausstamming''' ''n'' ancestry, descent<br />
'''austekk''' ''vt'' take over<br />
'''ausvirrig''' ''a'' approximate<br />
'''ausvúr''' ''vt'' bring out; ''vi'' vomit<br />
'''auszell <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' brag about<br />
'''auszellig''' ''a'' arrogant, egoistic<br />
'''auszelling''' ''n'' arrogance, egoism<br />
'''auszi <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' be careful with<br />
'''ausziig''' ''a'' careful<br />
'''auszúk''' ''vt, vi'' research<br />
'''auszúking''' ''n'' research<br />
'''auszwyl''' ''v'' receive, accept<br />
'''aut''' ''a'' old<br />
'''autrēmann''' ''n'' elderly person<br />
'''autresshaus''' ''n'' retirement home<br />
'''auzē''' ''n'' outside<br />
'''avort''', avirti, agivirt ''vi'' unite, become one<br />
'''avorting''' ''n'' unification<br />
'''azē''' ''n'' meat<br />
'''azyter''' ''n'' carnivore<br />
'''azytig''' ''a'' carnivorous<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==B==<br />
<poem><br />
'''banann''' ''n'' banana<br />
'''bank''' ''n'' bench, seat<br />
'''barbrē''' ''n'' barbarian<br />
'''barr''', birrti, giborrt ''vt'' carry, wear<br />
'''bass''', basser ''n'' base, foundation<br />
'''bassig''' ''a'' basic, fundamental<br />
'''bassstauf''' ''n'' raw material; chemical element<br />
'''batt''' ''n'' bath<br />
'''bau''' ''v'' build<br />
'''ben''' ''n'' leg<br />
'''berrg''' ''n'' mountain<br />
'''bibatt''' ''vr'' bathe<br />
'''bidryg''' ''vt'' get someone drunk<br />
'''bidrygt''' ''a'' drunk; ''(of beverages)'' containing alcohol<br />
'''bidrygtness''' ''n'' alcohol, alcoholic beverages<br />
'''bidyg''' ''vt'' invent, come up with<br />
'''bidyger''' ''n'' inventor<br />
'''bidyging''' ''n'' invention<br />
'''bidwyn''' ''vt'' hide<br />
'''biellp''' ''vt'' spell<br />
'''biellping''' ''n'' spelling, orthography<br />
'''bif''' ''vi'' shake, vibrate<br />
'''bifing''' ''n'' vibration<br />
'''bifrag''' ''vt'' ask, request<br />
'''biga''', bigigti, bigisst ''vi'' move<br />
'''bigaut''' ''vt, vi'' mine<br />
'''bigautighyt''' ''n'' mine<br />
'''bigauting''' ''n'' mining<br />
'''bigef''', bigifti, bigifft ''vt'' lend<br />
'''bigift''' ''vt'' poison<br />
'''bigifting''' ''n'' poisoning<br />
'''biginn''' ''vt'' begin, start<br />
'''bigraup''' ''vt'' make fun of<br />
'''bigryf''' ''v'' understand<br />
'''bigyving''' ''n'' loan<br />
'''bihang <small>oss</small>''' depend on, rely on<br />
'''bihangtnē''' ''n'' condition, requirement<br />
'''bihangtnig''' ''a'' required, necessary<br />
'''bihauf''' ''vt'' lead, govern<br />
'''bihaus''' ''vt'' house<br />
'''bihauvig''' ''a'' political<br />
'''bihauvighyt''' ''n'' politics<br />
'''bihauving''' ''n'' government<br />
'''bihauzing''' ''n'' housing<br />
'''bihellf''' ''vt'' protect<br />
'''bihorr''' ''vt'' listen to<br />
'''bihúf''' ''vt'' need<br />
'''bihúvig''' ''a'' needed, necessary<br />
'''bihúvighyt''' ''n'' need, necessity; condition, requirement<br />
'''biirr''' ''vt'' annoy<br />
'''bikis''' ''vt'' vote for<br />
'''bikizing''' ''n'' election<br />
'''biklagg''' ''vt'' complain about<br />
'''biklúk''' ''vt'' cover<br />
'''biklúkig''' ''a'' covering<br />
'''biklúking''' ''n'' cover, wrapping<br />
'''bikomm''', bikimmti, bikimmt ''vi'' get (X bikomm (oss) Y = Y gets X)<br />
'''bikopp''' ''vt'' sell<br />
'''bikryg''' ''vt'' attack, invade<br />
'''bikryging''' ''n'' attack, invasion<br />
'''bikyk''' ''vt'' pay attention to<br />
'''bikykig''' ''a'' attentive<br />
'''bikyking''' ''n'' attention<br />
'''bilaut''' ''vi'' sound<br />
'''biles''', bilasti, bilisst ''vt'' collect<br />
'''bilif''' ''vt'' respect<br />
'''biliss''' ''vt'' list, sum up<br />
'''bilivig''' ''a'' respectful, polite<br />
'''biliving''' ''n'' respect, politeness<br />
'''bilyg''', biligti, biliggt ''vi'' emit light, radiate, shine<br />
'''bilyt''' ''vi, vt'' drive (a car)<br />
'''bilyter''' ''n'' driver<br />
'''bilytossmogging''' ''n'' driving licence<br />
'''bilyzing''' ''n'' collection<br />
'''bimamm''' ''vt'' raise (children)<br />
'''bimamming''' ''n'' upbringing<br />
'''bimerr''' ''vt'' sharpen<br />
'''binog''' ''vt'' maintain, preserve<br />
'''binoging''' ''n'' preservation<br />
'''binug <small>oss</small>''' ''vt'' supply with (X binug Y oss Z = X supplies Y with Z)<br />
'''binuging''' ''n'' supply<br />
'''binugt''' ''a'' satisfied<br />
'''bipal''' ''vt'' decide, determine<br />
'''bipaler''' ''n'' determiner, article<br />
'''bipyl''' ''vi, vt'' shoot arrows (X bipyl Y = X shoots arrows at Y)<br />
'''bipyn''' ''vt'' hurt<br />
'''bipratt''' ''vt'' tell; talk about, explain<br />
'''bipratting''' ''n'' explanation<br />
'''biprʉlt''' ''a'' in trouble<br />
'''biqyf''', biqifti, biqifft ''vt'' cause to suffocate<br />
'''biqyt''' ''vt'' lose (an object)<br />
'''bir''' ''n'' beer<br />
'''birauk''' ''vi, vt'' smoke<br />
'''biriggt''' ''vi'' be just, be honest, be reasonable; ''vt'' treat with justice<br />
'''briggtig''' ''a'' just, honest, reasonable<br />
'''biriggting''' ''n'' court case<br />
'''bisgap''' ''vt'' keep (animals)<br />
'''bisgaping''' ''n'' animal husbadry<br />
'''bisgillt''' ''vt'' protect<br />
'''bisgillting''' ''n'' protection<br />
'''bisgiss''' ''vt'' design, draft, sketch<br />
'''bisgissing''' ''n'' design<br />
'''bisgisst''' ''a'' sketchy<br />
'''bisgoll''' ''vi'' go to school, study, be a student<br />
'''bisgoller''' ''n'' student, pupil<br />
'''bisgolling''' ''n'' education<br />
'''bisgon''' ''vt'' clean, wash<br />
'''bisgryf''' ''vt'' write about, describe<br />
'''bisiff''' ''vi, vt'' count, calculate<br />
'''bisiffing''' ''n'' calculation; arithmetics<br />
'''bislap''', bislipti, bislippt ''vi'' fall asleep<br />
'''bislyt''' ''vt'' finish, complete<br />
'''bislyting''' ''n'' completion<br />
'''bispell''' ''vt'' play<br />
'''bisperr''' ''vt'' hope for<br />
'''bispog''' ''vi, vt'' spit on<br />
'''bisser''' ''a'' strange, bizarre<br />
'''bistamm''' ''vi'' begin, originate, arise<br />
'''bistoll''' ''vr'' settle, take residence<br />
'''bistraf''' ''vt'' punish<br />
'''bistryf''' ''vt'' murder, kill<br />
'''bistryver''' ''n'' murderer<br />
'''bistryving''' ''n'' murder<br />
'''bitarrp''' ''vt'' settle, populate, colonise<br />
'''bitarrping''' ''n'' colonisation<br />
'''bitrau''' ''vt'' trust<br />
'''bitrauig''' ''a'' trustworthy, reliable<br />
'''bitrauing''' ''n'' trust<br />
'''bitt''' ''n'' bit, part<br />
'''bittig''' ''a'' partial<br />
'''<small>oss</small> bittrē''' ''adv'' to the right<br />
'''bittrig''' ''a'' right (side)<br />
'''bittrighyt''' ''n'' right-hand side<br />
'''bitú''' ''vt'' cause, make happen<br />
'''bitúing''' ''n'' consequence<br />
'''biveg''', bivagti, bivogt ''vt'' weigh<br />
'''bivell''' ''vi'' go to bed<br />
'''bivills''' ''vi'' turn around, go back, return<br />
'''bivillsing''' ''n'' return, homecoming<br />
'''bivragg''' ''vt'' confirm<br />
'''bivrimm''' ''vt'' change for the worse, ruin, spoil, vandalise<br />
'''bivrimming''' ''n'' vandalism<br />
'''bivurr''' ''vt'' burn<br />
'''biwalg''' ''vt'' disgust<br />
'''biwet''', biwati, biwotē ''vt'' remember; remind; inform<br />
'''bizē''' ''n'' fly<br />
'''bizegg''' ''vt'' tell, explain<br />
'''bizegging''' ''n'' explanation<br />
'''bizyt''' ''vi'' continue; stay, remain<br />
'''bizytiglyk''' ''adv'' still<br />
'''blanig''' ''a'' important<br />
'''blanighyt''' ''n'' importance<br />
'''blass''' ''vi'' blow<br />
'''blau''' ''a, n'' blue<br />
'''blot''' ''n'' blood<br />
'''blúm''' ''n'' rose<br />
'''bly''' ''a'' happy<br />
'''blyhyt''' ''n'' happiness<br />
'''boll''' ''n'' ball, sphere<br />
'''bom''', bomer ''n'' tree<br />
'''borr''' ''vi'' be born<br />
'''bos''' ''a'' angry<br />
'''boss''', bosser ''n'' forest<br />
'''brant''', brinti, gibront ''vi'' burn<br />
'''brappling''' ''n'' gibberish<br />
'''brappol''' ''vi'' speak gibberish<br />
'''brok''', brikti, gibrikkt ''vt'' break<br />
'''brot''' ''n'' bread<br />
'''brʉk''' ''n'' fracture, crack; separation<br />
'''brʉktall''' ''n'' fraction, rational number<br />
'''brʉtē''' ''n'' sandwich<br />
'''brútē''' ''n'' brother; ''(plural only)'' family, relatives<br />
'''brúthyt''' ''n'' family<br />
'''bryk''' ''vt'' use<br />
'''brykig''' ''a'' fragile; usual, common<br />
'''bryking''' ''n'' use<br />
'''bryn''' ''a, n'' brown<br />
'''bryt''' ''a'' wide, broad<br />
'''bʉk''' ''n'' book<br />
'''bʉkhaus''' ''n'' library<br />
'''búlē''' ''n'' onion<br />
'''búm''' ''vi'' explode<br />
'''búmig''' ''a'' explosive<br />
'''búming''' ''n'' explosion<br />
'''búmstauf''' ''n'' explosive<br />
'''bur''' ''n'' neighbour<br />
'''bʉr''' ''n'' bear<br />
'''búr''' ''n'' farmer<br />
'''búrhaus''' ''n'' farm<br />
'''Bʉrnlannt''' ''n'' Bearland<br />
'''Bʉrnlannts''' ''a'' Bearlandic, ''n'' the Bearlandic language<br />
'''burr''' ''v'' happen, occur<br />
'''burring''' ''n'' event<br />
'''búzē''' ''n'' anger<br />
'''by''' ''prep'' near, close to<br />
'''bydrukk''' ''vt'' stress, emphasise<br />
'''bydrukking''' ''n'' stress, emphasis<br />
'''byiglyk''' ''adv'' nearly, almost<br />
'''bykē''' ''n'' letter, message; notebook<br />
'''bylt''', bylter ''n'' image (abstract)<br />
'''byltī''' ''n'' image, picture, drawing<br />
'''<small>oss</small> bynē''' ''adv'' almost<br />
'''byryk''' ''n'' colony, vassal state<br />
'''byt''' ''pron'' both; '''byt''' X '''oss''' Y both X and Y<br />
'''bytekk''' ''vt'' summarise<br />
'''bytekking''' ''n'' summary<br />
'''byterr''' ''vt'' improve<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==D==<br />
<poem><br />
'''dag''', dager ''n'' day<br />
'''dakk''' ''n'' roof<br />
'''dakkkammerr''' ''n'' attic<br />
'''dank''' ''vt'' thank; '''dank oss ji''' thank you, '''danknē <small>oss</small>''' thanks to<br />
'''darf <small>oss</small>''', dirfti, gidirrft ''vi'' dare<br />
'''darfig''' ''a'' brave, courageous<br />
'''darfighyt''' ''n'' bravery, courage<br />
'''darfing''' ''n'' arrogance<br />
'''darross''' ''pron'' therefore<br />
'''dass''' ''num'' thousand; ''conj'' that<br />
'''dasspass''', dasspasser ''n'' a length unit of about 730 m<br />
'''dē''' ''det'' the, this, that; ''pron'' it, this, that (demonstrative); which, that (relative)<br />
'''denkt''' ''vi'' think<br />
'''di''' ''pron'' that, those<br />
'''dif''' ''vt'' steal<br />
'''difer''' ''n'' thief<br />
'''difing''' ''n'' theft<br />
'''dill''' ''vt'' divide<br />
'''dillē''' ''n'' member<br />
'''dilling''' ''n'' division, partition<br />
'''dir''' ''n'' animal<br />
'''dirr''' ''pron'' there<br />
'''ditt''' ''pron'' this, these<br />
'''dittag''' ''adv'' today<br />
'''dorrk''' ''a'' dark<br />
'''dorrkhyt''' ''n'' darkness<br />
'''dot''' ''n'' death; ''v'' kill<br />
'''dotig''' ''a'' dead<br />
'''drink''' ''vt'' drink; ''vi'' drink alcohol<br />
'''dritig''' ''a'' sad<br />
'''driting''' ''n'' sadness<br />
'''drukk''' ''vi, vt'' puss, press<br />
'''drukking''' ''n'' pressure<br />
'''drygē''' ''n'' drunkard, alcoholic<br />
'''dryging''' ''n'' alcoholism<br />
'''dryt''' ''vt'' turn, rotate<br />
'''dryting''' ''n'' rotation<br />
'''dúl''' ''n'' goal, purpose, reason, intention; '''dúl <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' mean<br />
'''dúlig''' ''a'' meaningful, useful<br />
'''dúling''' ''n'' meaning<br />
'''dúrg''' ''prep'' by ''(always followed by ē-form)''<br />
'''durr''' ''n'' door<br />
'''dʉs''' ''adv'' so, therefore<br />
'''dwass''' ''n'' fool, idiot<br />
'''dwassig''' ''a'' foolish, stupid<br />
'''dwassing''' ''n'' foolishness, stupidity<br />
'''dwyn''' ''vi'' disappear<br />
'''dygē''' ''n'' light<br />
'''dyging''' ''n'' thought<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==E==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ef ... <small>solls/oss</small>''' ''adv'' as ... as (ef X solls/oss Y = as X as Y)<br />
'''ellpē''' ''n'' beech; letter; ''(plural only)'' alphabet<br />
'''ellpossgiryt''' ''a'' alphabetic, in alphabetic order<br />
'''ellpossryting''' ''n'' alphabetic order<br />
'''emm''' ''pron'' him<br />
'''et''', ati, giotē ''vt'' eat<br />
'''eting''' ''n'' meal; ''(usually plural)'' food<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==F==<br />
<poem><br />
'''fak''' ''adv'' often<br />
'''fakk''' ''n'' square; compartment, section<br />
'''fall''', fillti, gifollt ''v'' fall; ''n'' fall; case, situation, instance; grammatical case<br />
'''fallry''', fallryess ''n'' column<br />
'''fann''' ''prep'' from<br />
'''fatt''' ''n'' foot<br />
'''fattboll''' ''n'' football<br />
'''faut''' ''n'' mistake, error<br />
'''fautig''' ''a'' wrong; fake<br />
'''fautighyt''' ''n'' wrongness<br />
'''ferr''', ferrtē, firrst ''a'' far<br />
'''ferrat''' ''vt'' bridge; solve<br />
'''ferrating''' ''n'' solution<br />
'''ferrbikomm''' ''vt'' get, acquire<br />
'''ferrburr''' ''vi'' happen by coincidence; '''ferrburr <small>oss</small>''' happen to<br />
'''ferrburring''' ''n'' coincidence<br />
'''ferrdryt''' ''vt'' twist, bend; make wrong<br />
'''ferrdúl''' ''vt'' define<br />
'''ferrdúling''' ''n'' definition<br />
'''ferrdwyn''' ''vt'' remove, delete, destroy<br />
'''ferrē''' ''n'' quarter of an hour<br />
'''ferrfill''' ''vt'' increase, multiply<br />
'''ferrflút''' ''vt'' influence<br />
'''ferrflútig''' ''a'' influential<br />
'''ferrflúting''' ''n'' influence<br />
'''ferrga''', gigti ferr, ferrgigisst ''vi'' forget (X ga ferr oss Y = Y forgets X)<br />
'''ferrgiburrt''' ''a'' coincidental<br />
'''ferrgigisst''' ''a'' advanced, complicated<br />
'''ferrgiriggt''' ''a'' legal<br />
'''ferrhass''' ''vr'' hurry<br />
'''ferrkall''' ''vt'' paint<br />
'''ferrkarrt''' ''vt'' map<br />
'''ferrkell''' ''vt'' cost<br />
'''ferrkellings''' ''n (plural only)'' costs, expenses<br />
'''ferrkryg''' ''vi'' rebel, protest<br />
'''ferrkryger''' ''n'' rebel<br />
'''ferrkrygig''' ''a'' rebellious<br />
'''ferrkryging''' ''n'' rebellion<br />
'''ferrlellk''' ''vt'' spoil, ruin<br />
'''ferrlellkig''' ''a'' afwul, terrible<br />
'''ferrles''', lasti ferr, ferrgilisst ''vt'' study<br />
'''ferrletig''' ''vt'' facilitate, make easier<br />
'''ferrletiging''' ''n'' tool<br />
'''ferrlinnt''' ''vt'' refresh, renew<br />
'''ferrlinnting''' ''n'' refreshment, renewal<br />
'''ferrlyk''' ''vt'' compare<br />
'''ferrlykig''' ''a'' comparable, similar<br />
'''ferrlyking''' ''n'' comparison; equation<br />
'''ferrlyzing''' ''n'' course, study<br />
'''ferrmas''' ''vt'' surprise, amaze<br />
'''ferrminn''' ''vt'' decrease, minimise<br />
'''ferrminning''' ''n'' decrease<br />
'''ferrnikkt''' ''vt'' deny<br />
'''ferrnyg''' ''vt'' refuse<br />
'''ferrnyging''' ''n'' refusal<br />
'''ferrogg''' ''vt'' be biased, have prejudices<br />
'''ferrogging''' ''n'' bias, prejudice<br />
'''ferrplikk''' ''vt'' replace<br />
'''ferrplikking''' ''n'' replacement<br />
'''ferrpratter''' ''n'' telephone<br />
'''ferrrif''' ''vt'' fully supply, saturate<br />
'''ferrriggt''' ''vt'' legalise<br />
'''ferrsgau''' ''vt'' show<br />
'''ferrsgill''' ''vt'' distinguish<br />
'''ferrsgilling''' ''n'' distinction, opposition<br />
'''ferrsgrikk''' ''vt'' scare, startle<br />
'''ferrsgryf''', sgrifti ferr, ferrgisgrifft ''vt'' rewrite, edit<br />
'''ferrslaff''' ''vt'' be addictive<br />
'''ferrslaffig''' ''a'' addictive<br />
'''ferrslaffing''' ''n'' addiction<br />
'''ferrslyt''' ''vt'' lock up, imprison<br />
'''ferrtwig''' ''vi'' be mistaken<br />
'''ferrvark''' ''vi'' sail, travel by boat<br />
'''ferrvort''', virti ferr, ferrgivirt ''vt, vr'' develop<br />
'''ferrvorter''' ''n'' developer<br />
'''ferrvortig''' ''a'' developing, under development<br />
'''ferrvorting''' ''n'' development<br />
'''ferrwak''' ''vt'' wake<br />
'''ferrwaker''' ''n'' alarm clock<br />
'''ferrynt''' ''vt'' end, finish<br />
'''ferrzwart''' ''vi'' conspire<br />
'''ferrzwarting''' ''n'' conspiracy<br />
'''fill''', mirr, filless ''a'' many, much<br />
'''fillfatt''' ''n'' centipede<br />
'''filltall''' ''n'' plural<br />
'''fillter''' ''a'' several<br />
'''fingrī''' ''n'' finger<br />
'''finnt''', fannti, gifonnt ''v'' find, discover<br />
'''finnting''' ''n'' discovery<br />
'''fiss''', fisser ''n'' fish<br />
'''flaff''' ''vi'' whisper<br />
'''flaffing''' ''n'' whisper, whispering<br />
'''flagg''' ''n'' flag<br />
'''flik''' ''vi'' fly<br />
'''fluk''' ''vi'' swear (an oath)<br />
'''fluking''' ''n'' oath<br />
'''flúrē''' ''n'' flower<br />
'''flút''' ''vi'' flow<br />
'''flútdwass''' ''n'' alcohol, ethanol<br />
'''flúter''' ''n'' liquid<br />
'''flútig''' ''a'' liquid<br />
'''flúting''' ''n'' flow, current<br />
'''flútzilvirr''' ''n'' mercury<br />
'''follg <small>oss</small>''', fillgti, gifillgt ''vi'' follow<br />
'''follgig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' according to<br />
'''follk''' ''n'' people, population<br />
'''follkbipalig''' ''a'' democratic<br />
'''follkbipalighyt''' ''n'' democracy<br />
'''follkhyt''' ''n'' culture<br />
'''follkhytig''' ''a'' cultural<br />
'''form''', former ''n'' shape, form; variant<br />
'''forr''' ''num'' four<br />
'''forrgúkē''' ''n'' quadrilateral<br />
'''forrzytē''' ''n'' square<br />
'''frag''' ''n'' question; ''vt'' ask<br />
'''frau''' ''n'' woman<br />
'''frauig''' ''a'' feminine<br />
'''fryf''' ''vi, vt'' rub<br />
'''fryfing''' ''n'' friction<br />
'''fryflaut''' ''n'' fricative<br />
'''fu''' ''n'' whistle; flute<br />
'''fúlē''' ''n'' leaf<br />
'''fúrt''' ''n'' castle, fortress<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==G==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ga''', gigti, gigisst ''vi'' go<br />
'''gaut''' ''n'' gold<br />
'''gautig''' ''a'' valuable, expensive<br />
'''gef''', giifti, gigifft ''vt'' give<br />
'''giburrtness''' ''n'' history<br />
'''gifft''' ''n'' gift, present<br />
'''gift''' ''n'' poison<br />
'''giftig''' ''a'' poisonous, toxic<br />
'''giftighyt''' ''n'' toxicity<br />
'''gill''' ''a, n'' yellow<br />
'''gimmf''' ''vi'' marry<br />
'''gimmfing''' ''n'' wedding, marriage<br />
'''ginn''' ''vi'' begin, start<br />
'''ginning''' ''n'' beginning, start, origin<br />
'''ginntyt''' ''n'' prehistory<br />
'''ginnvaut''' ''n'' jungle, old-growth forest<br />
'''giprattness''' ''n'' spoken language<br />
'''girr''' ''n'' female friend<br />
'''girrst''' ''n'' barley<br />
'''gisgrifftness''' ''n'' literature; written language<br />
'''gisst''' ''n'' spirit, soul; mind, conscience<br />
'''gistrī''' ''adv'' yesterday<br />
'''giwellt''' ''a'' excellent<br />
'''glút''' ''vi'' glow<br />
'''glúter''' ''n'' ember<br />
'''glúting''' ''n'' glow<br />
'''glyvig''' ''a'' straight; ''(mathematics)'' even<br />
'''glyving''' ''n'' straightness<br />
'''gott''' ''n'' god<br />
'''gotthyt''' ''n'' the four gods<br />
'''gottig''' ''a'' divine, holy<br />
'''gragglyk''' ''adv'' willingly<br />
'''grass''' ''n'' grass<br />
'''grat''' ''n'' degree, level<br />
'''grathyt''' ''n'' scale, measurement<br />
'''graunt''' ''n'' ground, earth<br />
'''grauntbifing''' ''n'' earthquake<br />
