View source for Ŧœlsin



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==Introduction==

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<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
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==Phonology==
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:

Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation

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===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Bilabial
!colspan="2"|Labio-dental
!colspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!colspan="2"|Post-alveolar
!colspan="2"|Palatal
!colspan="2"|Velar
!colspan="2"|Uvular
!colspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
|colspan="2"| m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| n
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ɲ
|colspan="2"| ŋ
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| Plosive
|colspan="2"| pʰ p b
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| tʰ t̚ t d
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| kʰ k g
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| Fricative
|colspan="2"| ɸ β
|colspan="2"| f v
|colspan="2"| θ ð
|colspan="2"| s z
|colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| x ɣ
|colspan="2"| χ ʁ
|colspan="2"| h
|-
!colspan="2"|Approximant
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| j ɥ
|colspan="2"| w
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Trill
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ʀ
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"|Flap
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ɾ
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral approx.
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| l
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ᵑg
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|Front
! colspan="2"|Central
! colspan="2"|Back
|-
!colspan="2"|Close
|colspan="2"|i y
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|u
|-
!colspan="2"|Close-mid
|colspan="2"|e 
|colspan="2"| ə
|colspan="2"|o
|-
!colspan="2"|Open-mid
|colspan="2"|ɛ ɛ̃ 
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃
|-
!colspan="2"|Open
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ä
|colspan="2"| ɑ̃
|}
Vocalic length is phonemic, with an opposition between short and long vowels.

===Orthography===
====Alphabet====
The Latin alphabet for Ŧœlsin is a one-to-one translitteration of the original script. It has both uppercase and lowercase letters, shown in pairs below ; when there are several pairs on a same line, it is because they are considered to be different versions of the "same" letter.
<poem>
Y y - /jo/, /ɔj/
Æ æ ; Æ̊ æ̊ - /aj/ ; /ja/
A a - /a/
B b - /b/
Q q - /ʃ/
D d - /d/
E e ; Ê ê ; Ě ě - /e/ ; /ɛ/ ; /ə/
G g ; G̊ g̊ ; Ñ ñ - /g/ ; /ŋg/ ; /ɲ/
H h - /h/
I i - /i/
Ƶ ƶ ; Ƶ̆ ƶ̆ - /ð/ ; /ʒ/
K k - /k/
L l - /l/
M m - /m/
N n - /n/
O o ; Œ œ - /o/, /ɔ/ ; /o/
P p ; Ƥ ƥ - /p/ ; /ɸ/
R r - /ʁ/
C c ; S s - /s/ ; /θ/
T t ; Ŧ ŧ - /t/ ; /th/, /t̚/
U u - /y/
V v ; F f - /v/ ; /f/
Ƿ ƿ - /wi/
Z z - /z/
Ɯ ɯ ; Ɯ̂ ɯ̂ ; Ɯ̌ ɯ̌ - /ã/ ; /ɛ̃/ ; /ɔ̃/
W w - /u/
X x, Ħ ħ - /χ/
Ƃ ƃ - /bɾa/
Ŋ ŋ - /ŋ/
Ɋ ɋ - /ʃ/, /h/
Ƀ ƀ - /β/
</poem>

