View source for Kliqel orthography

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'''Kliqel''' is a dialect of [[Iskel]] which is primarily distinct from the others in its phonology. Therefore, its orthography differs from other dialects for both romanization and native script. Its orthography is quite similar to [[Lanikel orthography|Lanikel's orthography]], another dialect of Iskel, but has crucial differences.

== Romanization ==

=== Consonants ===
Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |Occlusive Consonant
!Phoneme
!m
!n
!ɲ
!ɴ
!mʷ
!nʷ
!ɲʷ
!p
!t
!q
!b
!t͡s
!d͡z
!ŋ͡ʇ
!ŋ͡ǃ¡
!ŋ͡ǂ
!k͡ʇʰ
!k͡ʇ
!k͡ǃ¡
!k͡ǁ
!k͡ǂ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''m''
|''n''
|''ny''
|''ng''
|''mů''
|''nů''
|''nẙ''
|''p''
|''t''
|''q''
|''b''
|''ts''
|''dz''
|''cn''
|''kn''
|''kñ''
|''cs''
|''ct''
|''kr''
|''kl''
|''ky''
|-
|''m''
|''n''
|''ñ''
|''ŋ''
|''mů''
|''nů''
|''nẙ''
|''p''
|''t''
|''q''
|''b''
|''ĉ''
|''ẑ''
|''cn''
|''kn''
|''kñ''
|''cs''
|''ct''
|''kr''
|''kl''
|''ky''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Continuant Consonant
!Phoneme
!ɸ
!θ
!s
!ɬ
!ç
!χ
!h
!β
!ð
!z
!ʝ
!w
!ɾ
!l
!j
!r
!ʀ
! colspan="4" rowspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''f''
|''th''
|''s''
|''lh''
|''ch''
|''x''
|''h''
|''v''
|''d''
|''z''
|''j''
|''w''
|''r''
|''l''
|''y''
|''rr''
|''g''
|-
|''f''
|''þ''
|''s''
|''ł''
|''ç''
|''x''
|''h''
|''v''
|''d''
|''z''
|''j''
|''w''
|''r''
|''l''
|''y''
|''ř''
|''g''
|}

=== Vowels ===
Vowels with the circumflex diacritics change diacritics based on suprasegmentals, specified later in this article.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Toneless Vowel
!Phoneme
!i
!ɯ
!u
!e
!ɤ
!o
!ɛ
!ɔ
!a
!ɑ
|-
!Grapheme
|''i''
|''î''
|''u''
|''e''
|''û''
|''o''
|''ê''
|''ô''
|''a''
|''â''
|}

=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ɴ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). The toneless syllabic consonants /ʝ̍ j̍/ are instead written ⟨ẏh ẏ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Toneless Syllabic Consonant
!Phoneme
!m̩
!n̩
!ɲ̩
!ɴ̩
!m̩ʷ
!n̩ʷ
!ɲ̩ʷ
!β̩
!ð̩
!z̩
!ʝ̍
!w̩
!l̩
!j̍
!ɾ̩
!ʀ̩
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṃ''
|''ṇ''
|''ṇy''
|''ṇg''
|''ṃů''
|''ṇů''
|''ṇẙ''
|''ṿ''
|''ḍ''
|''ẓ''
|''ẏh''
|''ẉ''
|''ḷ''
|''ẏ''
|''ṛ''
|''ṛr''
|}

=== Tones ===
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a grave accent (e.g. /í ɯ́/ are ⟨í ì⟩).

Mid tone on vowels is marked with a breve on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a tilde (e.g. /ī ɯ̄/ are ⟨ĭ ĩ⟩).

Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.

Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.

For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) is always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |High Tone Vowel
!Phoneme
!i˥
!ɯ˥
!u˥
!e˥
!ɤ˥
!o˥
!ɛ˥
!ɔ˥
!a˥
!ɑ˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''í''
|''ì''
|''ú''
|''é''
|''ù''
|''ó''
|''è''
|''ò''
|''á''
|''à''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone Vowel
!Phoneme
!i˧
!ɯ˧
!u˧
!e˧
!ɤ˧
!o˧
!ɛ˧
!ɔ˧
!a˧
!ɑ˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ĭ''
|''ĩ''
|''ŭ''
|''ĕ''
|''ũ''
|''ŏ''
|''ẽ''
|''õ''
|''ă''
|''ã''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone Vowel
!Phoneme
!i˩
!ɯ˩
!u˩
!e˩
!ɤ˩
!o˩
!ɛ˩
!ɔ˩
!a˩
!ɑ˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'i''
|''<nowiki/>'î''
|''<nowiki/>'u''
|''<nowiki/>'e''
|''<nowiki/>'û''
|''<nowiki/>'o''
|''<nowiki/>'ê''
|''<nowiki/>'ô''
|''<nowiki/>'a''
|''<nowiki/>'â''
|}
High tone syllabic consonants /ḿ̩ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ɴ̩́ ḿ̩ʷ ń̩ʷ ɲ̩́ʷ ź̩ ʝ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ḿů ńů ńẙ ź ýh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /β̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.

Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /β̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |High Tone Syllabic Consonant
!Phoneme
!m̩˥
!n̩˥
!ɲ̩˥
!ɴ̩˥
!m̩ʷ˥
!n̩ʷ˥
!ɲ̩ʷ˥
!β̩˥
!ð̩˥
!z̩˥
!ʝ̍˥
!w̩˥
!l̩˥
!j̍˥
!ɾ̩˥
!ʀ̩˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''ḿ''
|''ń''
|''ńy''
|''ńg''
|''ḿů''
|''ńů''
|''ńẙ''
|''ŵ''
|''ð''
|''ź''
|''ýh''
|''ẃ''
|''ĺ''
|''ý''
|''ŕ''
|''ŕr''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone Syllabic Consonant
!Phoneme
!m̩˧
!n̩˧
!ɲ̩˧
!ɴ̩˧
!m̩ʷ˧
!n̩ʷ˧
!ɲ̩ʷ˧
!β̩˧
!ð̩˧
!z̩˧
!ʝ̍˧
!w̩˧
!l̩˧
!j̍˧
!ɾ̩˧
!ʀ̩˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṁ''
|''ṅ''
|''ṅy''
|''ṅg''
|''ṁů''
|''ṅů''
|''ṅẙ''
|''ẅ''
|''ḋ''
|''ż''
|''ÿh''
|''ẇ''
|''ŀ''
|''ÿ''
|''ṙ''
|''ṙr''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone Syllabic Consonant
!Phoneme
!m̩˩
!n̩˩
!ɲ̩˩
!ɴ̩˩
!m̩ʷ˩
!n̩ʷ˩
!ɲ̩ʷ˩
!β̩˩
!ð̩˩
!z̩˩
!ʝ̍˩
!w̩˩
!l̩˩
!j̍˩
!ɾ̩˩
!ʀ̩˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ṃ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg''
|''<nowiki/>'ṃů''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇů''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇẙ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḍ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏh''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr''
|}

=== Gemination ===
Geminated single-letter phonemes are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphs are written by doubling their first letter.

Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="22" |Geminate Romanization
|-
! rowspan="6" |Consonant
! rowspan="3" |Occlusive
!Phoneme
!ɱː
!nː
!ɲː
!ŋː
!pː
!tː
!t͡ʃː
!kː
!ʔː
!bː
!d͡zː
!d͡ʒː
!ɡː
!ŋ͡ʇː
!ŋ͡ǃ¡ː
!ŋ͡ǂː
!k͡ʇː
!k͡ǃ¡ː
!k͡ǂː
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''nny''
|''nng''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''cch''
|''kk''
|''qq''
|''bb''
|''ddz''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''ccn''
|''ccǹ''
|''ccñ''
|''cct''
|''ccl''
|''ccy''
|-
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''ññ''
|''ŋŋ''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''čč''
|''kk''
|''qq''
|''bb''
|''ẑẑ''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''ccn''
|''ccǹ''
|''ccñ''
|''cct''
|''ccl''
|''ccy''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Continuant
!Phoneme
!fː
!θː
!sː
!ʃː
!ʎ̝̊ː
!xː
!hː
!vː
!ðː
!zː
!ʒː
!wː
!lː
!jː
!w̃ː
!l̃ː
!j̃ː
!ʀː
! rowspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ff''
|''tth''
|''ss''
|''ssh''
|''llh''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''dd''
|''zz''
|''zzh''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''wwǹ''
|''llǹ''
|''yyǹ''
|''rrr''
|-
|''ff''
|''þþ''
|''ss''
|''šš''
|''çç''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''dd''
|''zz''
|''žž''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''ṽṽ''
|''łł''
|''ỹỹ''
|''řř''
|-
! rowspan="8" |Syllabic Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː
!n̩ː
!ɲ̩ː
!ŋ̩ː
!v̩ː
!ð̩ː
!z̩ː
!ʒ̍ː
!w̩ː
!l̩ː
!j̍ː
!w̩̃ː
!l̩̃ː
!j̩̃ː
!ʀ̩ː
! colspan="4" rowspan="8" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṃṃ''
|''ṇṇ''
|''ṇṇy''
|''ṇṇg''
|''ṿṿ''
|''ḍḍ''
|''ẓẓ''
|''ẓẓh''
|''ẉẉ''
|''ḷḷ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ẉẉǹ''
|''ḷḷǹ''
|''ẏẏǹ''
|''ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˥
!n̩ː˥
!ɲ̩ː˥
!ŋ̩ː˥
!v̩ː˥
!ð̩ː˥
!z̩ː˥
!ʒ̍ː˥
!w̩ː˥
!l̩ː˥
!j̍ː˥
!w̩̃ː˥
!l̩̃ː˥
!j̩̃ː˥
!ʀ̩ː˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''ḿḿ''
|''ńń''
|''ńńy''
|''ńńg''
|''ŵŵ''
|''ðð''
|''źź''
|''źźh''
|''ẃẃ''
|''ĺĺ''
|''ýý''
|''ẃẃǹ''
|''ĺĺǹ''
|''ýýǹ''
|''ŕŕ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˧
!n̩ː˧
!ɲ̩ː˧
!ŋ̩ː˧
!v̩ː˧
!ð̩ː˧
!z̩ː˧
!ʒ̍ː˧
!w̩ː˧
!l̩ː˧
!j̍ː˧
!w̩̃ː˧
!l̩̃ː˧
!j̩̃ː˧
!ʀ̩ː˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṁṁ''
|''ṅṅ''
|''ṅṅy''
|''ṅṅg''
|''ẅẅ''
|''ḋḋ''
|''żż''
|''żżh''
|''ẇẇ''
|''ŀŀ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ẇẇǹ''
|''ŀŀǹ''
|''ÿÿǹ''
|''ṙṙ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˩
!n̩ː˩
!ɲ̩ː˩
!ŋ̩ː˩
!v̩ː˩
!ð̩ː˩
!z̩ː˩
!ʒ̍ː˩
!w̩ː˩
!l̩ː˩
!j̍ː˩
!w̩̃ː˩
!l̩̃ː˩
!j̩̃ː˩
!ʀ̩ː˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ṃṃ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg''
|''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓh''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉǹ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷǹ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏǹ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="8" |Vowel
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!iː
!ɪː
!ʊː
!uː
!eː
!əː
!ʌː
!oː
!aː
!ɑː
! colspan="9" rowspan="8" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ii''
|''îî''
|''ûû''
|''uu''
|''ee''
|''êê''
|''ôô''
|''oo''
|''aa''
|''ââ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˥
!ɪː˥
!ʊː˥
!uː˥
!eː˥
!əː˥
!ʌː˥
!oː˥
!aː˥
!ɑː˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''íí''
|''ìì''
|''ùù''
|''úú''
|''éé''
|''èè''
|''òò''
|''óó''
|''áá''
|''àà''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˧
!ɪː˧
!ʊː˧
!uː˧
!eː˧
!əː˧
!ʌː˧
!oː˧
!aː˧
!ɑː˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ĭĭ''
|''ĩĩ''
|''ũũ''
|''ŭŭ''
|''ĕĕ''
|''ẽẽ''
|''õõ''
|''ŏŏ''
|''ăă''
|''ãã''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˩
!ɪː˩
!ʊː˩
!uː˩
!eː˩
!əː˩
!ʌː˩
!oː˩
!aː˩
!ɑː˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ii''
|''<nowiki/>'îî''
|''<nowiki/>'ûû''
|''<nowiki/>'uu''
|''<nowiki/>'ee''
|''<nowiki/>'êê''
|''<nowiki/>'ôô''
|''<nowiki/>'oo''
|''<nowiki/>'aa''
|''<nowiki/>'ââ''
|}

=== Disambiguation ===
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.