'''grauntkammerr''' ''n'' cellar<br />
'''graup''' ''n'' joke<br />
'''grauping''' ''n'' humour<br />
'''graut''' ''a'' great, strong, mighty, powerful<br />
'''grauthyt''' ''n'' strength, power, influence<br />
'''grautig''' ''a'' important, influential<br />
'''grautiglyk''' ''adv'' mainly, predominantly<br />
'''grautze''', grautzyess ''n'' ocean<br />
'''grens''', grenser ''n'' border, limit; outside<br />
'''grottē''' ''n'' cave<br />
'''grún''' ''a, n'' green<br />
'''grúp''' ''n'' group; ''(mathematics)'' set<br />
'''grúping''' ''n'' group, category; division into groups<br />
'''grúplirring''' ''n'' set theory<br />
'''grút''' ''vi'' grow, increase, rise<br />
'''grútig''' ''a'' growing, increasing<br />
'''grútiglyk''' ''adv'' more and more, increasingly<br />
'''grúting''' ''n'' growth, increase, rise<br />
'''gryk''', gryker ''n'' pair of trousers<br />
'''gryt''' ''a, n'' grey<br />
'''gʉgtē''' ''n'' small farming village, hamlet<br />
'''gúk''' ''n'' corner, angle<br />
'''gúl''' ''n'' feast; party<br />
'''gʉmlē''' ''n'' fruit ''(often pluralised)''<br />
'''gúring''' ''n'' role, function<br />
'''gut''' ''a'' good<br />
'''gutgissting''' ''n'' common sense<br />
'''gutig''' ''a'' of good quality<br />
'''gutighyt''' ''n'' quality<br />
'''gybess''' ''n (plural only)'' area, region<br />
'''gybesslirring''' ''n'' geography<br />
'''gygē''' ''n'' beard<br />
'''gygfrau''' ''n'' witch<br />
'''gyn''' ''pron'' no, none<br />
'''gynazer''' ''n'' vegetarian<br />
'''gyt''' ''n'' goat<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==H==<br />
<poem><br />
'''haff''' ''n'' harbour, port<br />
'''haj''' ''intj'' hi, hello<br />
'''hallf''' ''a'' half<br />
'''hallfhyt''' ''n'' half<br />
'''hallfylē''' ''n'' peninsula<br />
'''hang''', hignti, gihongt ''vi'' hang<br />
'''hangig''' ''a'' dependent<br />
'''hant''' ''n'' hand<br />
'''hantig''' ''a'' handy, useful<br />
'''hantsgryving''' ''n'' handwriting<br />
'''haping''' ''n'' hunger<br />
'''harē''' ''n'' (a single) hair<br />
'''harrt''' ''n'' heart<br />
'''hart''' ''a'' hard<br />
'''hass''' ''n'' wood<br />
'''hassig''' ''a'' in a hurry<br />
'''hassing''' ''n'' hurry<br />
'''hatlē''' ''n'' berry<br />
'''hauf''' ''n'' head<br />
'''haufmann''' ''n'' chief, leader<br />
'''haufstatt''' ''n'' capital<br />
'''haus''', hissē ''n'' house<br />
'''haustúings''' ''n (plural only)'' housework; homework<br />
'''hautē''' ''intj'' goodbye<br />
'''hekoll''' ''vt'' hate<br />
'''hetkling''' ''n'' hate<br />
'''hell''' ''n'' the underworld, the place where the dead go to<br />
'''hellf''' ''vt'' help<br />
'''hellfig''' ''a'' helpful; useful<br />
'''hellfighyt''' ''n'' tool; helpfulness<br />
'''hellfing''' ''n'' help<br />
'''heppt''', haptē, gihapt ''vt'' have<br />
'''herkimming''' ''n'' return<br />
'''herkomm''', herkimmti, herkimmt ''v'' return, come back<br />
'''hermak''' ''vt'' repair, restore; reconstruct<br />
'''hertraff''' ''vt'' meet again<br />
'''hertú''' ''vt'' repeat<br />
'''hertúig''' ''a'' repetitive<br />
'''hertúing''' ''n'' repetition<br />
'''herwet''', herwati, herwotē ''vt'' remember, recall<br />
'''herweting''' ''n'' memory<br />
'''herzegg''', herzaggti, herziggt ''vt'' repeat, say again<br />
'''hi''' ''pron'' he<br />
'''hiess''' ''pron'' his<br />
'''<small>oss</small> hillē''' ''adv'' completely<br />
'''hillig''' ''a'' whole, complete, entire<br />
'''hilltall''' ''n'' integer<br />
'''hillvē''' ''n'' hill<br />
'''hillvig''' ''a'' hilly; rough<br />
'''himmell''' ''n'' sky<br />
'''himmlig''' ''a'' of or pertaining to the sky; fucking, damn ''(emphasises the following noun)''<br />
'''hirr''' ''pron'' here<br />
'''hirrig''' ''a'' local, from or belonging to here<br />
'''hirrst''' ''n'' autumn, fall<br />
'''hirrstig''' ''a'' harsh, severe<br />
'''ho''' ''a'' high<br />
'''hobrútē''' ''n'' uncle<br />
'''hohyt''' ''n'' height<br />
'''holaut''' ''n'' vowel<br />
'''holl''' ''n'' hole<br />
'''hollig''' ''a'' hollow; full of holes<br />
'''homamm''' ''n'' grandmother<br />
'''hopapp''' ''n'' grandfather<br />
'''hozʉs''' ''n'' aunt<br />
'''horr''' ''vt'' hear<br />
'''horrig''' ''a'' audible<br />
'''horring''' ''n'' hearing<br />
'''horrt''' ''num'' hundred<br />
'''<small>oss</small> hotē''' ''adv'' above, upstairs<br />
'''hotig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' above; more than, over<br />
'''hu''' ''pron'' how ''(asks for a manner)''<br />
'''huing''' ''n'' manner, way; grammatical mood<br />
'''hulyk''' ''pron'' how, why ''(asks for an explanation)''<br />
'''hʉn''' ''pron'' them ''(only refers to people)''<br />
'''hús''' ''n'' pub, café<br />
'''hyē''' ''intj'' hey, hello<br />
'''hyjē''' ''n'' shark<br />
'''hyl''' ''vi'' cry<br />
'''hylig''' ''a'' sad<br />
'''hymig''' ''a'' secret<br />
'''hymighyt''' ''n'' secret<br />
'''hytig''' ''a'' warm, hot<br />
'''hytighyt''' ''n'' warmth, heat<br />
'''hyving''' ''n (usually plural)'' possession, property<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==I==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ig''' ''pron'' I<br />
'''illg''' ''n'' elk<br />
'''imann''' ''pron'' someone<br />
'''imē''' ''n'' unknown person<br />
'''imig''' ''pron'' some ''(only refers to people)''<br />
'''inngisst''' ''v'' inspire<br />
'''inngisstig''' ''a'' inspiring<br />
'''inngissting''' ''n'' inspiration<br />
'''innhúzē''' ''n'' piece of furniture<br />
'''innhyf''' ''vt'' contain<br />
'''innslap''', slitpi inn, inngislippt ''vi'' fall asleep<br />
'''inntig''' ''a'' true, actual<br />
'''inntigyt''' ''n'' fact<br />
'''inntiglyk''' ''adv'' indeed<br />
'''innvúr''' ''vt'' bring in, enter<br />
'''innwak''' ''vi'' wake up<br />
'''irgiss''' ''pron'' somewhere<br />
'''iss''', wast, giasst ''vc'' be<br />
'''itē''' ''n'' unknown thing<br />
'''itig''' ''pron'' some ''(not used for people)''<br />
'''itiss''' ''pron'' something<br />
'''iww''' ''n'' century<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==J==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ja''' ''intj'' yes<br />
'''jagglyk''' ''adv'' ''the opposite of "not"''<br />
'''jaggt''' ''vt'' hunt<br />
'''jaggter''' ''n'' hunter<br />
'''jaggting''' ''n'' hunt<br />
'''jaggplʉker''' ''n'' hunter-gatherer<br />
'''jar''' ''n'' year<br />
'''jardag''' ''n'' birthday<br />
'''jarginning''' ''n'' spring<br />
'''jarynting''' ''n'' autumn, fall<br />
'''ji''' ''pron'' you ''(singular)''<br />
'''jiess''' ''pron'' your ''(singular)''<br />
'''jis''' ''pron'' you ''(plural)''<br />
'''jʉng''' ''a'' young<br />
'''jʉngē''' ''n'' boy<br />
'''jʉnghyt''' ''n'' youth<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==K==<br />
<poem><br />
'''kall''' ''n'' colour<br />
'''kallig''' ''a'' colourful<br />
'''kalling''' ''n'' paint<br />
'''kammerr''' ''n'' room, chamber<br />
'''kart''' ''n'' card<br />
'''karvē''' ''n'' carbon<br />
'''karrtē''' ''n'' map<br />
'''kass''' ''n'' cheese<br />
'''katt''', katter ''n'' kat<br />
'''kaut''' ''a'' cold<br />
'''kauhyt''' ''n'' cold (low temperature)<br />
'''kauting''' ''n'' cold (illness)<br />
'''kell''' ''vt'' pay<br />
'''kellig''' ''a'' expensive<br />
'''kelling''' ''n'' price<br />
'''ken''' ''vt'' know (a person)<br />
'''kennī''', kinness ''n'' dog<br />
'''keppvogg''' ''n'' a large flightless bird endemic to Bearland<br />
'''kettē''' ''n'' dick<br />
'''ketthauf''' ''n'' asshole<br />
'''kiks''' ''n'' king<br />
'''kikshyt''' ''n'' power, monarchy<br />
'''kiksig''' ''a'' royal<br />
'''kiksryk''' ''n'' kingdom<br />
'''kill''' ''n'' throat<br />
'''killig''' ''a'' uvular<br />
'''kimmig''' ''a'' upcoming, future<br />
'''kimmigē''' ''n'' future<br />
'''kimming''' ''n'' coming, arrival; future<br />
'''kinn''' ''n'' chin<br />
'''kis''' ''vt'' choose; vote<br />
'''kising''' ''n'' choice; election; vote<br />
'''klagg''' ''vi'' complain<br />
'''klagging''' ''n'' complain<br />
'''klirr''' ''n'' piece of clothing, cloth<br />
'''klirring''' ''n'' clothing<br />
'''klúk''' ''n'' coat, cloak<br />
'''klurr''' ''vt'' paint<br />
'''klurrer''' ''n'' painter<br />
'''klyn''' ''a'' small<br />
'''klyning''' ''a'' unimportant, irrelevant<br />
'''knirr''' ''vt'' cut<br />
'''knirrē''' ''n'' pair of scissors<br />
'''knugoll <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' hug<br />
'''knyf''' ''n'' knife<br />
'''kogg''' ''n'' bullet, projectile<br />
'''koll''' ''vt'' connect, link<br />
'''kolling''' ''n'' connection, link<br />
'''komm''', kimmti, gikimmt ''vi'' come<br />
'''konin''' ''n'' rabbit<br />
'''kopp''' ''vt'' buy<br />
'''koppig''' ''a'' cheap<br />
'''kopping''' ''n'' trade<br />
'''korrt''' ''a'' short<br />
'''kotts''' ''vi'' vomit<br />
'''kra''' ''a'' big, large<br />
'''krahyt''' ''n'' size<br />
'''<small>oss</small> krútē''' ''adv'' seriously, gravely<br />
'''krútig''' ''a (of people)'' cruel, ruthless; ''(of places and situations)'' harsh, unpleasant, inhospitable<br />
'''kryg''' ''n'' war<br />
'''krymē''' ''n'' curve<br />
'''krymig''' ''a'' bent, curved<br />
'''krys''' ''n'' cross<br />
'''ku''', kuer ''n'' cow<br />
'''kunn''' ''vi'' be possible<br />
'''kunnig''' ''a'' possible<br />
'''kunnighyt''' ''n'' possibility<br />
'''kʉprē''' ''n'' copper<br />
'''kúrvē''' ''n'' corpse, body<br />
'''kuss''' ''vm'' can, be able to<br />
'''kyk''', kikti, gikikkt ''vt'' look at, watch<br />
'''kynt''', kynter ''n'' child<br />
'''kypē''' ''n'' market, shop<br />
'''Kystē''' ''n'' the fire god<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==L==<br />
<poem><br />
'''lag''' ''vi'' laugh, smile<br />
'''lagig''' ''a'' happy, cheerful<br />
'''laging''' ''n'' laugh, smile<br />
'''lak''' ''a'' low<br />
'''laklaut''' ''n'' consonant<br />
'''lamp''', lamper ''n'' lamp, candle, source of light<br />
'''lampig''' ''a'' luminescent, emitting light<br />
'''lamping''' ''n'' lighting<br />
'''lang''' ''a'' long<br />
'''<small>nikkt oss</small> langē''' ''adv'' no longer, not anymore<br />
'''langhyt''' ''n'' length<br />
'''langig''' ''a'' slow<br />
'''lannt''' ''n'' land, country, state, nation<br />
'''lat''' ''a'' late<br />
'''latiss''' ''a'' last<br />
'''lauf''' ''n'' traveller, pedestrian<br />
'''laut''' ''n'' sound<br />
'''lautgrúp''' ''n'' syllable<br />
'''lautig''' ''a'' loud<br />
'''lautighyt''' ''n'' loud noise; loudness, volume<br />
'''lef''' ''vi'' live, be alive<br />
'''leflirring''' ''n'' biology<br />
'''lellk''' ''a'' ugly<br />
'''lellkhyt''' ''n'' ugliness<br />
'''les''', lasti, gilisst ''vt'' read<br />
'''letig''' ''a'' easy, simple<br />
'''letighyt''' ''n'' ease, simplicity<br />
'''lif''' ''vt'' love<br />
'''lifgirr''' ''n'' girlfriend<br />
'''lifvrinnt''' ''n'' boyfriend<br />
'''lig''' ''vi'' lie, tell lies<br />
'''liger''' ''n'' liar<br />
'''liging''' ''n'' lie, untruth<br />
'''linntē''' ''n'' spring<br />
'''linntig''' ''a'' fresh, new<br />
'''lipp''' ''n'' lip<br />
'''lippig''' ''a'' labial<br />
'''lipplē''' ''n'' spoon<br />
'''lirr''' ''vt'' learn<br />
'''lirring''' ''n'' knowledge, study, science<br />
'''liss''', lisser ''n'' list<br />
'''lisster''' ''vi'' suffer<br />
'''lisstrer''' ''n'' victim; ''(grammar)'' object<br />
'''lisstring''' ''n'' suffering<br />
'''livig''' ''a'' dear<br />
'''living''' ''n'' love<br />
'''lop''' ''vi'' walk<br />
'''lúgē''' ''n'' air<br />
'''lúghaff''' ''n'' airport<br />
'''lúnauslúging''' ''n'' moonset<br />
'''lúnē''' ''n'' moon<br />
'''lúnosslúging''' ''n'' moonrise<br />
'''lʉkig''' ''a'' fun; lucky<br />
'''lʉking''' ''n'' fun; luck<br />
'''lʉklyk''' ''adv'' fortunately<br />
'''lútē''' ''n'' lead (metal)<br />
'''ly''' ''a'' lazy<br />
'''lyē''' ''n'' princess<br />
'''lyflúgē''' ''n'' oxygen<br />
'''lyhyt''' ''n'' laziness<br />
'''lygē''' ''n'' ray of light<br />
'''lyging''' ''n'' light; radiation<br />
'''lygt <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' seem like, look like<br />
'''lykig''' ''a'' similar<br />
'''lyt''' ''vt'' lead<br />
'''lyter''' ''n'' leader<br />
'''lytig''' ''a'' administrative<br />
'''lytighyt''' ''n'' administration<br />
'''lyting''' ''n'' management, governing board<br />
'''lytjē''' ''n'' milk<br />
'''lyving''' ''n'' life<br />
'''lyzing''' ''n'' lesson<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==M==<br />
<poem><br />
'''mak''', mikti, gimikkt ''vt'' make, create<br />
'''making''' ''n'' creation; act of creating; thing which is created<br />
'''mamm''' ''n'' mother<br />
'''mammig''' ''a'' motherly, maternal<br />
'''man''' ''pron'' one<br />
'''mann''' ''n'' man<br />
'''mannig''' ''a'' manly, male, masculine<br />
'''mar''' ''conj'' but<br />
'''mattē''' ''n'' mat, carpet<br />
'''maus''', missē ''n'' mouse<br />
'''maussperr''' ''n'' spine of a hedgehog<br />
'''mazig''' ''a'' amazing, extraordinary, incredible<br />
'''mell''' ''a'' vague, unclear<br />
'''mellhyt''' ''n'' vagueness<br />
'''merrig''' ''a'' sharp<br />
'''mess''' ''n'' mess, chaos<br />
'''messig''' ''a'' messy, chaotic<br />
'''mi''' ''pron'' me<br />
'''miess''' ''pron'' my<br />
'''miks''' ''vt'' mix<br />
'''<small>oss</small> miksī''' ''adv'' at random; interchangeably<br />
'''miksing''' ''n'' mix<br />
'''minnig''' ''a'' less, fewer<br />
'''mirē''' ''n'' dragon<br />
'''mirr''' ''a'' more<br />
'''mittlē''' ''n'' middle, center<br />
'''mittlig''' ''a'' average; central<br />
'''mittling''' ''n'' average<br />
'''mogg''' ''vm'' may, be allowed to<br />
'''mogglig''' ''a'' plausible, possible<br />
'''moggling''' ''n'' plausibility<br />
'''mojj''' ''a'' beautiful<br />
'''mojjhyt''' ''n'' beauty<br />
'''<small>oss</small> morrē''' ''adv'' tomorrow<br />
'''morrig''' ''a'' early<br />
'''morrighyt''' ''n'' morning<br />
'''múlē''' ''n'' corn, grain, flake<br />
'''múlig''' ''a'' hard, difficult<br />
'''múlighyt''' ''n'' difficulty<br />
'''múling''' ''n'' minor problem, obstacle<br />
'''mʉllē''' ''n'' mill<br />
'''mʉllmann''' ''n'' miller<br />
'''mʉnnt''' ''n'' coin<br />
'''mʉnnting''' ''n'' money<br />
'''mut''' ''vm'' must, have to<br />
'''<small>oss</small> mutē''' ''adv'' properly, correctly<br />
'''mutig''' ''a'' compulsory, obligatory<br />
'''mutighyt''' ''n'' duty<br />
'''<small>oss</small> mygē''' ''adv'' to a reasonable or acceptable degree<br />
'''mykē''' ''n'' cinnamon<br />
'''mys''', myzer ''n'' girl<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==N==<br />
<poem><br />
'''naggt''' ''n'' night<br />
'''nam''' ''n'' name<br />
'''namsgryf''' ''vi'' sign<br />
'''namsgryving''' ''n'' signature<br />
'''nass''' ''prep'' to, toward<br />
'''nasstekk''' ''vt'' take for oneself<br />
'''nat''' ''prep, conj'' after<br />
'''natferrē''' ''n'' the last quarter of an hour<br />
'''naug''' ''adv'' rather<br />
'''naus''' ''n'' nose<br />
'''nauzig''' ''a'' nasal<br />
'''nauter''' ''pron'' never<br />
'''nikkt''' ''adv'' not<br />
'''nikktig''' ''a'' negative, denying<br />
'''niktig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' without<br />
'''niktū''' ''prep'' without<br />
'''nimē''' ''pron'' no-one, nobody<br />
'''nippē''' ''num'' nine<br />
'''nirgiss''' ''pron (colloquial)'' nowhere<br />
'''nitglyvig''' ''a'' odd (of numbers)<br />
'''nithangig''' ''a'' independent<br />
'''nithangighyt''' ''n'' independence<br />
'''nitreklig''' ''a'' irregular<br />
'''nitreklighyt''' ''n'' irregularity<br />
'''nitstellig''' ''a'' unimaginable<br />
'''nittellig''' ''a'' uncountable<br />
'''nittellighyt''' ''n'' uncountability<br />
'''nittúig''' ''a'' passive, idle<br />
'''nitvagtig''' ''a'' impatient<br />
'''nitverker''' ''n'' unemployed person<br />
'''nitverkig''' ''a'' unemployed<br />
'''nitverkighyt''' ''n'' unemployment<br />
'''nityntig''' ''a'' infinite<br />
'''nityntighyt''' ''n'' infinity<br />
'''nitzytig''' ''a'' nonexistent, absent<br />
'''nitzytighyt''' ''n'' nonexistence, absence<br />
'''niw''' ''a'' new<br />
'''niwess''' ''n'' news<br />
'''niwhyt''' ''n'' newness; news item<br />
'''no''' ''intj'' no<br />
'''nogig''' ''a'' remaining, still existing<br />
'''nogiglyk''' ''adv'' still<br />
'''<small>oss</small> nojjē''' ''adv'' never<br />
'''norrlig''' ''a'' normal, common<br />
'''norrtē''' ''n'' north<br />
'''norrtig''' ''a'' northern<br />
'''norrtsgyning''' ''n'' aurora borealis, northern lights<br />
'''nu''' ''adv'' now<br />
'''<small>oss dē</small> nuē''' ''adv'' at the moment, currently<br />
'''nugig''' ''a'' enough<br />
'''nʉllē''' ''n'' hole<br />
'''nʉllig''' ''a'' hollow, empty<br />
'''nyē ... oss''' ''conj'' neither ... nor<br />
'''nygig''' ''a (mathematics)'' negative<br />
'''nygtall''' ''n'' negative number<br />
'''nytimē''' ''pron (somewhat archaic)'' no-one, nobody<br />
'''nytirgiss''' ''pron'' nowhere<br />
'''nyvē''' ''n'' level<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==O==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ogg''', ogger ''n'' eye<br />
'''ogging''' ''n'' sight<br />
'''oggqatsing''' ''n'' something extremely ugly<br />
'''<small>oss</small> ojjē''' ''pron'' sometime, once, ever<br />
'''onndrig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' under<br />
'''oppfig''' ''a'' obvious<br />
'''orr''' ''n'' ear<br />
'''oss''' ''prep'' of, with, on, to, for; ''n'' ox; ''conj'' or; if, because<br />
'''ossbitraut''' ''a'' trusting<br />
'''ossfinnt''', fannti oss, ossgifonnt ''vt'' discover<br />
'''ossfinnting''' ''n'' discovery<br />
'''ossgibirt''' ''a'' tipsy<br />
'''ossgigiggt''' ''a'' bearded<br />
'''ossgijart''' ''a (pejorative)'' aged, elderly<br />
'''ossginn''' ''vi'' appear<br />
'''ossgyf''', gifti oss, ossgigifft ''vt'' command, order<br />
'''ossgyving''' ''n'' command, order<br />
'''osshorr''' ''vi'' belong<br />
'''osshyf''' ''vt'' acquire, have<br />
'''ossig''' ''a'' stronger, better, superior; ''(mathematics)'' positive<br />
'''osskall''' ''vt'' paint, colour<br />
'''ossklúk''' ''vt'' protect, hide, cover<br />
'''ossklúkig''' ''a'' fake<br />
'''ossklúkighyt''' ''n'' fakeness<br />
'''ossklúking''' ''n'' cover, front<br />
'''osslag''' ''vi, vt'' be ridiculous (to someone), make no sense<br />
'''osslagig''' ''a'' ridiculous<br />
'''osslaging''' ''n'' nonsense<br />
'''osslang''' ''vt'' lengthen, extend<br />
'''osslangig''' ''a'' protruding<br />
'''osslanging''' ''n'' lengthening, extension<br />
'''osslef''' ''vi'' survive<br />
'''osslop''' ''vi'' progress<br />
'''osslopig''' ''a'' progressive<br />
'''ossloping''' ''n'' progress<br />
'''osslúg''' ''vi'' rise (of the sun and the moon)<br />
'''osslyving''' ''n'' survival<br />
'''ossmogg''' ''vt'' allow, grant permission<br />
'''ossmogging''' ''n'' approval, permission<br />
'''ossmut''' ''vt'' order, command<br />
'''ossmutig''' ''a'' compulsory, obligatory<br />
'''ossmuting''' ''n'' order, command<br />
'''ossnam''' ''vt'' call, name<br />
'''osspass''' ''vi'' continue<br />
'''ossrʉt''' ''vi'' rot, spoil, go bad<br />
'''ossryg''' ''vt'' enrich<br />
'''ossryging''' ''n'' enrichment<br />
'''ossryt''' ''vt'' sort, put in order<br />
'''ossryting''' ''n'' order, sequence<br />