====Spelling rules====
Tolsian orthography is fairly transparent though there is not always a one to one correspondance between graphemes and phonemes. Some phonemes are not represented in the alphabet above :
<poem>
/x/ and /ɣ/ are written xͪ and gͪ, respectively.
/ph/ and /kh/ and sometimes /th/ are written ph, kh, th.
/ʀ/ is written r̈.
/ɾ/ is written rͪl.
The approximants /w/, /j/, /ɥ/ are written with w, i, u and a tilde-like « link » between them and another vowel : for instance, /je/ will be written i͠e. If there is not such a « link », two adjacent vowels will form a hiatus, that may be enhanced by a separating [ʔ].
</poem>
Several diacritics are used :
<poem>
A tilde-like diacritic is used over vowels to indicate they must be lengthened : ã, ẽ, ễ, ě̃, ĩ, õ, œ̃, ũ, w̃, ɯ̃, ɯ̂̃, ɯ̌̃.
The ͪ diacritic, on most letters (except for the composed grapheme <rͪl>, usually makes them mute.
The grapheme <Y y> is ambiguous as there is no way to determine if it corresponds to /jo/ or /oj/. 
The grapheme <O o> also corresponds to two different phonemes, but it is usually pronounced /ɔ/ if there is a consonant coda, and if not, then it is usually /o/.
The grapheme <Œ œ> is always /o/ ; the grapheme <Ò ò> is always /ɔ/.
Sometimes, ƿ̈, a ƿ with a diaeresis, can be encountered : it is usually pronounced /wij/ though in few cases it remains pronounced /wiwi/ as originally.
Among diacritics is a breve-like that, over vowels, indicate that they must be stressed. It is rarely used, only on some words that differ by this stressing. But the spelling « ĭĩ », a stressed « i » followed by a lengthened « i », represents the sequence of phonemes /ij/. Likewise, « w̆w̃» and « ŭũ », less common, are /uw/ and /yɥ/, respectively.
</poem>
====Other rules====
<poem>
The letter ŧ corresponds either to /th/ or to /t̚/, usually depending on the etyomology of the word.
The spelling « æn » is most usually pronounced /ejn/ or /ɛjn/.
An apostrophe indicates an ellision, for example, between a pronoun such as æ̊ , tw, before a verb beginning with a vowel, or the feminine definite article before a noun beginning with a vowel, ex. : « La'amƿta », the lover [lamwita].
</poem>

====Tables of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Bilabial
!colspan="2"|Labio-dental
!colspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!colspan="2"|Post-alveolar
!colspan="2"|Palatal
!colspan="2"|Velar
!colspan="2"|Uvular
!colspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
|colspan="2"| m <M m>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| n <N n>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ ñ>
|colspan="2"| ŋ <Ŋ ŋ>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| Plosive
|colspan="2"| pʰ <Ph ph> p <P p> b <B b>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| tʰ, t̚ <Ŧ ŧ> t <T t> d <D d>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| kʰ <Kh kh> k <K k> g <G g>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| Fricative
|colspan="2"| ɸ <Ƥ ƥ> β <Ƀ ƀ>
|colspan="2"| f <F f> v <V v>
|colspan="2"| θ <S s> ð <Ƶ ƶ>
|colspan="2"| s <C c> z <Z z>
|colspan="2"| ʃ <Q q> alt. <Ɋ ɋ> ʒ <Ƶ̆ ƶ̆>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| x <xͪ> ɣ <gͪ>
|colspan="2"| χ <X x> alt. <Ħ ħ> ʁ <R r>
|colspan="2"| h <H h> alt. <Ɋ ɋ>
|-
!colspan="2"|Approximant
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| j ɥ cf. above
|colspan="2"| w cf. above
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Trill
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ʀ <R̈ r̈>
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"|Flap
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ɾ <rͪl>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral approx.
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| l <L l>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ᵑg <G̊ g̊>
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|Front
! colspan="2"|Central
! colspan="2"|Back
|-
!colspan="2"|Close
|colspan="2"|i <I i> y <U u>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|u <W w>
|-
!colspan="2"|Close-mid
|colspan="2"|e <E e> ə <Ĕ ě>
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|o <O o> alt. <Œ œ>
|-
!colspan="2"|Open-mid
|colspan="2"|ɛ <Ê ê> ɛ̃ <Ɯ̂ ɯ̂>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|ɔ <O o> alt. <Ò ò> ɔ̃ <Ɯ̌ ɯ̌>
|-
!colspan="2"|Open
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ä <A a>
|colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ɯ ɯ>
|}
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Most usually, stress falls on the last syllable of a word and is not very emphasized ; it'd be more accurate to say it is a group accent falling on the last syllable of a group of words. Some words may have a stress on another syllable, which might be, in this case, written as a breve-like diacritic over
the stressed vowel, and be pronounced with slightly more emphasis.

