Avendonian - Revision history

Sware: /* North Adriatic dialect */

2025-01-25T00:18:00Z

North Adriatic dialect

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:18, 25 January 2025
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	{{Col-begin}}		{{Col-begin}}
	{{col-n\|2}}		{{col-n\|2}}
	: '''{{term\|alico}}''' (“alike, similar”), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{mn\|gem-pro\|galīkaz\|gal'''ī'''kaz~~\|name=0~~}} → {{IPA\|[a.ˈli˩˥.ko˧]}}		: '''{{term\|alico}}''' (“alike, similar”), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{l\|gem-pro\|galīkaz\|gal'''ī'''kaz}} → {{IPA\|[a.ˈli˩˥.ko˧]}}
	{{col-n\|2}}		{{col-n\|2}}
	: '''{{term\|stulo}}''' (“chair”), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{mn\|gem-pro\|stōlaz\|st'''ō'''laz~~\|name=0~~}} → {{IPA\|[ˈstu˩˥.lo˧]}}		: '''{{term\|stulo}}''' (“chair”), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{l\|gem-pro\|stōlaz\|st'''ō'''laz}} → {{IPA\|[ˈstu˩˥.lo˧]}}
	{{Col-end}}		{{Col-end}}
	{{Col-begin}}		{{Col-begin}}
	{{col-n\|2}}		{{col-n\|2}}
	: '''{{term\|uvilo#Adjective\|uvilo}}''' (“evil”, adj.), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{mn\|gem-pro\|*ubilaz~~\|name=0~~}} → {{IPA\|[u.ˈvi˨˩.lo]}}		: '''{{term\|uvilo#Adjective\|uvilo}}''' (“evil”, adj.), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{l\|gem-pro\|*ubilaz}} → {{IPA\|[u.ˈvi˨˩.lo]}}
	{{col-n\|2}}		{{col-n\|2}}
	: '''{{term\|fadre}}''' (“father”), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{mn\|gem-pro\|*fadēr~~\|name=0~~}} → {{IPA\|[ˈfa˨˩.dre]}}		: '''{{term\|fadre}}''' (“father”), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{l\|gem-pro\|*fadēr}} → {{IPA\|[ˈfa˨˩.dre]}}
	{{Col-end}}		{{Col-end}}
	This feature is also somewhat present in northeastern and non-standard Central Avendonian.		This feature is also somewhat present in northeastern and non-standard Central Avendonian.

Flamatt1: Cleared up some confusion about phonemic status. Mainly, [t͡s] is not a phoneme, but an allophone of /t/. Also, the palatalization before front vowels is not an allophonic process, at least for /k/ (how else could you have /ke/ in loanwords?). The flap is an allophone of /r/. Since stress is not phonemic (and since there are nonsyllabic vowels and t͡s in the examples), I also replaced the phonemic dashes in that section.