'''osssgerr''' ''vt'' protect, guard, secure<br />
'''osssgerring''' ''n'' protection, guarding, security<br />
'''ossslap''', slipti oss, ossgislippt ''vt'' make someone fall asleep by being boring<br />
'''ossslapig''' ''a'' boring<br />
'''ossstamm''' ''vt'' descend from<br />
'''ossstamming''' ''n'' offspring<br />
'''ossstirg''' ''vt'' strengthen, reinforce<br />
'''ossstirging''' ''n'' strengthening, reinforcement<br />
'''osstall''' ''vt'' translate; ''n'' positive number<br />
'''osstaller''' ''n'' translator<br />
'''osstalling''' ''n'' translation<br />
'''osstē''' ''n'' east<br />
'''osstig''' ''a'' eastern<br />
'''osstiglyk''' ''adv'' sometimes, occasionally<br />
'''osszyt''' ''vi'' stick, remain<br />
'''ottjo''' ''num'' eight<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==P==<br />
<poem><br />
'''palig''' ''a'' definite, fixed, certain<br />
'''papp''' ''n'' father<br />
'''pars''' ''a, n'' purple<br />
'''part''' ''n'' horse<br />
'''pass''', passer ''n'' step; a length unit of about 73 cm<br />
'''pat''', pater ''n'' path, road<br />
'''pegging''' ''n'' accident; coincidence<br />
'''perk''' ''vt'' limit, restrict<br />
'''perking''' ''n'' limit, restriction<br />
'''perrē''' ''n'' person, human being<br />
'''perrig''' ''a'' human<br />
'''perring''' ''n'' humanity, mankind<br />
'''pillē''' ''n'' bow and arrow<br />
'''pillstryp''' ''n'' straight line ''(usually collocates with the adjective ''glyvig)''<br />
'''pirr''' ''n'' pear<br />
'''pjúkē''' ''n'' banana<br />
'''plank''' ''n'' plank<br />
'''plant''' ''n'' plant<br />
'''plantyter''' ''n'' herbivore<br />
'''plantytig''' ''a'' herbivorous<br />
'''platt''' ''a'' flat<br />
'''pletting''' ''n'' plain<br />
'''plikk''' ''n'' place<br />
'''plʉk''' ''vt'' pick (berries or fruit), catch (animals or fish), gather food<br />
'''plʉking''' ''n'' bunch of fruit<br />
'''pogg''' ''vm'' try<br />
'''pogging''' ''n'' attempt<br />
'''Polltrē''' ''n'' the earth god<br />
'''pot''' ''n'' leg (particularly that of an animal)<br />
'''pottē''' ''n'' pot<br />
'''pratt''' ''vt'' talk, speak ''(takes the language as its object; the topic of the conversation is preceded by the preposition ''oss'')''<br />
'''prattdúl''' ''n'' topic, theme<br />
'''pratter''' ''n'' speaker<br />
'''pratting''' ''n'' conversation, discussion<br />
'''prattstryps''' ''n (plural only)'' vocal chords<br />
'''prattstrypig''' ''a'' glottal<br />
'''pruf''' ''vt'' test, try<br />
'''prufing''' ''n'' experiment, test<br />
'''prʉlē''' ''n'' problem<br />
'''pryg''' ''vt'' stab, poke<br />
'''prygē''' ''n'' needle<br />
'''púr''' ''vt'' dig; bury<br />
'''púring''' ''n'' funeral, burial<br />
'''pyl''' ''n'' arrow<br />
'''pyler''' ''n'' archer<br />
'''pylig''' ''a'' straight<br />
'''pyling''' ''n'' archery<br />
'''pyn''' ''n'' pain<br />
'''pynig''' ''a'' painful, hurtful<br />
'''pyning''' ''n (often pluralised)'' damage<br />
'''pyprē''' ''n'' pepper<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
<poem><br />
'''qak''' ''n'' frog<br />
'''qalg''' ''vt'' excuse, forgive<br />
'''qalging''' ''n'' excuse, forgiveness<br />
'''qats''' ''vt'' insult<br />
'''qatsing''' ''n'' insult<br />
'''qinnē''' ''n'' queen<br />
'''qinnig''' ''a'' beautiful, excellent<br />
'''qitt''' ''n'' ink<br />
'''qittvʉggē''' ''n'' pen, quill<br />
'''qoll''' ''n'' jellyfish<br />
'''qyf''', qifti, giqifft ''vi'' suffocate<br />
'''qyflúgē''' ''n'' nitrogen<br />
'''qytig''' ''a'' gone, missing<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==R==<br />
<poem><br />
'''rak''', rikti, girikkt ''vt'' hit, crash into<br />
'''raking''' ''n'' crash<br />
'''rat''' ''n'' wheel<br />
'''rauk''' ''n'' smoke<br />
'''raukig''' ''a'' smoky<br />
'''reklig''' ''a'' regular<br />
'''reklighyt''' ''n'' regularity, pattern<br />
'''rekling''' ''n'' law<br />
'''rekoll''' ''n'' rule<br />
'''riggt''' ''n'' right, justice, law<br />
'''riggtig''' ''a'' just<br />
'''riggtighyt''' ''n'' justice<br />
'''riggthaus''' ''n'' court, courthouse<br />
'''riggtmann''' ''n'' judge<br />
'''riverr''' ''n'' river<br />
'''ronnig''' ''a'' round; '''ronnig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' around<br />
'''ronnighyt''' ''n'' surroundings<br />
'''ronning''' ''n'' circle<br />
'''rot''' ''a, n'' red<br />
'''rup''' ''vt'' call<br />
'''rʉss''' ''vi'' rest<br />
'''rʉsshillvē''' ''n'' grave, cemetery<br />
'''rʉssig''' ''a'' calm, quiet, peaceful<br />
'''rʉssing''' ''n'' rest, peace<br />
'''rútē''' ''n'' sulfur<br />
'''rʉtig''' ''a'' rotten<br />
'''ry''', ryess ''n'' row, sequence<br />
'''ryg''' ''a'' rich, wealthy<br />
'''rygen''' ''vi'' rain<br />
'''ryghyt''' ''n'' richness, wealth<br />
'''rygness''' ''n (plural only)'' rain<br />
'''rygnig''' ''a'' rainy<br />
'''ryk''' ''n'' kingdom, country<br />
'''rykig''' ''a'' national; royal<br />
'''ryt''', riti, giritt ''vi'' ride<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==S==<br />
<poem><br />
'''safē''' ''num'' seven<br />
'''sag''' ''a'' boring<br />
'''saghyt''' ''n'' boringness<br />
'''<small>oss</small> samē''' ''adv'' together<br />
'''samig''' ''a'' joint, mutual, collective<br />
'''samighyt''' ''n'' community, society; collection<br />
'''sgall''' ''n'' skull<br />
'''sgallig''' ''a'' bald<br />
'''sgap''' ''n'' sheep<br />
'''sgaper''' ''n'' shepherd<br />
'''sgass''' ''n'' treasure<br />
'''sgat''' ''vt'' damage<br />
'''sgau <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' look at<br />
'''sgerrig''' ''a'' safe<br />
'''sgerrighyt''' ''n'' safety<br />
'''sgill''' ''vi'' differ, be different<br />
'''sgillig''' ''a'' different, various<br />
'''sgillighyt''' ''n'' difference<br />
'''sgillt''' ''n'' shield<br />
'''sginlyk''' ''adv'' maybe, perhaps<br />
'''sgiss''' ''n'' sketch, idea, proposal<br />
'''sgit''' ''vt'' shoot<br />
'''sgiter''' ''n'' gun<br />
'''sgiting''' ''n'' shot<br />
'''sgoll''' ''n'' school<br />
'''sgon''' ''a'' clean<br />
'''sgonhyt''' ''n'' cleanliness<br />
'''sgriff''' ''vi'' scream, shout<br />
'''sgriffing''' ''n'' scream, shout<br />
'''sgrikk''' ''vi'' be startled, be scared<br />
'''sgrikkig''' ''a'' terrible<br />
'''sgrikking''' ''n'' fright, fear<br />
'''sgryf''', sgrifti, gisgrifft ''vt'' write<br />
'''sgryftall''' ''n'' written language<br />
'''sgryftappī''' ''n'' desk<br />
'''sgryver''' ''n'' writer, author<br />
'''sgryving''' ''n'' writing, writing system; document, text<br />
'''sgú''', sgúer ''n'' shoe<br />
'''sgʉllig''' ''a'' guilty, responsible<br />
'''sgʉlling''' ''n'' guilt<br />
'''sgyn''' ''vi'' shine<br />
'''sgynig''' ''a'' bright<br />
'''sgyning''' ''n'' light<br />
'''sgys''' ''n'' poop<br />
'''sgyt''' ''vt'' separate, split<br />
'''sgyting''' ''n'' separation, split<br />
'''<small>oss</small> sgyvē''' ''adv'' nonsensically, wrongly<br />
'''sgyvig''' ''a'' nonsensical<br />
'''siff''', siffer ''n'' number, digit<br />
'''sik''' ''a'' ill, sick<br />
'''sikhaus''' ''n'' hospital<br />
'''skopp''' ''n'' cupboard<br />
'''sla''', sliti, gislot ''vt'' hit, beat<br />
'''slaff''' ''n'' slave<br />
'''slaffing''' ''n'' slavery<br />
'''slaggē''' ''n'' gender, sex<br />
'''slap''', slipti, gislippt ''vi'' sleep<br />
'''slapig''' ''a'' sleepy, tired<br />
'''slaping''' ''n'' sleep<br />
'''slapkammerr''' ''n'' bedroom<br />
'''slapp''' ''a'' weak<br />
'''slarrfig''' ''a'' sloppy<br />
'''sliggt''' ''a'' bad<br />
'''sliggtgissting''' ''n'' lack of common sense<br />
'''sliggttrauming''' ''n'' nightmare<br />
'''slyt''' ''vt'' lock; fix<br />
'''slytē''' ''n'' key<br />
'''slythaus''' ''n'' prison<br />
'''slytig''' ''a'' definitive, final<br />
'''slyting''' ''n'' lock<br />
'''slytlē''' ''n'' key<br />
'''snell''' ''a'' quick, fast<br />
'''sniww''' ''n, v'' snow<br />
'''sniwwig''' ''a'' snowy<br />
'''sniwwwittig''' ''a'' snow-white<br />
'''snyt''' ''vt'' cut (with a knife)<br />
'''snyter''' ''n'' knife<br />
'''snytig''' ''a'' sharp<br />
'''sokk''' ''n'' sock<br />
'''solls''' ''conj, prep'' like<br />
'''somm''' ''a'' some<br />
'''sopp''' ''vt'' swap<br />
'''sopping''' ''n'' swap<br />
'''sort''' ''n'' sort, type, species<br />
'''spass''' ''n'' space<br />
'''spell''', spallti, gispollt ''vi'' play; ''n'' game<br />
'''spellig''' ''a'' playful<br />
'''spelling''' ''n'' game, playing<br />
'''sperr''' ''n'' spear<br />
'''sperrē''' ''n'' hope<br />
'''sperrmaus''', sperrmissē ''n'' hedgehog<br />
'''spog''' ''n'' spit; ''intj'' fuck, shit<br />
'''spraking''' ''n'' dialect<br />
'''stakk''' ''n'' stick, branch (of a tree)<br />
'''stakking''' ''n'' structure; skeleton<br />
'''stallpig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' instead of<br />
'''stamm''' ''n'' trunk of a tree; origin; core<br />
'''stammmann''' ''n'' ancestor<br />
'''start''' ''n'' street<br />
'''stass''', stissti, gistisst ''vi'' stand<br />
'''statt''' ''n'' city, town<br />
'''stattig''' ''a'' urban<br />
'''stattsgerrer''' ''n'' policeman, policewoman<br />
'''stattsgerrhaus''' ''n'' police station<br />
'''stattsgerring''' ''n'' police<br />
'''stauf''', stauver ''n'' dust, substance<br />
'''stauflirring''' ''n'' chemistry<br />
'''stell''', stallti, gistollt ''vt'' image<br />
'''stellig''' ''a'' imaginable, understandable<br />
'''sten''', styness ''n'' stone, rock, pebble<br />
'''still''' ''a'' quiet, silent<br />
'''stillhyt''' ''n'' silence<br />
'''stirg''' ''a'' strong<br />
'''stirghyt''' ''n'' strength, power<br />
'''stoll''' ''n'' chair<br />
'''stopp''', stippti, gistippt ''vi'' stop<br />
'''stoppig''' ''a'' stupid<br />
'''stopplaut''' ''n'' stop consonant<br />
'''straf''' ''n'' punishment<br />
'''strafbistryving''' ''n'' capital punishment<br />
'''strat''' ''n'' tail<br />
'''stryf''', strifti, gistrifft ''vi'' die<br />
'''stryp''' ''n'' strip, band<br />
'''sturr''' ''vt'' steer, drive; govern<br />
'''sturring''' ''n'' government<br />
'''sturrrat''' ''n'' steering wheel<br />
'''stynlygig''' ''a'' radioactive<br />
'''stynlyging''' ''n'' radioactivity<br />
'''styntall''' ''n'' prime number<br />
'''styp''' ''n'' point, dot<br />
'''styrē''' ''n'' star<br />
'''sʉll''' ''n'' a type of tree<br />
'''sʉmmrē''' ''n'' summer<br />
'''supē''' ''n'' soup<br />
'''sytē''' ''n'' chair, seat, throne<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==T==<br />
<poem><br />
'''taggtrē''' ''n'' daughter<br />
'''taglyk''' ''adv'' anyway, nonetheless<br />
'''tall''' ''n'' language; number<br />
'''talllirring''' ''n'' linguistics<br />
'''tallrekolls''' ''n (plural only)'' grammar<br />
'''Talnē''' ''n'' the sea goddess<br />
'''tann''' ''adv'' then<br />
'''tanner''' ''n'' dentist<br />
'''tannt''' ''n'' tooth<br />
'''tanntig''' ''a'' dental<br />
'''tappī''' ''n'' table (both furniture and chart)<br />
'''tarrp''' ''n'' village<br />
'''tarrping''' ''n'' settlement<br />
'''tauferr''' ''vi, vt'' do magic, make something appear by magic<br />
'''taufrer''' ''n'' magician, wizard<br />
'''tē''' ''adv'' too, excessively<br />
'''tekk''' ''vt'' take, pick<br />
'''tell''' ''vi, vt'' count<br />
'''tellig''' ''a'' countable<br />
'''telling''' ''n'' story<br />
'''terrē''' ''n'' elephant<br />
'''terrig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' through<br />
'''terrpē''' ''n'' neighbourhood<br />
'''tettig''' ''a'' excessive<br />
'''tettighyt''' ''n'' excess<br />
'''tingī''' ''n'' thing, object<br />
'''tingworrt''' ''n'' noun<br />
'''tinn''' ''num'' ten<br />
'''tinnig''' ''a'' teenage<br />
'''tinniger''' ''n'' teenager<br />
'''tinnighyt''' ''n'' puberty<br />
'''to''' ''num'' two<br />
'''toig''' ''a'' divided, disagreeing<br />
'''toighyt''' ''n'' disagreement, dispute<br />
'''tokkē''' ''n'' chicken<br />
'''tokkig''' ''a'' crazy<br />
'''tong''' ''n'' tongue<br />
'''torat''' ''n'' bicycle<br />
'''torr''' ''n'' tower<br />
'''traff''', triffti, gitrifft ''vt'' meet, encounter<br />
'''traffing''' ''n'' meeting<br />
'''trauig''' ''a'' faithful, loyal<br />
'''trauing''' ''n'' trust<br />
'''traum''' ''vt'' dream<br />
'''trauming''' ''n'' dream<br />
'''tri''' ''num'' three<br />
'''trigg''' ''vt'' pull<br />
'''trigger''' ''n'' tractor<br />
'''trigúke''' ''n'' triangle<br />
'''trizytē''' ''n'' equilateral triangle<br />
'''trʉg''' ''adv'' back<br />
'''trʉgē''' ''n'' past<br />
'''trʉgig''' ''a'' past<br />
'''trʉgtyt''' ''n'' past tense<br />
'''trybē''' ''n'' lobster<br />
'''tryjē''' ''n'' shirt<br />
'''tú''' ''vt'' do<br />
'''túig''' ''a'' active<br />
'''túing''' ''n'' action, activity<br />
'''túmhyt''' ''n'' emptiness<br />
'''túmig''' ''a'' empty<br />
'''<small>oss</small> túntē''' ''adv'' to the left<br />
'''túntig''' ''a'' left (side)<br />
'''túntighyt''' ''n'' left side<br />
'''túp''' ''n'' idiot<br />
'''túpbir''' ''n'' bad beer; nonsense<br />
'''<small>oss</small> túpē''' ''adv'' to a crazy degree<br />
'''túpig''' ''a'' stupid<br />
'''tʉrf''' ''vt'' tally<br />
'''turrē''' ''n'' tear<br />
'''tʉssig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' between<br />
'''tʉsskimming''' ''n'' interruption, intermezzo<br />
'''tʉsslantig''' ''a'' international<br />
'''tʉssur''' ''n'' half hour<br />
'''túworrt''' ''n'' verb<br />
'''twellē''' ''n'' prince<br />
'''twig''' ''vt'' guess<br />
'''twillg''' ''n'' bell, clock<br />
'''twyf''', twifti, gitwifft ''vi'' doubt<br />
'''twyvig''' ''a'' dubious<br />
'''twyving''' ''n'' doubt<br />
'''tygē''' ''prep'' against<br />
'''tygig''' ''a'' opposite<br />
'''tyging''' ''n'' opposite<br />
'''tygpratt''' ''vt'' contradict<br />
'''tygprattig''' ''a'' contradictory<br />
'''tygpratting''' ''n'' contradiction<br />
'''tyn''' ''n'' garden<br />
'''tyning''' ''n'' agriculture<br />
'''tyt''' ''n'' time<br />
'''tythyt''' ''n'' moment, point in time<br />
'''tytrʉg''' ''postp'' ago<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==U==<br />
<poem><br />
'''úlgē''', úlger ''n'' a type of evil bird in Berilonian mythology<br />
'''ur''' ''n'' hour<br />
'''urē''' ''n'' miracle<br />
'''ursprygē''' ''n'' myth, fairytale<br />
'''ʉste''' ''n'' voice<br />
'''úvig''' ''a'' sober<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==V==<br />
<poem><br />
'''vaggt''' ''n'' fur<br />
'''vagt <small>oss</small>''', vigti, givogt ''vi'' wait<br />
'''vagtig''' ''a'' patient<br />
'''vagting''' ''n'' patience<br />
'''valt''', vilti, givolt ''vi'' go for a walk, hike<br />
'''vantling''' ''n'' walk, hike<br />
'''varkē''' ''n'' boat<br />
'''varr''' ''vt'' confuse, mix up<br />
'''varrig''' ''a'' confusing<br />
'''varring''' ''n'' confusion<br />
'''varst''', varster ''n'' sausage<br />
'''vaut''' ''n'' forest<br />
'''veg''', vagti, givogt ''vt'' weigh<br />
'''vegg''' ''n'' road<br />
'''vegig''' ''a'' heavy<br />
'''vell''' ''n'' bed<br />
'''verk''', varkti, givorkt ''vi'' work<br />
'''verker''' ''n'' worker<br />
'''verking''' ''n'' work, function, profession<br />
'''verrtlē''' ''n'' carrot<br />
'''vigatt''' ''n'' enemy<br />
'''vigattig''' ''a'' hostile<br />
'''vills''' ''vt'' switch, change<br />
'''villsing''' ''n'' switch, change<br />
'''vins''' ''vt'' wish<br />
'''vinsing''' ''n'' wish<br />
'''virrig''' ''a'' exact, precise<br />
'''virrolt''' ''n'' world<br />
'''vlurr''' ''vt'' knock down<br />
'''vogg''' ''n'' bird; chicken ''(as food)''<br />
'''voggsgys''' ''n'' excrement of birds, guano; nonsense<br />
'''vojj <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' fight<br />
'''vojjing''' ''n'' fight, battle<br />
'''voll''' ''a'' full<br />
'''vorr''' ''adv'' at the front<br />
'''vorrbylt''', vorrbylter ''n'' example<br />
'''vorrferrē''' ''n'' first quarter of an hour<br />
'''vorrig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' before<br />
'''vorriww''' ''n'' century before the start of the Berilonian calendar<br />
'''vorrlig''' ''a'' main, predominant<br />
'''vorrliglyk''' ''n'' mostly, mainly, predominantly<br />
'''vort''' ''vc'' become<br />
'''voss''', vissē ''n'' fox<br />
'''vragg''' ''a'' true, correct<br />
'''vragghyt''' ''n'' truth<br />
'''vrimmig''' ''a'' strange, weird; foreign<br />
'''vrimmighyt''' ''n'' strangeness, weirdness<br />
'''vrimmlannt''' ''n'' foreign country<br />
'''vrimmtall''' ''n'' foreign language<br />
'''vrinnt''' ''n'' friend<br />
'''vryt''' ''a'' free<br />
'''vrythyt''' ''n'' freedom<br />
'''vrytig''' ''a'' peaceful, calm<br />
'''vrytighyt''' ''n'' peace<br />
'''vug''' ''vt'' add<br />
'''vʉggē''' ''n'' feather; pen, quill<br />
'''vugig''' ''a'' extra, additional<br />
'''vuging''' ''n'' addition<br />
'''vúr''' ''vt'' bring<br />
'''vurr''' ''n'' fire<br />
'''vurrkarvē''' ''n'' charcoal, ash<br />
'''vy''' ''num'' five<br />
'''vyn''' ''n'' wine<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==W==<br />
<poem><br />
'''wakig''' ''a'' awake<br />
'''walgig''' ''a'' disgusting<br />
'''walging''' ''n'' disgust<br />
'''wann''' ''pron'' when<br />
'''warr''' ''pron'' where<br />
'''warrm''' ''a'' warm<br />
'''warrmhyt''' ''n'' warmth<br />
'''wass''' ''pron'' what; ''n'' water<br />
'''wassig''' ''a'' wet<br />
'''werrmē''' ''pron'' why<br />
'''westē''' ''n'' west<br />
'''westig''' ''a'' western<br />
'''wet''', wati, giwotē ''vt'' know<br />
'''wi''' ''pron'' who; we<br />
'''will''', wallti, giwollt ''vt, vm'' want<br />
'''winn''', wannti, giwonnt ''vt'' win<br />
'''winnt''' ''n'' wind<br />
'''wintirr''' ''n'' winter<br />
'''wirr''' ''n'' weather<br />
'''wirrlirring''' ''n'' meteorology<br />
'''witt''' ''a, n'' white<br />
'''wittness''' ''n'' information<br />
'''woll''' ''n'' wool<br />
'''worrt''' ''n'' word<br />
'''worrtbʉk''' ''n'' dictionary<br />
'''worrthyving''' ''n'' vocabulary<br />
'''worrtsgyting''' ''n'' space<br />
'''wyg''' ''a'' few<br />
'''wyl''' ''conj'' while<br />
'''wylig''' ''a'' contemporary<br />
'''wys <small>oss</small>''', wisti, giwisst ''vi'' point at, refer to<br />
'''wytings''' ''n (plural only)'' knowledge<br />
'''wytlirring''' ''n'' mathematics<br />
'''wyzing''' ''n'' reference<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==Y==<br />
<poem><br />
'''y''' ''n'' egg<br />
'''yē ... oss''' ''conj'' either ... or<br />
'''ygiss''' ''a'' own<br />
'''ygisshyt''' ''n'' trait, characteristic<br />
'''yglyk''' ''adv'' actually, in fact<br />
'''yk''', yker ''n'' oak<br />
'''yklē''' ''n'' acorn<br />
'''ylē''' ''n'' island<br />
'''ylessgrúp''' ''n'' archipelago<br />
'''ylessryk''' ''n'' island nation<br />
'''<small>oss</small> ymē''' ''adv'' agreeing with each other<br />
'''ynt''' ''vi'' end, finish; result<br />
'''yntig''' ''a'' finite<br />
'''yntighyt''' ''n'' finiteness<br />
'''ynting''' ''n'' end, finish; result<br />
'''ys''' ''n'' ice<br />
'''ytē''' ''n'' idea<br />
'''ytga''', gigti yt, ytgigisst ''vt'' go out, leave<br />
'''ythaus''' ''vi'' move, change residence<br />
'''ytkis''' ''vt'' choose, select, pick<br />
'''ytkryg''', krigti aus, ausgikriggt ''vt'' expel<br />
'''ytkyk''', kikti yt, ytgikikkt ''vt'' have a view of<br />
'''ytkyking''' ''n'' view, scenery<br />
'''ytpratt''' ''vt'' pronounce<br />
