https://linguifex.com/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Nicomega&feedformat=atomLinguifex - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T14:44:27ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.1https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Linguifex_Relay&diff=346832Seventh Linguifex Relay2024-01-29T16:51:18Z<p>Nicomega: /* Signup */</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- FOR THE RELAYMASTER: To set your deadline, use "{{Relaynotice|deadline=x}}" below where x is your deadline (in UTC) in YYYYMMddhhmmss format. <br />
{{Relaynotice|deadline=20180820000000}}<br />
<br />
-->The '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is an upcoming conlang relay, a game of conlingual telephone, on Linguifex. Succeeding the [[Sixth Linguifex Relay|''A Tuzzo Lanto'']] Relay, starting in [[Capetan]], this Relay is being prepared by [[User:IlL|IlL]] in [[Sowaár|High Sowaár]].<br />
<br />
==Rules==<br />
The game is similar to [[w:Chinese whispers|Chinese whispers]]. The procedure is simple: you will receive a conlang text, a ''whisper'' or ''torch'', from the previous ''seat'' with an interlinear/gloss which you are to translate into your own conlang and add information so that the next person can decipher it and make a new translation. You will have '''48''' hours from the time of having received the whisper to prepare a translation of it into your conlang, gloss it and then send it to the next person in the chain. You are free to include either a glossary and grammar notes or an interlinear (or both!). The choice is up to you, but it is always recommended to at least add an interlinear.<br />
<br />
In the event that you fail to whisper within your allotted 48 hours, the turn will skip your seat and go to the next participant.<br />
<br />
The relaymaster reserves the right to determine when a relay is to start; you can sign up freely until then. Everyone is welcome to partake, but for reasons of convenience, an account on Linguifex is required. Every person is restricted to one entry, but the choice of conlang is up to them. In the case that two people chose the same language, a first-come first-served basis will be adopted (unless, say, the language creator chooses to join in).<br />
<br />
==Signup==<br />
===Seats===<br />
<br />
The final seat will be a retranslation into the source conlang, as well as the first translation into English. In conjunction, the original text will be published in English.<br />
*'''Seat 0''' - (IlL recuses himself from the relaymaster position).<br />
*'''Seat 1''' - [[User:Учхљёная|Учхљёная]], with '''[[Dãterške]]'''<br />
*'''Seat 2''' - [[User:Dillon|Dillon]], with '''[[Soc'ul']]'''<br />
*'''Seat 3''' - [[User:Jukethatbox|Jukethatbox]], with '''[[Moshurian]]'''<br />
*'''Seat 4''' - [[User:Nicomega|Nicomega]], with '''[[Tulvan]]'''<br />
*'''Seat 5''' - [[User:Samstag|Samstag]], with '''[[Azkali]]'''<br />
*'''Seat 6''' - [[User:Anyar|Anyar]], with '''[[Minhast]]'''<br />
*'''Seat 7''' - [[User:Val-Zho|Val-Zho]], with '''[[Kryptonian]]'''<br />
*'''Seat 8''' - <br />
*'''Seat ''n''-1''' - <br />
*'''Final seat''' - Retranslation into the original language and English. The original text will be published in English as well.<br />
<br />
==How-to==<br />
Once you've received the conlang text with glosses and all, create a page called "{{PAGENAME}}/X", where X is your language. Translate and gloss the text into your conlang (try to include an interlinear gloss), and check the '''Seats''' list on this page: Take a look who's next after you and go to their talk page and create a new topic called "{{PAGENAME}}"; and link the page where you keep your translation. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Relays]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Phonotactics&diff=305044Phonotactics2023-05-09T21:15:56Z<p>Nicomega: Created page with "'''Phonotactics''' is a linguistic term that refers to the set of rules governing the permissible combinations of sounds in a language. It is the study of the way sounds are arranged in a language, including which sounds can occur together and in what order. Phonotactics can be used by linguists and language creators alike to analyze and create new languages. == Phonotactics in Linguistics == Phonotactics is an important aspect of linguistic analysis, as it can provide..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Phonotactics''' is a linguistic term that refers to the set of rules governing the permissible combinations of sounds in a language. It is the study of the way sounds are arranged in a language, including which sounds can occur together and in what order. Phonotactics can be used by linguists and language creators alike to analyze and create new languages.<br />
<br />
== Phonotactics in Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
Phonotactics is an important aspect of linguistic analysis, as it can provide insight into the structure of a language. Linguists use phonotactics to identify patterns and constraints in a language's sound system. For example, certain sounds may be restricted to certain positions within a word, such as consonants that only occur at the beginning or end of a word.<br />
<br />
Phonotactics can also help identify how sounds change within a language over time. By examining the phonotactic patterns in older and newer forms of a language, linguists can track how certain sounds have shifted or disappeared over time.<br />
<br />
== Phonotactics in Conlanging ==<br />
<br />
Phonotactics is also a valuable tool for language creators, or conlangers, who design new languages. By establishing a set of phonotactic rules, conlangers can create a unique and believable sound system for their language.<br />
<br />
When creating a language, conlangers typically begin by selecting a set of phonemes, or basic sounds, that will be used in the language. They then apply phonotactic rules to these phonemes, determining which sounds can occur in which positions within words.<br />
<br />
For example, a conlanger may decide that their language only allows consonants at the beginning of a syllable, and that all syllables must end in a vowel. They may also decide that certain consonants can only occur together in specific combinations, such as /s/ and /t/ only being allowed in the order /st/.<br />
<br />
By applying these rules consistently, the conlanger can create a unique sound system that is distinct from other languages.<br />
<br />
== Examples of Phonotactics ==<br />
<br />
Phonotactic rules can vary widely across languages. Some common patterns include:<br />
<br />
* Consonant clusters: Some languages allow multiple consonants to occur together in a word, while others restrict the number or types of consonants that can occur in a cluster.<br />
* Syllable structure: Languages may vary in the number and types of sounds allowed in a syllable. For example, some languages allow only a single consonant sound at the beginning of a syllable, while others allow clusters of two or more consonants.<br />
* Vowel harmony: Some languages require that all the vowels in a word share a particular feature, such as frontness or rounding.<br />
* Tone patterns: Some languages use tone to distinguish between words or word meanings, and may have specific rules governing the placement and use of tone.</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Syntactical_ambiguity&diff=305043Syntactical ambiguity2023-05-09T20:54:03Z<p>Nicomega: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Syntactical ambiguity''' refers to a phenomenon in which a sentence or phrase has multiple possible meanings due to its grammatical structure. It is a common feature of natural languages and can also be deliberately employed by speakers for rhetorical or humorous effect. In the field of language creation, understanding syntactical ambiguity can be a valuable tool for constructing a more nuanced and expressive conlang.<br />
<br />
== Examples of Syntactical Ambiguity ==<br />
<br />
There are numerous examples of syntactical ambiguity in natural languages, some of which may be familiar to English speakers. One classic example is the sentence "I saw the man with the telescope". Depending on the intended meaning, this sentence could refer either to the man holding the telescope or to the man who was being observed through the telescope. Another example is the sentence "The chicken is ready to eat". This sentence could either mean that the chicken is ready to be eaten or that it is ready to eat something else.<br />
<br />
Other examples of syntactical ambiguity include:<br />
<br />
"The old man the boat" - This sentence can be interpreted as "The old man who is in the boat" or "The man who is old and owns the boat".<br />
"I can't believe you said that!" - Depending on context, this sentence could be interpreted as either expressing surprise or expressing disapproval.<br />
== Relevance to Language Creation ==<br />
<br />
Understanding syntactical ambiguity can be a valuable tool for language creators. By deliberately introducing ambiguity into the grammatical structure of a conlang, a speaker can create more nuanced and expressive meanings. This can be particularly useful in constructing languages that are meant to express complex emotions or ideas.<br />
<br />
For example, consider a conlang in which the grammatical structure allows for multiple possible interpretations of a sentence. A speaker of this language could use this ambiguity to express shades of meaning that might not be easily expressed in a more straightforward language. This could include conveying emotions that are difficult to describe, such as a sense of longing or nostalgia.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, syntactical ambiguity can be used to create humor or to convey irony or sarcasm. A conlang that employs this technique can make its speakers appear more sophisticated or witty.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Semantic ambiguity]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Semantic_ambiguity&diff=305042Semantic ambiguity2023-05-09T20:53:40Z<p>Nicomega: Created page with "'''Semantic ambiguity''' is a linguistic phenomenon in which a sentence or phrase has multiple possible meanings due to the ambiguity of its individual words or phrases. This can arise from the use of homonyms, polysemous words, or simply from the context of the sentence. Understanding semantic ambiguity can be a valuable tool for constructing a more nuanced and expressive conlang. == Examples of Semantic Ambiguity == There are numerous examples of semantic ambiguity i..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Semantic ambiguity''' is a linguistic phenomenon in which a sentence or phrase has multiple possible meanings due to the ambiguity of its individual words or phrases. This can arise from the use of homonyms, polysemous words, or simply from the context of the sentence. Understanding semantic ambiguity can be a valuable tool for constructing a more nuanced and expressive conlang.<br />
<br />
== Examples of Semantic Ambiguity ==<br />
<br />
There are numerous examples of semantic ambiguity in natural languages. One classic example is the sentence "Time flies like an arrow". Depending on how the sentence is parsed, it can mean "Time passes quickly, similar to the way that an arrow flies" or "The species of insect known as 'time flies' enjoy eating arrows". Another example is the sentence "I saw her duck". This sentence can be interpreted as "I saw the bird that she owns" or "I saw her perform a physical movement known as 'ducking'".<br />
<br />
Other examples of semantic ambiguity include:<br />
<br />
* "They are hunting dogs" - This sentence can mean either "They are dogs that are used for hunting" or "They are hunting for dogs".<br />
* "The bank is closed" - Depending on context, this sentence could mean either that the financial institution is closed or that the physical building is closed.<br />
<br />
== Relevance to Language Creation ==<br />
<br />
Understanding semantic ambiguity can be a valuable tool for language creators. By deliberately introducing ambiguity into the meanings of individual words or phrases in a conlang, a speaker can create more nuanced and expressive meanings. This can be particularly useful in constructing languages that are meant to express complex emotions or ideas.<br />
<br />
For example, consider a conlang in which the word for "love" has multiple possible meanings depending on context. A speaker of this language could use this ambiguity to express different forms of love, such as familial love, romantic love, or platonic love. This could add depth and complexity to the language, making it more interesting and engaging.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, semantic ambiguity can be used to create humor or to convey irony or sarcasm. A conlang that employs this technique can make its speakers appear more sophisticated or witty.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Syntactical ambiguity]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Logical_language&diff=305041Logical language2023-05-09T20:51:01Z<p>Nicomega: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Types of conlangs}}<br />
'''Logical languages''' (often abbreviated to '''loglangs''') are meant to allow (or enforce) unambiguous statements. They are typically based on predicate logic but can also be based on any system of formal logic. The two best-known logical languages are the predicate languages [[Loglan]] and its successor [[Lojban]]. They both aim to eliminate [[syntactical ambiguity]] and reduce [[semantic ambiguity]] to a minimum. In particular, the [[Lojban#Grammar|grammar of Lojban]] is carefully engineered to express such predicate logic in an unambiguous manner.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[A priori language]]<br />