Polyphthongs are written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together. Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation
|-
! colspan="6" |Consonants (All)
! colspan="3" |Syllabic Consonants (All)
! colspan="6" |Vowels (Examples)
|-
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Trigraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Short Vowel Multigraph
! colspan="3" |Long Vowel Multigraph
|-
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
|-
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Distinction
|-
! rowspan="2" |dz
|''dz''
|/d͡z/
! rowspan="3" |ddz
|''ddz''
|/d͡zː/
! rowspan="2" |ṇy
|''ṇy''
|/ɲ̩/
! rowspan="2" |ie
|ie
|/i͡e/
! rowspan="4" |iea
|iea
|/i͡e͡a/
|-
|''d'z''
|/ðz/
|''d'dz''
|/ðd͡z/
|''ṇ'y''
|/n̩j/
|iē
|/i.e/
|iēa
|/i.e͡a/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''dd'z''
|/ðːz/
! rowspan="2" |ńy
|''ńy''
|/ɲ̩˥/
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|ieā
|/i͡e.a/
|-
! rowspan="2" |lh
|lh
|/ʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="3" |llh
|''llh''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
|''ń'y''
|/n̩˥j/
|iēā
|/i.e.a/
|-
|''l'h''
|/lh/
|''l'lh''
|/lʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
|''ṅy''
|/ɲ̩˧/
! rowspan="2" |ui
|ui
|/u͡i/
! rowspan="4" |uio
|uio
|/u͡i͡o/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''ll'h''
|/lːh/
|''ṅ'y''
|/n̩˧j/
|uī
|/u.i/
|uīo
|/u.i͡o/
|-
! rowspan="2" |ng
|''ng''
|/ŋ/
! rowspan="3" |nng
|''nng''
|/ŋː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy''
|/ɲ̩˩/
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|uiō
|/u͡i.o/
|-
|''n'g''
|/nɡ/
|''n'ng''
|/nŋ/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y''
|/n̩˩j/
|uīō
|/u.i.o/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''nn'g''
|/nːɡ/
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
|''ṇg''
|/ŋ̩/
! rowspan="2" |oa
|oa
|/o͡a/
! rowspan="4" |oae
|oae
|/o͡a͡e/
|-
! rowspan="2" |ny
|''ny''
|/ɲ/
! rowspan="3" |nny
|''nny''
|/ɲː/
|''ṇ'g''
|/n̩ɡ/
|oā
|/o.a/
|oāe
|/o.a͡e/
|-
|''n'y''
|/nj/
|''n'ny''
|/nɲ/
! rowspan="2" |ńg
|''ńg''
|/ŋ̩˥/
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|oaē
|/o͡a.e/
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
|''nn'y''
|/nːj/
|''ń'g''
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|oāē
|/o.a.e/
|-
! rowspan="3" |rrr
|''rrr''
|/ʀː/
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
|''ṅg''
|/ŋ̩˧/
! rowspan="2" |iê
|iê
|/i͡ə/
! rowspan="4" |iêa
|iêa
|/i͡ə͡a/
|-
|''rr'r''
|/ʀɾ/
|''ṅ'g''
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|ië
|/i.ə/
|iëa
|/i.ə͡a/
|-
|''r'rr''
|/ɾʀ/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg''
|/ŋ̩˩/
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|iêā
|/i͡ə.a/
|-
! rowspan="2" |sh
|''sh''
|/ʃ/
! rowspan="3" |ssh
|''ssh''
|/ʃː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g''
|/n̩ɡ/
|iëā
|/i.ə.a/
|-
|''s'h''
|/sh/
|''s'sh''
|/sʃ/
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
|''ẓh''
|/ʒ̍/
! rowspan="2" |ûi
|ûi
|/ʊ͡i/
! rowspan="4" |ûiô
|ûiô
|/ʊ͡i͡ʌ/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''ss'h''
|/sːh/
|''ẓ'h''
|/z̩h/
|ûī
|/ʊ.i/
|ûīô
|/ʊ.i͡ʌ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |th
|''th''
|/θ/
! rowspan="3" |tth
|''tth''
|/θː/
! rowspan="2" |źh
|''źh''
|/ʒ̍˥/
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|ûiö
|/ʊ͡i.ʌ/
|-
|''t'h''
|/th/
|''t'th''
|/tθ/
|''ź'h''
|/z̩˥h/
|ûīö
|/ʊ.i.ʌ/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''tt'h''
|/tːh/
! rowspan="2" |żh
|''żh''
|/ʒ̍˧/
! rowspan="2" |ôâ
|ôâ
|/ʌ͡ɑ/
! rowspan="4" |ôâê
|ôâê
|/ʌ͡ɑ͡ə/
|-
! rowspan="2" |zh
|''zh''
|/ʒ/
! rowspan="3" |zzh
|''zzh''
|/ʒː/
|''ż'h''
|/z̩˧h/
|ôä
|/ʌ.ɑ/
|ôäê
|/ʌ.ɑ͡ə/
|-
|''z'h''
|/zh/
|''z'zh''
|/zʒ/
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh''
|/ʒ̍˩/
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|ôâë
|/ʌ͡ɑ.ə/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''zz'h''
|/zːh/
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h''
|/z̩˩h/
|ôäë
|/ʌ.ɑ.ə/
|}