'''ytpratting''' ''n'' pronunciation<br />
'''yzē''' ''n'' iron<br />
'''yzēpart''' ''n'' car<br />
'''yzēvegg''' ''n'' railway; train<br />
'''yzēveggryter''' ''n'' train; train driver<br />
'''yzēvogg''' ''n'' aeroplane<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==Z==<br />
<poem><br />
'''zanig''' ''a'' healthy<br />
'''zaning''' ''n'' health<br />
'''zang''', zingti, gizongt ''vi, vt'' sing<br />
'''zangig''' ''a'' musical<br />
'''zangighyt''' ''n'' musicality<br />
'''zanging''' ''n'' music<br />
'''zangvogg''' ''n'' songbird<br />
'''zant''' ''n'' sand<br />
'''zarvē''' ''n'' an alcoholic drink made from the berries and leaves of the sʉll tree<br />
'''zautē''' ''n'' south<br />
'''zautig''' ''a'' southern<br />
'''zautsgyning''' ''n'' aurora australis, southern lights<br />
'''ze''', zyess ''n'' sea<br />
'''zē''' ''pron'' she<br />
'''zegg''', zaggti, giziggt ''vt'' say<br />
'''zeggworrt''' ''n'' adjective<br />
'''zell''' ''pron'' on one's own, by oneself<br />
'''zellbistryf''', bistrifti zell, zellbistrifft ''vr'' commit suicide<br />
'''zellbistryving''' ''n'' suicide<br />
'''<small>oss</small> zellē''' ''adv'' even<br />
'''zellig''' ''a'' same<br />
'''zess''' ''pron'' they; her<br />
'''zet''' ''vt'' put, place, set<br />
'''zeting''' ''n'' setting, background<br />
'''zett''' ''num'' six<br />
'''zettpot''' ''n'' insect<br />
'''zettting''' ''n'' a length unit of about 1.2 cm<br />
'''zi''' ''vt'' see<br />
'''ziggtē''' ''n'' face<br />
'''zilvirr''' ''n'' silver<br />
'''zin''' ''vi'' make sense<br />
'''zinig''' ''a'' sensical<br />
'''zitt''' ''vi'' sit<br />
'''zoll''' ''n'' sun<br />
'''zollauslúging''' ''n'' sunset<br />
'''zollosslúging''' ''n'' sunrise<br />
'''zoss''' ''adv'' so, like this/that<br />
'''zott''' ''n'' salt<br />
'''zúk''' ''vt'' search, look for<br />
'''zúking''' ''n'' search, quest<br />
'''zʉkrē''' ''n'' sugar<br />
'''zʉll''' ''vm'' will<br />
'''zʉllg''' ''a'' such<br />
'''zún''' ''n'' son<br />
'''zʉs''', zʉser ''n'' sister<br />
'''zwammp''' ''n'' mushroom<br />
'''zwan''', zwaner ''n'' swan<br />
'''zwart''' ''n'' sword<br />
'''zwem''', zwamti, gizwomt ''vi'' swim<br />
'''zwerrē''' ''n'' school<br />
'''Zwirē''' ''n'' the sky goddess<br />
'''zworrt''' ''a, n'' black<br />
'''zwyl''' ''vt'' send<br />
'''zwyg''' ''a'' weak, soft<br />
'''zwytī''' ''n'' sweat<br />
'''zy''' ''pron'' her<br />
'''zyging''' ''n'' sentence<br />
'''zygnē <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' according to<br />
'''zytē''' ''prep'' since<br />
'''zytī''' ''n'' side, page<br />
'''zytigē''' ''n'' fact<br />
</poem></div>
Dē Graut Bʉr
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Bearlandic/Vocabulary&diff=102531
Bearlandic/Vocabulary
2018-02-12T13:39:50Z
<p>Dē Graut Bʉr: </p>
<hr />
<div>See also:<br />
* [[:Category:Bearlandic words]]<br />
* [[Bearlandic/Thematic dictionary]]<br />
<br />
For strong and irregular verbs, the past and perfect are given. For irregular nouns, the plural is given.<br />
<br />
Small words indicate fixed combinations.<br />
<br />
Abbreviations used on this page include:<br />
* ''a'' adjective<br />
* ''adv'' adverb<br />
* ''conj'' conjunction<br />
* ''det'' determiner<br />
* ''intj'' interjection<br />
* ''n'' noun<br />
* ''num'' numeral<br />
* ''postp'' postposition<br />
* ''prep'' preposition<br />
* ''pron'' pronoun<br />
* ''vc'' copula<br />
* ''vi'' intransitive verb<br />
* ''vm'' modal verb<br />
* ''vr'' reflexive verb<br />
* ''vt'' transitive verb<br />
<br />
==A==<br />
<poem><br />
'''a''' ''num'' one; ''det'' a, an<br />
'''<small>oss</small> afnē''' ''adv'' tonight<br />
'''afning''' ''n'' evening<br />
'''agterr''' ''prep'' behind<br />
'''agtrig''' ''a'' located in the back; velar<br />
'''ahyt''' ''n'' union<br />
'''akerr''' ''n'' field<br />
'''all''' ''pron'' all, everything<br />
'''allmig''' ''a'' general, common<br />
'''<small>oss</small> allpē''' ''pron'' everywhere<br />
'''allpig''' ''a'' common, ubiquitous<br />
'''alltingiss''' ''pron'' everything<br />
'''alltyt''' ''pron'' always<br />
'''almyzē''' ''n'' precious stone, gem, jewel<br />
'''anderr''' ''vt'' to change<br />
'''andrig''' ''a'' other, different<br />
'''anē''' ''pron'' each, every<br />
'''anglī''' ''n'' angel, inhabitant of the sky<br />
'''aper''', iperti, giopert ''v'' seem, appear, look like, turn out; '''aper <small>oss</small>''' apparently do, turn out to<br />
'''appoll''' ''n'' apple<br />
'''aprig''' ''a'' seeming, apparent<br />
'''arr''' ''a'' poor<br />
'''arrm''' ''n'' arm<br />
'''artē''' ''n'' doctor, healer<br />
'''asboll''' ''n'' meatball<br />
'''atall''' ''n'' singular<br />
'''<small>oss</small> atē''' ''adv'' only; on one's own<br />
'''atig''' ''a'' only, sole<br />
'''atiglyk''' ''adv'' only<br />
'''atimm''' ''vi, vt'' breathe<br />
'''atjē''' ''n'' bridge<br />
'''atming''' ''n'' breath<br />
'''attoll''' ''n'' nobility<br />
'''attlig''' ''a'' noble, of or pertaining to nobility<br />
'''aug''' ''adv'' too, also, as well<br />
'''aukig''' ''a'' clumsy, awkward<br />
'''aupig''' ''a'' open, free<br />
'''ausbarr''', birrti aus, ausgiborrt ''vt'' give birth to<br />
'''ausbiga''', bigigti aus, ausbigisst ''vt'' avoid<br />
'''ausbigatig''' ''a'' elusive<br />
'''ausbigating''' ''n'' avoidance<br />
'''ausbikopp''' ''vt'' sell out<br />
'''ausbikopping''' ''n'' sale<br />
'''ausbiring''' ''n'' hangover<br />
'''ausbisik''' ''vt'' heal, cure<br />
'''ausbisiking''' ''n'' medicine (discipline)<br />
'''ausbrant''', brinti aus, ausgibront ''vt'' put out a fire ''(takes the burning building as its object)''<br />
'''ausbranter''' ''n'' firefighter<br />
'''ausbranthaus''' ''n'' fire station<br />
'''ausbranting''' ''n'' fire service<br />
'''ausbryt''' ''vt'' expand, enlarge<br />
'''ausbyig''' ''a'' lonely<br />
'''ausdankig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' despite<br />
'''ausdwyn <small>oss</small>''' ''v'' leave, go away from<br />
'''ausfrag''' ''vt'' answer, reply<br />
'''ausfraging''' ''n'' answer, reply<br />
'''ausgibirt''' ''a'' hungover<br />
'''ausgijʉngtnē''' ''n'' adult, grown-up<br />
'''ausgioggt''' ''a'' neutral, impartial<br />
'''ausgiriggt''' ''a'' illegal<br />
'''ausgyg''', gigti aus, ausgigiggt ''vr'' shave<br />
'''aushyf''' ''vt'' lose (an object)<br />
'''ausirr''' ''vt'' annoy, upset<br />
'''ausjʉng''' ''vi'' grow up<br />
'''ausklirr''' ''vt'' undress<br />
'''ausklúk''' ''vt'' betray<br />
'''ausklúker''' ''n'' traitor<br />
'''ausklúkig''' ''a'' treacherous, misleading<br />
'''ausklúking''' ''n'' treason<br />
'''auskryg''', krigti aus, asgikriggt ''vt'' conquer<br />
'''auskryging''' ''n'' conquest<br />
'''auskyk''' ''vt'' summarise<br />
'''auskykig''' ''a'' clear, structured, organised<br />
'''auskyking''' ''n'' overview, summary<br />
'''auslannt''' ''n'' countryside<br />
'''auslanntig''' ''a'' rural<br />
'''auslellk''' ''vt'' forgive; ''vr'' start over<br />
'''auslellking''' ''n'' forgiveness; restart, second chance<br />
'''ausleting''' ''n'' inconvenience, unease; disease, illness<br />
'''auslis''' ''vt'' lose (a match or a battle)<br />
'''auslúg''' ''vi'' go down, set<br />
'''auslʉk''' ''v'' fail, not succeed<br />
'''auslʉking''' ''n'' failure<br />
'''auslyzing''' ''n'' defeat<br />
'''ausmak''', mikti aus, ausgimikkt ''v'' derive; conclude<br />
'''ausmaking''' ''n'' derivation; conclusion<br />
'''ausmogg''' ''vt'' forbid, prohibit<br />
'''ausmogging''' ''n'' prohibition, ban<br />
'''ausogging''' ''n'' neutrality, impartiality<br />
'''ausperk''' ''vt'' forbid, make impossible<br />
'''ausperking''' prohibition, ban<br />
'''ausqyf''', qifti aus, ausgiqifft ''vt'' strangle<br />
'''ausqyving''' ''n'' strangulation<br />
'''ausriggt''' ''vt'' illegalise<br />
'''aussik''' ''vi'' recover (from an illness)<br />
'''ausslap''', slipti aus, ausgislippt ''vi'' wake up<br />
'''aussliggt''' ''vt'' watch, guard<br />
'''aussliggting''' ''n'' watch, guard<br />
'''ausslom''' ''vt'' postpone, delay<br />
'''aussloming''' ''n'' delay<br />
'''aussort''' ''vt'' sort<br />
'''aussorting''' ''n'' sorting<br />
'''ausstamm <small>oss</small>''' ''v'' be descended from<br />
'''ausstamming''' ''n'' ancestry, descent<br />
'''austekk''' ''vt'' take over<br />
'''ausvirrig''' ''a'' approximate<br />
'''ausvúr''' ''vt'' bring out; ''vi'' vomit<br />
'''auszell <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' brag about<br />
'''auszellig''' ''a'' arrogant, egoistic<br />
'''auszelling''' ''n'' arrogance, egoism<br />
'''auszi <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' be careful with<br />
'''ausziig''' ''a'' careful<br />
'''auszúk''' ''vt, vi'' research<br />
'''auszúking''' ''n'' research<br />
'''auszwyl''' ''v'' receive, accept<br />
'''aut''' ''a'' old<br />
'''autrēmann''' ''n'' elderly person<br />
'''autresshaus''' ''n'' retirement home<br />
'''auzē''' ''n'' outside<br />
'''avort''', avirti, agivirt ''vi'' unite, become one<br />
'''avorting''' ''n'' unification<br />
'''azē''' ''n'' meat<br />
'''azyter''' ''n'' carnivore<br />
'''azytig''' ''a'' carnivorous<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==B==<br />
<poem><br />
'''banann''' ''n'' banana<br />
'''bank''' ''n'' bench, seat<br />
'''barbrē''' ''n'' barbarian<br />
'''barr''', birrti, giborrt ''vt'' carry, wear<br />
'''bass''', basser ''n'' base, foundation<br />
'''bassig''' ''a'' basic, fundamental<br />
'''bassstauf''' ''n'' raw material; chemical element<br />
'''batt''' ''n'' bath<br />
'''bau''' ''v'' build<br />
'''ben''' ''n'' leg<br />
'''berrg''' ''n'' mountain<br />
'''bibatt''' ''vr'' bathe<br />
'''bidryg''' ''vt'' get someone drunk<br />
'''bidrygt''' ''a'' drunk; ''(of beverages)'' containing alcohol<br />
'''bidrygtness''' ''n'' alcohol, alcoholic beverages<br />
'''bidyg''' ''vt'' invent, come up with<br />
'''bidyger''' ''n'' inventor<br />
'''bidyging''' ''n'' invention<br />
'''bidwyn''' ''vt'' hide<br />
'''biellp''' ''vt'' spell<br />
'''biellping''' ''n'' spelling, orthography<br />
'''bif''' ''vi'' shake, vibrate<br />
'''bifing''' ''n'' vibration<br />
'''bifrag''' ''vt'' ask, request<br />
'''biga''', bigigti, bigisst ''vi'' move<br />
'''bigaut''' ''vt, vi'' mine<br />
'''bigautighyt''' ''n'' mine<br />
'''bigauting''' ''n'' mining<br />
'''bigef''', bigifti, bigifft ''vt'' lend<br />
'''bigift''' ''vt'' poison<br />
'''bigifting''' ''n'' poisoning<br />
'''biginn''' ''vt'' begin, start<br />
'''bigraup''' ''vt'' make fun of<br />
'''bigryf''' ''v'' understand<br />
'''bigyving''' ''n'' loan<br />
'''bihang <small>oss</small>''' depend on, rely on<br />
'''bihangtnē''' ''n'' condition, requirement<br />
'''bihangtnig''' ''a'' required, necessary<br />
'''bihauf''' ''vt'' lead, govern<br />
'''bihaus''' ''vt'' house<br />
'''bihauvig''' ''a'' political<br />
'''bihauvighyt''' ''n'' politics<br />
'''bihauving''' ''n'' government<br />
'''bihauzing''' ''n'' housing<br />
'''bihellf''' ''vt'' protect<br />
'''bihorr''' ''vt'' listen to<br />
'''bihúf''' ''vt'' need<br />
'''bihúvig''' ''a'' needed, necessary<br />
'''bihúvighyt''' ''n'' need, necessity; condition, requirement<br />
'''biirr''' ''vt'' annoy<br />
'''bikis''' ''vt'' vote for<br />
'''bikizing''' ''n'' election<br />
'''biklagg''' ''vt'' complain about<br />
'''biklúk''' ''vt'' cover<br />
'''biklúkig''' ''a'' covering<br />
'''biklúking''' ''n'' cover, wrapping<br />
'''bikomm''', bikimmti, bikimmt ''vi'' get (X bikomm (oss) Y = Y gets X)<br />
'''bikopp''' ''vt'' sell<br />
'''bikryg''' ''vt'' attack, invade<br />
'''bikryging''' ''n'' attack, invasion<br />
'''bikyk''' ''vt'' pay attention to<br />
'''bikykig''' ''a'' attentive<br />
'''bikyking''' ''n'' attention<br />
'''bilaut''' ''vi'' sound<br />
'''biles''', bilasti, bilisst ''vt'' collect<br />
'''bilif''' ''vt'' respect<br />
'''biliss''' ''vt'' list, sum up<br />
'''bilivig''' ''a'' respectful, polite<br />
'''biliving''' ''n'' respect, politeness<br />
'''bilyg''', biligti, biliggt ''vi'' emit light, radiate, shine<br />
'''bilyt''' ''vi, vt'' drive (a car)<br />
'''bilyter''' ''n'' driver<br />
'''bilytossmogging''' ''n'' driving licence<br />
'''bilyzing''' ''n'' collection<br />
'''bimamm''' ''vt'' raise (children)<br />
'''bimamming''' ''n'' upbringing<br />
'''bimerr''' ''vt'' sharpen<br />
'''binog''' ''vt'' maintain, preserve<br />
'''binoging''' ''n'' preservation<br />
'''binug <small>oss</small>''' ''vt'' supply with (X binug Y oss Z = X supplies Y with Z)<br />
'''binuging''' ''n'' supply<br />
'''binugt''' ''a'' satisfied<br />
'''bipal''' ''vt'' decide, determine<br />
'''bipaler''' ''n'' determiner, article<br />
'''bipyl''' ''vi, vt'' shoot arrows (X bipyl Y = X shoots arrows at Y)<br />
'''bipyn''' ''vt'' hurt<br />
'''bipratt''' ''vt'' tell; talk about, explain<br />
'''bipratting''' ''n'' explanation<br />
'''biprʉlt''' ''a'' in trouble<br />
'''biqyf''', biqifti, biqifft ''vt'' cause to suffocate<br />
'''biqyt''' ''vt'' lose (an object)<br />
'''bir''' ''n'' beer<br />
'''birauk''' ''vi, vt'' smoke<br />
'''biriggt''' ''vi'' be just, be honest, be reasonable; ''vt'' treat with justice<br />
'''briggtig''' ''a'' just, honest, reasonable<br />
'''biriggting''' ''n'' court case<br />
'''bisgap''' ''vt'' keep (animals)<br />
'''bisgaping''' ''n'' animal husbadry<br />
'''bisgillt''' ''vt'' protect<br />
'''bisgillting''' ''n'' protection<br />
'''bisgiss''' ''vt'' design, draft, sketch<br />
'''bisgissing''' ''n'' design<br />
'''bisgisst''' ''a'' sketchy<br />
'''bisgoll''' ''vi'' go to school, study, be a student<br />
'''bisgoller''' ''n'' student, pupil<br />
'''bisgolling''' ''n'' education<br />
'''bisgon''' ''vt'' clean, wash<br />
'''bisgryf''' ''vt'' write about, describe<br />
'''bisiff''' ''vi, vt'' count, calculate<br />
'''bisiffing''' ''n'' calculation; arithmetics<br />
'''bislap''', bislipti, bislippt ''vi'' fall asleep<br />
'''bislyt''' ''vt'' finish, complete<br />
'''bislyting''' ''n'' completion<br />
'''bispell''' ''vt'' play<br />
'''bisperr''' ''vt'' hope for<br />
'''bispog''' ''vi, vt'' spit on<br />
'''bisser''' ''a'' strange, bizarre<br />
'''bistamm''' ''vi'' begin, originate, arise<br />
'''bistoll''' ''vr'' settle, take residence<br />
'''bistraf''' ''vt'' punish<br />
'''bistryf''' ''vt'' murder, kill<br />
'''bistryver''' ''n'' murderer<br />
'''bistryving''' ''n'' murder<br />
'''bitarrp''' ''vt'' settle, populate, colonise<br />
'''bitarrping''' ''n'' colonisation<br />
'''bitrau''' ''vt'' trust<br />
'''bitrauig''' ''a'' trustworthy, reliable<br />
'''bitrauing''' ''n'' trust<br />
'''bitt''' ''n'' bit, part<br />
'''bittig''' ''a'' partial<br />
'''<small>oss</small> bittrē''' ''adv'' to the right<br />
'''bittrig''' ''a'' right (side)<br />
'''bittrighyt''' ''n'' right-hand side<br />
'''bitú''' ''vt'' cause, make happen<br />
'''bitúing''' ''n'' consequence<br />
'''biveg''', bivagti, bivogt ''vt'' weigh<br />
'''bivell''' ''vi'' go to bed<br />
'''bivills''' ''vi'' turn around, go back, return<br />
'''bivillsing''' ''n'' return, homecoming<br />
'''bivragg''' ''vt'' confirm<br />
'''bivrimm''' ''vt'' change for the worse, ruin, spoil, vandalise<br />
'''bivrimming''' ''n'' vandalism<br />
'''bivurr''' ''vt'' burn<br />
'''biwalg''' ''vt'' disgust<br />
'''biwet''', biwati, biwotē ''vt'' remember; remind; inform<br />
'''bizē''' ''n'' fly<br />
'''bizegg''' ''vt'' tell, explain<br />
'''bizegging''' ''n'' explanation<br />
'''bizyt''' ''vi'' continue; stay, remain<br />
'''bizytiglyk''' ''adv'' still<br />
'''blanig''' ''a'' important<br />
'''blanighyt''' ''n'' importance<br />
'''blass''' ''vi'' blow<br />
'''blau''' ''a, n'' blue<br />
'''blot''' ''n'' blood<br />
'''blúm''' ''n'' rose<br />
'''bly''' ''a'' happy<br />
'''blyhyt''' ''n'' happiness<br />
'''boll''' ''n'' ball, sphere<br />
'''bom''', bomer ''n'' tree<br />
'''borr''' ''vi'' be born<br />
'''bos''' ''a'' angry<br />
'''boss''', bosser ''n'' forest<br />
'''brant''', brinti, gibront ''vi'' burn<br />
'''brappling''' ''n'' gibberish<br />
'''brappol''' ''vi'' speak gibberish<br />
'''brok''', brikti, gibrikkt ''vt'' break<br />
'''brot''' ''n'' bread<br />
'''brʉk''' ''n'' fracture, crack; separation<br />
'''brʉktall''' ''n'' fraction, rational number<br />
'''brʉtē''' ''n'' sandwich<br />
'''brútē''' ''n'' brother; ''(plural only)'' family, relatives<br />
'''brúthyt''' ''n'' family<br />
'''bryk''' ''vt'' use<br />
'''brykig''' ''a'' fragile; usual, common<br />
'''bryking''' ''n'' use<br />
'''bryn''' ''a, n'' brown<br />
'''bryt''' ''a'' wide, broad<br />
'''bʉk''' ''n'' book<br />
'''bʉkhaus''' ''n'' library<br />
'''búlē''' ''n'' onion<br />
'''búm''' ''vi'' explode<br />
'''búmig''' ''a'' explosive<br />
'''búming''' ''n'' explosion<br />
'''búmstauf''' ''n'' explosive<br />
'''bur''' ''n'' neighbour<br />
'''bʉr''' ''n'' bear<br />
'''búr''' ''n'' farmer<br />
'''búrhaus''' ''n'' farm<br />
'''Bʉrnlannt''' ''n'' Bearland<br />
'''Bʉrnlannts''' ''a'' Bearlandic, ''n'' the Bearlandic language<br />
'''burr''' ''v'' happen, occur<br />
'''burring''' ''n'' event<br />
'''búzē''' ''n'' anger<br />
'''by''' ''prep'' near, close to<br />
'''bydrukk''' ''vt'' stress, emphasise<br />
'''bydrukking''' ''n'' stress, emphasis<br />
'''byiglyk''' ''adv'' nearly, almost<br />
'''bykē''' ''n'' letter, message; notebook<br />
'''bylt''', bylter ''n'' image (abstract)<br />
'''byltī''' ''n'' image, picture, drawing<br />
'''<small>oss</small> bynē''' ''adv'' almost<br />
'''byryk''' ''n'' colony, vassal state<br />
'''byt''' ''pron'' both; '''byt''' X '''oss''' Y both X and Y<br />
'''bytekk''' ''vt'' summarise<br />
'''bytekking''' ''n'' summary<br />
'''byterr''' ''vt'' improve<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==D==<br />
<poem><br />
'''dag''', dager ''n'' day<br />
'''dakk''' ''n'' roof<br />
'''dakkkammerr''' ''n'' attic<br />
'''dank''' ''vt'' thank; '''dank oss ji''' thank you, '''danknē <small>oss</small>''' thanks to<br />
'''darf <small>oss</small>''', dirfti, gidirrft ''vi'' dare<br />
'''darfig''' ''a'' brave, courageous<br />
'''darfighyt''' ''n'' bravery, courage<br />
'''darfing''' ''n'' arrogance<br />
'''darross''' ''pron'' therefore<br />
'''dass''' ''num'' thousand; ''conj'' that<br />
'''dasspass''', dasspasser ''n'' a length unit of about 730 m<br />
'''dē''' ''det'' the, this, that; ''pron'' it, this, that (demonstrative); which, that (relative)<br />
'''denkt''' ''vi'' think<br />
'''di''' ''pron'' that, those<br />
'''dif''' ''vt'' steal<br />
'''difer''' ''n'' thief<br />
'''difing''' ''n'' theft<br />
'''dill''' ''vt'' divide<br />
'''dillē''' ''n'' member<br />
'''dilling''' ''n'' division, partition<br />
'''dir''' ''n'' animal<br />
'''dirr''' ''pron'' there<br />
'''ditt''' ''pron'' this, these<br />
'''dittag''' ''adv'' today<br />
'''dorrk''' ''a'' dark<br />
'''dorrkhyt''' ''n'' darkness<br />
'''dot''' ''n'' death; ''v'' kill<br />
'''dotig''' ''a'' dead<br />
'''drink''' ''vt'' drink; ''vi'' drink alcohol<br />
