View source for Tocharian D/Nouns

Nouns in Tocharian D infect for number(singular/plural) and case
== number ==

== case ==
Nouns inflect for twelve cases, and the six “primary” cases are of PIE date: Nominative, Vocative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Instrumental. The other six “secondary” case suffixes are agglutinative, added to the accusative: Perlative, Comitative, Allative, Ablative, Locative, and Causative.
== primary case ==
*'''Nominative'''
*'''Vocative'''
*'''Genitive'''
*'''Dative'''
*'''Accusative'''
*'''Instrumental'''

== secondary case ==
*'''Locative''' and '''perlative''' are used when an action is accomplished by way of someone’s agency.
*'''Comitative''' is often used with the word ‘with’, in terms of accompaniment.
*'''Allative''' is used when expressing motion towards something.
*'''Ablative''' is used when expressing motion away from something. It implies a separation.
*'''Causative''' is often used with the word ''mic''(with), but in terms of referencing the tool in which something is accomplished.
=== Gruppenflexion ===
The “secondary” case suffix attached only to the last element of a noun phrase.

== declension ==
Conjugation in nouns have largely taken over the system of Proto-Indo-European languages. They are classified into four types according to their stem: /a/type, /n/type, /i/type, and /u/type. There are a small number of other three types, root nouns (ending with a consonant), kinship nouns (ending with /er/), and /s/type nouns.

=== /a/type ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! rowspan=2|[[w:Grammatical case|Case]]
! colspan=2|yähwa "horse"
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural|Plural]]
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
|  yähwa
|  yähwi
|-
| [[w:vocative case|Vocative]]
|  yahw
| —
|-
| [[w:accusative case|Accusative]]
|  yähwa
|  yähwan
|-
| [[w:genitive case|Genitive]]
|  yähway
|  yähwan
|-
| [[w:dative case|Dative]]
|  yähway
|  yähwama
|-
| [[w:instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|  yähwa
|  yähwami
|}

=== /n/type ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! rowspan=2|[[w:Grammatical case|Case]]
! colspan=2|kwäma "man"
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural|Plural]]
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
|  kwäma
|  kwämañ
|-
| [[w:vocative case|Vocative]]
|  kwäm
| —
|-
| [[w:accusative case|Accusative]]
|  kwämanu
|  kwämanun
|-
| [[w:genitive case|Genitive]]
|  kwämañ
|  kwämana
|-
| [[w:dative case|Dative]]
|  kwämañ
|  kwämama
|-
| [[w:instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|  kwämañe
|  kwämami
|}

=== /i/type ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! rowspan=2|[[w:Grammatical case|Case]]
! colspan=2|kašä "guest"
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural|Plural]]
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
|  kašä
|  kaši
|-
| [[w:vocative case|Vocative]]
|  kaš
| —
|-
| [[w:accusative case|Accusative]]
|  kašä
|  kašän
|-
| [[w:genitive case|Genitive]]
|  kaši
|  kašäya
|-
| [[w:dative case|Dative]]
|  kaši
|  kašäma
|-
| [[w:instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|  kaši
|  kašämi
|}

=== /u/type ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! rowspan=2|[[w:Grammatical case|Case]]
! colspan=2|sänu "son"
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural|Plural]]
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
|  sänu
|  sänäy
|-
| [[w:vocative case|Vocative]]
|  sän
| —
|-
| [[w:accusative case|Accusative]]
|  sänu
|  sänun
|-
| [[w:genitive case|Genitive]]
|  säno
|  sänäwa
|-
| [[w:dative case|Dative]]
|  säno
|  sänäma
|-
| [[w:instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|  säno
|  sänämi
|}

=== kinship nouns (/er/ type) ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! rowspan=2|[[w:Grammatical case|Case]]
! colspan=2|macer "mother"
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural|Plural]]
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
|  macer
|  matŕ
|-
| [[w:vocative case|Vocative]]
|  macer
| —
|-
| [[w:accusative case|Accusative]]
|  macäru
|  matru
|-
| [[w:genitive case|Genitive]]
|  matär
|  matra
|-
| [[w:dative case|Dative]]
|  matŕ
|  maträma
|-
| [[w:instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|  matŕe
|  maträmi
|}

=== /s/ type ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! rowspan=2|[[w:Grammatical case|Case]]
! colspan=2|lampia "lamb"
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural|Plural]]
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
|  lampia
|  lampisa
|-
| [[w:vocative case|Vocative]]
|  lampi
| —
|-
| [[w:accusative case|Accusative]]
|  lampia
|  lampisan
|-
| [[w:genitive case|Genitive]]
|  lampiasi
|  lampisa
|-
| [[w:dative case|Dative]]
|  lampiasi
|  lampisäma
|-
| [[w:instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|  lampiasi
|  lampisämi
|}

=== root nouns ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! rowspan=2|[[w:Grammatical case|Case]]
! colspan=2|faθ "foot"
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural|Plural]]
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
|  faθ
|  fac
|-
| [[w:vocative case|Vocative]]
|  fat
| —
|-
| [[w:accusative case|Accusative]]
|  fatu
|  fatun
|-
| [[w:genitive case|Genitive]]
|  fac
|  fata
|-
| [[w:dative case|Dative]]
|  fac
|  fatäma
|-
| [[w:instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|  fac
|  fatämi
|}