Aquatiki: /* References */ typo

2024-03-31T00:29:57Z

References: typo

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	{{Aquatiki}}		{{Aquatiki}}

	[[Category:Austronesian Hebrew]]		[[Category:Austronesian Hebrew]]

Aquatiki: /* References */ tagging

2024-03-31T00:29:33Z

References: tagging

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	<references />		<references />
			{{Aquatiki}}
	[[Category:Austronesian Hebrew]]		[[Category:Austronesian Hebrew]]

Sware: /* Weakness */AWB, replaced: {{C| → {{term| (5)

2021-04-26T13:57:10Z

Weakness: AWB, replaced: {{C| → {{term| (5)

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:57, 26 April 2021
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	The paradigm III-q verb is {{C\|ŋalāqa}}, II-q is		The paradigm III-q verb is {{term\|ŋalāqa}}, II-q is

	The paradigm III-a verb is {{C\|mācâ}}		The paradigm III-a verb is {{term\|mācâ}}

	The paradigm III-e verb is {{C\|ŋamē'a}}		The paradigm III-e verb is {{term\|ŋamē'a}}

	The paradigm III-y verb is {{C\|galî}}		The paradigm III-y verb is {{term\|galî}}

	The paradigm III-w verb is {{C\|ŋalow}}		The paradigm III-w verb is {{term\|ŋalow}}

	The paradigm III-r(e) verb is		The paradigm III-r(e) verb is

Aquatiki: Created page with "The confluence of the Semitic binyanim/aspect system and the Proto-Austonesian alignment/triggers is among the most labyrinthine combinations in the history of morphosyntactic..."

2018-12-22T20:48:39Z

Created page with "The confluence of the Semitic binyanim/aspect system and the Proto-Austonesian alignment/triggers is among the most labyrinthine combinations in the history of morphosyntactic..."

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The confluence of the Semitic binyanim/aspect system and the Proto-Austonesian alignment/triggers is among the most labyrinthine combinations in the history of morphosyntactic amalgamations. In the realm of phonaesthetics, PAH progressivelty capitulated to its surroundings. Here, however, it subsumed and appropriated new processes while maintaining ''all'' of its original syntax.

== History ==
=== PH ===
[[File:Binyanim.png|thumb|right|Hebrew system of voices}}
PH was a Nominative-Accusative language, favoring VSO 40% of the time. SVO occurred in 34% of cases, VOS 17%, OSV 5.3%, SOV 2.3%, and OSV 0.98%. Definite direct objects were marked with the preposition /eθ/. The enclitic, post-position location marker /ah/ was slowly giving way to the preposition /la/ and the relative clause marker /ʔaʃer/ was being replaced by the relative pronoun /ʃa+/. There was no tense ''per se''<ref>However, the qatal system does seem to have been only for the past tense, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=ijemxoeFvnUC Alleged Non-Past Uses of Qatal in Classical Hebrew], M.F. Rogland Ph.D dissertation</ref>, but a complex system of seven voices<ref>simple active/passive, intensive active/passive, causative active/passive, and reflexive</ref>, two aspects<ref>perfective and imperfect</ref>, four moods<ref>indicative, imperative/cohortative/jussive, infinitive construct, and participial</ref> and a binary system of reduplication<ref>an admittedly Austronesian way to discuss the infinitive absolute</ref>. Most of these could be conjugated for person, number, and gender.

Most Hebrew grammars deem stems to have expressed either the active or the passive voice. They are said to be either ‘simple’, ‘intensive’, or ‘causative’. The hitha’el is was the ‘causative reflexive’. However, the medio-passive role of the niphal and the shadowy remnants of a Qal-passive voice make some Semitologists conjecture a nine-part system of nine binyanim in the earliest stages of Hebrew development, not seven
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Reconstructed PH
|
! Simple || Intensive || Causative
|-
! Active
| pa'al || pi'el || hif'al
|-
! Middle
| nif'al || hitpa'el || šitpa'il<ref>unattested in the literature we have preserved from the ANE. Also known as "pa'il of šit".</ref>
|-
! Passive
| pu'il<ref>reconstructed in PH from such forms as אֻּכַל and יֻּתַן</ref> || pu<nowiki>''</nowiki>al || hof'al
|}