'''dritig''' ''a'' sad<br />
'''driting''' ''n'' sadness<br />
'''drukk''' ''vi, vt'' puss, press<br />
'''drukking''' ''n'' pressure<br />
'''drygē''' ''n'' drunkard, alcoholic<br />
'''dryging''' ''n'' alcoholism<br />
'''dryt''' ''vt'' turn, rotate<br />
'''dryting''' ''n'' rotation<br />
'''dúl''' ''n'' goal, purpose, reason, intention; '''dúl <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' mean<br />
'''dúlig''' ''a'' meaningful, useful<br />
'''dúling''' ''n'' meaning<br />
'''dúrg''' ''prep'' by ''(always followed by ē-form)''<br />
'''durr''' ''n'' door<br />
'''dʉs''' ''adv'' so, therefore<br />
'''dwass''' ''n'' fool, idiot<br />
'''dwassig''' ''a'' foolish, stupid<br />
'''dwassing''' ''n'' foolishness, stupidity<br />
'''dwyn''' ''vi'' disappear<br />
'''dygē''' ''n'' light<br />
'''dyging''' ''n'' thought<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==E==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ef ... <small>solls/oss</small>''' ''adv'' as ... as (ef X solls/oss Y = as X as Y)<br />
'''ellpē''' ''n'' beech; letter; ''(plural only)'' alphabet<br />
'''ellpossgiryt''' ''a'' alphabetic, in alphabetic order<br />
'''ellpossryting''' ''n'' alphabetic order<br />
'''emm''' ''pron'' him<br />
'''et''', ati, giotē ''vt'' eat<br />
'''eting''' ''n'' meal; ''(usually plural)'' food<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==F==<br />
<poem><br />
'''fak''' ''adv'' often<br />
'''fakk''' ''n'' square; compartment, section<br />
'''fall''', fillti, gifollt ''v'' fall; ''n'' fall; case, situation, instance; grammatical case<br />
'''fallry''', fallryess ''n'' column<br />
'''fann''' ''prep'' from<br />
'''fatt''' ''n'' foot<br />
'''fattboll''' ''n'' football<br />
'''faut''' ''n'' mistake, error<br />
'''fautig''' ''a'' wrong; fake<br />
'''fautighyt''' ''n'' wrongness<br />
'''ferr''', ferrtē, firrst ''a'' far<br />
'''ferrat''' ''vt'' bridge; solve<br />
'''ferrating''' ''n'' solution<br />
'''ferrbikomm''' ''vt'' get, acquire<br />
'''ferrburr''' ''vi'' happen by coincidence; '''ferrburr <small>oss</small>''' happen to<br />
'''ferrburring''' ''n'' coincidence<br />
'''ferrdryt''' ''vt'' twist, bend; make wrong<br />
'''ferrdúl''' ''vt'' define<br />
'''ferrdúling''' ''n'' definition<br />
'''ferrdwyn''' ''vt'' remove, delete, destroy<br />
'''ferrē''' ''n'' quarter of an hour<br />
'''ferrfill''' ''vt'' increase, multiply<br />
'''ferrflút''' ''vt'' influence<br />
'''ferrflútig''' ''a'' influential<br />
'''ferrflúting''' ''n'' influence<br />
'''ferrga''', gigti ferr, ferrgigisst ''vi'' forget (X ga ferr oss Y = Y forgets X)<br />
'''ferrgiburrt''' ''a'' coincidental<br />
'''ferrgigisst''' ''a'' advanced, complicated<br />
'''ferrgiriggt''' ''a'' legal<br />
'''ferrkall''' ''vt'' paint<br />
'''ferrkarrt''' ''vt'' map<br />
'''ferrkell''' ''vt'' cost<br />
'''ferrkellings''' ''n (plural only)'' costs, expenses<br />
'''ferrkryg''' ''vi'' rebel, protest<br />
'''ferrkryger''' ''n'' rebel<br />
'''ferrkrygig''' ''a'' rebellious<br />
'''ferrkryging''' ''n'' rebellion<br />
'''ferrlellk''' ''vt'' spoil, ruin<br />
'''ferrlellkig''' ''a'' afwul, terrible<br />
'''ferrles''', lasti ferr, ferrgilisst ''vt'' study<br />
'''ferrletig''' ''vt'' facilitate, make easier<br />
'''ferrletiging''' ''n'' tool<br />
'''ferrlinnt''' ''vt'' refresh, renew<br />
'''ferrlinnting''' ''n'' refreshment, renewal<br />
'''ferrlyk''' ''vt'' compare<br />
'''ferrlykig''' ''a'' comparable, similar<br />
'''ferrlyking''' ''n'' comparison; equation<br />
'''ferrlyzing''' ''n'' course, study<br />
'''ferrmas''' ''vt'' surprise, amaze<br />
'''ferrminn''' ''vt'' decrease, minimise<br />
'''ferrminning''' ''n'' decrease<br />
'''ferrnikkt''' ''vt'' deny<br />
'''ferrnyg''' ''vt'' refuse<br />
'''ferrnyging''' ''n'' refusal<br />
'''ferrogg''' ''vt'' be biased, have prejudices<br />
'''ferrogging''' ''n'' bias, prejudice<br />
'''ferrplikk''' ''vt'' replace<br />
'''ferrplikking''' ''n'' replacement<br />
'''ferrpratter''' ''n'' telephone<br />
'''ferrrif''' ''vt'' fully supply, saturate<br />
'''ferrriggt''' ''vt'' legalise<br />
'''ferrsgau''' ''vt'' show<br />
'''ferrsgill''' ''vt'' distinguish<br />
'''ferrsgilling''' ''n'' distinction, opposition<br />
'''ferrsgrikk''' ''vt'' scare, startle<br />
'''ferrsgryf''', sgrifti ferr, ferrgisgrifft ''vt'' rewrite, edit<br />
'''ferrslaff''' ''vt'' be addictive<br />
'''ferrslaffig''' ''a'' addictive<br />
'''ferrslaffing''' ''n'' addiction<br />
'''ferrslyt''' ''vt'' lock up, imprison<br />
'''ferrtwig''' ''vi'' be mistaken<br />
'''ferrvark''' ''vi'' sail, travel by boat<br />
'''ferrvort''', virti ferr, ferrgivirt ''vt, vr'' develop<br />
'''ferrvorter''' ''n'' developer<br />
'''ferrvortig''' ''a'' developing, under development<br />
'''ferrvorting''' ''n'' development<br />
'''ferrwak''' ''vt'' wake<br />
'''ferrwaker''' ''n'' alarm clock<br />
'''ferrynt''' ''vt'' end, finish<br />
'''ferrzwart''' ''vi'' conspire<br />
'''ferrzwarting''' ''n'' conspiracy<br />
'''fill''', mirr, filless ''a'' many, much<br />
'''fillfatt''' ''n'' centipede<br />
'''filltall''' ''n'' plural<br />
'''fillter''' ''a'' several<br />
'''fingrī''' ''n'' finger<br />
'''finnt''', fannti, gifonnt ''v'' find, discover<br />
'''finnting''' ''n'' discovery<br />
'''fiss''', fisser ''n'' fish<br />
'''flaff''' ''vi'' whisper<br />
'''flaffing''' ''n'' whisper, whispering<br />
'''flagg''' ''n'' flag<br />
'''flik''' ''vi'' fly<br />
'''fluk''' ''vi'' swear (an oath)<br />
'''fluking''' ''n'' oath<br />
'''flúrē''' ''n'' flower<br />
'''flút''' ''vi'' flow<br />
'''flútdwass''' ''n'' alcohol, ethanol<br />
'''flúter''' ''n'' liquid<br />
'''flútig''' ''a'' liquid<br />
'''flúting''' ''n'' flow, current<br />
'''flútzilvirr''' ''n'' mercury<br />
'''follg <small>oss</small>''', fillgti, gifillgt ''vi'' follow<br />
'''follgig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' according to<br />
'''follk''' ''n'' people, population<br />
'''follkbipalig''' ''a'' democratic<br />
'''follkbipalighyt''' ''n'' democracy<br />
'''follkhyt''' ''n'' culture<br />
'''follkhytig''' ''a'' cultural<br />
'''form''', former ''n'' shape, form; variant<br />
'''forr''' ''num'' four<br />
'''forrgúkē''' ''n'' quadrilateral<br />
'''forrzytē''' ''n'' square<br />
'''frag''' ''n'' question; ''vt'' ask<br />
'''frau''' ''n'' woman<br />
'''frauig''' ''a'' feminine<br />
'''fryf''' ''vi, vt'' rub<br />
'''fryfing''' ''n'' friction<br />
'''fryflaut''' ''n'' fricative<br />
'''fu''' ''n'' whistle; flute<br />
'''fúlē''' ''n'' leaf<br />
'''fúrt''' ''n'' castle, fortress<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==G==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ga''', gigti, gigisst ''vi'' go<br />
'''gaut''' ''n'' gold<br />
'''gautig''' ''a'' valuable, expensive<br />
'''gef''', giifti, gigifft ''vt'' give<br />
'''giburrtness''' ''n'' history<br />
'''gifft''' ''n'' gift, present<br />
'''gift''' ''n'' poison<br />
'''giftig''' ''a'' poisonous, toxic<br />
'''giftighyt''' ''n'' toxicity<br />
'''gill''' ''a, n'' yellow<br />
'''gimmf''' ''vi'' marry<br />
'''gimmfing''' ''n'' wedding, marriage<br />
'''ginn''' ''vi'' begin, start<br />
'''ginning''' ''n'' beginning, start, origin<br />
'''ginntyt''' ''n'' prehistory<br />
'''ginnvaut''' ''n'' jungle, old-growth forest<br />
'''giprattness''' ''n'' spoken language<br />
'''girr''' ''n'' female friend<br />
'''girrst''' ''n'' barley<br />
'''gisgrifftness''' ''n'' literature; written language<br />
'''gisst''' ''n'' spirit, soul; mind, conscience<br />
'''gistrī''' ''adv'' yesterday<br />
'''giwellt''' ''a'' excellent<br />
'''glút''' ''vi'' glow<br />
'''glúter''' ''n'' ember<br />
'''glúting''' ''n'' glow<br />
'''glyvig''' ''a'' straight; ''(mathematics)'' even<br />
'''glyving''' ''n'' straightness<br />
'''gott''' ''n'' god<br />
'''gotthyt''' ''n'' the four gods<br />
'''gottig''' ''a'' divine, holy<br />
'''gragglyk''' ''adv'' willingly<br />
'''grass''' ''n'' grass<br />
'''grat''' ''n'' degree, level<br />
'''grathyt''' ''n'' scale, measurement<br />
'''graunt''' ''n'' ground, earth<br />
'''grauntbifing''' ''n'' earthquake<br />
'''grauntkammerr''' ''n'' cellar<br />
'''graup''' ''n'' joke<br />
'''grauping''' ''n'' humour<br />
'''graut''' ''a'' great, strong, mighty, powerful<br />
'''grauthyt''' ''n'' strength, power, influence<br />
'''grautig''' ''a'' important, influential<br />
'''grautiglyk''' ''adv'' mainly, predominantly<br />
'''grautze''', grautzyess ''n'' ocean<br />
'''grens''', grenser ''n'' border, limit; outside<br />
'''grottē''' ''n'' cave<br />
'''grún''' ''a, n'' green<br />
'''grúp''' ''n'' group; ''(mathematics)'' set<br />
'''grúping''' ''n'' group, category; division into groups<br />
'''grúplirring''' ''n'' set theory<br />
'''grút''' ''vi'' grow, increase, rise<br />
'''grútig''' ''a'' growing, increasing<br />
'''grútiglyk''' ''adv'' more and more, increasingly<br />
'''grúting''' ''n'' growth, increase, rise<br />
'''gryk''', gryker ''n'' pair of trousers<br />
'''gryt''' ''a, n'' grey<br />
'''gʉgtē''' ''n'' small farming village, hamlet<br />
'''gúk''' ''n'' corner, angle<br />
'''gúl''' ''n'' feast; party<br />
'''gʉmlē''' ''n'' fruit ''(often pluralised)''<br />
'''gúring''' ''n'' role, function<br />
'''gut''' ''a'' good<br />
'''gutgissting''' ''n'' common sense<br />
'''gutig''' ''a'' of good quality<br />
'''gutighyt''' ''n'' quality<br />
'''gybess''' ''n (plural only)'' area, region<br />
'''gybesslirring''' ''n'' geography<br />
'''gygē''' ''n'' beard<br />
'''gygfrau''' ''n'' witch<br />
'''gyn''' ''pron'' no, none<br />
'''gynazer''' ''n'' vegetarian<br />
'''gyt''' ''n'' goat<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==H==<br />
<poem><br />
'''haff''' ''n'' harbour, port<br />
'''haj''' ''intj'' hi, hello<br />
'''hallf''' ''a'' half<br />
'''hallfhyt''' ''n'' half<br />
'''hallfylē''' ''n'' peninsula<br />
'''hang''', hignti, gihongt ''vi'' hang<br />
'''hangig''' ''a'' dependent<br />
'''hant''' ''n'' hand<br />
'''hantig''' ''a'' handy, useful<br />
'''hantsgryving''' ''n'' handwriting<br />
'''haping''' ''n'' hunger<br />
'''harē''' ''n'' (a single) hair<br />
'''harrt''' ''n'' heart<br />
'''hart''' ''a'' hard<br />
'''hass''' ''n'' wood<br />
'''hatlē''' ''n'' berry<br />
'''hauf''' ''n'' head<br />
'''haufmann''' ''n'' chief, leader<br />
'''haufstatt''' ''n'' capital<br />
'''haus''', hissē ''n'' house<br />
'''haustúings''' ''n (plural only)'' housework; homework<br />
'''hautē''' ''intj'' goodbye<br />
'''hekoll''' ''vt'' hate<br />
'''hetkling''' ''n'' hate<br />
'''hell''' ''n'' the underworld, the place where the dead go to<br />
'''hellf''' ''vt'' help<br />
'''hellfig''' ''a'' helpful; useful<br />
'''hellfighyt''' ''n'' tool; helpfulness<br />
'''hellfing''' ''n'' help<br />
'''heppt''', haptē, gihapt ''vt'' have<br />
'''herkimming''' ''n'' return<br />
'''herkomm''', herkimmti, herkimmt ''v'' return, come back<br />
'''hermak''' ''vt'' repair, restore; reconstruct<br />
'''hertraff''' ''vt'' meet again<br />
'''hertú''' ''vt'' repeat<br />
'''hertúig''' ''a'' repetitive<br />
'''hertúing''' ''n'' repetition<br />
'''herwet''', herwati, herwotē ''vt'' remember, recall<br />
'''herweting''' ''n'' memory<br />
'''herzegg''', herzaggti, herziggt ''vt'' repeat, say again<br />
'''hi''' ''pron'' he<br />
'''hiess''' ''pron'' his<br />
'''<small>oss</small> hillē''' ''adv'' completely<br />
'''hillig''' ''a'' whole, complete, entire<br />
'''hilltall''' ''n'' integer<br />
'''hillvē''' ''n'' hill<br />
'''hillvig''' ''a'' hilly; rough<br />
'''himmell''' ''n'' sky<br />
'''himmlig''' ''a'' of or pertaining to the sky; fucking, damn ''(emphasises the following noun)''<br />
'''hirr''' ''pron'' here<br />
'''hirrig''' ''a'' local, from or belonging to here<br />
'''hirrst''' ''n'' autumn, fall<br />
'''hirrstig''' ''a'' harsh, severe<br />
'''ho''' ''a'' high<br />
'''hobrútē''' ''n'' uncle<br />
'''hohyt''' ''n'' height<br />
'''holaut''' ''n'' vowel<br />
'''holl''' ''n'' hole<br />
'''hollig''' ''a'' hollow; full of holes<br />
'''homamm''' ''n'' grandmother<br />
'''hopapp''' ''n'' grandfather<br />
'''hozʉs''' ''n'' aunt<br />
'''horr''' ''vt'' hear<br />
'''horrig''' ''a'' audible<br />
'''horring''' ''n'' hearing<br />
'''horrt''' ''num'' hundred<br />
'''<small>oss</small> hotē''' ''adv'' above, upstairs<br />
'''hotig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' above; more than, over<br />
'''hu''' ''pron'' how ''(asks for a manner)''<br />
'''huing''' ''n'' manner, way; grammatical mood<br />
'''hulyk''' ''pron'' how, why ''(asks for an explanation)''<br />
'''hʉn''' ''pron'' them ''(only refers to people)''<br />
'''hús''' ''n'' pub, café<br />
'''hyē''' ''intj'' hey, hello<br />
'''hyjē''' ''n'' shark<br />
'''hyl''' ''vi'' cry<br />
'''hylig''' ''a'' sad<br />
'''hymig''' ''a'' secret<br />
'''hymighyt''' ''n'' secret<br />
'''hytig''' ''a'' warm, hot<br />
'''hytighyt''' ''n'' warmth, heat<br />
'''hyving''' ''n (usually plural)'' possession, property<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==I==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ig''' ''pron'' I<br />
'''illg''' ''n'' elk<br />
'''imann''' ''pron'' someone<br />
'''imē''' ''n'' unknown person<br />
'''imig''' ''pron'' some ''(only refers to people)''<br />
'''inngisst''' ''v'' inspire<br />
'''inngisstig''' ''a'' inspiring<br />
'''inngissting''' ''n'' inspiration<br />
'''innhúzē''' ''n'' piece of furniture<br />
'''innhyf''' ''vt'' contain<br />
'''innslap''', slitpi inn, inngislippt ''vi'' fall asleep<br />
'''inntig''' ''a'' true, actual<br />
'''inntigyt''' ''n'' fact<br />
'''inntiglyk''' ''adv'' indeed<br />
'''innvúr''' ''vt'' bring in, enter<br />
'''innwak''' ''vi'' wake up<br />
'''irgiss''' ''pron'' somewhere<br />
'''iss''', wast, giasst ''vc'' be<br />
'''itē''' ''n'' unknown thing<br />
'''itig''' ''pron'' some ''(not used for people)''<br />
'''itiss''' ''pron'' something<br />
'''iww''' ''n'' century<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==J==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ja''' ''intj'' yes<br />
'''jagglyk''' ''adv'' ''the opposite of "not"''<br />
'''jaggt''' ''vt'' hunt<br />
'''jaggter''' ''n'' hunter<br />
'''jaggting''' ''n'' hunt<br />
'''jaggplʉker''' ''n'' hunter-gatherer<br />
'''jar''' ''n'' year<br />
'''jardag''' ''n'' birthday<br />
'''jarginning''' ''n'' spring<br />
'''jarynting''' ''n'' autumn, fall<br />
'''ji''' ''pron'' you ''(singular)''<br />
'''jiess''' ''pron'' your ''(singular)''<br />
'''jis''' ''pron'' you ''(plural)''<br />
'''jʉng''' ''a'' young<br />
'''jʉngē''' ''n'' boy<br />
'''jʉnghyt''' ''n'' youth<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==K==<br />
<poem><br />
'''kall''' ''n'' colour<br />
'''kallig''' ''a'' colourful<br />
'''kalling''' ''n'' paint<br />
'''kammerr''' ''n'' room, chamber<br />
'''kart''' ''n'' card<br />
'''karvē''' ''n'' carbon<br />
'''karrtē''' ''n'' map<br />
'''kass''' ''n'' cheese<br />
'''katt''', katter ''n'' kat<br />
'''kaut''' ''a'' cold<br />
'''kauhyt''' ''n'' cold (low temperature)<br />
'''kauting''' ''n'' cold (illness)<br />
'''kell''' ''vt'' pay<br />
'''kellig''' ''a'' expensive<br />
'''kelling''' ''n'' price<br />
'''ken''' ''vt'' know (a person)<br />
'''kennī''', kinness ''n'' dog<br />
'''keppvogg''' ''n'' a large flightless bird endemic to Bearland<br />
'''kettē''' ''n'' dick<br />
'''ketthauf''' ''n'' asshole<br />
'''kiks''' ''n'' king<br />
'''kikshyt''' ''n'' power, monarchy<br />
'''kiksig''' ''a'' royal<br />
'''kiksryk''' ''n'' kingdom<br />
'''kill''' ''n'' throat<br />
'''killig''' ''a'' uvular<br />
'''kimmig''' ''a'' upcoming, future<br />
'''kimmigē''' ''n'' future<br />
'''kimming''' ''n'' coming, arrival; future<br />
'''kinn''' ''n'' chin<br />
'''kis''' ''vt'' choose; vote<br />
'''kising''' ''n'' choice; election; vote<br />
'''klagg''' ''vi'' complain<br />
'''klagging''' ''n'' complain<br />
'''klirr''' ''n'' piece of clothing, cloth<br />
'''klirring''' ''n'' clothing<br />
'''klúk''' ''n'' coat, cloak<br />
'''klurr''' ''vt'' paint<br />
'''klurrer''' ''n'' painter<br />
'''klyn''' ''a'' small<br />
'''klyning''' ''a'' unimportant, irrelevant<br />
'''knirr''' ''vt'' cut<br />
'''knirrē''' ''n'' pair of scissors<br />
'''knugoll <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' hug<br />
'''knyf''' ''n'' knife<br />
'''kogg''' ''n'' bullet, projectile<br />
'''koll''' ''vt'' connect, link<br />
'''kolling''' ''n'' connection, link<br />
'''komm''', kimmti, gikimmt ''vi'' come<br />
'''konin''' ''n'' rabbit<br />
'''kopp''' ''vt'' buy<br />
'''koppig''' ''a'' cheap<br />
'''kopping''' ''n'' trade<br />
'''korrt''' ''a'' short<br />
'''kotts''' ''vi'' vomit<br />
'''kra''' ''a'' big, large<br />
'''krahyt''' ''n'' size<br />
'''<small>oss</small> krútē''' ''adv'' seriously, gravely<br />
'''krútig''' ''a (of people)'' cruel, ruthless; ''(of places and situations)'' harsh, unpleasant, inhospitable<br />
'''kryg''' ''n'' war<br />
'''krymē''' ''n'' curve<br />
'''krymig''' ''a'' bent, curved<br />
'''krys''' ''n'' cross<br />
'''ku''', kuer ''n'' cow<br />
'''kunn''' ''vi'' be possible<br />
'''kunnig''' ''a'' possible<br />
'''kunnighyt''' ''n'' possibility<br />
'''kʉprē''' ''n'' copper<br />
'''kúrvē''' ''n'' corpse, body<br />
'''kuss''' ''vm'' can, be able to<br />
'''kyk''', kikti, gikikkt ''vt'' look at, watch<br />
'''kynt''', kynter ''n'' child<br />
'''kypē''' ''n'' market, shop<br />
'''Kystē''' ''n'' the fire god<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==L==<br />
<poem><br />
'''lag''' ''vi'' laugh, smile<br />
'''lagig''' ''a'' happy, cheerful<br />
'''laging''' ''n'' laugh, smile<br />
'''lak''' ''a'' low<br />
'''laklaut''' ''n'' consonant<br />
'''lamp''', lamper ''n'' lamp, candle, source of light<br />
'''lampig''' ''a'' luminescent, emitting light<br />
'''lamping''' ''n'' lighting<br />
'''lang''' ''a'' long<br />
'''<small>nikkt oss</small> langē''' ''adv'' no longer, not anymore<br />
'''langhyt''' ''n'' length<br />
'''langig''' ''a'' slow<br />
'''lannt''' ''n'' land, country, state, nation<br />
'''lat''' ''a'' late<br />
'''latiss''' ''a'' last<br />
'''lauf''' ''n'' traveller, pedestrian<br />
'''laut''' ''n'' sound<br />
'''lautgrúp''' ''n'' syllable<br />
'''lautig''' ''a'' loud<br />
'''lautighyt''' ''n'' loud noise; loudness, volume<br />
'''lef''' ''vi'' live, be alive<br />
'''leflirring''' ''n'' biology<br />
'''lellk''' ''a'' ugly<br />
'''lellkhyt''' ''n'' ugliness<br />
'''les''', lasti, gilisst ''vt'' read<br />
'''letig''' ''a'' easy, simple<br />
'''letighyt''' ''n'' ease, simplicity<br />
'''lif''' ''vt'' love<br />
'''lifgirr''' ''n'' girlfriend<br />
'''lifvrinnt''' ''n'' boyfriend<br />
'''lig''' ''vi'' lie, tell lies<br />
'''liger''' ''n'' liar<br />
'''liging''' ''n'' lie, untruth<br />
'''linntē''' ''n'' spring<br />
'''linntig''' ''a'' fresh, new<br />
'''lipp''' ''n'' lip<br />
'''lippig''' ''a'' labial<br />
