View source for User:Chrysophylax/amaits/history

= Sound changes from Proto-Indo-European =
== Late IE ==
# colouring of vowels 
#: ''*e → *a / _[*k *h2], [*h2]_''
#: ''*e → *o / _[*h3], [*h3]_''
# lengthening and deletion of laryngeals
#: VHC → V:C
# merger of laryngeals into one except for H3 in some environments??
#: ''*h1 *h2 *h3'' → ''H'' 
#: ''*h3 → *gʷ / C_C''
#: ''*h3 → *ɦ?? / _V''
# loss of intervocalic jod
#: ''*j → Ø / V_V''
# vocalisation of syllabic resonants
#: ''*R → *ɨR''
# tt > ss
#: *tt → *ss / V_V
# dative, instrumental plural replace -bʰ- with -m- (shared NE isogloss)
# *-bʰí > *-mí, -bʰos > -mos

== early amessian ==
# fortition of onset j 
#: ''*j → ʒ / #_V''
# partial satemization with plain velars fronting causing chain shift of palatovelars to (af)fricates
#: ''*k *g *gʰ → *k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ'' 
#: ''*ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ → *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ *ʑ''
# assibilation of t before i
#: ''*t > *t͡s / _i''
# regressive velarization of sonorants 
#: ''*m *n *l *r → *mˠ *nˠ *lˠ *rˠ / _{u w}'' 
#:: e.g. *glˠubʰós (< *glewbʰ- + -ós), occurs in zero-grades commonly but also *nu → *nˠu
# laryngeals resolve to chroneme, glottal elements or *a before R
#: ''CeH → Ce:''
#: ''HeC → eˀC-''
#: ''ɦeC → e̤C''
#: ''CHR''→ *ar''
# shared crazy with balto-slavic: initial e vacillates between e~a
#: ''*e → *a / #_'' '''(sporadic)'''
# thinning of clusters
#: ''VC → Vː / #_{affricate}''
# develarization of *gʷ
#: ''*gʷ → *b'' / _e 
# accented, stodded o breaks
#: *óˀ → *uɘ̯i̯
#:: e.g. *óˀskɨr → *uɘ̯i̯skɨr (< *Hóh₃s-k-r̥ 'ash tree (material)')
# second palatalisation: fronted velars before front vowels
#: ''*k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ → *c *ɟ *ʝ / _[+front]
# delabialization of labiovelars
#: ''*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ' → *k *g *gʰ / _{+round +sonorant} '' '''nb. next syllable counts'''
# merger of *ʝ and *ɟ
#: *ɟ → *ʝ
# rounding of front after labiovelar
#: *i → *ʉ / [+velar +labial]_

== some time later ==
#delabialization of u after velars or velarized consonants
#: ''*u'' → *ɨ / [+velarized]_
#:: e.g. *nˠu → *nˠɨ
# labiovelars merge with w 
#: ''*gʷ → w / _w''

== even later ==

# t͡ʃ → t͡s

= Morphosyntactic changes =
== Loss of nominal inflections ==
== Derivational innovations ==