===Phonotactics===
Ŧœlsin's syllable structure is complex and allows a wide range of possible consonant clusters.

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
Ŧœlsin has five main parts of speech : nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and particles.

===Nouns===
Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine.

====Gender====
There are several systems of genders : there is a system of feminine, masculine and neuter, but also a system of animate/temporary vs. inanimate/everlasting.

Feminine, masculine and neuter are mostly marked in nouns and adjectives, while the dichotomy temporary/everlasting is shown by synonyms in verbs, which themselves conjugate differently depending on the subject being animate or inanimate.

Most commonly, feminine is indicated by a final -a, masculine with a -e or a -o, and neuter either with the absence of any marking when in the singular, or with a -i if in the plural.

====Number====
The singular is unmarked while the plural noun and adjective marker is a final -c. It is pronounced /s/ when after a vowel, but is kept mute if after a consonant.

====Definiteness====
In Ŧœlsin, there are definite and indefinite article. Here is a table summing them up :
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Articles
|-
!  !! Definite !! Indefinite
|-
| Singular Masculine|| êl (''ê'' before a consonant) || one (''on'' before a vowel)
|-
| Singular Feminine|| la (''la''' [l] before a vowel)|| ona (''ona''' [ɔn] before a vowel)
|-
| Plural Masculine || lecͪ || onec (''onc''), dalecͪ<sup>1</sup>
|-
| Plural Feminine || lecͪ || onac, dalecͪ<sup>1</sup>
|}
<sup>1</sup>Dalecͪ is a contraction of dal (partitive article) and the plural definite article lecͪ. It serves whith nouns of different genders.
===Adjectives===
Adjectives agree in number and gender with the nouns they qualify. The plural adjective marker is a final -c. It is pronounced /s/ when after a vowel, but is kept mute if after a consonant.

====Comparative and Superlative====
The comparative of superiority (''more ... than ...'') and the comparative of inferiority (''less ... than ...'') are indicated with circumfixes :
*Comparative of superiority : cu+ADJ+ke
*Comparative of inferiority : meno+ADJ+ke
The comparative of equality (as ... as ...) uses an anlytical construction :
*talnt + ADJ + az ke
Superlatives (''the most ... ; the least ...'')are indicated with prefixes :
*Superlative of superiority : (êl, la) li+ADJ
*Superlative of inferiority : (êl, la) mi+ADJ
===Verbs===
Verbs inflect in tense, mood, person and animatedness. There are four moods : two realis moods, the indicative and the so-called absolute (corresponds mostly to a gnomic aspect), and two irrealis moods, the conditional and the imperative. There are seven « persons » : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the polite person.

But it is very common that only the third person be used, and the subject pronoun be placed after the thus conjugated verb.

Verbs endings usually are either -ƃ or -æ̊r. There are two kinds of conjugation, one for animate beings and one for inanimate things. The inanimate conjugation mostly consists of a lengthening of the desinence vowel. To conjugate a verb, the infinitive ending drops and is replaced by the conjugated ending.