=== PAn ===
PAn had the following proclitic case-markers: '''na''' for ergative, '''ta''' for accusative, and '''a''' for direct.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Reconstructed PAn Voice System
|
! Non-past || Past || Future || Dep. || Subjunct.
|-
! Actor
| «um» || «inum» || r(a)- -un || Ø || -a
|-
! Direct
| -en || «in» || r(a)- -en || -a || -ao
|-
! Local
| -an || «in»-an || r(a)- -an || -i || -ai
|-
! Instrum.
| i- || i- «in»-iu || r(a)- -un || -u || -au
|}
There were four voices: Actor, Direct-Passive, Local-Passive and Instrumental-Passive (also known as the Benefactive). This system moves from Nominative-Accusative (N-A) alignment, to Ergative-Absolutive (E-A) alignment and beyond via a system of ‘triggers’ on the verb. VSO word-order made this easier to comprehend in real-time.

N-A alignment (e.g., English) puts the subject of an intransitive verb (S) and the agent of a transitive verb (A) in the same case, called ‘nominative’. The object of a transitive verb (O) is in a second case, called ‘accusative’. E-A treats A as its own case (‘ergative’) but S and O as the same case (‘absolutive’). Austronesian morphosyntactic alignment introduces two more terms to the matrix: a location of the action (L) and an instrument or beneficiary of the action (I). The system of triggers indicate which element will be in the ‘direct’ case (D). Other elements revert to their original cases. In the Local and Instrumental, S cannot be stated.

== Stems ==
Within a short time of their involuntary journey to Southeast Asia, the ancient Semitic peoples had come to see their various “stems” differently, because of their environment.

Repeated patterns are marked, but are most often distinguished by ablaut.
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Perfective
| #
| g
! Sing.
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1 || c.
| ŊaLaM''ti''
| ŊaLaM''nay''
| ŊaLaM''nu''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2
! m.
| {{Yes|ŊaLaM''ta''}}
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ŊaLaM''tum''
| ŊaLaM''tim''
|-
! f.
| ŊaLaM''at''
| ŊaLaM''tin''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3
! m.
| style="background:wheat;" | ŊaLaM''a''
| style="background:MediumTurquoise;" | ŊaLaM''ay''
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; background:limegreen" | ŊaLaMu
|-
! f.
| ŊaLaM''o''
| {{Yes|ŊaLaM''to''}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ non-past Imperfective
| #
| g
! Sing.
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1 || c.
| 'aŊLoMa
| niŊLoMu
| niŊLoMa
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2
! m.
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | tiŊLoMa
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | tiŊLoMāna
| tiŊLiMūna
|-
! f.
| tiŊLiMīna
| {{No|tiŊLoMna}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3
! m.
| yiŊLoMa
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | yiŊLoMāni
| yiŊLiMūna
|-
! f.
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | tiŊLoMa
| {{No|tiŊLoMna}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Contemplative/Jussive
| #
| g
! Sing.
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1 || c.
| 'aŊLoM
| colspan="2" align="center" | niŊLoM
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2
! m.
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | tiŊLoM
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | tiŊLoMan
| tiŊLīMun
|-
! f.
| tiŊLīMin
| {{No|tiŊLoMna}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3
! m.
| yiŊLoM
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | yiŊLoMan
| yiŊLīMun
|-
! f.
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | tiŊLoM
| {{No|tiŊLoMna}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Cohortative and Imperative
| #
| g
! Sing.
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1 || c.
| aŊLoMā
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | niŊLoMā
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2
! m.
| style="background:wheat;" | ŊiLoM(ā)
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; background:MediumTurquoise;" | ŊiLoMān
| style="background:limegreen;" | ŊiLMū
|-
! f.
| ŊiLiMī
| ŊiLoMnā
|}

 

