View source for Akhyan



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==Introduction==

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<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
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Vowel inventory
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==Orthography==
The consonant system of Akhyan is characterised by its resemblance as the same consonant system of Sanskrit, with slight deviations. Akhyan has eliminated voiced aspirated consonants, having assimilated to a fricative or deaspirated. Akhyan has a three way contrast of plosives and affricates, including aspirated and unaspirated pairs. The language also features a three-way contrast between sibilants, such as palatal, retroflex, & alveolar. Akhyan uses the Mon-Burmese script.

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Non-Sibilants
! colspan="3" |Labial
| rowspan="9" |
! colspan="3" |Dental
| rowspan="9" |
! colspan="3" |Velar
|-
!IPA
!Romanisation
!script
!IPA
!Romanisation
!script
!IPA
!Romanisation
!script
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|m
|မ
|n
|n
|န
|ŋ
|q
|င
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
!Tenuis
|p
|p
|ပ
|t
|t
|တ
|k
|k
|က
|-
!Aspirated
|pʰ
|ph
|ဖ
|tʰ
|th
|ထ
|kʰ
|kh
|ခ
|-
!Voiced
|b
|b
|ဗ
|d
|d
|ဒ
|g
|g
|ဂ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Tenuis
|f
|f
|ၾ
|
|
|
|h
|x
|ဟ
|-
!Voiced
|v
|v
|ဘ
|
|
|
|ʔ
|' (medial)
|အ
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|w
|w
|ဝ
|l
|l
|လ
|
|
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Sibilants
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
| rowspan="8" |
! colspan="3" |Retroflex
| rowspan="8" |
! colspan="3" |Palatal
|-
!IPA
!Romanisation
!script
!IPA
!Romanisation
!script
!IPA
!Romanisation
!script
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
!Tenuis
|t͡s
|c
|ၸ
|t͡ʂ
|ç
|ဋ
|t͡ɕ
|ć
|စ
|-
!Aspirated
|t͡sʰ
|ch
|ႀ
|t͡ʂʰ
|çh
|ဌ
|t͡ɕʰ
|ćh
|ဆ
|-
!Voiced
|d͡z
|ð
|ၻ
|d͡ʐ
|ł
|ဍ
|d͡ʑ
|j
|ၺ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Tenuis
|s
|s
|သ
|ʂ
|ş
|ၑ
|ɕ
|ś
|ၔ
|-
!Voiced
|z
|z
|ဓ
|ʐ
|ż
|ၓ
|ʑ
|ź
|ည
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|ɹ
|r
|ရ
|
|
|
|j
|y
|ယ
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="7" |Front
| rowspan="6" |
! colspan="7" |Back
|-
! colspan="3" |Flat
| rowspan="5" |
! colspan="3" |Round
! colspan="3" |Flat
| rowspan="5" |
! colspan="3" |Round
|-
!IPA
!Romanisation
!Script
!IPA
!Romanisation
!Script
!IPA
!Romanisation
!Script
!IPA
!Romanisation
!Script
|-
!Close
|i
|i
|ကိ ိ
|y
|ü
|ကၳ ၳ
|ɨ
|iu
|ကၖ ၖ
|u
|u
|ကု ု
|-
!Middle
|e
|e
|ကဲ ဲ
|ø
|ö
|ကၲ ၲ
|ə
|eo
|ကါ ါ
|o
|o
|ကး း
|-
!Open
|ɛ
|ai
|ကေ ေ
|œ
|ä
|ကႄ ႄ
|ɐ
|a
|က
|ɔ
|au
|ကီ ီ
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="4" |Vowel Diacritics
|-
|ိ
|ၳ
|ၖ
|ု
|-
|ဲ
|ၲ
|ါ
|း
|-
|ေ
|ႄ
|
|ီ
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="2" |Nullification Diacritics
|-
|်
|္
|}

Although both '''Virama (္)''' and '''Asat (်)''' delete the inherent vowel, they serve distinct functions. '''Asat (်)''', as in '''က်''', marks syllable boundaries, while '''Virama (္)''', as in '''က္''', forms consonant clusters. Special forms also emerge when '''ယ''', '''ဝ''', and '''ရ''' are combined with a consonant and the virama, resulting in '''ကျ''', '''ကွ''', and '''ကြ''', respectively.

===Phonotactics===

==Morphology==

===Pronouns===

===Nouns & Adjectives===
Akhyan features a system of noun and adjective declension that operates across two grammatical numbers and eight cases, treating both parts of speech with similar morphological rules—so much so that adjectives can conveniently be analysed alongside nouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!1
|Numbers
|Singular & Plural
|-
!2
|Cases
|Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Ablative, Locative, Instrumental
|}

Akhyan’s declension paradigm is surprisingly streamlined, consisting of only three distinct declension patterns. The general classification is:
* Akranta '''အကြန်တ''' (-a stems)
* Zeokçho '''ဓါက်ဌး''' (-o stems)
* Mitaveş '''မိတဘဲၑ်''' (Consonant stems)

According to the Rasthani '''ရသ်ထနိ''', the manuscript identified 8 cases which is defined in the book as "Fayaqö" '''ၾယငႄ'''. The eight fayaqö are the intransitive, ergative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive and locative cases.
* Łiunaing '''ဍၖနေင်''' Intransitive Case
* Kaothiv '''ကဝ်ထိဘ''' Ergative Case
* Penubo '''ပဲနုဗး''' Accusative Case
* Nauthang '''နီထင်''' Genitive Case
* Seomar '''သါမရ်''' Dative Case
* Baćhi '''ဗဆိ''' Ablative Case
* Xallei '''ဟလ်လဲယ်''' Locative Case
* Reftou '''ရဲၾ်တးဝ်''' Instrumental Case