*[[A posteriori language]]<br />
*[[Philosophical language]]<br />
*[[:Category:Logical languages|List of logical languages on Linguifex]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Types of conlangs]][[Category:Conlangery]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Syntactical_ambiguity&diff=305040Syntactical ambiguity2023-05-09T20:48:57Z<p>Nicomega: Created page with "'''Syntactical ambiguity''' refers to a phenomenon in which a sentence or phrase has multiple possible meanings due to its grammatical structure. It is a common feature of natural languages and can also be deliberately employed by speakers for rhetorical or humorous effect. In the field of language creation, understanding syntactical ambiguity can be a valuable tool for constructing a more nuanced and expressive conlang. == Examples of Syntactical Ambiguity == There ar..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Syntactical ambiguity''' refers to a phenomenon in which a sentence or phrase has multiple possible meanings due to its grammatical structure. It is a common feature of natural languages and can also be deliberately employed by speakers for rhetorical or humorous effect. In the field of language creation, understanding syntactical ambiguity can be a valuable tool for constructing a more nuanced and expressive conlang.<br />
<br />
== Examples of Syntactical Ambiguity ==<br />
<br />
There are numerous examples of syntactical ambiguity in natural languages, some of which may be familiar to English speakers. One classic example is the sentence "I saw the man with the telescope". Depending on the intended meaning, this sentence could refer either to the man holding the telescope or to the man who was being observed through the telescope. Another example is the sentence "The chicken is ready to eat". This sentence could either mean that the chicken is ready to be eaten or that it is ready to eat something else.<br />
<br />
Other examples of syntactical ambiguity include:<br />
<br />
"The old man the boat" - This sentence can be interpreted as "The old man who is in the boat" or "The man who is old and owns the boat".<br />
"I can't believe you said that!" - Depending on context, this sentence could be interpreted as either expressing surprise or expressing disapproval.<br />
== Relevance to Language Creation ==<br />
<br />
Understanding syntactical ambiguity can be a valuable tool for language creators. By deliberately introducing ambiguity into the grammatical structure of a conlang, a speaker can create more nuanced and expressive meanings. This can be particularly useful in constructing languages that are meant to express complex emotions or ideas.<br />
<br />
For example, consider a conlang in which the grammatical structure allows for multiple possible interpretations of a sentence. A speaker of this language could use this ambiguity to express shades of meaning that might not be easily expressed in a more straightforward language. This could include conveying emotions that are difficult to describe, such as a sense of longing or nostalgia.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, syntactical ambiguity can be used to create humor or to convey irony or sarcasm. A conlang that employs this technique can make its speakers appear more sophisticated or witty.</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Loglang&diff=305039Loglang2023-05-09T20:43:56Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to Logical language</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Logical language]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Omonkwi&diff=298582Omonkwi2023-03-23T00:16:13Z<p>Nicomega: /* Example sentences */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Omonkwi<br />
|nativename = Omokwi<br />
|creator = [[User:Nicomega|Nicolás Campi]][[Category:User:Nicomega]]<br />
|pronunciation = o.ˈmoŋ.kʷi<br />
| pronunciation_key = <br />
|setting = Earth-like planet, alternate Earth<br />
|region = Undetermined<br />
| created = 2003<br />
|familycolor = american<br />
|fam1 = Omon<br />
|fam2 = Omonquian<br />
| ancestor1 = Ancient Omonkwi<br />
| ancestor2 = Classical Omonkwi<br />
|script = Latin<br />
| notice = ipa<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Omonkwi''', [o.ˈmoŋ.kʷi], is a naturalistic [[a priori]] [[artistic language|artlang]] loosely inspired by Mesoamerican aboriginal languages. It features ergative-absolutive alignment, and tends to form poetic compounds for words in a manner not unlike [[w:kenning|kennings]]. The construction of these new poetic compounds is often preferred and will even go on to replace a common word for an object. Speakers of Omonkwi are encouraged in this way to come up with new aesthetically pleasing new words and terms, being considered both an artistic practice as well as a learned pursuit.<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
===Inspiration===<br />
Omonkwi started as an early attempt to capture the sounds I liked from mesoamerican indigenous languages via a poorly pronounced (by my high-school teacher) version of deity names in the [[w:Popol Vuh|Popol Vuh]]. Names such as ''Vucub Caquix, Cabrakán, Zipacná'' and ''Chimalmat''. It can be viewed as a weird kind of homage, trying to create a language out respect for it but not having the materials to know more about it, something common before the rise of the internet as we know it. As such it exhibits an odd mix of different features, many word choices reflect [[w:Kʼicheʼ language|Quiché Maya]] (although the 'x' is pronounced as in English/Spanish, and 'v' as English), some others are reminiscent of [[w:Yucatec Maya|Yucatec Maya]] and still parts resemble [[w:Nahuatl|Nahuatl]], such as the plural formations in ''-tin/-in''. In particular names taken from Quiché such as Zipacná, Chimalmat and Xibalba are the most inspirational, as well as words like ''pipiltin'', ''teotl'', etc.<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
The phonology is quite rich and includes more phonemes than either of its inspirational donors; including the distinction of ''š ž'', ''s z'', and the voiced stops.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 88px; " |Labio-Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Stop<br />
| p b<br />
| t d<br />
| t͡ʃ {{angbr|č}}<br />
| k g<br />
| kʷ ɡʷ {{angbr|kw gw}} <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| x<br />
| xʷ {{angbr|hw}}<br />
| h<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Sibilant<br />
| <br />
| s z<br />
| ʃ ʒ {{angbr|š ž}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| (ŋ)<br />
| ŋʷ {{angbr|nw}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Liquid<br />
| <br />
| l r<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| j {{angbr|y}}<br />
| <br />
| w<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
'''Notes''':<br />
* The palatal č is not a stop though it is treated as one due to distribution.<br />
* The velar nasal ŋ only appears preceding a velar as an allophone of n, but nw is always ŋ.<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
The five vowels distinguish between long and short varieties.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| {{IPA|i iː}} {{angbr|i ī}} || || {{IPA|u uː}} {{angbr|u ū}}<br />
|-<br />
! Mid<br />
| {{IPA|e eː}} {{angbr|e ē}} || || {{IPA|o oː}} {{angbr|o ō}}<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || {{IPA|a aː}} {{angbr|a ā}} ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
Omonkwi nouns inflect for number (plural and singular) and at least 5 cases (ergative, absolutive, dative, genitive and locative). The general word order is SOV with variations allowed for emphasis and focus. The verb "to be" is often ommited when context is clear.<br />
<br />
==== Number ====<br />
<!--p, t, k, n, -tin<br><br />
l, -lin<br><br />
V, -t<br><br />
V (1 syll), -tin<br><br />
šival, šivallin<br><br />
gōkwi, gōkwit<br><br />
teōp, teōptin<br><br />
īpni, īpnit<br><br />
ix, ixtin<br><br />
wui, witin (irreg)<br> --><br />
Omonkwi distinguishes singular from plural number. The Omonkwi plural has different forms that are quite predictable. All words ending in a vowel will take a reduced suffix -'''t''', however, those that are only one syllable often take a -'''tin''' ending. This can include some irregular plurals that change the root. <br />
<br />
:ipāgna → ''ipāgna'''t''''' ("mountain, mountains")<br />
:īpni → ''īpni'''t''''' ("soul, souls")<br />
:gōkwi → ''gōkwi'''t''''' ("land, lands")<br />
:wui → ''wi'''tin''''' ("day, days")<br />
<br />
Words that end in a consonant take the suffix -'''tin'''. However, words ending in -m take -'''in'''.<br />
<br />
:teōp → ''teōp'''tin''''' ("eagle, eagles")<br />
:ix → ''ix'''tin''''' ("house, houses")<br />
:šival → ''šival'''tin''''' ("jaw, jaws")<br />
:kum → ''kum'''in'''''<br />
<br />
Other irregular plurals are words ending with 'tl' in their final syllable; in those cases the '-tl' becomes -l but taking the -'''tin''' suffix. In addition to those, some animate nouns may take a suffix consisting of the reduplication of the first syllable.<br />
<br />
:atli → ''al'''tin''''' ("body, bodies")<br />
:teōp → '''''te'''teōp'' ("eagle, eagles")<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending !! Plural !! Example<br />
|-<br />
| -V || -t || ''ipāgna, ipāgnat''<br />
|-<br />
| -V (one syl.) || -tin || ''wui, witin''<br />
|-<br />
| -C (other than l or m) || -tin || ''teōp, teōptin''<br />
|-<br />
| -l || -tin || ''šival, šivatlin''<br />
|-<br />
| -m || -in || ''kum, kumin''<br />
|-<br />
| -tlV || (l)-tin || ''atli, altin''<br />
|-<br />
| some animate nouns || CV<sub>1</sub>- (redup.) || ''teōp, teteōp''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Cases ====<br />
<!--marks for possessed and possessor.<br />
teōpca, -ca ergative<br />
<br />
šival, šivalba locative<br />
<br />
-ma, genitive<br />
<br />
na-, for, dative?<br />
<br />
''ipācnat gōki-ma šivallin''--><br />
Omonkwi nouns inflect for 5 cases, plurals of those are formed just like regular plurals but are marked after the case ending. Some cases depend on whether the noun is animate or inanimate.<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
|-<br />
! Case !! Ending !! Form<br />
|-<br />
| '''Subjective''' || -n, -un || ''ipāgnan'', ''teōpun''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Absolutive''' || -Ø || ''teōp''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dative''' || na- || ''na-teōp''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Genitive''' || ma- || ''ma-teōp''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Locative''' || -ba, -pa || ''teōppa, šivalba''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* ca šivalba, to the jaw<br />
* in šivalba, from the jaw.<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
=== Verbs ===<br />
pronoun erg + abs - verb - tense<br />
<br />
* -in, present tense.<br />
* -tzin, <br />
* -eš, future tense<br />
* -al, -ol, participles<br />
* -ab, -ub?<br />
* -ina, active participle?<br />
* -iz, -iž<br />
* -inca<br />
<br />
=== Derivational morphology ===<br />
<br />
==Example sentences==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. <br />
::Sample:<br />
:'''ipāgnat šival gōkwili'''<br />
:''Mountains (are) the jaws of the Earth.'' --><br />
* '''ipāgnatun šival magōkwillin'''. "The mountains (are) the jaws of the Earth".<br />
* '''teteōpun maNungut atanab'''. "The eagles of the Gods have come".<br />
<br />
==Sample wordlist==<br />
{{sort list|asc|2=<br />
* atli, body<br />
* buip, face<br />
* gōkwili, earth<br />
* hib, arm<br />
* inti, friend<br />
* ipāgna, mountain<br />
* īpni, heart, soul<br />
* ix, house<br />
* ixīpni, body (poetic)<br />
* ižki, mouth<br />
* lohip, sky<br />
* lupi, people<br />
* nungistix, home of the gods<br />
* pāwi, love<br />
* šival, jaw, snout<br />
* teōp, eagle<br />
* teyi, water<br />
* wui, day<br />
* xīban, heart, organ<br />
* xowi, city<br />
* zībun, head<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Omonkwi]]<br />
{{art}}</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Nicomega/Proto-Okiwo&diff=263897User:Nicomega/Proto-Okiwo2022-03-14T13:47:11Z<p>Nicomega: /* Morfología */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Proto-Okiwo''' es una [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protolengua proto-lengua] propuesta como la base de una familia de lenguajes que se pueden derivar de ella. Es utilizada para el proyecto de Proto-idioma del grupo de facebook [https://www.facebook.com/groups/conlangsesp/ Conlangs (Español)] con el fin de que cada participante derive su propia lengua o familia de lenguas. Debido a la naturaleza del proyecto se intenta no favorecer un modo o una [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alineamiento_morfosint%C3%A1ctico alineación morfosintáctica] sobre otra para promover la variedad.<br />
<br />
== Fonología ==<br />
<br />
La fonología del Proto-Okiwo incluye plosivas sordas aspiradas, consonantes uvulares, dos líquidas y dos aproximantes, cierta variación [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%B3fono alofónica] ocurre.<br />
<br />
=== Consonantes ===<br />
<br />
Consta de las siguientes consonantes:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosiva<br />
| p b<br />
| t d<br />
| <br />
| k g<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Aspirada<br />
| p<sup>h</sup><br />
| t<sup>h</sup><br />
| <br />
| k<sup>h</sup><br />
| q<sup>h</sup><br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricativa<br />