'''lipplē''' ''n'' spoon<br />
'''lirr''' ''vt'' learn<br />
'''lirring''' ''n'' knowledge, study, science<br />
'''liss''', lisser ''n'' list<br />
'''lisster''' ''vi'' suffer<br />
'''lisstrer''' ''n'' victim; ''(grammar)'' object<br />
'''lisstring''' ''n'' suffering<br />
'''livig''' ''a'' dear<br />
'''living''' ''n'' love<br />
'''lop''' ''vi'' walk<br />
'''lúgē''' ''n'' air<br />
'''lúghaff''' ''n'' airport<br />
'''lúnauslúging''' ''n'' moonset<br />
'''lúnē''' ''n'' moon<br />
'''lúnosslúging''' ''n'' moonrise<br />
'''lʉkig''' ''a'' fun; lucky<br />
'''lʉking''' ''n'' fun; luck<br />
'''lʉklyk''' ''adv'' fortunately<br />
'''lútē''' ''n'' lead (metal)<br />
'''ly''' ''a'' lazy<br />
'''lyē''' ''n'' princess<br />
'''lyflúgē''' ''n'' oxygen<br />
'''lyhyt''' ''n'' laziness<br />
'''lygē''' ''n'' ray of light<br />
'''lyging''' ''n'' light; radiation<br />
'''lygt <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' seem like, look like<br />
'''lykig''' ''a'' similar<br />
'''lyt''' ''vt'' lead<br />
'''lyter''' ''n'' leader<br />
'''lytig''' ''a'' administrative<br />
'''lytighyt''' ''n'' administration<br />
'''lyting''' ''n'' management, governing board<br />
'''lytjē''' ''n'' milk<br />
'''lyving''' ''n'' life<br />
'''lyzing''' ''n'' lesson<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==M==<br />
<poem><br />
'''mak''', mikti, gimikkt ''vt'' make, create<br />
'''making''' ''n'' creation; act of creating; thing which is created<br />
'''mamm''' ''n'' mother<br />
'''mammig''' ''a'' motherly, maternal<br />
'''man''' ''pron'' one<br />
'''mann''' ''n'' man<br />
'''mannig''' ''a'' manly, male, masculine<br />
'''mar''' ''conj'' but<br />
'''mattē''' ''n'' mat, carpet<br />
'''maus''', missē ''n'' mouse<br />
'''maussperr''' ''n'' spine of a hedgehog<br />
'''mazig''' ''a'' amazing, extraordinary, incredible<br />
'''mell''' ''a'' vague, unclear<br />
'''mellhyt''' ''n'' vagueness<br />
'''merrig''' ''a'' sharp<br />
'''mess''' ''n'' mess, chaos<br />
'''messig''' ''a'' messy, chaotic<br />
'''mi''' ''pron'' me<br />
'''miess''' ''pron'' my<br />
'''miks''' ''vt'' mix<br />
'''<small>oss</small> miksī''' ''adv'' at random; interchangeably<br />
'''miksing''' ''n'' mix<br />
'''minnig''' ''a'' less, fewer<br />
'''mirē''' ''n'' dragon<br />
'''mirr''' ''a'' more<br />
'''mittlē''' ''n'' middle, center<br />
'''mittlig''' ''a'' average; central<br />
'''mittling''' ''n'' average<br />
'''mogg''' ''vm'' may, be allowed to<br />
'''mogglig''' ''a'' plausible, possible<br />
'''moggling''' ''n'' plausibility<br />
'''mojj''' ''a'' beautiful<br />
'''mojjhyt''' ''n'' beauty<br />
'''<small>oss</small> morrē''' ''adv'' tomorrow<br />
'''morrig''' ''a'' early<br />
'''morrighyt''' ''n'' morning<br />
'''múlē''' ''n'' corn, grain, flake<br />
'''múlig''' ''a'' hard, difficult<br />
'''múlighyt''' ''n'' difficulty<br />
'''múling''' ''n'' minor problem, obstacle<br />
'''mʉllē''' ''n'' mill<br />
'''mʉllmann''' ''n'' miller<br />
'''mʉnnt''' ''n'' coin<br />
'''mʉnnting''' ''n'' money<br />
'''mut''' ''vm'' must, have to<br />
'''<small>oss</small> mutē''' ''adv'' properly, correctly<br />
'''mutig''' ''a'' compulsory, obligatory<br />
'''mutighyt''' ''n'' duty<br />
'''<small>oss</small> mygē''' ''adv'' to a reasonable or acceptable degree<br />
'''mykē''' ''n'' cinnamon<br />
'''mys''', myzer ''n'' girl<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==N==<br />
<poem><br />
'''naggt''' ''n'' night<br />
'''nam''' ''n'' name<br />
'''namsgryf''' ''vi'' sign<br />
'''namsgryving''' ''n'' signature<br />
'''nass''' ''prep'' to, toward<br />
'''nasstekk''' ''vt'' take for oneself<br />
'''nat''' ''prep, conj'' after<br />
'''natferrē''' ''n'' the last quarter of an hour<br />
'''naug''' ''adv'' rather<br />
'''naus''' ''n'' nose<br />
'''nauzig''' ''a'' nasal<br />
'''nauter''' ''pron'' never<br />
'''nikkt''' ''adv'' not<br />
'''nikktig''' ''a'' negative, denying<br />
'''niktig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' without<br />
'''niktū''' ''prep'' without<br />
'''nimē''' ''pron'' no-one, nobody<br />
'''nippē''' ''num'' nine<br />
'''nirgiss''' ''pron (colloquial)'' nowhere<br />
'''nitglyvig''' ''a'' odd (of numbers)<br />
'''nithangig''' ''a'' independent<br />
'''nithangighyt''' ''n'' independence<br />
'''nitreklig''' ''a'' irregular<br />
'''nitreklighyt''' ''n'' irregularity<br />
'''nitstellig''' ''a'' unimaginable<br />
'''nittellig''' ''a'' uncountable<br />
'''nittellighyt''' ''n'' uncountability<br />
'''nittúig''' ''a'' passive, idle<br />
'''nitvagtig''' ''a'' impatient<br />
'''nitverker''' ''n'' unemployed person<br />
'''nitverkig''' ''a'' unemployed<br />
'''nitverkighyt''' ''n'' unemployment<br />
'''nityntig''' ''a'' infinite<br />
'''nityntighyt''' ''n'' infinity<br />
'''nitzytig''' ''a'' nonexistent, absent<br />
'''nitzytighyt''' ''n'' nonexistence, absence<br />
'''niw''' ''a'' new<br />
'''niwess''' ''n'' news<br />
'''niwhyt''' ''n'' newness; news item<br />
'''no''' ''intj'' no<br />
'''nogig''' ''a'' remaining, still existing<br />
'''nogiglyk''' ''adv'' still<br />
'''<small>oss</small> nojjē''' ''adv'' never<br />
'''norrlig''' ''a'' normal, common<br />
'''norrtē''' ''n'' north<br />
'''norrtig''' ''a'' northern<br />
'''norrtsgyning''' ''n'' aurora borealis, northern lights<br />
'''nu''' ''adv'' now<br />
'''<small>oss dē</small> nuē''' ''adv'' at the moment, currently<br />
'''nugig''' ''a'' enough<br />
'''nʉllē''' ''n'' hole<br />
'''nʉllig''' ''a'' hollow, empty<br />
'''nyē ... oss''' ''conj'' neither ... nor<br />
'''nygig''' ''a (mathematics)'' negative<br />
'''nygtall''' ''n'' negative number<br />
'''nytimē''' ''pron (somewhat archaic)'' no-one, nobody<br />
'''nytirgiss''' ''pron'' nowhere<br />
'''nyvē''' ''n'' level<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==O==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ogg''', ogger ''n'' eye<br />
'''ogging''' ''n'' sight<br />
'''oggqatsing''' ''n'' something extremely ugly<br />
'''<small>oss</small> ojjē''' ''pron'' sometime, once, ever<br />
'''onndrig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' under<br />
'''oppfig''' ''a'' obvious<br />
'''orr''' ''n'' ear<br />
'''oss''' ''prep'' of, with, on, to, for; ''n'' ox; ''conj'' or; if, because<br />
'''ossbitraut''' ''a'' trusting<br />
'''ossfinnt''', fannti oss, ossgifonnt ''vt'' discover<br />
'''ossfinnting''' ''n'' discovery<br />
'''ossgibirt''' ''a'' tipsy<br />
'''ossgigiggt''' ''a'' bearded<br />
'''ossgijart''' ''a (pejorative)'' aged, elderly<br />
'''ossginn''' ''vi'' appear<br />
'''ossgyf''', gifti oss, ossgigifft ''vt'' command, order<br />
'''ossgyving''' ''n'' command, order<br />
'''osshorr''' ''vi'' belong<br />
'''osshyf''' ''vt'' acquire, have<br />
'''ossig''' ''a'' stronger, better, superior; ''(mathematics)'' positive<br />
'''osskall''' ''vt'' paint, colour<br />
'''ossklúk''' ''vt'' protect, hide, cover<br />
'''ossklúkig''' ''a'' fake<br />
'''ossklúkighyt''' ''n'' fakeness<br />
'''ossklúking''' ''n'' cover, front<br />
'''osslag''' ''vi, vt'' be ridiculous (to someone), make no sense<br />
'''osslagig''' ''a'' ridiculous<br />
'''osslaging''' ''n'' nonsense<br />
'''osslang''' ''vt'' lengthen, extend<br />
'''osslangig''' ''a'' protruding<br />
'''osslanging''' ''n'' lengthening, extension<br />
'''osslef''' ''vi'' survive<br />
'''osslop''' ''vi'' progress<br />
'''osslopig''' ''a'' progressive<br />
'''ossloping''' ''n'' progress<br />
'''osslúg''' ''vi'' rise (of the sun and the moon)<br />
'''osslyving''' ''n'' survival<br />
'''ossmogg''' ''vt'' allow, grant permission<br />
'''ossmogging''' ''n'' approval, permission<br />
'''ossmut''' ''vt'' order, command<br />
'''ossmutig''' ''a'' compulsory, obligatory<br />
'''ossmuting''' ''n'' order, command<br />
'''ossnam''' ''vt'' call, name<br />
'''osspass''' ''vi'' continue<br />
'''ossrʉt''' ''vi'' rot, spoil, go bad<br />
'''ossryg''' ''vt'' enrich<br />
'''ossryging''' ''n'' enrichment<br />
'''ossryt''' ''vt'' sort, put in order<br />
'''ossryting''' ''n'' order, sequence<br />
'''osssgerr''' ''vt'' protect, guard, secure<br />
'''osssgerring''' ''n'' protection, guarding, security<br />
'''ossslap''', slipti oss, ossgislippt ''vt'' make someone fall asleep by being boring<br />
'''ossslapig''' ''a'' boring<br />
'''ossstamm''' ''vt'' descend from<br />
'''ossstamming''' ''n'' offspring<br />
'''ossstirg''' ''vt'' strengthen, reinforce<br />
'''ossstirging''' ''n'' strengthening, reinforcement<br />
'''osstall''' ''vt'' translate; ''n'' positive number<br />
'''osstaller''' ''n'' translator<br />
'''osstalling''' ''n'' translation<br />
'''osstē''' ''n'' east<br />
'''osstig''' ''a'' eastern<br />
'''osstiglyk''' ''adv'' sometimes, occasionally<br />
'''osszyt''' ''vi'' stick, remain<br />
'''ottjo''' ''num'' eight<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==P==<br />
<poem><br />
'''palig''' ''a'' definite, fixed, certain<br />
'''papp''' ''n'' father<br />
'''pars''' ''a, n'' purple<br />
'''part''' ''n'' horse<br />
'''pass''', passer ''n'' step<br />
'''pat''', pater ''n'' path, road<br />
'''pegging''' ''n'' accident; coincidence<br />
'''perk''' ''vt'' limit, restrict<br />
'''perking''' ''n'' limit, restriction<br />
'''perrē''' ''n'' person, human being<br />
'''perrig''' ''a'' human<br />
'''perring''' ''n'' humanity, mankind<br />
'''pillē''' ''n'' bow and arrow<br />
'''pillstryp''' ''n'' straight line ''(usually collocates with the adjective ''glyvig)''<br />
'''pirr''' ''n'' pear<br />
'''pjúkē''' ''n'' banana<br />
'''plank''' ''n'' plank<br />
'''plant''' ''n'' plant<br />
'''plantyter''' ''n'' herbivore<br />
'''plantytig''' ''a'' herbivorous<br />
'''platt''' ''a'' flat<br />
'''pletting''' ''n'' plain<br />
'''plikk''' ''n'' place<br />
'''plʉk''' ''vt'' pick (berries or fruit), catch (animals or fish), gather food<br />
'''plʉking''' ''n'' bunch of fruit<br />
'''pogg''' ''vm'' try<br />
'''pogging''' ''n'' attempt<br />
'''Polltrē''' ''n'' the earth god<br />
'''pot''' ''n'' leg (particularly that of an animal)<br />
'''pottē''' ''n'' pot<br />
'''pratt''' ''vt'' talk, speak ''(takes the language as its object; the topic of the conversation is preceded by the preposition ''oss'')''<br />
'''prattdúl''' ''n'' topic, theme<br />
'''pratter''' ''n'' speaker<br />
'''pratting''' ''n'' conversation, discussion<br />
'''prattstryps''' ''n (plural only)'' vocal chords<br />
'''prattstrypig''' ''a'' glottal<br />
'''pruf''' ''vt'' test, try<br />
'''prufing''' ''n'' experiment, test<br />
'''prʉlē''' ''n'' problem<br />
'''pryg''' ''vt'' stab, poke<br />
'''prygē''' ''n'' needle<br />
'''púr''' ''vt'' dig; bury<br />
'''púring''' ''n'' funeral, burial<br />
'''pyl''' ''n'' arrow<br />
'''pyler''' ''n'' archer<br />
'''pylig''' ''a'' straight<br />
'''pyling''' ''n'' archery<br />
'''pyn''' ''n'' pain<br />
'''pynig''' ''a'' painful, hurtful<br />
'''pyning''' ''n (often pluralised)'' damage<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==Q==<br />
<poem><br />
'''qak''' ''n'' frog<br />
'''qalg''' ''vt'' excuse, forgive<br />
'''qalging''' ''n'' excuse, forgiveness<br />
'''qats''' ''vt'' insult<br />
'''qatsing''' ''n'' insult<br />
'''qinnē''' ''n'' queen<br />
'''qinnig''' ''a'' beautiful, excellent<br />
'''qitt''' ''n'' ink<br />
'''qittvʉggē''' ''n'' pen, quill<br />
'''qyf''', qifti, giqifft ''vi'' suffocate<br />
'''qyflúgē''' ''n'' nitrogen<br />
'''qytig''' ''a'' gone, missing<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==R==<br />
<poem><br />
'''rak''', rikti, girikkt ''vt'' hit, crash into<br />
'''raking''' ''n'' crash<br />
'''rat''' ''n'' wheel<br />
'''rauk''' ''n'' smoke<br />
'''raukig''' ''a'' smoky<br />
'''reklig''' ''a'' regular<br />
'''reklighyt''' ''n'' regularity, pattern<br />
'''rekling''' ''n'' law<br />
'''rekoll''' ''n'' rule<br />
'''riggt''' ''n'' right, justice, law<br />
'''riggtig''' ''a'' just<br />
'''riggtighyt''' ''n'' justice<br />
'''riggthaus''' ''n'' court, courthouse<br />
'''riggtmann''' ''n'' judge<br />
'''riverr''' ''n'' river<br />
'''ronnig''' ''a'' round; '''ronnig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' around<br />
'''ronnighyt''' ''n'' surroundings<br />
'''ronning''' ''n'' circle<br />
'''rot''' ''a, n'' red<br />
'''rup''' ''vt'' call<br />
'''rʉss''' ''vi'' rest<br />
'''rʉsshillvē''' ''n'' grave, cemetery<br />
'''rʉssig''' ''a'' calm, quiet, peaceful<br />
'''rʉssing''' ''n'' rest, peace<br />
'''rútē''' ''n'' sulfur<br />
'''rʉtig''' ''a'' rotten<br />
'''ry''', ryess ''n'' row, sequence<br />
'''ryg''' ''a'' rich, wealthy<br />
'''rygen''' ''vi'' rain<br />
'''ryghyt''' ''n'' richness, wealth<br />
'''rygness''' ''n (plural only)'' rain<br />
'''rygnig''' ''a'' rainy<br />
'''ryk''' ''n'' kingdom, country<br />
'''rykig''' ''a'' national; royal<br />
'''ryt''', riti, giritt ''vi'' ride<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==S==<br />
<poem><br />
'''safē''' ''num'' seven<br />
'''sag''' ''a'' boring<br />
'''saghyt''' ''n'' boringness<br />
'''<small>oss</small> samē''' ''adv'' together<br />
'''samig''' ''a'' joint, mutual, collective<br />
'''samighyt''' ''n'' community, society; collection<br />
'''sgall''' ''n'' skull<br />
'''sgallig''' ''a'' bald<br />
'''sgap''' ''n'' sheep<br />
'''sgaper''' ''n'' shepherd<br />
'''sgass''' ''n'' treasure<br />
'''sgat''' ''vt'' damage<br />
'''sgau <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' look at<br />
'''sgerrig''' ''a'' safe<br />
'''sgerrighyt''' ''n'' safety<br />
'''sgill''' ''vi'' differ, be different<br />
'''sgillig''' ''a'' different, various<br />
'''sgillighyt''' ''n'' difference<br />
'''sgillt''' ''n'' shield<br />
'''sginlyk''' ''adv'' maybe, perhaps<br />
'''sgiss''' ''n'' sketch, idea, proposal<br />
'''sgit''' ''vt'' shoot<br />
'''sgiter''' ''n'' gun<br />
'''sgiting''' ''n'' shot<br />
'''sgoll''' ''n'' school<br />
'''sgon''' ''a'' clean<br />
'''sgonhyt''' ''n'' cleanliness<br />
'''sgriff''' ''vi'' scream, shout<br />
'''sgriffing''' ''n'' scream, shout<br />
'''sgrikk''' ''vi'' be startled, be scared<br />
'''sgrikkig''' ''a'' terrible<br />
'''sgrikking''' ''n'' fright, fear<br />
'''sgryf''', sgrifti, gisgrifft ''vt'' write<br />
'''sgryftall''' ''n'' written language<br />
'''sgryftappī''' ''n'' desk<br />
'''sgryver''' ''n'' writer, author<br />
'''sgryving''' ''n'' writing, writing system; document, text<br />
'''sgú''', sgúer ''n'' shoe<br />
'''sgʉllig''' ''a'' guilty, responsible<br />
'''sgʉlling''' ''n'' guilt<br />
'''sgyn''' ''vi'' shine<br />
'''sgynig''' ''a'' bright<br />
'''sgyning''' ''n'' light<br />
'''sgys''' ''n'' poop<br />
'''sgyt''' ''vt'' separate, split<br />
'''sgyting''' ''n'' separation, split<br />
'''<small>oss</small> sgyvē''' ''adv'' nonsensically, wrongly<br />
'''sgyvig''' ''a'' nonsensical<br />
'''siff''', siffer ''n'' number, digit<br />
'''sik''' ''a'' ill, sick<br />
'''sikhaus''' ''n'' hospital<br />
'''skopp''' ''n'' cupboard<br />
'''sla''', sliti, gislot ''vt'' hit, beat<br />
'''slaff''' ''n'' slave<br />
'''slaffing''' ''n'' slavery<br />
'''slaggē''' ''n'' gender, sex<br />
'''slap''', slipti, gislippt ''vi'' sleep<br />
'''slapig''' ''a'' sleepy, tired<br />
'''slaping''' ''n'' sleep<br />
'''slapkammerr''' ''n'' bedroom<br />
'''slapp''' ''a'' weak<br />
'''slarrfig''' ''a'' sloppy<br />
'''sliggt''' ''a'' bad<br />
'''sliggtgissting''' ''n'' lack of common sense<br />
'''sliggttrauming''' ''n'' nightmare<br />
'''slyt''' ''vt'' lock; fix<br />
'''slytē''' ''n'' key<br />
'''slythaus''' ''n'' prison<br />
'''slytig''' ''a'' definitive, final<br />
'''slyting''' ''n'' lock<br />
'''slytlē''' ''n'' key<br />
'''snell''' ''a'' quick, fast<br />
'''sniww''' ''n, v'' snow<br />
'''sniwwig''' ''a'' snowy<br />
'''sniwwwittig''' ''a'' snow-white<br />
'''snyt''' ''vt'' cut (with a knife)<br />
'''snyter''' ''n'' knife<br />
'''snytig''' ''a'' sharp<br />
'''sokk''' ''n'' sock<br />
'''solls''' ''conj, prep'' like<br />
'''somm''' ''a'' some<br />
'''sopp''' ''vt'' swap<br />
'''sopping''' ''n'' swap<br />
'''sort''' ''n'' sort, type, species<br />
'''spass''' ''n'' space<br />
'''spell''', spallti, gispollt ''vi'' play; ''n'' game<br />
'''spellig''' ''a'' playful<br />
'''spelling''' ''n'' game, playing<br />
'''sperr''' ''n'' spear<br />
'''sperrē''' ''n'' hope<br />
'''sperrmaus''', sperrmissē ''n'' hedgehog<br />
'''spog''' ''n'' spit; ''intj'' fuck, shit<br />
'''spraking''' ''n'' dialect<br />
'''stakk''' ''n'' stick, branch (of a tree)<br />
'''stakking''' ''n'' structure; skeleton<br />
'''stallpig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' instead of<br />
'''stamm''' ''n'' trunk of a tree; origin; core<br />
'''stammmann''' ''n'' ancestor<br />
'''start''' ''n'' street<br />
'''stass''', stissti, gistisst ''vi'' stand<br />
'''statt''' ''n'' city, town<br />
'''stattig''' ''a'' urban<br />
'''stattsgerrer''' ''n'' policeman, policewoman<br />
'''stattsgerrhaus''' ''n'' police station<br />
'''stattsgerring''' ''n'' police<br />
'''stauf''', stauver ''n'' dust, substance<br />
'''stauflirring''' ''n'' chemistry<br />
'''stell''', stallti, gistollt ''vt'' image<br />
'''stellig''' ''a'' imaginable, understandable<br />
'''sten''', styness ''n'' stone, rock, pebble<br />
'''still''' ''a'' quiet, silent<br />
'''stillhyt''' ''n'' silence<br />
'''stirg''' ''a'' strong<br />
'''stirghyt''' ''n'' strength, power<br />
'''stoll''' ''n'' chair<br />
'''stopp''', stippti, gistippt ''vi'' stop<br />
'''stoppig''' ''a'' stupid<br />
'''stopplaut''' ''n'' stop consonant<br />
'''straf''' ''n'' punishment<br />
'''strafbistryving''' ''n'' capital punishment<br />
'''strat''' ''n'' tail<br />
'''stryf''', strifti, gistrifft ''vi'' die<br />
'''stryp''' ''n'' strip, band<br />
'''sturr''' ''vt'' steer, drive; govern<br />
'''sturring''' ''n'' government<br />
'''sturrrat''' ''n'' steering wheel<br />
'''stynlygig''' ''a'' radioactive<br />
'''stynlyging''' ''n'' radioactivity<br />
'''styntall''' ''n'' prime number<br />
'''styp''' ''n'' point, dot<br />
'''styrē''' ''n'' star<br />
'''sʉll''' ''n'' a type of tree<br />
'''sʉmmrē''' ''n'' summer<br />
'''supē''' ''n'' soup<br />
'''sytē''' ''n'' chair, seat, throne<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==T==<br />
<poem><br />
'''taggtrē''' ''n'' daughter<br />
'''taglyk''' ''adv'' anyway, nonetheless<br />
'''tall''' ''n'' language; number<br />
'''talllirring''' ''n'' linguistics<br />
'''tallrekolls''' ''n (plural only)'' grammar<br />
'''Talnē''' ''n'' the sea goddess<br />
'''tann''' ''adv'' then<br />
'''tanner''' ''n'' dentist<br />
'''tannt''' ''n'' tooth<br />
'''tanntig''' ''a'' dental<br />
'''tappī''' ''n'' table (both furniture and chart)<br />
'''tarrp''' ''n'' village<br />
'''tarrping''' ''n'' settlement<br />
'''tauferr''' ''vi, vt'' do magic, make something appear by magic<br />
'''taufrer''' ''n'' magician, wizard<br />
'''tē''' ''adv'' too, excessively<br />
'''tekk''' ''vt'' take, pick<br />