====Indicative====
Tenses which correspond, roughly, to Perfect Past, Future Perfect, and Pluperfect are, similarly to the Past Imperative, built with a suffixed tense morpheme.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Present
|-
! Person !! Animate !! Inanimate
|-
| 1SG ''æ̊'' || -a /a/ || -ã /a:/
|-
| 2SG ''tw'' || -ac /as/ || -ãc /a:s/
|-
| 3SG ''æ'' (m.), ''mæ'' (f.) || -at /at/ || -ãt /a:t/
|-
| 1PL ''cæ̊n'' || -amc /am/ || -ãmc /a:m/
|-
| 2PL ''vw'' || -atc /at/ || -ãtc /a:t/
|-
| 3PL ''cæ'' (m.), ''mæhc'' (f.) || -na /na/ || -nã /na:/
|-
| 2POL ''ææ̊'' || -e /e/ || -ẽ /e:/
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Simple Past
|-
! Person !! Animate !! Inanimate
|-
| 1SG ''æ̊'' || -Cĩ /i:/ ; -V͠i /j/ ; -ĭĩ ; /ij/|| -Cĩ /i:/ ; -Ṽ͠i /:j/ ; -ĩĩ /i:j/
|-
| 2SG ''tw'' || -Cĩc /i:/ ; -V͠ic /j/ ; -ĭĩc /ij/ || -Cĩc /i:/ ; -Ṽ͠ic /:j/ ; -ĩĩc /i:j/
|-
| 3SG ''æ'' (m.), ''mæ'' (f.) || -Cĩt /i:/ ; -V͠it /j/ ; -ĭĩt /ij/ || -Cĩt /i:/ ; -Ṽ͠it /:j/ ; -ĩĩt /i:j/
|-
| 1PL ''cæ̊n'' || -Cĩ /i:/ ; -Vi͠i /ji/ || -Cĩ /i:/ ; -Vi͠ĩ /ji:/
|-
| 2PL ''vw'' || -Cĩ /i:/ ; -Vi͠i /ji/ || -Cĩ /i:/ ; -Vi͠ĩ /ji:/
|-
| 3PL ''cæ'' (m.), ''mæhc'' (f.) || -Cin /in/ ; -Vn /n/ || -Cĩn /i:n/ ; -Ṽn /:n/
|-
| 2POL ''ææ̊'' || -i͠in /jin/ || -i͠ĩn /ji:n/
|}
Where C stands for a final consonant, V a final vowel, and the third case being when there is a final « i » vowel.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Imperfective Past
|-
! Person !! Animate !! Inanimate
|-
| 1SG ''æ̊'' || -æ /aj/ || -æ̃ /a:j/ or /aj:/
|-
| 2SG ''tw'' || -æc /aj/ || -æ̃c /a:j/ or /aj:/
|-
| 3SG ''æ'' (m.), ''mæ'' (f.) || -æt /aj/ || -æ̃t /a:j/ or /aj:/
|-
| 1PL ''cæ̊n'' || -mcͪæ /maj/ || -mcͪæ̃ /ma:j/ or /maj:/
|-
| 2PL ''vw'' || -ætc /ajt/ || -æ̃tc /a:jt/ or /aj:t/
|-
| 3PL ''cæ'' (m.), ''mæhc'' (f.) || -næ /naj/ || -næ̃ /na:j/ or /naj:/
|-
| 2POL ''ææ̊'' || -(i)æ <sup>1</sup> /i.aj/ || -(ĩ)æ <sup>1</sup> /i:.aj/
|}
<sup>1</sup>Only when the verb stem doesn't already end in -i (or ƿ).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Perfect Past
|-
! Person !! Animate !! Inanimate
|-
| 1SG ''æ̊'' || -æld /ald/ || -æ̃ld /a:ld/
|-
| 2SG ''tw'' || -æcͪld /ald/ || -æ̃cͪld /a:ld/
|-
| 3SG ''æ'' (m.), ''mæ'' (f.) || -ætͪld /ald/ || -æ̃tͪld /a:ld/
|-
| 1PL ''cæ̊n'' || -mcͪæld /mald/ || -mcͪæ̃ld /ma:ld/
|-
| 2PL ''vw'' || -ætͪcld /ald/ || -æ̃tͪcld /a:ld/
|-
| 3PL ''cæ'' (m.), ''mæhc'' (f.) || -næld /nald/ || -næ̃ld /na:ld/
|-
| 2POL ''ææ̊'' || -æld /ajld/ or sometimes /aɫd/ || -æ̃ld /a:jld/ or sometimes /aɫ:d/
|}