| <br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| h<ref>En realidad glotal, pero para reducir espacio en la tabla.</ref><br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<ref>Técnicamente sorda [m̥].</ref><br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Líquida<br />
| <br />
| l r<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Aproximante<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| j<br />
| w<br />
| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
La [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonot%C3%A1ctica fonotáctica] del idioma permite que las palabras contengan una combinación de una consonante y hasta una aproximante no obligatoria.<br />
<br />
=== Vocales ===<br />
<br />
Y las siguientes 7 vocales y sus versiones cortas y largas:<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 460px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 48px; "|<br />
! style="width: 48px; " |Anterior<br />
! style="width: 48px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 48px; " |Posterior<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Cerrada<br />
| i iː<br />
| ɨ ɨː ʉ ʉː<br />
| u uː<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Media<br />
| e eː<br />
| <br />
| o oː<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Abierta<br />
| <br />
| a aː<br />
| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
Las vocales también pueden formar los diptongos descendentes: ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou; o ascendentes: ia, ie, io, ua, ue, uo.<br />
<br />
== Morfología ==<br />
<br />
Es importante aclarar que el proto-idioma que se presenta no es un idioma completo: se omiten detalles del funcionamiento gramatical y no se dispone de un léxico dándose, en cambio, una lista de raíces. Esta situación es comparable a la de las reconstrucciones de algunos proto-lenguajes históricos. El lenguaje fue planteado de esta forma con el propósito de alentar a los participantes a introducir sus propias innovaciones.<br />
<br />
La negación se expresa por medio de una partícula '''we''', y la interrogación con la partícula interrogativa '''lo'''. Las frases imperativas suelen aparecer con la raíz verbal plena. Y también se conocen otras partículas conectivas como '''q<sup>h</sup>e''', que significa “y, además”, '''ki''' “o”, partícula disyuntiva, y finalmente '''iː''' usado para introducir oraciones subordinadas.<br />
<br />
== Fonotáctica ==<br />
<br />
La forma más común de la sílaba es CV, VC, CVC y VCV, con sus variantes y reduplicaciones; por ejemplo, CV-CV y VC-VC, etc. En este caso C es cualquier consonante, u oclusiva sorda seguida de aproximante y V representa vocales cortas, largas o diptongos.<br />
<br />
== Sustantivos ==<br />
<br />
El proto-idioma posee marcas para tres casos: el ''[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_ergativo ergativo]'' (o agente), el ''[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_acusativo acusativo]'' (u objeto) y el ''[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_nominativo nominativo]'' (o sujeto). Sólo el ergativo y el nominativo poseen una marca, '''–tV''' y '''–kV''' respectivamente (donde la V es una vocal no especificada). Hay una marca para plural en la raíz '''ep'''.<br />
<br />
Además el idioma cuenta con partículas que son: '''wa''' (posesión), '''ta''' (dativa, benefactiva) y '''so''' (locativa). Se observa también conceptos de dirección en la combinación de las partículas creando ''wa-so'' (ablativo, ‘desde’) y ''ta-so'' (adlativo, ‘hacia’).<br />
<br />
== Pronombres ==<br />
<br />
Se conocen los siguientes pronombres en sus formas singular y plural. <br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 460px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "| Persona<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |singular<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |plural<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |1ra<br />
| wi<br />
| q<sup>h</sup>o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |2da<br />
| son<br />
| pi<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |3ra<br />
| ʉ<br />
| uː<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbos ==<br />
<br />
Los verbos cuentan con modo y aspecto. El Proto-Okiwo sólo distingue entre estas dos distinciones, siendo los [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo_gramatical modos '''realis''' e '''irrealis''']. Dentro de estos modos la oposición [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspecto_gramatical aspectual es de '''perfectivo''' e '''imperfectivo'''], para acciones realizadas o sin terminar y que perduran en el tiempo. <br />
<br />
Se conocen dos variantes de sufijos para cada modo y aspecto ('''Tipo I''' y '''Tipo II'''). Si bien hay evidencia que indicaría que los sufijos del '''Tipo I''' son más comunes en verbos de acciones intencionales, es posible que esto respondiera simplemente a diferentes patrones de conjugación, o que estuvieran en variación libre. A favor de esto último estaría la situación en que algunos descendientes toman la marca modal de un tipo y la aspectual de otro. Tampoco se conoce un orden que sigan todas las hijas entre los dos sufijos.<br />
<br />
=== Sufijos de modo y aspecto ===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 460px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "| <br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Tipo I<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Tipo II<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Modo realis<br />
| -ʉ<br />
| -Ø<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Modo irrealis<br />
| -pu<br />
| -le<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Perfectivo<br />
| -ro<br />
| -aː<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Imperfectivo<br />
| -kwu<br />
| -wa<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Combinaciones ===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "| <br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Modo realis Tipo I<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Modo irrealis Tipo I<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Modo realis Tipo II<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Modo irrealis Tipo II<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Perfectivo Tipo I<br />
| -ʉ-ro // -ro-ʉ<br />
| -pu-ro // -ro-pu<br />
| -ro<br />
| -le-ro // -ro-le<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Imperfectivo Tipo I<br />
| -ʉ-kwu // -kwu-ʉ<br />
| -pu-kwu // -kwu-pu<br />
| -kwu<br />
| -le-kwu // -kwu-le<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Perfectivo Tipo II<br />
| -ʉ-aː // -aː-ʉ<br />
| -pu-aː // -aː-pu<br />
| -aː<br />
| -le-aː // -aː-le<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Imperfectivo Tipo II<br />
| -ʉ-wa // -wa-ʉ<br />
| -pu-wa // -wa-pu<br />
| -wa<br />
| -le-wa // -wa-le<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Vocabulario==<br />
A continuación la lista Swadesh en orden:<br />
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:5; column-count:5;"><br />
* *wi 'yo'<br />
* *son 'tú'<br />
* *ʉ 'él, ella, ello'<br />
* *q<sup>h</sup>o 'nosotros'<br />
* *pi 'ustedes, vosotros'<br />
* *uː 'ellos, ellas'<br />
* *ga 'esto'<br />
* *zoi 'eso, aquello'<br />
* *ga 'aquí'<br />
* *zoi 'allí, ahí'<br />
* *lo 'quién (part. interrogativa)'<br />
* *lo 'qué (part. interrogativa)'<br />
* *lo 'dónde (part. interrogativa)'<br />
* *lo 'cuándo (part. interrogativa)'<br />
* *lo 'cómo (part. interrogativa)'<br />
* *we 'no (part. negativa)'<br />
* *wos 'todo'<br />
* *p<sup>h</sup>e 'mucho'<br />
*<br />
* *sʉ 'poco'<br />
* *pwep<sup>h</sup> 'otro'<br />
* *puː '1'<br />
* *zo '2'<br />
* *ka '3'<br />
* *te '4'<br />
* *dʉ '5'<br />
* *ekjuk 'grande'<br />
* *wut<sup>h</sup>ou 'largo'<br />
* *reg 'ancho'<br />
* *reg 'grueso, gordo'<br />
* *ouqop 'pesado'<br />
* *ewip 'pequeño'<br />
* *obeug 'corto'<br />
* *wot<sup>h</sup> 'estrecho'<br />
* *wot<sup>h</sup> 'fino'<br />
* *noi 'mujer'<br />
* *ukjok 'hombre'<br />
* *ok 'persona, humano'<br />
* *ek<sup>h</sup>ai 'niño'<br />
* *laːq 'esposa'<br />
* *ap<sup>h</sup>iw 'marido'<br />
* *ama 'madre'<br />
* *upi 'padre'<br />
* *alo 'animal'<br />
* *toq 'pez, pescado'<br />
* *up<sup>h</sup>uz 'pájaro, ave'<br />
* *wak 'perro'<br />
* *k<sup>h</sup>ʉːw 'piojo, parásito'<br />
* *okou 'serpiente'<br />
* *edoː 'gusano'<br />
* *ram 'árbol'<br />
* *kak<sup>h</sup> 'bosque'<br />
* *wut 'palo, rama'<br />
* *emaːq 'fruta'<br />
* *igeu 'semilla'<br />
* *wez 'hoja'<br />
* *aq<sup>h</sup>ɨpw 'raíz'<br />
* *ɨk<sup>h</sup>ou 'corteza (de árbol)'<br />
* *qem 'flor'<br />
* *ok<sup>h</sup>ew 'pasto, hierba'<br />
* *jew 'cuerda, soga'<br />
* *qouk<sup>h</sup> 'piel'<br />
* *t<sup>h</sup>ou 'carne'<br />
* *k<sup>h</sup>uko 'sangre'<br />
* *eq<sup>h</sup>ʉ 'hueso'<br />
* *ela 'grasa'<br />
* *wop 'huevo'<br />
* *up 'cuerno'<br />
* *qoːk 'cola (de animal)'<br />
* *wout<sup>h</sup> 'pluma'<br />
* *eq<sup>h</sup>ɨ 'cabello, pelo'<br />
* *sɨpʉ 'cabeza'<br />
* *kjeil 'oreja'<br />
* *rop 'ojo'<br />
* *eiru 'nariz'<br />
* *oq<sup>h</sup>ew 'boca'<br />
* *etɨk 'diente'<br />
* *ɨg 'lengua (organo)'<br />
* *wiː 'uña'<br />
* *wat<sup>h</sup> 'pie'<br />
* *teiw 'pierna'<br />
* *gaːwei 'rodilla'<br />
* *jop<sup>h</sup>o 'mano'<br />
* *bej 'ala'<br />
* *iwuw 'panza, barriga'<br />
* *ug 'entrañas, tripas'<br />
* *is 'cuello'<br />
* *urei 'espalda'<br />
* *ajʉt<sup>h</sup> 'pecho'<br />
* *ekw 'corazón'<br />
* *q<sup>h</sup>ʉt 'hígado'<br />
* *wʉs 'beber'<br />
* *ukj 'comer'<br />
* *k<sup>h</sup>eg 'morder'<br />
* *p<sup>h</sup>as 'chupar, succionar'<br />
* *uːk<sup>h</sup>a 'escupir'<br />
* *ak<sup>h</sup>ek<sup>h</sup> 'vomitar'<br />
* *sep 'soplar'<br />
* *uno 'respirar'<br />
* *kʉwe 'reír'</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Nicomega/Uralic&diff=262962User:Nicomega/Uralic2022-03-04T17:55:58Z<p>Nicomega: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Proto-Uralic !! Proto-Samoyedic !! Uralolang 1 !! Uralolang 2 !! Meaning<br />
|-<br />
| *äjmä || *äjmä || - || ima || needle<br />
|-<br />
| *kala || *kålä || gâ || kal, hal? || fish<br />
|-<br />
| *muna || *mønå || mun || mun || egg<br />
|-<br />
| *weti || *wet || iši || ud, udu || water<br />
|-<br />
| *nüδi || *nir || nuš || nur, nuru || handle<br />
|-<br />
| *ïpti || *ëptø || ubdu || - || hair<br />
|-<br />
| *täwði || *tärø || tuš || tur, turu || full<br />
|-<br />
| *mośki- || *måsø- || muzg- || muzg- || to wash<br />
|-<br />
| *suksi || *tutø || šuzg || suzg || skii<br />
|-<br />
| *ńïxli || *ńëøj || nugh || nishi < *niɬi || arrow<br />
|-<br />
| *käxli || *käøj || gagh || kashi < *kaɬi || tongue<br />
|}<br />
<br />
munan-tuš iši // munan-tur udu<br />
:'water full of eggs'<br />
ubdum muzgalan<br />
:'I'll wash the hair'<br />
<br />
<br />
''This will most likely change''</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Nicomega/Uralic&diff=262961User:Nicomega/Uralic2022-03-04T17:53:23Z<p>Nicomega: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Proto-Uralic !! Proto-Samoyedic !! Uralolang 1 !! Uralolang 2 !! Meaning<br />
|-<br />
| *äjmä || *äjmä || - || ima || needle<br />
|-<br />
| *kala || *kålä || gâ || kal, hal? || fish<br />
|-<br />
| *muna || *mønå || mun || mun || egg<br />
|-<br />
| *weti || *wet || iši || ud, udu || water<br />
|-<br />
| *nüδi || *nir || nuš || nur, nuru || handle<br />
|-<br />
| *ïpti || *ëptø || ubdu || - || hair<br />
|-<br />
| *täwði || *tärø || tuš || tur, turu || full<br />
|-<br />
| *mośki- || *måsø- || muzg- || muzg- || to wash<br />
|-<br />
| *suksi || *tutø || šuzg || suzg || skii<br />
|-<br />
| *ńïxli || *ńëøj || nugh || nishi < *niɬi || arrow<br />
|-<br />
| *käxli || *käøj || gagh || kashi < *kaɬi || tongue<br />
|}<br />
<br />
munan-tuš iši // munan-tur udu<br />
:'water full of eggs'<br />
ubdum muzgalan<br />
:'I'll wash the hair'<br />
<br />
<br />
This will most likely change</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Nicomega/TulvanDictionary&diff=245272User:Nicomega/TulvanDictionary2021-11-24T23:30:00Z<p>Nicomega: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{sort list|asc|2=<br />
* [[Contionary:tulv|tulv]] vb. to think, to ponder. The act of engaging on a mental exercise to determine a solution or to analyze a problem.<br />
* [[Contionary:baw#Tulvan|baw]], n. non-potable water, usually a great still body of such water.<br />
* [[Contionary:spär|spär]], n. potable water, water which has undergone treatments to ensure its potability.<br />
* [[Contionary:baw ispär|baw ispär]] "potable still water" or bawspär to make the distinction.<br />
* [[Contionary:nwir|nwir]], n. sky, the area containing the clouds and celestial objects. The physical sky as opposed to the ground.<br />
* [[Contionary:poini|poini]], n. heaven, bliss, a feeling of complete satisfaction and well-being. Metaphysical concept of heaven, Elysion, blissfulness.<br />
* [[Contionary:kem|kem]], [[Contionary:kwam|kwam]]. 1st singular absolutive and ergative. <br />
* [[Contionary:kemen|kemen]]. 1st plural<br />
* [[Contionary:teg|teg]], [[Contionary:tot|tot]]. 3rd singular fem and masc. <br />
* [[Contionary:tegen|tegen]], [[Contionary:toten|toten]]. 3rd plural fem and masc.<br />
* [[Contionary:mem|mem]], [[Contionary:meme|meme]]. 2nd erg and abs. <br />
* [[Contionary:memen|memen]], [[Contionary:memene|memene]]. 2nd erg and abs.<br />
* [[Contionary:tote|tote]], [[Contionary:tege|tege]]. ... [[Contionary:totene|totene]], [[Contionary:tegene|tegene]] ... etc<br />
* [[Contionary:poilu|poilu]] n. logic, good-sense, the ability to perceive and/or utilize empirical thinking in an efficient train of thought.<br />