'''tell''' ''vi, vt'' count<br />
'''tellig''' ''a'' countable<br />
'''telling''' ''n'' story<br />
'''terrē''' ''n'' elephant<br />
'''terrig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' through<br />
'''terrpē''' ''n'' neighbourhood<br />
'''tettig''' ''a'' excessive<br />
'''tettighyt''' ''n'' excess<br />
'''tingī''' ''n'' thing, object<br />
'''tingworrt''' ''n'' noun<br />
'''tinn''' ''num'' ten<br />
'''tinnig''' ''a'' teenage<br />
'''tinniger''' ''n'' teenager<br />
'''tinnighyt''' ''n'' puberty<br />
'''to''' ''num'' two<br />
'''toig''' ''a'' divided, disagreeing<br />
'''toighyt''' ''n'' disagreement, dispute<br />
'''tokkē''' ''n'' chicken<br />
'''tokkig''' ''a'' crazy<br />
'''tong''' ''n'' tongue<br />
'''torat''' ''n'' bicycle<br />
'''torr''' ''n'' tower<br />
'''traff''', triffti, gitrifft ''vt'' meet, encounter<br />
'''traffing''' ''n'' meeting<br />
'''trauig''' ''a'' faithful, loyal<br />
'''trauing''' ''n'' trust<br />
'''traum''' ''vt'' dream<br />
'''trauming''' ''n'' dream<br />
'''tri''' ''num'' three<br />
'''trigg''' ''vt'' pull<br />
'''trigger''' ''n'' tractor<br />
'''trigúke''' ''n'' triangle<br />
'''trizytē''' ''n'' equilateral triangle<br />
'''trʉg''' ''adv'' back<br />
'''trʉgē''' ''n'' past<br />
'''trʉgig''' ''a'' past<br />
'''trʉgtyt''' ''n'' past tense<br />
'''trybē''' ''n'' lobster<br />
'''tryjē''' ''n'' shirt<br />
'''tú''' ''vt'' do<br />
'''túig''' ''a'' active<br />
'''túing''' ''n'' action, activity<br />
'''túmhyt''' ''n'' emptiness<br />
'''túmig''' ''a'' empty<br />
'''<small>oss</small> túntē''' ''adv'' to the left<br />
'''túntig''' ''a'' left (side)<br />
'''túntighyt''' ''n'' left side<br />
'''túp''' ''n'' idiot<br />
'''túpbir''' ''n'' bad beer; nonsense<br />
'''<small>oss</small> túpē''' ''adv'' to a crazy degree<br />
'''túpig''' ''a'' stupid<br />
'''tʉrf''' ''vt'' tally<br />
'''turrē''' ''n'' tear<br />
'''tʉssig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' between<br />
'''tʉsskimming''' ''n'' interruption, intermezzo<br />
'''tʉsslantig''' ''a'' international<br />
'''tʉssur''' ''n'' half hour<br />
'''túworrt''' ''n'' verb<br />
'''twellē''' ''n'' prince<br />
'''twig''' ''vt'' guess<br />
'''twillg''' ''n'' bell, clock<br />
'''twyf''', twifti, gitwifft ''vi'' doubt<br />
'''twyvig''' ''a'' dubious<br />
'''twyving''' ''n'' doubt<br />
'''tygē''' ''prep'' against<br />
'''tygig''' ''a'' opposite<br />
'''tyging''' ''n'' opposite<br />
'''tygpratt''' ''vt'' contradict<br />
'''tygprattig''' ''a'' contradictory<br />
'''tygpratting''' ''n'' contradiction<br />
'''tyn''' ''n'' garden<br />
'''tyning''' ''n'' agriculture<br />
'''tyt''' ''n'' time<br />
'''tythyt''' ''n'' moment, point in time<br />
'''tytrʉg''' ''postp'' ago<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==U==<br />
<poem><br />
'''úlgē''', úlger ''n'' a type of evil bird in Berilonian mythology<br />
'''ur''' ''n'' hour<br />
'''urē''' ''n'' miracle<br />
'''ursprygē''' ''n'' myth, fairytale<br />
'''ʉste''' ''n'' voice<br />
'''úvig''' ''a'' sober<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==V==<br />
<poem><br />
'''vaggt''' ''n'' fur<br />
'''vagt <small>oss</small>''', vigti, givogt ''vi'' wait<br />
'''vagtig''' ''a'' patient<br />
'''vagting''' ''n'' patience<br />
'''valt''', vilti, givolt ''vi'' go for a walk, hike<br />
'''vantling''' ''n'' walk, hike<br />
'''varkē''' ''n'' boat<br />
'''varr''' ''vt'' confuse, mix up<br />
'''varrig''' ''a'' confusing<br />
'''varring''' ''n'' confusion<br />
'''varst''', varster ''n'' sausage<br />
'''vaut''' ''n'' forest<br />
'''veg''', vagti, givogt ''vt'' weigh<br />
'''vegg''' ''n'' road<br />
'''vegig''' ''a'' heavy<br />
'''vell''' ''n'' bed<br />
'''verk''', varkti, givorkt ''vi'' work<br />
'''verker''' ''n'' worker<br />
'''verking''' ''n'' work, function, profession<br />
'''verrtlē''' ''n'' carrot<br />
'''vigatt''' ''n'' enemy<br />
'''vigattig''' ''a'' hostile<br />
'''vills''' ''vt'' switch, change<br />
'''villsing''' ''n'' switch, change<br />
'''vins''' ''vt'' wish<br />
'''vinsing''' ''n'' wish<br />
'''virrig''' ''a'' exact, precise<br />
'''virrolt''' ''n'' world<br />
'''vlurr''' ''vt'' knock down<br />
'''vogg''' ''n'' bird; chicken ''(as food)''<br />
'''voggsgys''' ''n'' excrement of birds, guano; nonsense<br />
'''vojj <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' fight<br />
'''vojjing''' ''n'' fight, battle<br />
'''voll''' ''a'' full<br />
'''vorr''' ''adv'' at the front<br />
'''vorrbylt''', vorrbylter ''n'' example<br />
'''vorrferrē''' ''n'' first quarter of an hour<br />
'''vorrig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' before<br />
'''vorriww''' ''n'' century before the start of the Berilonian calendar<br />
'''vorrlig''' ''a'' main, predominant<br />
'''vorrliglyk''' ''n'' mostly, mainly, predominantly<br />
'''vort''' ''vc'' become<br />
'''voss''', vissē ''n'' fox<br />
'''vragg''' ''a'' true, correct<br />
'''vragghyt''' ''n'' truth<br />
'''vrimmig''' ''a'' strange, weird; foreign<br />
'''vrimmighyt''' ''n'' strangeness, weirdness<br />
'''vrimmlannt''' ''n'' foreign country<br />
'''vrimmtall''' ''n'' foreign language<br />
'''vrinnt''' ''n'' friend<br />
'''vryt''' ''a'' free<br />
'''vrythyt''' ''n'' freedom<br />
'''vrytig''' ''a'' peaceful, calm<br />
'''vrytighyt''' ''n'' peace<br />
'''vug''' ''vt'' add<br />
'''vʉggē''' ''n'' pen, quill<br />
'''vugig''' ''a'' extra, additional<br />
'''vuging''' ''n'' addition<br />
'''vúr''' ''vt'' bring<br />
'''vurr''' ''n'' fire<br />
'''vurrkarvē''' ''n'' charcoal, ash<br />
'''vy''' ''num'' five<br />
'''vyn''' ''n'' wine<br />
</poem></div>
Dē Graut Bʉr
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Bearlandic/Vocabulary&diff=102199
Bearlandic/Vocabulary
2018-02-10T18:01:55Z
<p>Dē Graut Bʉr: </p>
<hr />
<div>See also:<br />
* [[:Category:Bearlandic words]]<br />
* [[Bearlandic/Thematic dictionary]]<br />
<br />
For strong and irregular verbs, the past and perfect are given. For irregular nouns, the plural is given.<br />
<br />
Small words indicate fixed combinations.<br />
<br />
Abbreviations used on this page include:<br />
* ''a'' adjective<br />
* ''adv'' adverb<br />
* ''conj'' conjunction<br />
* ''det'' determiner<br />
* ''intj'' interjection<br />
* ''n'' noun<br />
* ''num'' numeral<br />
* ''prep'' preposition<br />
* ''pron'' pronoun<br />
* ''vi'' intransitive verb<br />
* ''vm'' modal verb<br />
* ''vr'' reflexive verb<br />
* ''vt'' transitive verb<br />
<br />
==A==<br />
<poem><br />
'''a''' ''num'' one; ''det'' a, an<br />
'''<small>oss</small> afnē''' ''adv'' tonight<br />
'''afning''' ''n'' evening<br />
'''agterr''' ''prep'' behind<br />
'''agtrig''' ''a'' located in the back; velar<br />
'''ahyt''' ''n'' union<br />
'''akerr''' ''n'' field<br />
'''all''' ''pron'' all, everything<br />
'''allmig''' ''a'' general, common<br />
'''<small>oss</small> allpē''' ''pron'' everywhere<br />
'''allpig''' ''a'' common, ubiquitous<br />
'''alltingiss''' ''pron'' everything<br />
'''alltyt''' ''pron'' always<br />
'''almyzē''' ''n'' precious stone, gem, jewel<br />
'''anderr''' ''vt'' to change<br />
'''andrig''' ''a'' other, different<br />
'''anē''' ''pron'' each, every<br />
'''anglī''' ''n'' angel, inhabitant of the sky<br />
'''aper''', iperti, giopert ''v'' seem, appear, look like, turn out; '''aper <small>oss</small>''' apparently do, turn out to<br />
'''appoll''' ''n'' apple<br />
'''aprig''' ''a'' seeming, apparent<br />
'''arr''' ''a'' poor<br />
'''arrm''' ''n'' arm<br />
'''artē''' ''n'' doctor, healer<br />
'''asboll''' ''n'' meatball<br />
'''atall''' ''n'' singular<br />
'''<small>oss</small> atē''' ''adv'' only; on one's own<br />
'''atig''' ''a'' only, sole<br />
'''atiglyk''' ''adv'' only<br />
'''atimm''' ''vi, vt'' breathe<br />
'''atjē''' ''n'' bridge<br />
'''atming''' ''n'' breath<br />
'''attoll''' ''n'' nobility<br />
'''attlig''' ''a'' noble, of or pertaining to nobility<br />
'''aug''' ''adv'' too, also, as well<br />
'''aukig''' ''a'' clumsy, awkward<br />
'''aupig''' ''a'' open, free<br />
'''ausbarr''', birrti aus, ausgiborrt ''vt'' give birth to<br />
'''ausbiga''', bigigti aus, ausbigisst ''vt'' avoid<br />
'''ausbigatig''' ''a'' elusive<br />
'''ausbigating''' ''n'' avoidance<br />
'''ausbikopp''' ''vt'' sell out<br />
'''ausbikopping''' ''n'' sale<br />
'''ausbiring''' ''n'' hangover<br />
'''ausbisik''' ''vt'' heal, cure<br />
'''ausbisiking''' ''n'' medicine (discipline)<br />
'''ausbrant''', brinti aus, ausgibront ''vt'' put out a fire ''(takes the burning building as its object)''<br />
'''ausbranter''' ''n'' firefighter<br />
'''ausbranthaus''' ''n'' fire station<br />
'''ausbranting''' ''n'' fire service<br />
'''ausbryt''' ''vt'' expand, enlarge<br />
'''ausbyig''' ''a'' lonely<br />
'''ausdankig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' despite<br />
'''ausdwyn <small>oss</small>''' ''v'' leave, go away from<br />
'''ausfrag''' ''vt'' answer, reply<br />
'''ausfraging''' ''n'' answer, reply<br />
'''ausgibirt''' ''a'' hungover<br />
'''ausgijʉngtnē''' ''n'' adult, grown-up<br />
'''ausgioggt''' ''a'' neutral, impartial<br />
'''ausgiriggt''' ''a'' illegal<br />
'''ausgyg''', gigti aus, ausgigiggt ''vr'' shave<br />
'''aushyf''' ''vt'' lose (an object)<br />
'''ausirr''' ''vt'' annoy, upset<br />
'''ausjʉng''' ''vi'' grow up<br />
'''ausklirr''' ''vt'' undress<br />
'''ausklúk''' ''vt'' betray<br />
'''ausklúker''' ''n'' traitor<br />
'''ausklúkig''' ''a'' treacherous, misleading<br />
'''ausklúking''' ''n'' treason<br />
'''auskryg''', krigti aus, asgikriggt ''vt'' conquer<br />
'''auskryging''' ''n'' conquest<br />
'''auskyk''' ''vt'' summarise<br />
'''auskykig''' ''a'' clear, structured, organised<br />
'''auskyking''' ''n'' overview, summary<br />
'''auslannt''' ''n'' countryside<br />
'''auslanntig''' ''a'' rural<br />
'''auslellk''' ''vt'' forgive; ''vr'' start over<br />
'''auslellking''' ''n'' forgiveness; restart, second chance<br />
'''ausleting''' ''n'' inconvenience, unease; disease, illness<br />
'''auslis''' ''vt'' lose (a match or a battle)<br />
'''auslúg''' ''vi'' go down, set<br />
'''auslʉk''' ''v'' fail, not succeed<br />
'''auslʉking''' ''n'' failure<br />
'''auslyzing''' ''n'' defeat<br />
'''ausmak''', mikti aus, ausgimikkt ''v'' derive; conclude<br />
'''ausmaking''' ''n'' derivation; conclusion<br />
'''ausmogg''' ''vt'' forbid, prohibit<br />
'''ausmogging''' ''n'' prohibition, ban<br />
'''ausogging''' ''n'' neutrality, impartiality<br />
'''ausperk''' ''vt'' forbid, make impossible<br />
'''ausperking''' prohibition, ban<br />
'''ausqyf''', qifti aus, ausgiqifft ''vt'' strangle<br />
'''ausqyving''' ''n'' strangulation<br />
'''ausriggt''' ''vt'' illegalise<br />
'''aussik''' ''vi'' recover (from an illness)<br />
'''ausslap''', slipti aus, ausgislippt ''vi'' wake up<br />
'''aussliggt''' ''vt'' watch, guard<br />
'''aussliggting''' ''n'' watch, guard<br />
'''ausslom''' ''vt'' postpone, delay<br />
'''aussloming''' ''n'' delay<br />
'''aussort''' ''vt'' sort<br />
'''aussorting''' ''n'' sorting<br />
'''ausstamm <small>oss</small>''' ''v'' be descended from<br />
'''ausstamming''' ''n'' ancestry, descent<br />
'''austekk''' ''vt'' take over<br />
'''ausvirrig''' ''a'' approximate<br />
'''ausvúr''' ''vt'' bring out; ''vi'' vomit<br />
'''auszell <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' brag about<br />
'''auszellig''' ''a'' arrogant, egoistic<br />
'''auszelling''' ''n'' arrogance, egoism<br />
'''auszi <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' be careful with<br />
'''ausziig''' ''a'' careful<br />
'''auszúk''' ''vt, vi'' research<br />
'''auszúking''' ''n'' research<br />
'''auszwyl''' ''v'' receive, accept<br />
'''aut''' ''a'' old<br />
'''autrēmann''' ''n'' elderly person<br />
'''autresshaus''' ''n'' retirement home<br />
'''auzē''' ''n'' outside<br />
'''avort''', avirti, agivirt ''vi'' unite, become one<br />
'''avorting''' ''n'' unification<br />
'''azē''' ''n'' meat<br />
'''azyter''' ''n'' carnivore<br />
'''azytig''' ''a'' carnivorous<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==B==<br />
<poem><br />
'''banann''' ''n'' banana<br />
'''bank''' ''n'' bench, seat<br />
'''barbrē''' ''n'' barbarian<br />
'''barr''', birrti, giborrt ''vt'' carry, wear<br />
'''bass''', basser ''n'' base, foundation<br />
'''bassig''' ''a'' basic, fundamental<br />
'''bassstauf''' ''n'' raw material; chemical element<br />
'''batt''' ''n'' bath<br />
'''bau''' ''v'' build<br />
'''ben''' ''n'' leg<br />
'''berrg''' ''n'' mountain<br />
'''bibatt''' ''vr'' bathe<br />
'''bidryg''' ''vt'' get someone drunk<br />
'''bidrygt''' ''a'' drunk; ''(of beverages)'' containing alcohol<br />
'''bidrygtness''' ''n'' alcohol, alcoholic beverages<br />
'''bidyg''' ''vt'' invent, come up with<br />
'''bidyger''' ''n'' inventor<br />
'''bidyging''' ''n'' invention<br />
'''bidwyn''' ''vt'' hide<br />
'''biellp''' ''vt'' spell<br />
'''biellping''' ''n'' spelling, orthography<br />
'''bif''' ''vi'' shake, vibrate<br />
'''bifing''' ''n'' vibration<br />
'''bifrag''' ''vt'' ask, request<br />
'''biga''', bigigti, bigisst ''vi'' move<br />
'''bigaut''' ''vt, vi'' mine<br />
'''bigautighyt''' ''n'' mine<br />
'''bigauting''' ''n'' mining<br />
'''bigef''', bigifti, bigifft ''vt'' lend<br />
'''bigift''' ''vt'' poison<br />
'''bigifting''' ''n'' poisoning<br />
'''biginn''' ''vt'' begin, start<br />
'''bigraup''' ''vt'' make fun of<br />
'''bigryf''' ''v'' understand<br />
'''bigyving''' ''n'' loan<br />
'''bihang <small>oss</small>''' depend on, rely on<br />
'''bihangtnē''' ''n'' condition, requirement<br />
'''bihangtnig''' ''a'' required, necessary<br />
'''bihauf''' ''vt'' lead, govern<br />
'''bihaus''' ''vt'' house<br />
'''bihauvig''' ''a'' political<br />
'''bihauvighyt''' ''n'' politics<br />
'''bihauving''' ''n'' government<br />
'''bihauzing''' ''n'' housing<br />
'''bihellf''' ''vt'' protect<br />
'''bihorr''' ''vt'' listen to<br />
'''bihúf''' ''vt'' need<br />
'''bihúvig''' ''a'' needed, necessary<br />
'''bihúvighyt''' ''n'' need, necessity; condition, requirement<br />
'''biirr''' ''vt'' annoy<br />
'''bikis''' ''vt'' vote for<br />
'''bikizing''' ''n'' election<br />
'''biklagg''' ''vt'' complain about<br />
'''biklúk''' ''vt'' cover<br />
'''biklúkig''' ''a'' covering<br />
'''biklúking''' ''n'' cover, wrapping<br />
'''bikomm''', bikimmti, bikimmt ''vi'' get (X bikomm (oss) Y = Y gets X)<br />
'''bikopp''' ''vt'' sell<br />
'''bikryg''' ''vt'' attack, invade<br />
'''bikryging''' ''n'' attack, invasion<br />
'''bikyk''' ''vt'' pay attention to<br />
'''bikykig''' ''a'' attentive<br />
'''bikyking''' ''n'' attention<br />
'''bilaut''' ''vi'' sound<br />
'''biles''', bilasti, bilisst ''vt'' collect<br />
'''bilif''' ''vt'' respect<br />
'''biliss''' ''vt'' list, sum up<br />
'''bilivig''' ''a'' respectful, polite<br />
'''biliving''' ''n'' respect, politeness<br />
'''bilyg''', biligti, biliggt ''vi'' emit light, radiate, shine<br />
'''bilyt''' ''vi, vt'' drive (a car)<br />
'''bilyter''' ''n'' driver<br />
'''bilytossmogging''' ''n'' driving licence<br />
'''bilyzing''' ''n'' collection<br />
'''bimamm''' ''vt'' raise (children)<br />
'''bimamming''' ''n'' upbringing<br />
'''bimerr''' ''vt'' sharpen<br />
'''binog''' ''vt'' maintain, preserve<br />
'''binoging''' ''n'' preservation<br />
'''binug <small>oss</small>''' ''vt'' supply with (X binug Y oss Z = X supplies Y with Z)<br />
'''binuging''' ''n'' supply<br />
'''binugt''' ''a'' satisfied<br />
'''bipal''' ''vt'' decide, determine<br />
'''bipaler''' ''n'' determiner, article<br />
'''bipyl''' ''vi, vt'' shoot arrows (X bipyl Y = X shoots arrows at Y)<br />
'''bipyn''' ''vt'' hurt<br />
'''bipratt''' ''vt'' tell; talk about, explain<br />
'''bipratting''' ''n'' explanation<br />
'''biprʉlt''' ''a'' in trouble<br />
'''biqyf''', biqifti, biqifft ''vt'' cause to suffocate<br />
'''biqyt''' ''vt'' lose (an object)<br />
'''bir''' ''n'' beer<br />
'''birauk''' ''vi, vt'' smoke<br />
'''biriggt''' ''vi'' be just, be honest, be reasonable; ''vt'' treat with justice<br />
'''briggtig''' ''a'' just, honest, reasonable<br />
'''biriggting''' ''n'' court case<br />
'''bisgap''' ''vt'' keep (animals)<br />
'''bisgaping''' ''n'' animal husbadry<br />
'''bisgillt''' ''vt'' protect<br />
'''bisgillting''' ''n'' protection<br />
'''bisgiss''' ''vt'' design, draft, sketch<br />
'''bisgissing''' ''n'' design<br />
'''bisgisst''' ''a'' sketchy<br />
'''bisgoll''' ''vi'' go to school, study, be a student<br />
'''bisgoller''' ''n'' student, pupil<br />
'''bisgolling''' ''n'' education<br />
'''bisgon''' ''vt'' clean, wash<br />
'''bisgryf''' ''vt'' write about, describe<br />
'''bisiff''' ''vi, vt'' count, calculate<br />
'''bisiffing''' ''n'' calculation; arithmetics<br />
'''bislap''', bislipti, bislippt ''vi'' fall asleep<br />
'''bislyt''' ''vt'' finish, complete<br />
'''bislyting''' ''n'' completion<br />
'''bispell''' ''vt'' play<br />
'''bisperr''' ''vt'' hope for<br />
'''bispog''' ''vi, vt'' spit on<br />
'''bisser''' ''a'' strange, bizarre<br />
'''bistamm''' ''vi'' begin, originate, arise<br />
'''bistoll''' ''vr'' settle, take residence<br />
'''bistraf''' ''vt'' punish<br />
'''bistryf''' ''vt'' murder, kill<br />
'''bistryver''' ''n'' murderer<br />
'''bistryving''' ''n'' murder<br />
'''bitarrp''' ''vt'' settle, populate, colonise<br />
'''bitarrping''' ''n'' colonisation<br />
'''bitrau''' ''vt'' trust<br />
'''bitrauig''' ''a'' trustworthy, reliable<br />
'''bitrauing''' ''n'' trust<br />
'''bitt''' ''n'' bit, part<br />
'''bittig''' ''a'' partial<br />
'''<small>oss</small> bittrē''' ''adv'' to the right<br />
'''bittrig''' ''a'' right (side)<br />
'''bittrighyt''' ''n'' right-hand side<br />
'''bitú''' ''vt'' cause, make happen<br />
'''bitúing''' ''n'' consequence<br />
'''biveg''', bivagti, bivogt ''vt'' weigh<br />
'''bivell''' ''vi'' go to bed<br />
'''bivills''' ''vi'' turn around, go back, return<br />
'''bivillsing''' ''n'' return, homecoming<br />
'''bivragg''' ''vt'' confirm<br />
'''bivrimm''' ''vt'' change for the worse, ruin, spoil, vandalise<br />
'''bivrimming''' ''n'' vandalism<br />
'''bivurr''' ''vt'' burn<br />
'''biwalg''' ''vt'' disgust<br />
'''biwet''', biwati, biwotē ''vt'' remember; remind; inform<br />
'''bizē''' ''n'' fly<br />
'''bizegg''' ''vt'' tell, explain<br />
'''bizegging''' ''n'' explanation<br />
'''bizyt''' ''vi'' continue; stay, remain<br />
'''bizytiglyk''' ''adv'' still<br />
'''blanig''' ''a'' important<br />
'''blanighyt''' ''n'' importance<br />
'''blass''' ''vi'' blow<br />
'''blau''' ''a, n'' blue<br />
'''blot''' ''n'' blood<br />
'''blúm''' ''n'' rose<br />
'''bly''' ''a'' happy<br />
'''blyhyt''' ''n'' happiness<br />
'''boll''' ''n'' ball, sphere<br />
'''bom''', bomer ''n'' tree<br />
'''borr''' ''vi'' be born<br />
'''bos''' ''a'' angry<br />
'''boss''', bosser ''n'' forest<br />
'''brant''', brinti, gibront ''vi'' burn<br />
