View source for Ndongan

{{Classmeter
|Name = Ndongan
|NativeName = Кѣязик Ндоҥске
|Type = Fusional
|Alignment = Nominative–accusative
|Head = 
|Tonal = no
|Declined = yes
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 12
|NCase = yes
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = no

|Phonology=90
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=100
|VerbVoice=100
|AdjCase=0
|AdjNumber=50
|AdjDef=0
|AdjComparative=0
|AdjSuperlative=0
|AdjGen=0
|Supine=0
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=100
|Words=50

|adjective = initial
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= mixed
|relativeclause = mixed
|nounclause = initial
|order = SVO
}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Ndongan
| nativename = {{dict|Кѣязик Ндоҥске|language=Ndongan}}
| pronunciation = kʲɘjɶzik ⁿdɔŋskʲe
| familycolor = indo-european
| fam2 = [[:w:Centum and satem languages|Satem]]
| fam3 = [[:w:Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| fam4 = [[:w:Proto-Slavic language|Slavic]]
|fam5=[[:w:Old East Slavic|Old East Slavic]]
|fam6=[[:w:Russian language|Imperial Russian]]
|fam7=[[:w:Afro-Russian|Afro-Russian]]
| creator = [[User:Учхљёная|Elliott Wheeler]]
| script = Cyrl
| setting = [[Verse:L′ywai!|L′ywai!]]
| nation = [[Verse:L′ywai!/Ndonga|Ndonga]] ([[:w:Angola|Angola]]), [[Verse:L′ywai!/Chornarus|Chornarus]] ([[:w:Namibia|Namibia]]), [[Verse:L′ywai!/Mozambique|Mozambique]]
| region = (Former) [[Verse:L′ywai!/Russian Africa|Russian Africa]], [[:w:Southern Africa|Southern Africa]]
| clcr = qrq
| speakers = 35.6 million
| date = 12016
| ethnicity = Ndongans, [[Verse:L′ywai!/Russian Africa#African-Russians|African-Russians]]
}}
'''Ndongan''' (''Кѣязик Ндоҥске'', tr. {{#invoke:Transliterator|qrqcyrl|Кѣязик Ндоҥске}}), in the [[Verse:L′ywai!|universe of the play ''L′ywai! (Лѣвай!)'']] by Elliott Wheeler, is an East Slavic creole, which evolved from the [[:w:History of the Russian language#Empire (18th-19th centuries)|Imperial Russian language]] and its pidgin form in Southern Africa via heavy influence from the [[:w:Kikongo language|Kikongo]] and [[:w:Kimbundu language|Kimbundu language]]s. Being an official language in [[Verse:L′ywai!/Ndonga|Ndonga]], [[Verse:L′ywai!/Chornarus|Chornarus]], and [[Verse:L′ywai!/Mozambique|Mozambique]], the language is and continues to be of particular importance to the peoples of former [[Verse:L′ywai!/Russian Africa|Russian Africa]], acting mainly as a lingua-franca analogous to Afrikaans, and functioned as a semi-code talk of the Red Army and other revolutionary groups during the Civil war.