* [[Contionary:ëvpak|ëvpak]] vb. to hear, to listen, to give heed. The act of paying attention to what is being said and listening.<br />
* [[Contionary:koinu|koinu]] n. ice. The solid state of frozen water or any other liquid.<br />
* [[Contionary:thaiv|thaiv]] n. fire. The chemical reaction producing flames and heat.<br />
* [[Contionary:sut|sut]] vb. to do, to make, to cause.<br />
* [[Contionary:iksut|iksut]] 'to make rashly and awkwardly<br />
* [[Contionary:sivsut|sivsut]] 'to make wholly, from beginning to end, to make thoroughly<br />
* [[Contionary:utim|utim]] n. tree. Any kind of great arborescence from which wood can be used.<br />
* [[Contionary:trum|trum]] n. goodness, thing that is good or beneficial.<br />
* [[Contionary:kep|kep]] vb. to speak, to talk, to say.<br />
* [[Contionary:ikkep|ikkep]] 'to converse' ([[Contionary:ik#Tulvan|ik]], between), which means to maintain a dialogue.<br />
* [[Contionary:cikep|cikep]] 'to speak on behalf of' ([[Contionary:ci#Tulvan|ci]], for, by) <br />
* [[Contionary:cumkep|cumkep]] 'to speak for someone, on his defense or to speak well of someone' ([[Contionary:cum|cum]], for) <br />
* [[Contionary:sivkep|sivkep]] 'to speak thoroughly, to speak from beginning to end, to give a dissertation' ([[Contionary:siv|siv]], through) <br />
* [[Contionary:migkep|migkep]] 'to speak at a party' ([[Contionary:mig#Tulvan|mig]], around). <br />
* [[Contionary:cnarakep|cnarakep]] ([[Contionary:cnara|cnara]], black) which means 'to curse', it is akin to the idea of a 'foulmouth' or, in this case, a 'blackmouth'. <br />
* [[Contionary:mar|mar]] n. blood. The red fluid that flows through the human veins.<br />
* [[Contionary:ëv|ëv]], v. to be. P.t. äv.<br />
* [[Contionary:rütim|rütim]], n. forest.<br />
* [[Contionary:ginim|ginim]], n. pain.<br />
* [[Contionary:kukär|kukär]], v. to work. P.t. kaukär.<br />
* [[Contionary:ni|ni]], conj. used with time, together with a postposition to mean “in, from, until”.<br />
* [[Contionary:gemal|gemal]], n. time.<br />
* [[Contionary:cum|cum]], pp. for.<br />
* [[Contionary:kik|kik]], conj. therefore, then.<br />
* [[Contionary:sol|sol]], adj. last.<br />
* [[Contionary:pur|pur]], v. to walk. P.t. paur.<br />
* [[Contionary:siv|siv]], pp. through, by, by means of.<br />
* [[Contionary:cur|cur]], v. to want. P.t. caur.<br />
* [[Contionary:pec|pec]], n. rest, siesta.<br />
* [[Contionary:pem|pem]], v. to close, shut. P.t. puem.<br />
* [[Contionary:qim|qim]], n. eye.<br />
* [[Contionary:ëtham|ëtham]], v. to be worth, to be of worth.<br />
* [[Contionary:vu|vu]], neg. no, not.<br />
* [[Contionary:diuum|diuum]], v. substantivized form of verb “div”.<br />
* [[Contionary:giv|giv]], pp. of.<br />
* [[Contionary:div|div]], v. to lose. P.t. daiv.<br />
* [[Contionary:onurum|onurum]], n. a spirit, a ghost.<br />
* [[Contionary:crala|crala]], n. monster, aparition, freak.<br />
* [[Contionary:ür|ür]], conj. though, yet.<br />
* [[Contionary:thiquir|thiquir]], n. a wound.<br />
* [[Contionary:peqim|peqim]], n. change of heart, treason, betrayal.<br />
* [[Contionary:ë|ë]], conj. or.<br />
* [[Contionary:micram|micram]], n. guilt, remorse<br />
* [[Contionary:thark|thark]], v. to use. P.t. thaurk.<br />
* [[Contionary:killipus|killipus]], n. the cub of a great feline.<br />
* [[Contionary:norov|norov]], n. patience.<br />
* [[Contionary:ci|ci]], part. all, the entirety of the preceding noun.<br />
* [[Contionary:pritno|pritno]], n. completeness.<br />
* [[Contionary:pa|pa]], part. more.<br />
* [[Contionary:vul|vul]], adj. big.<br />
* [[Contionary:thüov|thüov]], v. to bother, to worry. P.t. thaöv.<br />
* [[Contionary:yil|yil]], conj. when.<br />
* [[Contionary:dom|dom]], v. to open. p.t. daom<br />
* [[Contionary:röpiv|röpiv]], n. a barrel of beer (pivpäv, beer).<br />
* [[Contionary:nev|nev]], dem. this.<br />
* [[Contionary:rayiv|rayiv]], n. shroud, death-veil.<br />
* [[Contionary:prum|prum]], v. to say, to speak.<br />
* [[Contionary:iktulv|iktulv]], v. to wonder, to not fully think through.<br />
* [[Contionary:ëti|ëti]], conj. whether.<br />
* [[Contionary:tig|tig]], v. to be able, can.<br />
* [[Contionary:pus|pus]], v. infinitive form of püth “to find”.<br />
* [[Contionary:pompani|pompani]], n. market, square.<br />
* [[Contionary:bunti|bunti]], n. a corner.<br />
* [[Contionary:rim|rim]], pp. in, inside.<br />
* [[Contionary:si|si]], dem. that.<br />
* [[Contionary:karum|karum]], n. person, human being.<br />
* [[Contionary:elv|elv]], v. to eat. p.t. eulv.<br />
* [[Contionary:tith|tith]], n. fish.<br />
* [[Contionary:gum|gum]], v. to get, obtain. p.t. gaum.<br />
* [[Contionary:gim|gim]], pp. from.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category: Tulvan]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Omonkwi&diff=245264Omonkwi2021-11-24T19:19:15Z<p>Nicomega: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Omonkwi<br />
|nativename = Omokwi<br />
|creator = [[User:Nicomega|Nicolás Campi]][[Category:User:Nicomega]]<br />
|pronunciation = o.ˈmoŋ.kʷi<br />
| pronunciation_key = <br />
|setting = Earth-like planet, alternate Earth<br />
|region = Undetermined<br />
| created = 2003<br />
|familycolor = american<br />
|fam1 = Omon<br />
|fam2 = Omonquian<br />
| ancestor1 = Ancient Omonkwi<br />
| ancestor2 = Classical Omonkwi<br />
|script = Latin<br />
| notice = ipa<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Omonkwi''', [o.ˈmoŋ.kʷi], is a naturalistic [[a priori]] [[artistic language|artlang]] loosely inspired by Mesoamerican aboriginal languages. It features ergative-absolutive alignment, and tends to form poetic compounds for words in a manner not unlike [[w:kenning|kennings]]. The construction of these new poetic compounds is often preferred and will even go on to replace a common word for an object. Speakers of Omonkwi are encouraged in this way to come up with new aesthetically pleasing new words and terms, being considered both an artistic practice as well as a learned pursuit.<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
===Inspiration===<br />
Omonkwi started as an early attempt to capture the sounds I liked from mesoamerican indigenous languages via a poorly pronounced (by my high-school teacher) version of deity names in the [[w:Popol Vuh|Popol Vuh]]. Names such as ''Vucub Caquix, Cabrakán, Zipacná'' and ''Chimalmat''. It can be viewed as a weird kind of homage, trying to create a language out respect for it but not having the materials to know more about it, something common before the rise of the internet as we know it. As such it exhibits an odd mix of different features, many word choices reflect [[w:Kʼicheʼ language|Quiché Maya]] (although the 'x' is pronounced as in English/Spanish, and 'v' as English), some others are reminiscent of [[w:Yucatec Maya|Yucatec Maya]] and still parts resemble [[w:Nahuatl|Nahuatl]], such as the plural formations in ''-tin/-in''. In particular names taken from Quiché such as Zipacná, Chimalmat and Xibalba are the most inspirational, as well as words like ''pipiltin'', ''teotl'', etc.<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
The phonology is quite rich and includes more phonemes than either of its inspirational donors; including the distinction of ''š ž'', ''s z'', and the voiced stops.<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 88px; " |Labio-Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Stop<br />
| p b<br />
| t d<br />
| t͡ʃ {{angbr|č}}<br />
| k g<br />
| kʷ ɡʷ {{angbr|kw gw}} <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| x<br />
| xʷ {{angbr|hw}}<br />
| h<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Sibilant<br />
| <br />
| s z<br />
| ʃ ʒ {{angbr|š ž}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| (ŋ)<br />
| ŋʷ {{angbr|nw}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Liquid<br />
| <br />
| l r<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| j {{angbr|y}}<br />
| <br />
| w<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
'''Notes''':<br />
* The palatal č is not a stop though it is treated as one due to distribution.<br />
* The velar nasal ŋ only appears preceding a velar as an allophone of n, but nw is always ŋ.<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
The five vowels distinguish between long and short varieties.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| {{IPA|i iː}} {{angbr|i ī}} || || {{IPA|u uː}} {{angbr|u ū}}<br />
|-<br />
! Mid<br />
| {{IPA|e eː}} {{angbr|e ē}} || || {{IPA|o oː}} {{angbr|o ō}}<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || {{IPA|a aː}} {{angbr|a ā}} ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
Omonkwi nouns inflect for number (plural and singular) and at least 5 cases (ergative, absolutive, dative, genitive and locative). The general word order is SOV with variations allowed for emphasis and focus. The verb "to be" is often ommited when context is clear.<br />
<br />
==== Number ====<br />
<!--p, t, k, n, -tin<br><br />
l, -lin<br><br />
V, -t<br><br />
V (1 syll), -tin<br><br />
šival, šivallin<br><br />
gōkwi, gōkwit<br><br />
teōp, teōptin<br><br />
īpni, īpnit<br><br />
ix, ixtin<br><br />
wui, witin (irreg)<br> --><br />
Omonkwi distinguishes singular from plural number. The Omonkwi plural has different forms that are quite predictable. All words ending in a vowel will take a reduced suffix -'''t''', however, those that are only one syllable often take a -'''tin''' ending. This can include some irregular plurals that change the root. <br />
<br />
:ipāgna → ''ipāgna'''t''''' ("mountain, mountains")<br />
:īpni → ''īpni'''t''''' ("soul, souls")<br />
:gōkwi → ''gōkwi'''t''''' ("land, lands")<br />
:wui → ''wi'''tin''''' ("day, days")<br />
<br />
Words that end in a consonant take the suffix -'''tin'''. However, words ending in -m take -'''in'''.<br />
<br />
:teōp → ''teōp'''tin''''' ("eagle, eagles")<br />
:ix → ''ix'''tin''''' ("house, houses")<br />
:šival → ''šival'''tin''''' ("jaw, jaws")<br />
:kum → ''kum'''in'''''<br />
<br />
Other irregular plurals are words ending with 'tl' in their final syllable; in those cases the '-tl' becomes -l but taking the -'''tin''' suffix. In addition to those, some animate nouns may take a suffix consisting of the reduplication of the first syllable.<br />
<br />
:atli → ''al'''tin''''' ("body, bodies")<br />
:teōp → '''''te'''teōp'' ("eagle, eagles")<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending !! Plural !! Example<br />
|-<br />
| -V || -t || ''ipāgna, ipāgnat''<br />
|-<br />
| -V (one syl.) || -tin || ''wui, witin''<br />
|-<br />
| -C (other than l or m) || -tin || ''teōp, teōptin''<br />
|-<br />
| -l || -tin || ''šival, šivatlin''<br />
|-<br />
| -m || -in || ''kum, kumin''<br />
|-<br />
| -tlV || (l)-tin || ''atli, altin''<br />
|-<br />
| some animate nouns || CV<sub>1</sub>- (redup.) || ''teōp, teteōp''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Cases ====<br />
<!--marks for possessed and possessor.<br />
teōpca, -ca ergative<br />
<br />
šival, šivalba locative<br />
<br />
-ma, genitive<br />
<br />
na-, for, dative?<br />
<br />
''ipācnat gōki-ma šivallin''--><br />
Omonkwi nouns inflect for 5 cases, plurals of those are formed just like regular plurals but are marked after the case ending. Some cases depend on whether the noun is animate or inanimate.<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
|-<br />
! Case !! Ending !! Form<br />
|-<br />
| '''Subjective''' || -n, -un || ''ipāgnan'', ''teōpun''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Absolutive''' || -Ø || ''teōp''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dative''' || na- || ''na-teōp''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Genitive''' || ma- || ''ma-teōp''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Locative''' || -ba, -pa || ''teōppa, šivalba''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* ca šivalba, to the jaw<br />
* in šivalba, from the jaw.<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
=== Verbs ===<br />
pronoun erg + abs - verb - tense<br />
<br />
* -in, present tense.<br />
* -tzin, <br />
* -eš, future tense<br />
* -al, -ol, participles<br />
* -ab, -ub?<br />
* -ina, active participle?<br />
* -iz, -iž<br />
* -inca<br />
<br />
=== Derivational morphology ===<br />
<br />
==Example sentences==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. <br />
::Sample:<br />
:'''ipāgnat šival gōkwili'''<br />
:''Mountains (are) the jaws of the Earth.'' --><br />
* '''ipāgnatun šival magōkwillin'''. "The mountains (are) the jaws of the Earth".<br />
* '''teteōpun maNungwimat atanab'''. "The eagles of the Gods have come".<br />
<br />
==Sample wordlist==<br />
{{sort list|asc|2=<br />
* atli, body<br />
* buip, face<br />
* gōkwili, earth<br />
* hib, arm<br />
* inti, friend<br />
* ipāgna, mountain<br />
* īpni, heart, soul<br />
* ix, house<br />
* ixīpni, body (poetic)<br />
* ižki, mouth<br />
* lohip, sky<br />
* lupi, people<br />
* nungistix, home of the gods<br />
* pāwi, love<br />
* šival, jaw, snout<br />
* teōp, eagle<br />
* teyi, water<br />
* wui, day<br />
* xīban, heart, organ<br />
* xowi, city<br />
* zībun, head<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Omonkwi]]<br />
{{art}}</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Category:Logical_languages&diff=245247Category:Logical languages2021-11-24T15:17:57Z<p>Nicomega: Created page with "'''Logical languages''' (often abbreviated to '''loglangs''') are meant to allow (or enforce) unambiguous statements. They are typically based on predicate logic but can also..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Logical languages''' (often abbreviated to '''loglangs''') are meant to allow (or enforce) unambiguous statements. They are typically based on predicate logic but can also be based on any system of formal logic.</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Logical_language&diff=245245Logical language2021-11-24T15:05:56Z<p>Nicomega: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Types of conlangs}}<br />
