View source for Verse:Jarthe/Thurish

'''Thurish''' /ˈθɚrɪʃ/ ''THER-ish'' (natively ''þawrysko'', ''þawrysk górăd'' /θəwˈrɨsk gorəd/ or more formally ''þawrysk gordrad''; ''þawrysk'' is cognate to Russian север 'north') is an IE language isolate spoken in our Norway and Sweden (its speakers are called "the Thurs" in English). It evolved in a sprachbund with Brythonic languages and [[Hivantish]]. It has some non-SAE features, such as split-ergativity (conditioned by tense as in Hindi). Stress is weakly final (penultimate in "segolates").

Thurish sound changes turned the palatalized consonants into geminates or "Greekified" them (lj > ľľ > ɬ; nj > ňň > jn; śj, tj > śś, ćć > θ, etc.). Proto-Thurish had something similar to the PBS acute, which made vowels RTR/lax and thus had RTR-like effects on vowels (i > e, u > o, a > o in some cases; lack of acute conditions aR > eR).

It is inspired by Welsh, Greek, and Hebrew.

TODO: change name

PBS *dōra, *źemē, *waljā, *źwēris > *dōrə, *źemmē₁, *wallā, *ẑē₁rɨ > duar, jemne, gwəllo, ghieră /duər, jɛmnɛ, gwəɬɔ, ʀiərɨ/ "gift, earth, pleasure, animal"

dear? dêr? = tree (derwan > *dē₂r)

*dʰer-mos > dermas 'is suitable' > derm "good" (~ firmus, dharma)

Ăh gorðon þawryske derm /əx gɐr'ðɔn θəwrɨs'kɛ 'dɛrɛm/ = I speak Thurish well

giwiþ = to live

TODO: Russian/Hebrew-esque vowel reduction; should have some Tocharian style weirdness

==Phonology==
Voiceless stops are aspirated; historical voiced stops may be devoiced
==Declension==
Warhinysko has 5 cases: nominative, accusative, oblique-ergative, genitive, and vocative. The oblique-ergative was formed from a merger of the PBS dative, instrumental and locative cases.

Thurish has lost IE grammatical gender. However, like in Slavic languages, there is an animacy distinction: the accusative case is the same as the genitive for animate nouns and the same as the nominative for inanimate nouns.

*''Llawbdon min'''a''' jeno'''s''''' = I love my wife (animate)
*''Llawbdon min wordrad'' = I love my language (inanimate)
===o-stem declension===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''gwylek'' = wolf
! colspan=2| ''guolo'' = head 
! colspan=2| ''morr'' /mor̥/ = sea
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''gwylek'' ||''gwylke''
|''guolo'' ||''guolos''
|''morr''  ||''morre''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''gwylka''  ||''gwylku''
|''guolos'' ||''guolu''
|''morra'' ||''morru''
|-
|align="right" |'''Accusative'''
|''gwylka''  ||''gwylku''
|''guolo'' ||''guolos''
|''morr'' ||''morre''
|-
|align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative'''
|''gwylki''  ||''gwylkăn''
|''guole'' ||''guolon''
|''morri'' ||''morrăn''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|''gwylky!'' ||''gwylke!''
|''guolă!'' ||''guolos!''
|''morry!''  ||''morre!''
|}
==== Segolates ====
"Segolates" come from PBS CVCC- stem nouns. Some segolates (the ones that have fixed accent in PBS) do not change their stems in the plural.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''gwéren'' = raven
! colspan=2| ''gwarnó'' = crow
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''gwéren'' ||''gwrané''
|''gwarnó'' || ''gwarnós''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''gwerná''  ||''gwranú''
|''gwarnós'' ||''gwarnú''
|-
|align="right" |'''Accusative'''
|''gwerná''  ||''gwranú''
|''gwarnós''  ||''gwarnú''
|-
|align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative'''
|''gwerní''  ||''gwranán''
|''gwarné''  ||''gwarnón''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|''gwerný!'' ||''gwrané!''
|''gwarná!'' ||''gwarnós!''
|}

===i-stem declension===
===u-stem declension===
===ma-declension===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''gwerrma'' = time (m.)
! colspan=2| ''karma'' = punishment (m.)
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''gwerrma''  ||''gwerrmyno''
|''karma''  ||''karmyno''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''gwerrmyn''  ||''gwerrmynu''
|''karmyn''  ||''karmynu''
|-
|align="right" |'''Accusative'''
|''gwerrma''  ||''gwerrmyno''
|''karma''  ||''karmyno''
|-
|align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative'''
|''gwerrmyni''  ||''gwerrmynăn''
|''karmyni''  ||''karmynăn''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|''gwerrma!''  ||''gwerrmyno!''
|''karma!''  ||''karmyno!''
|}
(''karma'' is the in-universe source of English ''karma''; it began as a slang term borrowed from Thurish immigrants.)