The phoneme /ɫ/ no longer exists in modern Ŧœlsin but some speakers actually keep remains of it in their speech.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pluperfect
|-
! Person !! Animate !! Inanimate
|-
| 1SG ''æ̊'' || -nild /nild/ || -nĩld /ni:ld/
|-
| 2SG ''tw'' || -nicͪld /nild/ || -nĩcͪld /ni:ld/
|-
| 3SG ''æ'' (m.), ''mæ'' (f.) || -nitͪld /nild/ || -nĩtͪld /ni:ld/
|-
| 1PL ''cæ̊n'' || -ni͠ild /njild/ || -ni͠ĩld /nji:ld/
|-
| 2PL ''vw'' || -ni͠ild /njild/ || -ni͠ĩld /nji:ld/
|-
| 3PL ''cæ'' (m.), ''mæhc'' (f.) || -nd /nd/ || Example
|-
| 2POL ''ææ̊'' || -i͠ild /jild/ || -i͠ĩld /ji:ld/
|}


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Simple Future
|-
! Person !! Animate !! Inanimate
|-
| 1SG ''æ̊'' || -ræ̊ /ʁja/ || -ræ̊̃ /ʁja:/
|-
| 2SG ''tw'' || -ræ̊c /ʁja/ || -ræ̊̃c /ʁja:/
|-
| 3SG ''æ'' (m.), ''mæ'' (f.) || -ræ̊t /ʁja/ || -ræ̊̃t /ʁja:/
|-
| 1PL ''cæ̊n'' || -rĭĩ /ʁij/ || -rĩĩ /ʁi:j/
|-
| 2PL ''vw'' || -rĭĩ /ʁij/ || -rĩĩ /ʁi:j/
|-
| 3PL ''cæ'' (m.), ''mæhc'' (f.) || -ri͠e /ʁje/ || -ri͠ẽ /ʁje:/
|-
| 2POL ''ææ̊'' || -ræ /ʁaj/ || -ræ̃ /ʁa:j/ or /ʁaj:/
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Future Perfect
|-
! Person !! Animate !! Inanimate
|-
| 1SG ''æ̊'' || -ræ̊ld /ʁjald/ || -ræ̊̃ld /ʁja:ld/
|-
| 2SG ''tw'' || -ræ̊cͪld /ʁjald/ || -ræ̊̃cͪld /ʁja:ld/
|-
| 3SG ''æ'' (m.), ''mæ'' (f.) || -ræ̊tͪld /ʁjald/ || -ræ̊̃tͪld /ʁja:ld/
|-
| 1PL ''cæ̊n'' || -rĭĩld /ʁi:ld/ || -rĩĩld /ʁi:ld/
|-
| 2PL ''vw'' || -rĭĩld /ʁi:ld/ || -rĩĩld /ʁi:ld/
|-
| 3PL ''cæ'' (m.), ''mæhc'' (f.) || -ri͠eld /ʁjeld/ or /rjɛld/ || -ri͠ẽld /ʁje:ld/ or /rjɛ:ld/
|-
| 2POL ''ææ̊'' || -ræld /ʁajld/ || -ræ̃ld /ʁa:jld/
|}

====Absolute (Gnostic)====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Absolute
|-
! Person !! Animate !! Inanimate
|-
| 1SG ''æ̊'' || -yh /joh/ || -ỹh /jo:h/ or /j:oh/
|-
| 2SG ''tw'' || -ys /jɔθ/ || -ỹs /jɔ:θ/ or /j:ɔθ/
|-
| 3SG ''æ'' (m.), ''mæ'' (f.) || -yŧ /jɔt̚/ || -ỹŧ /jɔ:t̚/ or /j:ɔt̚/
|-
| 1PL ''cæ̊n'' || -yƥ /jɔɸ/ || -ỹƥ /jɔ:ɸ/ or /j:ɔɸ/
|-
| 2PL ''vw'' || -yƶ̆ /jɔʒ/ || -ỹƶ̆ /jɔ:ʒ/ or /j:ɔʒ/
|-
| 3PL ''cæ'' (m.), ''mæhc'' (f.) || -yƿ /jowi/ || -yƿ̃ /jow:i/
|-
| 2POL ''ææ̊'' || -yƶ /jɔð/ || -ỹƶ /jɔ:ð/ or /j:ɔð/
|}