As of [[:w:2016|the year 12016]], the language has 35.6 million speakers (native & non-native) and counting, making it one of the largest creole languages in the word. The majority of the speakers of the language are of Ndongan or [[Verse:L′ywai!/Russian Africa#African-Russians|African-Russian]] ethnicity distributed widely across southern Africa, with the number of African-Russians who have adopted the language (over their native Russian) has increased significantly in recent years after the [[:w:Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and subsequent de-Russification movement in response to the growth of [[:w:Reactionary|reactionary politics]] in Russia.
==Geographic distribution==
==Dialects==
===Chowa dialect===
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class=bluetable style=text-align:center
|+Ndongan consonant phonemes
|-
!rowspan=2 colspan=3|
!colspan=2|[[:w:Labial consonants|Labial]]
!rowspan=2|[[:w:Alveolar consonants|Alveolar]]
!colspan=2|[[:w:Retroflex consonants|Retroflex/Palatal]]
!colspan=2|[[:w:Velar consonants|Velar]]
|-
!{{small|hard}}
!{{small|soft}}
!{{small|hard}}
!{{small|soft}}
!{{small|hard}}
!{{small|soft}}
|-
!colspan=3|[[:w:Nasal consonants|Nasal]]
|{{IPA|m}} (м)
|{{IPA|mʲ}} (мь)
|colspan=2|{{IPA|n}} (н)
|{{IPA|nʲ}} (нь)
|{{IPA|ŋ}} (ҥ)
|
|-
!rowspan=4|[[:w:Plosive|Plosive]]
!rowspan=2|[[:w:Voiceless consonants|Voiceless]]
!{{small|plain}}
|{{IPA|p}} (п)
|{{IPA|pʲ}} (пь)
|{{IPA|t}} (т)
|
|
|{{IPA|k}} (к)
|{{IPA|kʲ}} (кь)
|-
!{{small|[[:w:Prenasalized consonants|prenasalized]]}}
|{{IPA|ᵐp}} (мп)
|{{IPA|ᵐpʲ}} (мпь)
|{{IPA|ⁿt}} (нт)
|
|
|{{IPA|ᵑk}} (ҥк)
|{{IPA|ᵑkʲ}} (ҥкь)
|-
!rowspan=2|[[:w:Voiced consonants|Voiced]]
!{{small|plain}}
|{{IPA|b}} (б)
|{{IPA|bʲ}} (бь)
|{{IPA|d}} (д)
|
|
|{{IPA|g}} (г)
|{{IPA|gʲ}} (гь)
|-
!{{small|prenasalized}}
|{{IPA|ᵐb}} (мб)
|{{IPA|ᵐbʲ}} (мбь)
|{{IPA|ⁿd}} (нд)
|
|
|{{IPA|ᵑg}} (ҥг)
|{{IPA|ᵑgʲ}} (ҥгь)
|-
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[:w:Affricate|Affricate]]
!{{small|plain}}
|
|
|{{IPA|t͡s}} (ц)
|{{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}} (ч)
|{{IPA|t͡ʃ}} (чь,ць)
|{{IPA|k͡x}} (кх)
|
|-
!{{small|prenasalized}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ⁿt͡s}} (нц)
|{{IPA|ⁿʈ͡ʂ}} (нч)
|{{IPA|ⁿt͡ʃ}} (нчь,нць)
|{{IPA|ᵑk͡x}} (ҥкх)
|
|-
!rowspan=4|[[:w:Fricative|Fricative]]
!rowspan=2|Voiceless
!{{small|plain}}
|{{IPA|f}} (ф)
|{{IPA|fʲ}} (фь)
|{{IPA|s}} (с)
|{{IPA|ʂ}} (ш)
|{{IPA|ʃ}} (шь)
|{{IPA|x}} (х)
|{{IPA|xʲ}} (хь)
|-
!{{small|prenasalized}}
|{{IPA|ᵐf}} (мф)
|{{IPA|ᵐfʲ}} (мфь)
|{{IPA|ⁿs}} (нс)
|{{IPA|ⁿʂ}} (нш)
|{{IPA|ⁿʃ}} (ншь)
|{{IPA|ᵑx}} (ҥх)
|{{IPA|ᵑxʲ}} (ҥхь)
|-
!rowspan=2|Voiced
!{{small|plain}}
|
|
|{{IPA|z}} (з)
|{{IPA|ʐ}} (ж)
|{{IPA|ʒ}} (жь)
|
|
|-
!{{small|prenasalized}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ⁿz}} (нз)
|{{IPA|ⁿʐ}} (нж)
|{{IPA|ⁿʒ}} (нжь)
|
|
|-
!colspan=3|[[:w:Approximant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA|w}} (в)
|{{IPA|wʲ~ɥ}} (вь)
|{{IPA|lʲ}} (ль)
|{{IPA|ɭ}} (л)
|{{IPA|j}} (й)
|
|
|}
===Vowels===
{| class=bluetable style=text-align:center
|+Ndongan vowel phonemes
|-
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|[[:w:Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan=2|[[:w:Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan=2|[[:w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!{{small|hard}}
!{{small|soft}}
!{{small|hard}}
!{{small|soft}}
!{{small|hard}}
!{{small|soft}}
|-
![[:w:Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA|i}} (и)
|{{IPA|ʲi}} (і)
|rowspan=3|{{IPA|ɘ}} (ы)
|rowspan=3|{{IPA|ʲɘ}} (ѣ)
|{{IPA|u}} (у)
|{{IPA|ʲu}} (ю)
|-
!rowspan=2|[[:w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
|rowspan=2|{{IPA|e}} (э)
|rowspan=2|{{IPA|ʲe}} (е)