===Pronouns===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (familiar) || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl., polite || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | refl.
|-
! he || she || it 
|-
! nom.
| ''ăh'' || ''tu'' || ''săn'' || ''so'' || ''tăt'' || ''mus'' || ''wus'' || ''se'' || ''-''
|-
! acc.
| ''myna'' || ''twa'' || ''ja'' || ''jo'' || ''tăt'' || ''năs'' || ''wăs'' || ''jus'' || ''swa''
|-
! gen.
| ''myn'', possessive ''min'' || ''tyw'', possessive ''tin'' || ''ja'' || ''jos''  || ''ta'' || ''nah'' || ''wah'' || ''juh'' || ''syw'', possessive ''sin''
|-
! obl.
| ''myni'' || ''twi'' || ''jam'' || ''je'' || ''tam'' || ''nan'' || ''wan'' || ''jun'' || ''swi''
|}

==Verbs==
Thurish has three different regular verb paradigms: 
*''-oþ'' verbs (merger of Lithuanian -oti, PS -ati and Lithuanian -ėti, PS -ěti; verbs that come from -ēʔtei become Greekified); e.g. ''jynoþ'' 'to know' (~ Pol. znać, Lith. žinoti); ''uðoþ'' 'to move' (~ Lith. judėti); ''ustêtoþ'' 'to result (from)' (~ Lith. tekėti)
*''-iþ'' verbs (~ Lithuanian -yti, PS -iti); e.g. ''ărbiþ'' 'to work'; ''gwardiþ'' 'to speak'
*''-þ'' or ''-t'' verbs (~ Lithuanian -ti, PS -ti); e.g. ''nest, neþ-'' 'to carry'

agreement of the participle is with the direct object, unless the object is 1st or 2nd person in which case it's just "hymt es"

''jynoþ'' 'to know':
*Present tense: jynon, jynoh, jyno, jynom, jynoty, jynosaws
*Present participle: jynos (sg), jynosi (pl)
*Past participle: jynot (sg), jynote (pl)
**Past tense: jynot es, jynote sos
*Future tense: jynos bûsu, jynos bûs, jynos bus, jynosi bûsăm, jynosi bûsty, jynosi bus
*Imperative: jynonu! (sg), jynoþnu! (pl)

''llawbiþ'' 'to love':
*Present tense: llaw'''bd'''on, llawbih, llawbi, llawbim, llawbity, llaw'''bd'''osaws
*Present participle: llaw'''bd'''os (sg), llaw'''bd'''osi (pl)
*Past participle: llawbit (sg), llawbite (pl)
**Past tense: llawbit es, llawbite saws
*Future tense: llawbdos bûsu, llawbdos bûs, llawbdos bus, llawbdosi bûsăm, llawbdosi bûsty, llawbdosi bus
*Imperative: llawbnu! (sg), llawbiþnu! (pl)
(Some ''-iþ'' verbs undergo stem changes in some forms: ''b p d t h g k l r m n w'' > ''bd pt ð þ þ d t ll rr mn nn j''


Conjugation of ''beroþ'' 'to give birth' (irregular): 
*Present tense: berăn, berăh, ber, berăm, berăty, beras
*Past tense (suppletive, from *eḱs + imti, also split ergative): hymt es, hymte es

==Sample text==
===UDHR===
make vocab less slavic

'''''Wyse llawðe sy răðis sobyne i arwyne yn sne gădynaþi i 'n snăn tiestwăn. Saws se yndărote su arrumi i săwesti i saws winyne yþajoþ nopăr inin yn dawsi broþărtwa.''

/wɨˈsɛ ɬəwˈðɛ sɨ rəˈðis sobɨˈnɛ i arʊɨˈnɛ ɨn snɛ gədɨnaˈθi i‿n snən tiəstˈwən. səws sɛ ɨndərɔˈtɛ su ar̥ʊˈmi i səwɛsˈti i səws winɨˈnɛ θajɔθ ˈnɔpər inˈin ɨn dəwˈsi broθərˈtwa./

[[Category:Balto-Slavic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Indo-European languages]]