'''Logical languages''' (often abbreviated to '''loglangs''') are meant to allow (or enforce) unambiguous statements. They are typically based on predicate logic but can also be based on any system of formal logic. The two best-known logical languages are the predicate languages [[Loglan]] and its successor [[Lojban]]. They both aim to eliminate [[syntactical ambiguity]] and reduce [[semantic ambiguity]] to a minimum. In particular, the [[lojban grammar|grammar of Lojban]] is carefully engineered to express such predicate logic in an unambiguous manner.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[A priori language]]<br />
*[[A posteriori language]]<br />
*[[Philosophical language]]<br />
*[[:Category:Logical languages|List of logical languages on Linguifex]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Types of conlangs]][[Category:Conlangery]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_language&diff=245244Philosophical language2021-11-24T15:05:28Z<p>Nicomega: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Types of conlangs}}<br />
A '''philosophical language''' (often abbreviated to '''philolang''') is any constructed language whose syntax, morphology, and/or lexicon is based on philosophical principles regarding the relationship of symbol and meaning. The may often claim to bring to light some fundamental underlying philosophical truth, or to organize the world according to a philosophical taxonomy of things and ideas. The latter is the more frequently associated with the idea of philosophical languages, sometimes also called a taxonomic language. Philosophical languages enjoyed the height of their popularity during the [[w:scientific revolution|scientific revolution]] of the XVII and XVIII centuries, in which they were often proposed as universal languages, mostly developed by thinkers, philosophers and mathematicians in an attempt to heal the "[[w:Confusion of tongues|wound of Babel]]" and the disparity of tongues.<br />
<br />
Examples of famous philosophical languages of the latter include [[An Essay towards a Real Character|Wilkin's philosophical language]], Dalgarno's [[Lingua Philosophica]] and [[Characteristica universalis|Leibniz' Characteristica universalis]]. Examples taking a more philosophical approach include [[Ro]], [[Toki Pona]] and [[Láadan]].<br />
<br />
The older philosophical languages follow this taxonomic principle; words are often constructed of one-character morphemes that are stacked together to form a definition of the term itself. An example from [[w:John Wilkins|John Wilkins]]' own [[An Essay towards a Real Character|Real Character]]:<br />
:''For instance if (De) signifie Element, then (Deb) must signifie the first difference; which (according to the Tables) is Fire: and (Debα) will denote the first Species, which is Flame. (Det) will be the fifth difference under that Genus, which is, Appearing meteor; (Detα) the first Species, viz. Rainbow; (Deta) the second, viz. Halo.''<br />
This characteristic is reminiscent of real world [[w:polysynthetic languages|polysynthetic languages]], but taken to an extreme in what is termed "oligosynthesis". True oligosynthesis is only theoretical and regarded by some linguists as impractical for productive use by humans.<br />
<br />
More modern philosophical languages are predicated on a philosophical ideal or concept and not necessarily a taxonomic categorization. For example, Toki Pona is based on minimalism, having a small number of set concepts and morphemes which it can then expand on by combining them. Láadan, on the other hand, is designed to better represent the linguistic needs of women. Even [[Esperanto]] can be said to contain a small philosophical component in how it only lexicalizes "positive adjectives", and "negative" ones can only be formed by way of a prefix, forcing one to always think first on the positive one. What one considers an adjective positive or negative is the philosophical component.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
<br />
* [[w:Umberto Eco|Umberto Eco]], ''[[w:The Search for the Perfect Language|The Search for the Perfect Language]]'', 1993.<br />
* Alan Libert, ''A Priori Artificial Languages''. Munich, Lincom Europa, 2000. ISBN 3-89586-667-9<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[A priori language]]<br />
*[[A posteriori language]]<br />
*[[:Category:Philosophical languages|List of philosophical languages on Linguifex]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Types of conlangs]][[Category:Conlangery]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_language&diff=245243Philosophical language2021-11-24T15:03:32Z<p>Nicomega: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Types of conlangs}}<br />
A '''philosophical language''' (sometimes also ''philolang'') is any constructed language whose syntax, morphology, and/or lexicon is based on philosophical principles regarding the relationship of symbol and meaning. The may often claim to bring to light some fundamental underlying philosophical truth, or to organize the world according to a philosophical taxonomy of things and ideas. The latter is the more frequently associated with the idea of philosophical languages, sometimes also called a taxonomic language. Philosophical languages enjoyed the height of their popularity during the [[w:scientific revolution|scientific revolution]] of the XVII and XVIII centuries, in which they were often proposed as universal languages, mostly developed by thinkers, philosophers and mathematicians in an attempt to heal the "[[w:Confusion of tongues|wound of Babel]]" and the disparity of tongues.<br />
<br />
Examples of famous philosophical languages of the latter include [[An Essay towards a Real Character|Wilkin's philosophical language]], Dalgarno's [[Lingua Philosophica]] and [[Characteristica universalis|Leibniz' Characteristica universalis]]. Examples taking a more philosophical approach include [[Ro]], [[Toki Pona]] and [[Láadan]].<br />
<br />
The older philosophical languages follow this taxonomic principle; words are often constructed of one-character morphemes that are stacked together to form a definition of the term itself. An example from [[w:John Wilkins|John Wilkins]]' own [[An Essay towards a Real Character|Real Character]]:<br />
:''For instance if (De) signifie Element, then (Deb) must signifie the first difference; which (according to the Tables) is Fire: and (Debα) will denote the first Species, which is Flame. (Det) will be the fifth difference under that Genus, which is, Appearing meteor; (Detα) the first Species, viz. Rainbow; (Deta) the second, viz. Halo.''<br />
This characteristic is reminiscent of real world [[w:polysynthetic languages|polysynthetic languages]], but taken to an extreme in what is termed "oligosynthesis". True oligosynthesis is only theoretical and regarded by some linguists as impractical for productive use by humans.<br />
<br />
More modern philosophical languages are predicated on a philosophical ideal or concept and not necessarily a taxonomic categorization. For example, Toki Pona is based on minimalism, having a small number of set concepts and morphemes which it can then expand on by combining them. Láadan, on the other hand, is designed to better represent the linguistic needs of women. Even [[Esperanto]] can be said to contain a small philosophical component in how it only lexicalizes "positive adjectives", and "negative" ones can only be formed by way of a prefix, forcing one to always think first on the positive one. What one considers an adjective positive or negative is the philosophical component.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
<br />
* [[w:Umberto Eco|Umberto Eco]], ''[[w:The Search for the Perfect Language|The Search for the Perfect Language]]'', 1993.<br />
* Alan Libert, ''A Priori Artificial Languages''. Munich, Lincom Europa, 2000. ISBN 3-89586-667-9<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[A priori language]]<br />
*[[A posteriori language]]<br />
*[[:Category:Philosophical languages|List of philosophical languages on Linguifex]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Types of conlangs]][[Category:Conlangery]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lassakirthi&diff=241344Lassakirthi2021-10-27T18:18:53Z<p>Nicomega: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Lassakirthi''', [lassaˈkirθi] (''lassakirthi'' or ''Λασσακίρθι''), is an a priori artlang mainly written in the Greek alphabet. Grammatically it distinguishes between animate, inanimate and neuter nouns, while pronouns mark only common and neuter. It has ten cases with deifinite and indefinite forms, it is also a highly agglutinative language.<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align: left;"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Case !! Form<br />
|-<br />
! I<br />
| Nominative || variable<br />
|-<br />
! II<br />
| Definite || -αν, -ν, -κ-, -κι<br />
|-<br />
! III<br />
| Accusative || -ι-, -η, -ει<br />
|-<br />
! IV<br />
| Genitive || -ατ, -ατο<br />
|-<br />
! V<br />
| Dative || -εβ, -ιοβ<br />
|-<br />
! VI<br />
| Possessive/Adjectival || -υιυ<br />
|-<br />
! VII<br />
| Comitative || -ας<br />
|-<br />
! VIII<br />
| Allative || -(σ)σα<br />
|-<br />
! IX<br />
| Ablative || -(μ)μα<br />
|-<br />
! X<br />
| Locative || -γε<br />
|-<br />
! XI<br />
| Instrumental || -(λ)λε<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* υιρ lord<br />
* υορ sun<br />
* σορα moon<br />
* σοθ light<br />
* σοθθαρα star<br />
<br />
σορα υορας<br />
:sun and moon<br />
σορκα υορκας<br />
:the sun and the moon<br />
υορκι σορκας<br />
:the moon and the sun<br />
<br />
Pl.<br />
* σοθθαραια stars<br />
* σοθθαραισια with the stars<br />
* σοθθαραν the star<br />
* σοθθαρανεια the stars</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alan%C3%BBz&diff=240217Alanûz2021-10-15T18:32:38Z<p>Nicomega: /* Consonants */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:User:Nicomega]]{{art}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Alanūz<br />
|nativename = ''Alanūz''<br />
|creator = [[User:Nicomega|Nicolás Campi]][[Category:User:Nicomega]]<br />
|pronunciation = {{IPA|ʔaˈlanuːz}}<br />
| pronunciation_key = <br />
|setting = Earth-like planet, alternate Earth<br />
|region = Undetermined<br />
| created = 2003<br />
|familycolor = isolate<br />
|ancestor = Ancient Alanūz<br />
|script1 = Latn<br />
| notice = ipa<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Alanūz''', [ʔaˈlanuːz], is an [[a priori]] [[artistic language|artlang]] grammatically inspired by [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic languages]] and using [[w:triliteral roots|triliteral roots]] as its base. The language possess a mysterious background and a long mystical and esoteric tradition of philosophy reminiscent of [[w:Gematria|Gematria]] and Ancient Hebrew [[w:Kabbalah|Kabbalah]].<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
===Orthography===<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal/Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Stop<br />
| b<br />
| t d<br />
|<br />
| k g<br />
| q<br />
| ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| ɸ β {{angbr|''f v''}}<br />
| θ {{angbr|''th''}}<br />
|<br />
| x {{angbr|''kh''}}<br />
| <br />
| h<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Sibilant<br />
| <br />
| s z <br />
| ʃ {{angbr|''š''}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Liquid<br />
| <br />
| l r<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| j {{angbr|''y''}}<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i iː || u uː<br />
|-<br />
! Mid<br />
| e eː || o oː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| colspan=2 | a aː<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
Alanûz marks for gender in nouns, adjectives and verbs. It has three genders: masculine, feminine and neutral. It has three numbers: singular, plural and dual (only for natural pairs). Possessives are marked as suffixes and the noun also marks for case: nominative, accusative, a prepositional and a construct state.<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
=== Verbs ===<br />
=== Adverbs ===<br />
<br />
=== Numerals ===<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
|-<br />
! Numeral !! Alanûz<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || ''šam''<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || ''aleth''<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || ''giveh''<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || ''kafaz''<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || ''kharam''<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || ''avar''<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || ''hirev''<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || ''lakhas''<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || ''favas''<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || ''urva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Particles ===<br />
=== Derivational morphology ===<br />
<br />
==Sample Wordlist==<br />
{{sort list|asc|2=<br />
* '''aval''', how<br />
* '''ka''', to be<br />
* '''yar''', well, fine<br />
* '''valam''', where<br />
* '''ilu''', river f.<br />
* '''turah''', king m.<br />
* '''av''', what<br />
* '''ûl''', this<br />
* '''gliv''', tower n.<br />
* '''hakal''', to hide<br />
* '''qavir''', true<br />
* '''qaviram''', truth m.<br />
* '''lê''', under, beneath < *lay-<br />