{| class="wikitable"
|+Akranta (a-stems) Example: Koşçha ကးသ်ထ "Storeroom"
! rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Layout
! colspan="2" |Example
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|'''Intransitive'''
| -a
-အ
| -e
-အဲ
|Koşçh'''a'''
ကးၑ်ဌ
|Koşçh'''e'''
ကးၑ်ဌဲ
|-
|'''Ergative'''
| -ane
-အနဲ
| -ene
-အဲနဲ
|Koşçh'''ane'''
ကးၑ်ဌနဲ
|Koşçh'''ene'''
ကးၑ်ဌဲနဲ
|-
|'''Accusative'''
| -am
-အမ်
| -as
-အသ်
|Koşçh'''am'''
ကးၑ်ဌမ်
|Koşçh'''as'''
ကးၑ်ဌသ်
|-
|'''Genitive'''
| -arum
-အရုမ်
| -os
-အးသ်
|Koşçh'''arum'''
ကးၑ်ဌရုမ်
|Koşçh'''os'''
ကးၑ်ဌးသ်
|-
|'''Dative'''
| -avya
-အဘျ
| -anya
-အနျ
|Koşçh'''avya'''
ကးၑ်ဌဘျ
|Koşçh'''anya'''
ကးၑ်ဌနျ
|-
|'''Ablative'''
| -aya
-အယ
| -aye
-အယဲ
|Koşçh'''aya'''
ကးၑ်ဌယ
|Koşçh'''aye'''
ကးၑ်ဌယဲ
|-
|'''Locative'''
| -i
-အိ
| -evya
-အဲဘျ
|Koşçh'''i'''
ကးၑ်ဌိ
|Koşçh'''evya'''
ကးၑ်ဌဲဘျ
|-
|'''Instrumental'''
| -avi
-အဘိ
| -avis
-အဘိသ်
|Koşçh'''avi'''
ကးၑ်ဌဘိ
|Koşçh'''avis'''
ကးၑ်ဌဘိသ်
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Zeokçho (o-stems) Example: Nintalpo နိန်တလ်ပး "Bed"
! rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Layout
! colspan="2" |Example
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|'''Intransitive'''
| -o
-အး
| -ai
-အေ
|Nintalp'''o'''
နိန်တလ်ပး
|Nintalp'''ai'''
နိန်တလ်ပေ
|-
|'''Ergative'''
| -one
-အးနဲ
| -ones
-အးနဲသ်
|Nintalp'''one'''
နိန်တလ်ပးနဲ
|Nintalp'''ones'''
နိန်တလ်ပးနဲသ်
|-
|'''Accusative'''
| -um
-အုမ်
| -ovas
-အးဘသ်
|Nintalp'''um'''
နိန်တလ်ပုမ်
|Nintalp'''ovas'''
နိန်တလ်ပးဘသ်
|-
|'''Genitive'''
| -una
-အုန
| -unas
-အုနသ်
|Nintalp'''una'''
နိန်တလ်ပုန
|Nintalp'''unas'''
နိန်တလ်ပုနသ်
|-
|'''Dative'''
| -us
-အုသ်
| -os
-အးသ်
|Nintalp'''us'''
နိန်တလ်ပုသ်
|Nintalp'''os'''
နိန်တလ်ပးသ်
|-
|'''Ablative'''
| -au
-အီ
| -om
-အးမ်
|Nintalp'''au'''
နိန်တလ်ပီ
|Nintalp'''om'''
နိန်တလ်ပးမ်
|-
|'''Locative'''
| -i
-အိ
| -evya
-အဲဘျ
|Nintalp'''i'''
နိန်တလ်ပိ
|Nintalp'''evya'''
နိန်တလ်ပဲဘျ
|-
|'''Instrumental'''
| -aun
-အီန်
| -aus
-အီသ်
|Nintalp'''aun'''
နိန်တလ်ပီန်
|Nintalp'''aus'''
နိန်တလ်ပီသ်
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Mitaveş (Consonant stems) Example: Dazkhät ဒဓ်ခႄတ် "Cotton"
! rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Layout
! colspan="2" |Example
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|'''Intransitive'''
| -X
| -es
-အဲသ်
|Dazkhät
ဒဓ်ခႄတ်
|Dazkhät'''es'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတဲသ်
|-
|'''Ergative'''
| -ne
-နဲ
| -nes
-နဲသ်
|Dazkhät'''ne'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတ်နဲ
|Dazkhät'''nes'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတ်နဲသ်
|-
|'''Accusative'''
| -em
-အဲမ်
| -ya
-ယ
|Dazkhät'''em'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတဲမ်
|Dazkhät'''ya'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတ်ယ
|-
|'''Genitive'''
| -ae
-အယ်
| -yum
-ယုမ်
|Dazkhät'''ae'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတယ်
|Dazkhät'''yum'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတ်ယုမ်
|-
|'''Dative'''
| -ye
-ယဲ
| -we
-ဝဲ
|Dazkhät'''ye'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတ်ယဲ
|Dazkhät'''we'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတ်ဝဲ
|-
|'''Ablative'''
| -i
-အိ
| -u
-အု
|Dazkhät'''i'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတိ
|Dazkhät'''u'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတု
|-
|'''Locative'''
| -e
-အဲ
| -o
-အး
|Dazkhät'''e'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတဲ
|Dazkhät'''o'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတး
|-
|'''Instrumental'''
| -ai
-အေ
| -au
-အီ
|Dazkhät'''ai'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတေ
|Dazkhät'''au'''
ဒဓ်ခႄတီ
|}

===Verbs===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
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==Example texts==
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[[Category:Akhyan]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]