====Imperative====
In the imperative, the subject is placed right after the verb which is mandatorily conjugated depending on that subject.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Present Imperative
|-
! Person !! Animate !! Inanimate
|-
| 2SG ''tw'' || -y /ɔj/ || -ỹ /ɔ:j/ or /ɔj:/
|-
| 3SG ''æ'' (m.), ''mæ'' (f.) || -yt /ɔj/ || -ỹt /ɔ:j/ or /ɔj:/
|-
| 1PL ''cæ̊n'' || -ym /ɔjm/ || -ỹm /ɔ:jm/ or /ɔj:m/
|-
| 2PL ''vw'' || -ytc /ɔj/ || -ỹtc /ɔ:j/ or /ɔj:/
|-
| 3PL ''cæ'' (m.), ''mæhc'' (f.) || -yn /ɔjn/ || -ỹn /ɔ:jn/ or /ɔj:n/
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Past Imperative
|-
! Person !! Animate !! Inanimate
|-
| 2SG ''tw'' || -yld /ɔld/ || -ỹld /ɔ:ld/
|-
| 3SG ''æ'' (m.), ''mæ'' (f.) || -ytͪld /ɔld/ || -ỹtͪld /ɔ:ld/
|-
| 1PL ''cæ̊n'' || -ymͪld /ɔld/ or sometimes /ɔɫd/ || -ỹmͪld /ɔ:ld/ or sometimes /ɔɫ:d/
|-
| 2PL ''vw'' || -ytͪcld /ɔjld/ || -ỹtͪcld /ɔ:jld/ or /ɔj:ld/
|-
| 3PL ''cæ'' (m.), ''mæhc'' (f.) || -ynͪld /ɔld/ or sometimes /ɔɫd/ || -ỹnͪld /ɔ:ld/ or sometimes /ɔɫ:d/
|}

The phoneme /ɫ/ no longer exists in modern Ŧœlsin but some speakers actually keep remains of it in their speech.

====Conditional====
Conditional is built with the modal auxiliary « ƿ̈ », /wij/. The structure of a conditional sentence is :
*Subject + Verb (infinitive) + ƿ̈
Past conditional is built upon the very same structure, only the past of the modal auxiliary is used :
*Subject + Verb (infinitive) + ƿ̈ld /wi:ld/ (sometimes /wiɫd/)

The conditional and the subjunctive have the same form for both animate and inanimate subjects.

====Subjunctive====
There is no actual subjunctive in Ŧœlsin. But a specific sentence structure is used :

*(Main clause +) Subject + Particle ke? or dake? + Verb (infinitive)
Past subjunctive uses also the same structure, only the past infinitve is used.

The conditional and the subjunctive have the same form for both animate and inanimate subjects. However, with the subjunctive, it is more common to use « dake? » for animated subjects and « ke? » for inanimate subjects.

====Participles====
The participles are built by adding an ending to the verb stem.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participles
|-
!  !! Animate !! Inanimate 
|-
| Present || -ƿ /wi/ (if the verb stems already ends in -ƿ, then they coalesce into -ƿ̈ /wij/|| -ƿ̃ /wi:/ (-ƿ̈ /wij/)
|-
| Past || -Cild /ild/ ; -Vld /ld/ || -Cĩld /i:ld/ ; -Ṽld /:ld/
|}
Where C stands for a verb stem ending in a consonant, and V for a verb stem ending in a vowel.

===Adverbs===
===Particles===
Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc.

*One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is an animate, temporary being/thing (particle "dake?") or an inanimate, everlasting thing (particle "ke?"). They are always written with question marks (no space between the particle and the question mark, contrarily to the use of question mark in interrogative sentences) but that does not influence the intonation.

===Derivational morphology===



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
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==Example texts==
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==Other resources==
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[[Category:Ŧœlsin]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]