* '''zayar''', word m.<br />
* '''zagal''', staff, cane n.<br />
* '''dûn''', to hold < *duwun<br />
* '''âzguldûn'''. counsellor m.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
* '''How are you?''' ''Aval kaf?''<br />
* '''I'm fine.''' ''Yar kazī.''<br />
* '''Where's the river?''' ''Valam kav-ilu?''<br />
* '''Where's the king?''' ''Valam kā-turah?''<br />
* '''What is this?''' ''Av kav-ūl?''<br />
* '''This is a tower.''' ''Ūl ka-gliv.''<br />
<br />
:Sample:<br />
:'''hakelī qaviram lē-zīr'''<br />
:''the truth hides beneath the words.''<br />
:'''turah hirev ilû'''<br />
:''the king of the seven rivers''<br />
<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Alanûz]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alan%C3%BBz&diff=240216Alanûz2021-10-15T17:56:05Z<p>Nicomega: /* Sample Wordlist */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:User:Nicomega]]{{art}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Alanūz<br />
|nativename = ''Alanūz''<br />
|creator = [[User:Nicomega|Nicolás Campi]][[Category:User:Nicomega]]<br />
|pronunciation = {{IPA|ʔaˈlanuːz}}<br />
| pronunciation_key = <br />
|setting = Earth-like planet, alternate Earth<br />
|region = Undetermined<br />
| created = 2003<br />
|familycolor = isolate<br />
|ancestor = Ancient Alanūz<br />
|script1 = Latn<br />
| notice = ipa<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Alanūz''', [ʔaˈlanuːz], is an [[a priori]] [[artistic language|artlang]] grammatically inspired by [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic languages]] and using [[w:triliteral roots|triliteral roots]] as its base. The language possess a mysterious background and a long mystical and esoteric tradition of philosophy reminiscent of [[w:Gematria|Gematria]] and Ancient Hebrew [[w:Kabbalah|Kabbalah]].<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
===Orthography===<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal/Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Stop<br />
| p b<br />
| t d<br />
|<br />
| k g<br />
| q<br />
| ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| ɸ β {{angbr|''f v''}}<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| x ɣ {{angbr|''kh gh''}}<br />
| <br />
| h<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Sibilant<br />
| <br />
| s z <br />
| ʃ {{angbr|''š''}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Liquid<br />
| <br />
| l r<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| j {{angbr|''y''}}<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i iː || u uː<br />
|-<br />
! Mid<br />
| e eː || o oː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| colspan=2 | a aː<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
Alanûz marks for gender in nouns, adjectives and verbs. It has three genders: masculine, feminine and neutral. It has three numbers: singular, plural and dual (only for natural pairs). Possessives are marked as suffixes and the noun also marks for case: nominative, accusative, a prepositional and a construct state.<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
=== Verbs ===<br />
=== Adverbs ===<br />
<br />
=== Numerals ===<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
|-<br />
! Numeral !! Alanûz<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || ''šam''<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || ''aleth''<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || ''giveh''<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || ''kafaz''<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || ''kharam''<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || ''avar''<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || ''hirev''<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || ''lakhas''<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || ''favas''<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || ''urva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Particles ===<br />
=== Derivational morphology ===<br />
<br />
==Sample Wordlist==<br />
{{sort list|asc|2=<br />
* '''aval''', how<br />
* '''ka''', to be<br />
* '''yar''', well, fine<br />
* '''valam''', where<br />
* '''ilu''', river f.<br />
* '''turah''', king m.<br />
* '''av''', what<br />
* '''ûl''', this<br />
* '''gliv''', tower n.<br />
* '''hakal''', to hide<br />
* '''qavir''', true<br />
* '''qaviram''', truth m.<br />
* '''lê''', under, beneath < *lay-<br />
* '''zayar''', word m.<br />
* '''zagal''', staff, cane n.<br />
* '''dûn''', to hold < *duwun<br />
* '''âzguldûn'''. counsellor m.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
* '''How are you?''' ''Aval kaf?''<br />
* '''I'm fine.''' ''Yar kazī.''<br />
* '''Where's the river?''' ''Valam kav-ilu?''<br />
* '''Where's the king?''' ''Valam kā-turah?''<br />
* '''What is this?''' ''Av kav-ūl?''<br />
* '''This is a tower.''' ''Ūl ka-gliv.''<br />
<br />
:Sample:<br />
:'''hakelī qaviram lē-zīr'''<br />
:''the truth hides beneath the words.''<br />
:'''turah hirev ilû'''<br />
:''the king of the seven rivers''<br />
<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Alanûz]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=K%C4%93len&diff=240198Kēlen2021-10-15T17:06:58Z<p>Nicomega: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Kēlen<br />
|creator=Sylvia Sotomayor<br />
|setting=alien species (the Kēleñi)<br />
|familycolor=green<br />
|fam1=[[artistic language]]<br />
|posteriori=[[a priori language]], consciously rejecting [[linguistic universal]]s to create an ''alien'' language<br />
|iso3=none<br />
|glotto=none<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kēlen''', [ˈkeːlen], is a [[constructed language]] created by Sylvia Sotomayor. It is an attempt to create a truly [[w:alien language|''alien'' language]] by violating a key [[w:linguistic universal|linguistic universal]]—namely that all human languages have verbs. In Kēlen, relationships between the noun phrases making up the sentence are expressed by one of four ''relationals''. Despite this, Kēlen is an expressive and intelligible language; texts written in Kēlen have been translated into other languages by several people other than the creator of the language, as may be seen [http://steen.free.fr/relay10/old_relays.html here]. In [http://podcast.conlang.org/2009/02/lcs-podcast-interview-with-sylvia-sotomayor/ this interview] Sotomayor states that she aims for Kēlen to be naturalistic apart from its verblessness, and that to achieve this she employs the principle "change one thing and keep everything else the same".<br />
<br />
In its concultural setting, Kēlen is spoken by an alien species (the Kēleñi).<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Kēlen is mentioned prominently by [[w:Sally Caves|Sarah L. Higley]] in her book ''Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language: An edition, translation and discussion'' (Palgrave Macmillan 2007, ''The New Middle Ages'') where she discusses [[w:Lingua Ignota|Lingua Ignota]] in the context of constructed languages up to the present day. She describes it as an example of the desire for originality in contemporary conlanging, by virtue of its verbless grammar, and notes that it is a prominent example of a conlang created by a woman. She also says that "fellow conlangers consider Kēlen to be efficient, elegant, strange and innovative, and its writing system is greatly admired."<br />
Kēlen is also discussed at length in [http://www.philol.msu.ru/~sidorova/files/conlangs.pdf this paper] by M. Yu. Sidorova and O.N. Shuvalova,<br />
Several glossed examples are given.<br />
<br />
At the third Language Creation Conference [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]] awarded the ''Smiley Award'' to Kēlen, describing it as "an [[w:engineered language|engineered language]] with the soul of an [[artistic language]]". He explains that while its experimental structure is in many ways similar to an engineered language, the amount of linguistic and concultural detail given by Sotomayor (including inflection of the relationals, three different scripts, and information on Kēleñi culture and society such as a calendar and a method of divination) make it a fully fledged artistic project rather than a simple experiment.<ref>[http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2009.html David J. Peterson, ''The 2009 Smiley Award Winner: Kēlen'']</ref> Kēlen also comes with its own writing system, which bears a superficial resemblance to [[w:Devanagari|Devanagari]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Kēlen has 17 consonants and 16 vowels.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
According to the Kēleñi, there are five stops ('''ansāorīki anpōhi'''). These are /p/, /t/, /s/, /c/, /k/. These are all unaspirated and voiceless. They become voiced between vowels and/or sonorants. They stay voiceless at the beginning and end of words, or next to another stop or fricative. There are also five fricatives ('''ansāorīki ankōrji'''). These are /w/, /þ/, /x/, /j/, /h/. These are all voiceless at the beginning and end of words and next to another stop or fricative, and voiced between vowels and/or sonorants. Furthermore in some dialects these sounds are always voiced. And finally there are thirteen sonorants ('''ansāorīki antāni'''). These are /m/, /mm/, /n/, /nn/, /ñ/, /ññ/, /ŋ/, /ŋŋ/, /l/, /ll/, /λ/, /r/, and /rr/. These are almost always voiced, though various dialects will devoice these at the beginning of words.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
|+ '''Consonant phonemes'''<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
|colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"| n<br />
| ñ [ɲ]<br />
| ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Stop<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| c<sup>1</sup><br />
| k<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| w [β]<sup>2</sup><br />
| þ [θ]<br />
| s<sup>3</sup><br />
| x [ʃ]<br />
| j [ç]<sup>4</sup><br />
| h [x]<sup>5</sup><br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Affricate<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Lateral<br />
| <br />
|colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"| l<br />
| λ [ʎ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Trill<br />
| <br />
|colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"| r<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes''':<br />
# /c/ is a palatal stop, but can be mispronounced as English /ch/ without any misunderstanding.<br />
# /w/ is a bilabial fricative, very much like the Spanish /v/.<br />
# /s/ is nowadays pronounced like English /s/, but used to be like German /z/ or /ts/.<br />
# /j/ is like the German /ch/ in /ich/, though mispronouncing it like English /hu/ in /human/ is accepted.<br />
# /h/ is like the German /ch/ in /ach/. Mispronouncing it like the English /h/ in /house/ is also accepted.<br />
<br />
===Vowel===<br />
Vowels ('''anrūēli''' or '''ansāorīki anūrāni''') come in two varieties, the long ('''anōma''') and the short ('''anīña'''). These are distinct and make minimal pairs, and so are counted as separate vowels. In addition, there is one short vowel /y/, halfway between /i/ and /u/. <br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
|+ '''Vowel phonemes'''<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i ī || (ɪ)<sup>1</sup> || u ū<br />
|-<br />
! Mid<br />
| e ē || (ə)<sup>1</sup> || o ō<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || a ā ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes''':<br />
# The short vowel /y/ which only occurs in some dialects, pronounced as a high mid vowel. It is fairly close in pronunciation to the American English short /i/ or to the last vowel sound in the American English word /decided/.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs ====<br />
There are also some diphthongs, again in long and short forms. These are /āe/, /ae/, /āo/, /ao/, /iē/, /ie/. The diphthongs /āe/ and /ae/ are pronounced like Spanish /ay/. /āo/ and /ao/ are pronounced like German /au/. /iē/ and /ie/ are pronounced like American English /ye/ in /yet/. Any other vowel pairs are pronounced as separate vowels.<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Nouns are made up of a stem together with a prefix and a suffix. Noun stems can be monosyllabic, with a CVC structure. VC, CV, and V stems occur, as well as multisyllabic and compounded stems. Stems are inflected with a mandatory set of prefixes denoting animate, inanimate, and possessed nouns.<br />
<br />
* '''Animate nouns''' refer to people, to things that are considered to have volition, such as some natural phenomena, or to things that have been elevated to person status, such as pets. What is inflected as animate can vary by idiolect. The most restrictive use of animacy is to designate only kin as animate.<br />
* '''Inanimate nouns''' refer to things, events, places, qualities, and abstractions. Occasionally, animate nouns are demoted to inanimate for the purposes of insult. More often, nouns that would be inanimate are promoted to animacy in acknowledgement of honorary personhood. This especially happens in stories. So while a rock would normally be inanimate, a talking rock would not be. Likewise, a storm might be inanimate, but a storm that kills several people might not be.<br />
* '''Possessed nouns''' refer to those inanimates that are considered to be part of a person, such as body parts. Possessed nouns that are no longer associated with a person, such as detached body parts, will be inflected as inanimate. Body expressions (smile, frown, etc) can also be possessed. However, communications (sigh, groan) are usually inanimate, but can be possessed in certain contexts. Since motion can be considered an expression, it can be possessed in certain contexts, such as when talking about someone's manner or style of motion. Kinship terms are not generally possessed.<br />