'''brappling''' ''n'' gibberish<br />
'''brappol''' ''vi'' speak gibberish<br />
'''brok''', brikti, gibrikkt ''vt'' break<br />
'''brot''' ''n'' bread<br />
'''brʉk''' ''n'' fracture, crack; separation<br />
'''brʉktall''' ''n'' fraction, rational number<br />
'''brʉtē''' ''n'' sandwich<br />
'''brútē''' ''n'' brother; ''(plural only)'' family, relatives<br />
'''brúthyt''' ''n'' family<br />
'''bryk''' ''vt'' use<br />
'''brykig''' ''a'' fragile; usual, common<br />
'''bryking''' ''n'' use<br />
'''bryn''' ''a, n'' brown<br />
'''bryt''' ''a'' wide, broad<br />
'''bʉk''' ''n'' book<br />
'''bʉkhaus''' ''n'' library<br />
'''búlē''' ''n'' onion<br />
'''búm''' ''vi'' explode<br />
'''búmig''' ''a'' explosive<br />
'''búming''' ''n'' explosion<br />
'''búmstauf''' ''n'' explosive<br />
'''bur''' ''n'' neighbour<br />
'''bʉr''' ''n'' bear<br />
'''búr''' ''n'' farmer<br />
'''búrhaus''' ''n'' farm<br />
'''Bʉrnlannt''' ''n'' Bearland<br />
'''Bʉrnlannts''' ''a'' Bearlandic, ''n'' the Bearlandic language<br />
'''burr''' ''v'' happen, occur<br />
'''burring''' ''n'' event<br />
'''búzē''' ''n'' anger<br />
'''by''' ''prep'' near, close to<br />
'''bydrukk''' ''vt'' stress, emphasise<br />
'''bydrukking''' ''n'' stress, emphasis<br />
'''byiglyk''' ''adv'' nearly, almost<br />
'''bykē''' ''n'' letter, message; notebook<br />
'''bylt''', bylter ''n'' image (abstract)<br />
'''byltī''' ''n'' image, picture, drawing<br />
'''<small>oss</small> bynē''' ''adv'' almost<br />
'''byryk''' ''n'' colony, vassal state<br />
'''byt''' ''pron'' both; '''byt''' X '''oss''' Y both X and Y<br />
'''bytekk''' ''vt'' summarise<br />
'''bytekking''' ''n'' summary<br />
'''byterr''' ''vt'' improve<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==D==<br />
<poem><br />
'''dag''', dager ''n'' day<br />
'''dakk''' ''n'' roof<br />
'''dakkkammerr''' ''n'' attic<br />
'''dank''' ''vt'' thank; '''dank oss ji''' thank you, '''danknē <small>oss</small>''' thanks to<br />
'''darf <small>oss</small>''', dirfti, gidirrft ''vi'' dare<br />
'''darfig''' ''a'' brave, courageous<br />
'''darfighyt''' ''n'' bravery, courage<br />
'''darfing''' ''n'' arrogance<br />
'''darross''' ''pron'' therefore<br />
'''dass''' ''num'' thousand; ''conj'' that<br />
'''dasspass''', dasspasser ''n'' a length unit of about 730 m<br />
'''dē''' ''det'' the, this, that; ''pron'' it, this, that (demonstrative); which, that (relative)<br />
'''denkt''' ''vi'' think<br />
'''di''' ''pron'' that, those<br />
'''dif''' ''vt'' steal<br />
'''difer''' ''n'' thief<br />
'''difing''' ''n'' theft<br />
'''dill''' ''vt'' divide<br />
'''dillē''' ''n'' member<br />
'''dilling''' ''n'' division, partition<br />
'''dir''' ''n'' animal<br />
'''dirr''' ''pron'' there<br />
'''ditt''' ''pron'' this, these<br />
'''dittag''' ''adv'' today<br />
'''dorrk''' ''a'' dark<br />
'''dorrkhyt''' ''n'' darkness<br />
'''dot''' ''n'' death; ''v'' kill<br />
'''dotig''' ''a'' dead<br />
'''drink''' ''vt'' drink; ''vi'' drink alcohol<br />
'''dritig''' ''a'' sad<br />
'''driting''' ''n'' sadness<br />
'''drukk''' ''vi, vt'' puss, press<br />
'''drukking''' ''n'' pressure<br />
'''drygē''' ''n'' drunkard, alcoholic<br />
'''dryging''' ''n'' alcoholism<br />
'''dryt''' ''vt'' turn, rotate<br />
'''dryting''' ''n'' rotation<br />
'''dúl''' ''n'' goal, purpose, reason, intention; '''dúl <small>oss</small>''' ''vi'' mean<br />
'''dúlig''' ''a'' meaningful, useful<br />
'''dúling''' ''n'' meaning<br />
'''dúrg''' ''prep'' by ''(always followed by ē-form)''<br />
'''durr''' ''n'' door<br />
'''dʉs''' ''adv'' so, therefore<br />
'''dwass''' ''n'' fool, idiot<br />
'''dwassig''' ''a'' foolish, stupid<br />
'''dwassing''' ''n'' foolishness, stupidity<br />
'''dwyn''' ''vi'' disappear<br />
'''dygē''' ''n'' light<br />
'''dyging''' ''n'' thought<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==E==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ef ... <small>solls/oss</small>''' ''adv'' as ... as (ef X solls/oss Y = as X as Y)<br />
'''ellpē''' ''n'' beech; letter; ''(plural only)'' alphabet<br />
'''ellpossgiryt''' ''a'' alphabetic, in alphabetic order<br />
'''ellpossryting''' ''n'' alphabetic order<br />
'''emm''' ''pron'' him<br />
'''et''', ati, giotē ''vt'' eat<br />
'''eting''' ''n'' meal; ''(usually plural)'' food<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==F==<br />
<poem><br />
'''fak''' ''adv'' often<br />
'''fakk''' ''n'' square; compartment, section<br />
'''fall''', fillti, gifollt ''v'' fall; ''n'' fall; case, situation, instance; grammatical case<br />
'''fallry''', fallryess ''n'' column<br />
'''fann''' ''prep'' from<br />
'''fatt''' ''n'' foot<br />
'''fattboll''' ''n'' football<br />
'''faut''' ''n'' mistake, error<br />
'''fautig''' ''a'' wrong; fake<br />
'''fautighyt''' ''n'' wrongness<br />
'''ferr''', ferrtē, firrst ''a'' far<br />
'''ferrat''' ''vt'' bridge; solve<br />
'''ferrating''' ''n'' solution<br />
'''ferrbikomm''' ''vt'' get, acquire<br />
'''ferrburr''' ''vi'' happen by coincidence; '''ferrburr <small>oss</small>''' happen to<br />
'''ferrburring''' ''n'' coincidence<br />
'''ferrdryt''' ''vt'' twist, bend; make wrong<br />
'''ferrdúl''' ''vt'' define<br />
'''ferrdúling''' ''n'' definition<br />
'''ferrdwyn''' ''vt'' remove, delete, destroy<br />
'''ferrē''' ''n'' quarter of an hour<br />
'''ferrfill''' ''vt'' increase, multiply<br />
'''ferrflút''' ''vt'' influence<br />
'''ferrflútig''' ''a'' influential<br />
'''ferrflúting''' ''n'' influence<br />
'''ferrga''', gigti ferr, ferrgigisst ''vi'' forget (X ga ferr oss Y = Y forgets X)<br />
'''ferrgiburrt''' ''a'' coincidental<br />
'''ferrgigisst''' ''a'' advanced, complicated<br />
'''ferrgiriggt''' ''a'' legal<br />
'''ferrkall''' ''vt'' paint<br />
'''ferrkarrt''' ''vt'' map<br />
'''ferrkell''' ''vt'' cost<br />
'''ferrkellings''' ''n (plural only)'' costs, expenses<br />
'''ferrkryg''' ''vi'' rebel, protest<br />
'''ferrkryger''' ''n'' rebel<br />
'''ferrkrygig''' ''a'' rebellious<br />
'''ferrkryging''' ''n'' rebellion<br />
'''ferrlellk''' ''vt'' spoil, ruin<br />
'''ferrlellkig''' ''a'' afwul, terrible<br />
'''ferrles''', lasti ferr, ferrgilisst ''vt'' study<br />
'''ferrletig''' ''vt'' facilitate, make easier<br />
'''ferrletiging''' ''n'' tool<br />
'''ferrlinnt''' ''vt'' refresh, renew<br />
'''ferrlinnting''' ''n'' refreshment, renewal<br />
'''ferrlyk''' ''vt'' compare<br />
'''ferrlykig''' ''a'' comparable, similar<br />
'''ferrlyking''' ''n'' comparison; equation<br />
'''ferrlyzing''' ''n'' course, study<br />
'''ferrmas''' ''vt'' surprise, amaze<br />
'''ferrminn''' ''vt'' decrease, minimise<br />
'''ferrminning''' ''n'' decrease<br />
'''ferrnikkt''' ''vt'' deny<br />
'''ferrnyg''' ''vt'' refuse<br />
'''ferrnyging''' ''n'' refusal<br />
'''ferrogg''' ''vt'' be biased, have prejudices<br />
'''ferrogging''' ''n'' bias, prejudice<br />
'''ferrplikk''' ''vt'' replace<br />
'''ferrplikking''' ''n'' replacement<br />
'''ferrpratter''' ''n'' telephone<br />
'''ferrrif''' ''vt'' fully supply, saturate<br />
'''ferrriggt''' ''vt'' legalise<br />
'''ferrsgau''' ''vt'' show<br />
'''ferrsgill''' ''vt'' distinguish<br />
'''ferrsgilling''' ''n'' distinction, opposition<br />
'''ferrsgrikk''' ''vt'' scare, startle<br />
'''ferrsgryf''', sgrifti ferr, ferrgisgrifft ''vt'' rewrite, edit<br />
'''ferrslaff''' ''vt'' be addictive<br />
'''ferrslaffig''' ''a'' addictive<br />
'''ferrslaffing''' ''n'' addiction<br />
'''ferrslyt''' ''vt'' lock up, imprison<br />
'''ferrtwig''' ''vi'' be mistaken<br />
'''ferrvark''' ''vi'' sail, travel by boat<br />
'''ferrvort''', virti ferr, ferrgivirt ''vt, vr'' develop<br />
'''ferrvorter''' ''n'' developer<br />
'''ferrvortig''' ''a'' developing, under development<br />
'''ferrvorting''' ''n'' development<br />
'''ferrwak''' ''vt'' wake<br />
'''ferrwaker''' ''n'' alarm clock<br />
'''ferrynt''' ''vt'' end, finish<br />
'''ferrzwart''' ''vi'' conspire<br />
'''ferrzwarting''' ''n'' conspiracy<br />
'''fill''', mirr, filless ''a'' many, much<br />
'''fillfatt''' ''n'' centipede<br />
'''filltall''' ''n'' plural<br />
'''fillter''' ''a'' several<br />
'''fingrī''' ''n'' finger<br />
'''finnt''', fannti, gifonnt ''v'' find, discover<br />
'''finnting''' ''n'' discovery<br />
'''fiss''', fisser ''n'' fish<br />
'''flaff''' ''vi'' whisper<br />
'''flaffing''' ''n'' whisper, whispering<br />
'''flagg''' ''n'' flag<br />
'''flik''' ''vi'' fly<br />
'''fluk''' ''vi'' swear (an oath)<br />
'''fluking''' ''n'' oath<br />
'''flúrē''' ''n'' flower<br />
'''flút''' ''vi'' flow<br />
'''flútdwass''' ''n'' alcohol, ethanol<br />
'''flúter''' ''n'' liquid<br />
'''flútig''' ''a'' liquid<br />
'''flúting''' ''n'' flow, current<br />
'''flútzilvirr''' ''n'' mercury<br />
'''follg <small>oss</small>''', fillgti, gifillgt ''vi'' follow<br />
'''follgig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' according to<br />
'''follk''' ''n'' people, population<br />
'''follkbipalig''' ''a'' democratic<br />
'''follkbipalighyt''' ''n'' democracy<br />
'''follkhyt''' ''n'' culture<br />
'''follkhytig''' ''a'' cultural<br />
'''form''', former ''n'' shape, form; variant<br />
'''forr''' ''num'' four<br />
'''forrgúkē''' ''n'' quadrilateral<br />
'''forrzytē''' ''n'' square<br />
'''frag''' ''n'' question; ''vt'' ask<br />
'''frau''' ''n'' woman<br />
'''frauig''' ''a'' feminine<br />
'''fryf''' ''vi, vt'' rub<br />
'''fryfing''' ''n'' friction<br />
'''fryflaut''' ''n'' fricative<br />
'''fu''' ''n'' whistle; flute<br />
'''fúlē''' ''n'' leaf<br />
'''fúrt''' ''n'' castle, fortress<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==G==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ga''', gigti, gigisst ''vi'' go<br />
'''gaut''' ''n'' gold<br />
'''gautig''' ''a'' valuable, expensive<br />
'''gef''', giifti, gigifft ''vt'' give<br />
'''giburrtness''' ''n'' history<br />
'''gifft''' ''n'' gift, present<br />
'''gift''' ''n'' poison<br />
'''giftig''' ''a'' poisonous, toxic<br />
'''giftighyt''' ''n'' toxicity<br />
'''gill''' ''a, n'' yellow<br />
'''gimmf''' ''vi'' marry<br />
'''gimmfing''' ''n'' wedding, marriage<br />
'''ginn''' ''vi'' begin, start<br />
'''ginning''' ''n'' beginning, start, origin<br />
'''ginntyt''' ''n'' prehistory<br />
'''ginnvaut''' ''n'' jungle, old-growth forest<br />
'''giprattness''' ''n'' spoken language<br />
'''girr''' ''n'' female friend<br />
'''girrst''' ''n'' barley<br />
'''gisgrifftness''' ''n'' literature; written language<br />
'''gisst''' ''n'' spirit, soul; mind, conscience<br />
'''gistrī''' ''adv'' yesterday<br />
'''giwellt''' ''a'' excellent<br />
'''glút''' ''vi'' glow<br />
'''glúter''' ''n'' ember<br />
'''glúting''' ''n'' glow<br />
'''glyvig''' ''a'' straight; ''(mathematics)'' even<br />
'''glyving''' ''n'' straightness<br />
'''gott''' ''n'' god<br />
'''gotthyt''' ''n'' the four gods<br />
'''gottig''' ''a'' divine, holy<br />
'''gragglyk''' ''adv'' willingly<br />
'''grass''' ''n'' grass<br />
'''grat''' ''n'' degree, level<br />
'''grathyt''' ''n'' scale, measurement<br />
'''graunt''' ''n'' ground, earth<br />
'''grauntbifing''' ''n'' earthquake<br />
'''grauntkammerr''' ''n'' cellar<br />
'''graup''' ''n'' joke<br />
'''grauping''' ''n'' humour<br />
'''graut''' ''a'' great, strong, mighty, powerful<br />
'''grauthyt''' ''n'' strength, power, influence<br />
'''grautig''' ''a'' important, influential<br />
'''grautiglyk''' ''adv'' mainly, predominantly<br />
'''grautze''', grautzyess ''n'' ocean<br />
'''grens''', grenser ''n'' border, limit; outside<br />
'''grottē''' ''n'' cave<br />
'''grún''' ''a, n'' green<br />
'''grúp''' ''n'' group; ''(mathematics)'' set<br />
'''grúping''' ''n'' group, category; division into groups<br />
'''grúplirring''' ''n'' set theory<br />
'''grút''' ''vi'' grow, increase, rise<br />
'''grútig''' ''a'' growing, increasing<br />
'''grútiglyk''' ''adv'' more and more, increasingly<br />
'''grúting''' ''n'' growth, increase, rise<br />
'''gryk''', gryker ''n'' pair of trousers<br />
'''gryt''' ''a, n'' grey<br />
'''gʉgtē''' ''n'' small farming village, hamlet<br />
'''gúk''' ''n'' corner, angle<br />
'''gúl''' ''n'' feast; party<br />
'''gʉmlē''' ''n'' fruit ''(often pluralised)''<br />
'''gúring''' ''n'' role, function<br />
'''gut''' ''a'' good<br />
'''gutgissting''' ''n'' common sense<br />
'''gutig''' ''a'' of good quality<br />
'''gutighyt''' ''n'' quality<br />
'''gybess''' ''n (plural only)'' area, region<br />
'''gybesslirring''' ''n'' geography<br />
'''gygē''' ''n'' beard<br />
'''gygfrau''' ''n'' witch<br />
'''gyn''' ''pron'' no, none<br />
'''gynazer''' ''n'' vegetarian<br />
'''gyt''' ''n'' goat<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==H==<br />
<poem><br />
'''haff''' ''n'' harbour, port<br />
'''haj''' ''intj'' hi, hello<br />
'''hallf''' ''a'' half<br />
'''hallfhyt''' ''n'' half<br />
'''hallfylē''' ''n'' peninsula<br />
'''hang''', hignti, gihongt ''vi'' hang<br />
'''hangig''' ''a'' dependent<br />
'''hant''' ''n'' hand<br />
'''hantig''' ''a'' handy, useful<br />
'''hantsgryving''' ''n'' handwriting<br />
'''haping''' ''n'' hunger<br />
'''harē''' ''n'' (a single) hair<br />
'''harrt''' ''n'' heart<br />
'''hart''' ''a'' hard<br />
'''hass''' ''n'' wood<br />
'''hatlē''' ''n'' berry<br />
'''hauf''' ''n'' head<br />
'''haufmann''' ''n'' chief, leader<br />
'''haufstatt''' ''n'' capital<br />
'''haus''', hissē ''n'' house<br />
'''haustúings''' ''n (plural only)'' housework; homework<br />
'''hautē''' ''intj'' goodbye<br />
'''hekoll''' ''vt'' hate<br />
'''hetkling''' ''n'' hate<br />
'''hell''' ''n'' the underworld, the place where the dead go to<br />
'''hellf''' ''vt'' help<br />
'''hellfig''' ''a'' helpful; useful<br />
'''hellfighyt''' ''n'' tool; helpfulness<br />
'''hellfing''' ''n'' help<br />
'''heppt''', haptē, gihapt ''vt'' have<br />
'''herkimming''' ''n'' return<br />
'''herkomm''', herkimmti, herkimmt ''v'' return, come back<br />
'''hermak''' ''vt'' repair, restore; reconstruct<br />
'''hertraff''' ''vt'' meet again<br />
'''hertú''' ''vt'' repeat<br />
'''hertúig''' ''a'' repetitive<br />
'''hertúing''' ''n'' repetition<br />
'''herwet''', herwati, herwotē ''vt'' remember, recall<br />
'''herweting''' ''n'' memory<br />
'''herzegg''', herzaggti, herziggt ''vt'' repeat, say again<br />
'''hi''' ''pron'' he<br />
'''hiess''' ''pron'' his<br />
'''<small>oss</small> hillē''' ''adv'' completely<br />
'''hillig''' ''a'' whole, complete, entire<br />
'''hilltall''' ''n'' integer<br />
'''hillvē''' ''n'' hill<br />
'''hillvig''' ''a'' hilly; rough<br />
'''himmell''' ''n'' sky<br />
'''himmlig''' ''a'' of or pertaining to the sky; fucking, damn ''(emphasises the following noun)''<br />
'''hirr''' ''pron'' here<br />
'''hirrig''' ''a'' local, from or belonging to here<br />
'''hirrst''' ''n'' autumn, fall<br />
'''hirrstig''' ''a'' harsh, severe<br />
'''ho''' ''a'' high<br />
'''hobrútē''' ''n'' uncle<br />
'''hohyt''' ''n'' height<br />
'''holaut''' ''n'' vowel<br />
'''holl''' ''n'' hole<br />
'''hollig''' ''a'' hollow; full of holes<br />
'''homamm''' ''n'' grandmother<br />
'''hopapp''' ''n'' grandfather<br />
'''hozʉs''' ''n'' aunt<br />
'''horr''' ''vt'' hear<br />
'''horrig''' ''a'' audible<br />
'''horring''' ''n'' hearing<br />
'''horrt''' ''num'' hundred<br />
'''<small>oss</small> hotē''' ''adv'' above, upstairs<br />
'''hotig <small>oss</small>''' ''prep'' above; more than, over<br />
'''hu''' ''pron'' how ''(asks for a manner)''<br />
'''huing''' ''n'' manner, way; grammatical mood<br />
'''hulyk''' ''pron'' how, why ''(asks for an explanation)''<br />
'''hʉn''' ''pron'' them ''(only refers to people)''<br />
'''hús''' ''n'' pub, café<br />
'''hyē''' ''intj'' hey, hello<br />
'''hyjē''' ''n'' shark<br />
'''hyl''' ''vi'' cry<br />
'''hylig''' ''a'' sad<br />
'''hymig''' ''a'' secret<br />
'''hymighyt''' ''n'' secret<br />
'''hytig''' ''a'' warm, hot<br />
'''hytighyt''' ''n'' warmth, heat<br />
'''hyving''' ''n (usually plural)'' possession, property<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==I==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ig''' ''pron'' I<br />
'''illg''' ''n'' elk<br />
'''imann''' ''pron'' someone<br />
'''imē''' ''n'' unknown person<br />
'''imig''' ''pron'' some ''(only refers to people)''<br />
'''inngisst''' ''v'' inspire<br />
'''inngisstig''' ''a'' inspiring<br />
'''inngissting''' ''n'' inspiration<br />
'''innhúzē''' ''n'' piece of furniture<br />
'''innhyf''' ''vt'' contain<br />
'''innslap''', slitpi inn, inngislippt ''vi'' fall asleep<br />
'''inntig''' ''a'' true, actual<br />
'''inntigyt''' ''n'' fact<br />
'''inntiglyk''' ''adv'' indeed<br />
'''innvúr''' ''vt'' bring in, enter<br />
'''innwak''' ''vi'' wake up<br />
'''irgiss''' ''pron'' somewhere<br />
'''iss''', wast, giasst ''v'' be<br />
'''itē''' ''n'' unknown thing<br />
'''itig''' ''pron'' some ''(not used for people)''<br />
'''itiss''' ''pron'' something<br />
'''iww''' ''n'' century<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==J==<br />
<poem><br />
'''ja''' ''intj'' yes<br />
'''jagglyk''' ''adv'' ''the opposite of "not"''<br />
'''jaggt''' ''vt'' hunt<br />
'''jaggter''' ''n'' hunter<br />
'''jaggting''' ''n'' hunt<br />
'''jaggplʉker''' ''n'' hunter-gatherer<br />
'''jar''' ''n'' year<br />
'''jardag''' ''n'' birthday<br />
'''jarginning''' ''n'' spring<br />
'''jarynting''' ''n'' autumn, fall<br />
'''ji''' ''pron'' you ''(singular)''<br />
'''jiess''' ''pron'' your ''(singular)''<br />
'''jis''' ''pron'' you ''(plural)''<br />
'''jʉng''' ''a'' young<br />
'''jʉngē''' ''n'' boy<br />
'''jʉnghyt''' ''n'' youth<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==K==<br />
<poem><br />
'''kall''' ''n'' colour<br />
'''kallig''' ''a'' colourful<br />
'''kalling''' ''n'' paint<br />
'''kammerr''' ''n'' room, chamber<br />
'''kart''' ''n'' card<br />
'''karvē''' ''n'' carbon<br />
'''karrtē''' ''n'' map<br />
'''kass''' ''n'' cheese<br />
'''katt''', katter ''n'' kat<br />
'''kaut''' ''a'' cold<br />
'''kauhyt''' ''n'' cold (low temperature)<br />
'''kauting''' ''n'' cold (illness)<br />
'''kell''' ''vt'' pay<br />
'''kellig''' ''a'' expensive<br />
'''kelling''' ''n'' price<br />
'''ken''' ''vt'' know (a person)<br />
'''kennī''', kinness ''n'' dog<br />
'''keppvogg''' ''n'' a large flightless bird endemic to Bearland<br />
'''kettē''' ''n'' dick<br />
'''ketthauf''' ''n'' asshole<br />
'''kiks''' ''n'' king<br />
'''kikshyt''' ''n'' power, monarchy<br />
'''kiksig''' ''a'' royal<br />
'''kiksryk''' ''n'' kingdom<br />
'''kill''' ''n'' throat<br />
'''killig''' ''a'' uvular<br />
'''kimmig''' ''a'' upcoming, future<br />
'''kimmigē''' ''n'' future<br />
'''kimming''' ''n'' coming, arrival; future<br />
'''kinn''' ''n'' chin<br />
'''kis''' ''vt'' choose; vote<br />
'''kising''' ''n'' choice; election; vote<br />
'''klagg''' ''vi'' complain<br />
'''klagging''' ''n'' complain<br />
'''klirr''' ''n'' piece of clothing, cloth<br />
'''klirring''' ''n'' clothing<br />
'''klúk''' ''n'' coat, cloak<br />
'''klurr'