|{{IPA|o}} (о)
|rowspan=2|{{IPA|ʲɔ}} (ё/ө)
|-
|{{IPA|ɔ}} (о)
|-
![[:w:Open vowel|Open]]
|colspan=2|
|{{IPA|ɶ}} (а)
|{{IPA|ʲɶ}} (я)
|colspan=2|
|}
===Non-phonemic aspiration===
===Prosody===
===Phonotactics===
==Morphology==
===Gender===
===Noun declension===
===Adjectives===
===Conjugation===
====1st conjugation====
{{Qrq-v-1|c=1}}
====2nd conjugation====
{{Qrq-v-2|c=1}}
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
Similar to Russian and other Slavic languages, the language largely doesn't have an absolutely rigid constituent order due to heavy inflection. Rather, the basic order tends to most often be similar to subject-verb-object-compliment (SVOC), following after Portuguese as well.

Again similar to Russian, alternate word orders can be used to express logical stress and degree of definiteness, where phrases placed nearer to the beginning having a hiğer amount of emphasis in the sentence.

===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
==Example texts==
{{:Ndongan/Leipzig-Jakarta}}
===Chemistry===
{{Chemistry
|language=Ndongan
|nativetitle=
|H=
|He=
|Li=
|Be=
|B=
|C=
|N=
|O=
|F=
|Ne=
|Na=
|Mg=
|Al=
|Si=силицыв
|P=
|S=
|Cl=
|Ar=
|K=
|Ca=
|Sc=
|Ti=
|V=
|Cr=
|Mn=
|Co=
|Fe=цѣлезо
|Ni=
|Cu=мѣці
|Zn=
|Ga=
|Ge=экасилицыв
|As=
|Se=
|Br=
|Kr=
|Rb=
|Sr=
|Y=
|Zr=
|Nb=
|Mo=
|Tc=
|Ru=
|Rh=
|Pd=
|Ag=
|Cd=
|In=
|Sn=олыво
|Sb=
|Te=
|I=
|Xe=
|Cs=
|Ba=
|La=
|Ce=
|Pr=
|Nd=
|Pm=
|Sm=
|Eu=
|Gd=
|Tb=
|Dy=
|Ho=
|Er=
|Tm=
|Yb=
|Lu=
|Hf=
|Ta=
|W=
|Re=
|Os=
|Ir=
|Pt=
|Au=нзлата
|Hg=
|Tl=
|Pb=свінец
|Bi=
|Po=
|At=
|Rn=
|Fr=
|Ra=
|Ac=
|Th=
|Pa=
|U=
|Np=
|Pu=
|Am=
|Cm=
|Bk=
|Cf=
|Es=
|Fm=
|Md=
|No=
|Lr=
|Rf=
|Db=
|Sg=
|Bh=
|Hs=
|Mt=
|Ds=
|Rg=
|Cn=
|Nh=
|Fl=
|Mc=
|Lv=
|Ts=
|Og=
}}

==Other resources==

[[Category:Ndongan]]
[[Category:Conlangs by Elliott Wheeler]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Slavic languages]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Nominative-accusative languages]]
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:L′ywai! universe]]