<br />
The animacy prefixes are:<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! before C !! before V<br />
|-<br />
| '''animate''' || ma- || m-<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''inanimate''' || ja- || j-<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | an- <br />
|-<br />
| '''1p possessed''' || le- || l-<br />
|-<br />
| '''2p possessed''' || ri- || r-<br />
|-<br />
| '''3p possessed''' || sa- || s-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Number===<br />
Stem suffixes denote number: non-plural and plural. The non-plural varies between -'''a''', -'''e''', and a null suffix. Which is used depends on the form and final consonant of the stem. The plural suffixes are -'''i''' and -'''ien'''. -'''ien''' is only used with animates.<br />
<br />
Generally, the null suffix is used with stems ending in:<br />
<br />
* a vowel<br />
* a single nasal (m, n, ñ, ŋ)<br />
* l, λ, r, or rj<br />
<br />
'''-e''' is used with stems ending in:<br />
<br />
* any two consonants (except rj)<br />
* stems with the suffixes -'''īk''' or -'''īw'''<br />
<br />
Regular stems ending in -'''īk''' or -'''īw''' do not use the non-plural -'''e''' suffix. For example, the stem -'''kīw'''- "skin" would not use the -e suffix, but the derived stem -'''kīwīk'''- "leather" would.<br />
<br />
'''-a''' is used everywhere else, especially:<br />
<br />
* after any single stop or fricative (varies by dialect)<br />
* after a monosyllabic stem ending in any consonant (varies by dialect)<br />
<br />
The plural suffix '''-i''' assimilates with stems ending in vowels. For example:<br />
<br />
:-ā + -i = -āe<br />
:-āe + -i = -āji<br />
:-iē + -i = -īji<br />
:-ēie + -i = -ēji<br />
<br />
A combination of prefix and suffix determines the inflection of the noun stem.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
|-<br />
! Animacy prefix !! Number suffix !! Complete inflection<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | inanimate '''ja'''- || non-plural -'''a/-e/-''' || inanimate singular noun<br />
|-<br />
|| plural -i || inanimate plural noun<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| inanimate '''an'''- || non-plural -'''a/-e/-''' || stative noun<br />
|-<br />
| | plural -i || inanimate collective noun<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | animate '''ma'''- || non-plural -'''a/-e/-''' || animate singular noun<br />
|-<br />
| | plural -'''i''' || animate collective noun<br />
|-<br />
| | reduplication of initial consonant + plural -'''ien''' || animate plural noun<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Both animates and inanimates have three numbers: singular, collective, and plural. These could also be termed non-plural, collective plural, and distributive plural. There is also the stative inflection, which has no number and is neither animate nor inanimate.<br />
<br />
====Singular====<br />
Nouns that are inherently singular include things that can be counted, pieces or parts of things, instances of a feeling or experience, and events. Singular nouns are used with modifying numbers up through four. Possessed nouns, even those that denote paired objects, are singular.<br />
<br />
:'''jaxāela''' 'night'<br />
:'''malāca''' 'girl'<br />
:'''sakīwa''' 'skin'<br />
<br />
==== Collective ====<br />
Collective nouns include inherent aggregations of parts, powders, liquids, and gases. Collectives are also sets, series, or expanses, and can optionally be used for large scale natural phenomena. Collectives can be used to refer to a generic when discussing something that applies to all members of a set.<br />
<br />
:'''anhāri''' 'water'<br />
:'''ancēwriti''' 'powder'<br />
:'''makīri''' 'kinfolk'<br />
<br />
==== Plural ====<br />
Plural is a distributive plural, and refers to multiple distinct entities that are not grouped.<br />
<br />
:'''jaxāeli''' 'nights'<br />
:'''mallācien''' 'girls'<br />
<br />
==== Stative ====<br />
Stative nouns include abstractions, qualities, and attributes. The stative can be used to refer to a generic when discussing the essence of something. Also, the stative is the preferred 2nd opject of PA.<br />
<br />
:'''ankēra''' 'holy'<br />
:'''anmāλa''' 'green'<br />
:'''ankīwīke''' 'leather'<br />
<br />
Stative nouns will often modify other nouns. In this situation, the stative noun will change its inflection to agree with the other noun. Sometimes the modified noun is omitted, and so only the changed stative is left.<br />
<br />
:'''anmāλa''' 'green'<br />
:'''jacēla jamāλa''' 'green bowl'<br />
:'''jamāλa''' 'green thing'<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
==== Personal Pronouns ====<br />
Personal pronouns make more distinctions in number than nouns do. Where nouns have merely a singular, a collective, and a plural, pronouns come in singular, dual, paucal (or collective), and plural. The dual is used for pairs and dyads. The paucal is generally used to refer to a set of closely bonded individuals, such as in a marriage or small kingroup, and other groups that act collectively. The plural is used to refer to larger unrelated groups of people. Thus the paucal has lost its strict numerical value and become a collective plural, while the plural remains a non-collective plural. Kēlen culture approves of collectives, so the paucal is actually more widespread than the plural.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, the first person pronouns come in both exclusive and inclusive varieties. Exclusive excludes 2nd person, and inclusive includes it. Or, first person exclusive refers to 'me and him or her, but not you', or first person plus third person, and first person inclusive refers to 'me and you and maybe him or her, too', or first person plus second and/or third person.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
|-<br />
! Person !! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
| 1p (''exclusive'') || liēn || liēnne || lēim || liēþ<br />
|-<br />
| 1p (''inclusive'') || - || liēr || ñēim || ñiēþ<br />
|-<br />
| 2p || riēn || riēnne || rēim || riēþ<br />
|-<br />
| 3p || sāen || sāenne || sāim || sāeþ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
There are two modifiers that can modify pronouns, '''tēna''' and '''āñ'''. '''tēna''' can modify any non-singular pronoun to add emphasis by specifying "both" or "each". '''āñ''' can modify any pronoun, turning it into a reflexive form.<br />
<br />
==== Reduced and Relative Pronouns ====<br />
There are four reduced pronouns. One is used only as a relative pronoun, the others appear in both roles.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
|-<br />
! Person !! Form<br />
|-<br />
| 1p || le<br />
|-<br />
| 2p || ri<br />
|-<br />
| 3p anim. || ma<br />
|-<br />
| 3p inan. (''relative only'') || ja<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The pronoun '''le''' is often used in place of singular, dual, and paucal forms of 1p, exclusive and inclusive. This is considered a polite usage. The pronoun '''ri''' can be used in place of singular, dual, and occasionally paucal forms of 2p, but is considered impolite. Finally, '''ma''' is often used in place of any of the 3p animate forms, and is neutral as far as politeness is concerned, though in some contexts it could be interpreted as impolite. Most often the reduced forms occur in oblique phrases and not as an object of a relational.<br />
<br />
These forms can all be used as relative pronouns, though the 3rd person reduced pronouns are the most prevalent relative pronouns. Also, there is a special relative pronoun '''ien''' which is only used to relativize the object of the relational SE.<br />
<br />
==== Definite Pronouns ====<br />
Inflected nouns can be definite or indefinite. Generally definiteness is clear in context. When one wants to explicitly state that a noun is definite, one can use one of three definite pronouns. These are '''xō''', '''þō''', and '''āke'''. They mean 'this', 'that', and 'the other' respectively. They generally follow the noun they modify, but can immediately precede it. They can also be used to reference a previously mentioned noun. However, in certain contexts, the noun they are assumed to modify is 'place', so they can also be interpreted as:<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
|-<br />
! Pronoun !! Meaning<br />
|-<br />
| '''xō''' || 'this place, here'<br />
|-<br />
| '''þō''' || 'that place, there'<br />
|-<br />
| '''āke''' || 'that other place, yonder'<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite Pronouns ====<br />
Indefinite pronouns can be used alone or in conjunction with a noun.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
|-<br />
! Indef. PN !! as standalone !! as modifier<br />
|-<br />
| '''janaren''' || everything || every<br />
|-<br />
| '''jannarien''' ||- ||every<br />
|-<br />
| '''jawae''' ||nothing ||no<br />
|-<br />
| '''janahan''' ||anything, something|| any<br />
|-<br />
|'''manaren'''|| everyone, everybody ||every<br />
|-<br />
|'''mannarien''' ||- ||every<br />
|-<br />
|'''mawae''' ||noone, nobody ||no<br />
|-<br />
|'''manahan''' ||anyone, anybody, someone, somebody ||any<br />
|-<br />
|'''honnarien''' ||every kind, every manner ||every kind of, every manner of<br />
|-<br />
|'''howae''' ||no kind, no manner, no-how ||no kind of, no manner of<br />
|-<br />
|'''honahan''' ||any kind, some kind, any manner, some manner ||any kind of, any manner of<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Singular nouns can be modified by the indefinite pronouns '''janahan''' (inanimate) and '''manahan''' (animate).<br />
<br />
Collective nouns can be modified by the indefinite pronouns '''janaren''' (inanimate), '''manaren''' (animate), '''jawae''' (inanimate), and '''mawae''' (animate).<br />
<br />
Plural nouns can be modified by the indefinite pronouns '''jannarien''' (inanimate), '''mannarien''' (animate), '''honahan''', '''howae''', and '''honnarien'''.<br />
<br />
For example, '''mēli manaren''' would refer to everybody as one set of people, while '''mēlien mannarien''' would refer to everybody as multiple sets of people.<br />
<br />
==== Quantifiers ====<br />
Quantifiers are modifiers that express quantity. These have different forms when used alone as opposed to used as a modifier.<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
|-<br />
!Modifying form!! + N.sg!! + N.co!! + N.pl!! + N.st!! Standalone form !!<br />
|-<br />
|'''nāra'''|| all of|| the whole set of|| all|| all|| '''janāra'''|| whole, all of it/this/that<br />
|-<br />
|'''tēna''' ||- ||all, both, each in the set|| -|| - || -|| -<br />
|-<br />
|'''ān tēna''' ||only one ||only one|| -|| - || -|| -<br />
|-<br />
|'''wā''' ||none of ||none in the set|| no|| not ||'''jawāe'''|| none of it/this/that<br />
|-<br />
|'''pē''' ||some of ||some of the set ||few ||some, little|| '''japē''' ||something, some of it/this/that<br />
|-<br />
|'''pē pē''' ||very little of|| very few in the set|| very few ||very little|| '''jañīña'''|| very little of it/this/that<br />
|-<br />
|'''ām''' ||enough of ||enough of the set|| enough ||enough|| '''jaŋŋīra''' ||enough of it/this/that<br />
|-<br />
|'''āmīwe''' ||not enough of, too little of|| not enough in the set, too little of the set|| not enough, too little ||not enough, too little|| '''jāmīwe''' ||not enough of it/this/that, too little of it/this/that<br />
|-<br />
|'''nā'''|| much of ||much of the set, many in the set|| many|| much, lots of|| '''janāe'''|| much of it/this/that, lots of it/this/that<br />
|-<br />
|'''ŋō'''|| very much of ||very much of the set, very many in the set|| very many|| very|| '''jaŋō''' || very much of it/this/that<br />
|-<br />
|'''nāpie'''|| too much of ||too much of the set, too many in the set|| too many|| too much|| '''janāpie'''|| too much of it/this/that<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Relationals ===<br />
<br />
=== Derivational morphology ===<br />
Stems can have other suffixes attached. These suffixes will occur between the stem and the number suffix. Productive suffixes include:<br />
:-'''anen''' practitioner of noun, as in '''anālte''' 'health' → '''māltanen''' 'healer, practitioner of healing'<br />
:-'''ēl''' person who has quality noun, as in '''ankēra''' 'holy' → '''makērēl''' 'holy person'<br />
:-'''īhen''' device associated with noun, as in '''annītte''' 'fried in oil' → '''janīttīhen''' 'frying pan'<br />
:-'''īk''' artificial kind associated with noun, as in '''sakīwa''' 'skin' → '''ankīwīke''' 'leather'<br />
:-'''īñ''' diminutive, as in '''malāca''' 'girl' → '''malācīñ''' 'little girl'<br />
:-'''īw''' opposite or lack of noun, as in '''ansēña''' 'harmful' → '''ansēñīwe''' 'harmless'<br />
:-'''ōn''' augmentative or agent, as in '''jatāena''' 'story' → '''matāenōn''' 'storyteller'<br />
<br />
Common non-productive suffixes include:<br />
:-'''eran''' guild associated with noun, as in '''jālteran''' 'healers guild'<br />
:-'''ienāl''' set of four of a noun, as in '''jaxāelienāl''' 'set of four nights'<br />
:-'''isse''' diminutive, as in '''jēwānisse''' 'small pond'<br />
:-'''(n)non''' male practitioner of noun, as in '''mērānnon''' 'hunter'<br />
<br />
There are also a few prefixes, none of which are productive:<br />
:'''āl'''- an older augmentative, as in '''jāllōhen''' 'feast'<br />
:'''we'''- an older negation prefix, as in '''anwetēla''' 'unknown'<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
Simple noun phrases consist of a single noun.<br />
<br />