{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Durative
| #
| g
! Sing.
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1 || c.
| weŊŊaLāM''ti''
| weŊŊaLāM''nay''
| weŊŊaLāM''nu''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2
! m.
| {{Yes|weŊŊaLāM''ta''}}
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | weŊŊaLāM''tum''
| weŊŊaLāM''tim''
|-
! f.
| weŊŊaLāM''at''
| weŊŊaLāM''tin''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3
! m.
| style="background:wheat;" | weŊŊaLāM''a''
| style="background:MediumTurquoise;" | weŊŊaLāM''ay''
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; background:limegreen" | weŊŊaLāMu
|-
! f.
| weŊŊaLāM''o''
| {{Yes|weŊŊaLāM''to''}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Preterite
| #
| g
! Sing.
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1 || c.
| wāŊLoM
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | wanniŊLoM
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2
! m.
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | wattiŊLoM
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | wattiŊLoMan
| wattiŊLīMu
|-
! f.
| wattiŊLīMi
| style="background: orchid;" | wattiŊLoMa
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3
! m.
| wayyiŊLoM
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | wayyiŊLoMan
| wayyiŊLīMu
|-
! f.
| style="background: mediumorchid;" | wattiŊLoM
| style="background: orchid;" | wayyiŊLoMa
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Participle
| g
! Sing.
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! M
| ŊoLēMu
| ŊoLMāmi
| ŊoLMūma
|-
! F
| ŊoLēMatu
| ŊoLMatomi
| ŊoLMotu
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Infinitive
! Absolute
! Construct
|-
| ŊaLoMu
| ŊiLoMa
|}

 
The Narrative Past Imperfective is most often referred to by the old Hebrew name, the ''wayyiqtol''. Participles follow the predicable -u/-atu normal ending pattern. Infinitives are sometimes the same as participles, but usually are distinguish by ablaut.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left"
|+ Form
| Stem
! Actor
! Object
! Goal
! Local
! Reflex.
|-
! Simple
| G
| U
| N
| tG
| Gt
|-
! Intens.
| D
| E
| Dn
| tD
| Dt
|-
! Caus.
| Š
| O
| Šn
| tŠ
| Št
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left"
|+ Form
| Stem
! Act.
! Obj.
! Goal
! Local
! Reflex.
|-
! Simple
| ŊaLaMu
| ŊuLāMu
| niŊLāMu
| tiŊLāMu
| ŊitLāMu
|-
! Intensive
| ŊiLLēMu
| ŊuLLēMu
| 'iŊŊaLLēMu
| tiŊaLLēMu
| ŊiteLLēMu
|-
! Causative
| hiŊLīMu
| huŊLīMu
| hiŊŊaLīMu
| hitŊaLīMu
| hiŊteLīMu
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left"
|+ Old Hebrew Names
| Stem
! Act.
! Obj.
! Goal
! Local
! Reflex.
|-
! Simple
| Qal
| Qal Passive
| Niphal
| -
| -
|-
! Intensive
| Piel
| Pual
| -
| -
| -
|-
! Caus.
| Hiphal
| Hophal
| -
| Hitpael?
| -
|}
 

== Weakness ==
When one of the tri-consonantal roots is a "gutteral" (i.e. 𑀙/q, 𑀛/h, 𑀅/a, 𑀞/e, and sometimes 𑀭/r) or a "glide" (i.e. 𑀬/y or 𑀯/w), it will substantially change the conjugation paradigm of a verb. The PAH scribes felt they had to preserve the root letters, so there are five letters which may function solely as ''mater lectionis''. They are indicated in the transcription with a parenthetic letter:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Colored Consonants
|
! q || h || a || e || y || w || r
|-
! ø-colored
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! a-colored
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
! e-colored
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|-
! coda
| {{No}}
| mmm
| mmm
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! gem.
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|}

The paradigm III-q verb is {{C|ŋalāqa}}, II-q is

The paradigm III-a verb is {{C|mācâ}}

The paradigm III-e verb is {{C|ŋamē'a}}

The paradigm III-y verb is {{C|galî}}

The paradigm III-w verb is {{C|ŋalow}}

The paradigm III-r(e) verb is

There is no paradigm for III-r because III never gets geminated, so it is entirely normal.

== References ==

<references />
[[Category:Austronesian Hebrew]]

Austronesian Hebrew/Verbs - Revision history

Aquatiki: /* References */ typo

Aquatiki: /* References */ tagging

Sware: /* Weakness */AWB, replaced: {{C| → {{term| (5)

Aquatiki: Created page with "The confluence of the Semitic binyanim/aspect system and the Proto-Austonesian alignment/triggers is among the most labyrinthine combinations in the history of morphosyntactic..."