Slightly more complicated noun phrases consist of two or more nouns in apposition. Here, it matter whether the nouns are of the same inflection or not. Noun phrases consisting of two or more nouns in juxtaposition with the same inflection refer to the same entity. The order of the nouns in the noun phrase is syntactically irrelevant. Possessed nouns are considered to be inanimate singular, so any modifying nouns referring to the possessed noun would also have to be inanimate singular, though not possessed.<br />
<br />
Two or more nouns of differing inflections in juxtaposition do not refer the same entity. Instead, the first is considered to be the main or topic noun, and the modifying noun is considered to be a part or attribute of that noun. This whole::part relationship is the same relationship that the relational PA expresses.<br />
<br />
More complex noun phrases can consist of a noun or noun phrase modified by an indefinite pronoun or some other modifier.<br />
<br />
Even more complicated noun phrases consist of a prepositional particle word followed by a noun phrase. So:<br />
<br />
:NP = noun<br />
:NP = pronoun<br />
:NP = NP modifier<br />
:NP = preposition NP<br />
<br />
The prepostions are listed below.<br />
<br />
: '''λi''' This is used as a status marker for proper names.<br />
: '''jē''' This is used to associate something with an animate noun.<br />
: '''nīkan''' This is used to associate an animate noun with an inanimate or stative noun.<br />
: '''ānen''' This is used to associate two nouns that are not in a relationship. It can also be used as an instrumentative marker.<br />
: '''sū''', '''rū''', '''rā''' These are all locative phrase markers<br />
<br />
==== λi ====<br />
The '''λi'''- prefix is used as a status marker when referring to personal names. It primarily occurs when the name is in the topic position. It can occur in front of any name that speaker wishes to show respect for.<br />
<br />
:'''sele lewēra λi-mālren;'''<br />
:SE+1p.sg.ben N.1p(name) LI Mālren<br />
:'I am called Mālren.'<br />
<br />
:'''ōrra ñamma λi ānenānte maλāta ā λi xējelke;'''<br />
:PAST NI+3p.sg.a LI Ānenānte N.an.sg(killed) A LI Xējelke<br />
:'Xējelke killed Ānenānte.'<br />
<br />
:'''tō jāo sete sawēra λi waxāon tō ōrra ñamma anwaxāon antaxōni tēna sū āke ā λi ārōn;'''<br />
:CONJ SE+3p.pc.ben N.1p(name) LI Confusion CONJ PAST NI+3p.sg.a N.st(confusion) N.co(language) MOD(all) PREP PN(there) A LI Lord<br />
:'Thus their name is Confusion, for the Lord made confusion of all languages there.'<br />
<br />
==== jē ====<br />
'''jē''' is used for associating an animate noun with another animate noun. It inflects for person as follows:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|'''maxāna jē liēn''' ||'my friend'<br />
|-<br />
|'''maxāna jē riēn'''|| 'your friend'<br />
|-<br />
|'''maxāna jē sāen''' ||'his/her friend'<br />
|-<br />
|'''maxāna jē sāim''' ||'their friend'<br />
|-<br />
|'''maxāna jē maxāna''' || 'a friend's friend'<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This particular associative relationship can be abbreviated using the set of reduced pronouns:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|'''maxāna jē liēn ||→ ''maxāna jē le ||→ '''''maxān-ēle'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''maxāna jē riēn ||→ ''maxāna jē ri ||→ '''''maxān-ēri'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''maxāna jē sāen ||→ ''maxāna jē ma ||→ '''''maxān-ēma'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''maxāna jē sāim ||→ ''maxāna jē ma ||→ '''''sāim maxān-ēma'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''maxāna jē maxāna || → ''maxāna maxān-ēma ||'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
Note that the word order changes with the use of an abbreviated form and a redundant modifying noun phrase.<br />
<br />
'''jē''' can also be used to associate an animate with a proper-name location, as in '''makerāon''' '''jē sarāpa''' 'ruler of Sarāpa'.<br />
<br />
==== nīkan ====<br />
'''nīkan''' is an inflecting preposition and is used when associating an animate with a stative or an inanimate. It inflects for person as follows:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|'''jaxūra nīkanle'''|| 'my door'<br />
|-<br />
|'''jaxūra nīkanrie|| 'your door''''<br />
|-<br />
|'''jaxūra nīkamma|| 'his/her door''''<br />
|-<br />
|'''jaxūra nīkamma sāim|| 'their door''''<br />
|-<br />
|'''jaxūra nīkan maxāna|| 'a friend's door''''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This particular associative relationship can also be abbreviated:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
| '''jaxūra nīkanle''' ||→ '''''jaxūra-nle<br />
|-<br />
|'''jaxūra nīkanrie ||→ '''''jaxūra-nrie'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''jaxūra nīkamma|| → '''''jaxūra-mma'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''jaxūra nīkamma sāim ||→ '''''sāim jaxūra-mma'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''jaxūra nīkan maxāna ||→ ''''''maxāna jaxūra-mma'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Again, note that the word order changes with the use of an abbreviated form and a redundant modifying noun phrase.<br />
<br />
==== ānen ====<br />
'''ānen''' is used to associate two nouns that are not in a WHOLE:PART relationship. It is generally used as a comitative preposition.<br />
<br />
:'''jatēwa ānen jacūti'''<br />
:'table with cups'<br />
<br />
'''ānen''' modified by '''wā''' is negative:<br />
<br />
:'''jatēwa ānen jacūti wā'''<br />
:'table without cups'<br />
<br />
'''ānen''' modified by '''ēmma''' means 'except (for)':<br />
<br />
:'''ancēli ānen jacūti ēmma'''<br />
:'the dishes except for cups'<br />
<br />
==== sū, rū, and rā ====<br />
Location is marked by these three prepositions. The locative phrase can then be further elaborated with a set of locative modifiers.<br />
<br />
:LOC NP [MOD]<br />
<br />
'''sū''' marks location at a place, '''rā''' marks direction to a place, and '''rū''' marks direction from a place.<br />
<br />
'''sū jatāsa''' 'at the market-square'<br />
'''rā jatāsa''' 'to the market-square'<br />
'''rū jatāsa''' 'from the market-square'<br />
<br />
Modifiers can be used to add more information. Locative phrases with modifiers can reduce the NP to '''ja''' and make the phrase into a single word.<br />
<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing.<br />
==Other resources==<br />
--><br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://www.terjemar.net/kelen.php An Introduction to Kēlen]<br />
*[http://conlang.org/language-creation-conference/lcc2/lcc2-speakers/ "Verblessness in Kēlen", presented at the 2nd Language Creation Conference]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kēlen]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]<br />
[[Category:Alien languages]]<br />
[[Category:Smiley Award winners]]<br />
{{art}}</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Dothraki&diff=240171Dothraki2021-10-15T15:35:25Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Dothraki</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Dothraki]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Adverb&diff=240170Adverb2021-10-15T15:35:17Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Adverb</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Adverb]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&diff=240169Spanish language2021-10-15T15:35:08Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Spanish language</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Spanish language]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Postalveolar_consonant&diff=240168Postalveolar consonant2021-10-15T15:34:59Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Postalveolar consonant</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Postalveolar consonant]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Plural&diff=240167Plural2021-10-15T15:34:50Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Plural</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Plural]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Otto_Jespersen&diff=240166Otto Jespersen2021-10-15T15:34:42Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Otto Jespersen</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Otto Jespersen]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Morphology_(linguistics)&diff=240165Morphology (linguistics)2021-10-15T15:34:33Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Morphology (linguistics)</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Morphology (linguistics)]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lower_case&diff=240164Lower case2021-10-15T15:34:20Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Lower case</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Lower case]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_case&diff=240163Grammatical case2021-10-15T15:34:11Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Grammatical case</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Grammatical case]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Grammar&diff=240162Grammar2021-10-15T15:34:02Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Grammar</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Grammar]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=German_language&diff=240161German language2021-10-15T15:33:52Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:German language</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:German language]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Consonant&diff=240160Consonant2021-10-15T15:33:43Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Consonant</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Consonant]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Affricate_consonant&diff=240159Affricate consonant2021-10-15T15:33:33Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Affricate consonant</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Affricate consonant]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&diff=240158Accusative case2021-10-15T15:33:24Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Accusative case</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Accusative case]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Preposition&diff=240157Preposition2021-10-15T15:33:15Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Preposition</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Preposition]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Pidgin&diff=240156Pidgin2021-10-15T15:33:03Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Pidgin</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Pidgin]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Palatal_consonant&diff=240155Palatal consonant2021-10-15T15:31:55Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Palatal consonant</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Palatal consonant]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Latin_script&diff=240154Latin script2021-10-15T15:31:39Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Latin script</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Latin script]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Latin&diff=240153Latin2021-10-15T15:31:23Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Latin</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Latin]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Inflection&diff=240152Inflection2021-10-15T15:31:09Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Inflection</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Inflection]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&diff=240151Imperative mood2021-10-15T15:30:48Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Imperative mood</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Imperative mood]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=French_language&diff=240150French language2021-10-15T15:30:38Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:French language</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:French language]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Diphthong&diff=240149Diphthong2021-10-15T15:30:27Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Diphthong</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Diphthong]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Dative_case&diff=240148Dative case2021-10-15T15:30:03Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Dative case</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Dative case]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&diff=240147Article (grammar)2021-10-15T15:29:45Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Article (grammar)</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Article (grammar)]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Affix&diff=240146Affix2021-10-15T15:29:29Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Affix</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Affix]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Zonal_language&diff=240145Zonal language2021-10-15T15:29:19Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Zonal language</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Zonal language]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object&diff=240144Subject–verb–object2021-10-15T15:28:53Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Subject–verb–object</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Subject–verb–object]]</div>Nicomegahttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&diff=240143Romance languages2021-10-15T15:28:30Z<p>Nicomega: Redirected page to w:Romance languages</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[w:Romance languages]]</div>Nicomega