2024-09-16T16:16:57Z

Cleared up some confusion about phonemic status. Mainly, [t͡s] is not a phoneme, but an allophone of /t/. Also, the palatalization before front vowels is not an allophonic process, at least for /k/ (how else could you have /ke/ in loanwords?). The flap is an allophone of /r/. Since stress is not phonemic (and since there are nonsyllabic vowels and t͡s in the examples), I also replaced the phonemic dashes in that section.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:16, 16 September 2024
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	The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography\|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography\|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography\|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are:		The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography\|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography\|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography\|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are:
	* The letters '''c''' and '''g''' make the sound /{{IPA\|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA\|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by '''e''' or '''i'''. Examples: '''{{term\|cicare}}''' /{{IPA\|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''{{term\|geldo}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/.		* The letters '''c''' and '''g''' make the sound /{{IPA\|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA\|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by '''e''' or '''i'''. Examples: '''{{term\|cicare}}''' /{{IPA\|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''{{term\|geldo}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/.
	* '''t''' in the combination '''ti''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|t͡s}}/. Example: '''{{term\|tite}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈt͡site}}/.		* '''t''' in the combination '''ti''' makes the sound [{{IPA\|t͡s}}]. Example: '''{{term\|tite}}''' [{{IPA\|ˈt͡site}}].
	* The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term\|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA\|ɲaˈgare}}/.		* The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term\|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA\|ɲaˈgare}}/.
	* '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially ~~turns into~~ the semivowel /{{IPA\|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term\|iaro}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term\|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA\|bluˈjare}}/.		* '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially represents the semivowel /{{IPA\|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term\|iaro}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term\|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA\|bluˈjare}}/.
	* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)\|digraph]] '''sc''' before [[w:front vowel\|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA\|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term\|sciio}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈʃijo}}/.		* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)\|digraph]] '''sc''' before [[w:front vowel\|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA\|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term\|sciio}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈʃijo}}/.
	* The digraph '''ch''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword\|loanword]]s.		* The digraph '''ch''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword\|loanword]]s.
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	! [[w:Affricate consonant\|Affricate]]		! [[w:Affricate consonant\|Affricate]]
	\| colspan="2" \|		\| colspan="2" \|
	~~\| style="border-right: 0;" \| [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate\|t͡s]] \|\| style="border-left: 0;" \|~~
	\| style="border-right: 0;" \| [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate\|t͡ʃ]] \|\| style="border-left: 0;" \| [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate\|d͡ʒ]]		\| style="border-right: 0;" \| [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate\|t͡ʃ]] \|\| style="border-left: 0;" \| [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate\|d͡ʒ]]
	\| colspan="2" \|		\| colspan="2" \|
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	\| colspan="2" \|		\| colspan="2" \|
	\| style="border-right: 0;" \| \|\| style="border-left: 0;" \| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill\|r]]		\| style="border-right: 0;" \| \|\| style="border-left: 0;" \| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill\|r]]
	~~\| colspan="2" \|~~
	~~\| colspan="2" \|~~
	\|-
	~~! [[w:Flap consonant\|Flap]]~~
	~~\| colspan="2" \|~~
	~~\| style="border-right: 0;" \| \|\| style="border-left: 0;" \| ([[w:Voiced alveolar tap\|ɾ]])~~
	\| colspan="2" \|		\| colspan="2" \|
	\| colspan="2" \|		\| colspan="2" \|
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	Notes:		Notes:
	* As stated in [[#Orthography\|§Orthography]], /{{IPA\|k, g, sk}}/ ~~palatalize~~ to /{{IPA\|t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ}}/ before front vowels /{{IPA\|i, e}}/.		* As stated in [[#Orthography\|§Orthography]], earlier /{{IPA\|k, g, sk}}/ have palatalized to /{{IPA\|t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ}}/ before front vowels /{{IPA\|i, e}}/.
	* When followed or preceded by a vowel but not word-initially, /{{IPA\|i}}/ shortens and forms a diphthong with the adjacent vowel. Examples: '''{{term\|sigie}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈsid͡ʒi̯e}}/, '''{{term\|perstelitio}}''' /{{IPA\|persteˈlit͡si̯o}}/.		* When followed or preceded by a vowel but not word-initially, /{{IPA\|i}}/ shortens and forms a diphthong with the adjacent vowel. Examples: '''{{term\|sigie}}''' [{{IPA\|ˈsid͡ʒi̯e}}], '''{{term\|perstelitio}}''' [{{IPA\|persteˈlit͡si̯o}}].
	* [{{IPA\|ɾ}}] is a permissible allophone of /{{IPA\|r}}/ in fast speech.		* [{{IPA\|ɾ}}] is a permissible allophone of /{{IPA\|r}}/ in fast speech.
	* [{{IPA\|ŋ}}] is an allophone of /{{IPA\|n}}/ before velar stops /{{IPA\|k, g}}/, both intra- and intersyllabically, although the former can only happen in the [[#Burgundian dialects\|Low Burgundian dialect]].<br>Examples: '''{{term\|drincare}}''' /{{IPA\|driŋˈkare}}/, '''{{term\|anguste}}''' /{{IPA\|aŋˈguste}}/, Low Burgundian '''{{term\|clang}}''' /{{IPA\|klaŋg}}/ (standard '''{{term\|clango}}''').		* [{{IPA\|ŋ}}] is an allophone of /{{IPA\|n}}/ before velar stops /{{IPA\|k, g}}/, both intra- and intersyllabically, although the former can only happen in the [[#Burgundian dialects\|Low Burgundian dialect]].<br>Examples: '''{{term\|drincare}}''' [{{IPA\|driŋˈkare}}], '''{{term\|anguste}}''' [{{IPA\|aŋˈguste}}], Low Burgundian '''{{term\|clang}}''' [{{IPA\|klaŋg}}] (standard '''{{term\|clango}}''').

	===Vowels===		===Vowels===
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	===Prosody===		===Prosody===
	Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable.		Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable.
	: '''{{term\|spraca}}''' ({{sc\|spra}}‑ca) /{{IPA\|ˈspra.ka}}/, '''{{term\|ordo}}''' ({{sc\|or}}‑do) /{{IPA\|ˈor.do}}/, '''{{term\|bucaria}}''' (bu‑{{sc\|ca}}‑ria) /{{IPA\|buˈka.ri̯a}}/, etc.		: '''{{term\|spraca}}''' ({{sc\|spra}}‑ca) [{{IPA\|ˈspra.ka}}], '''{{term\|ordo}}''' ({{sc\|or}}‑do) [{{IPA\|ˈor.do}}], '''{{term\|bucaria}}''' (bu‑{{sc\|ca}}‑ria) [{{IPA\|buˈka.ri̯a}}], etc.
	Monosyllabic words like '''{{term\|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns:		Monosyllabic words like '''{{term\|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns:
	: '''{{term\|elpare}}-{{term\|te}}''', /{{IPA\|elˈpa.re‿te}}/ and not /{{IPA\|el.paˈre‿te}}/		: '''{{term\|elpare}}-{{term\|te}}''', [{{IPA\|elˈpa.re‿te}}] and not [{{IPA\|el.paˈre‿te}}]
	Longer words (four or more syllables) may receive secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress):		Longer words (four or more syllables) may receive secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress):
	: '''{{term\|sobgrundsporvego}}''' /{{IPA\|sobˌgrund.sporˈve.go}}/, '''{{term\|surstopitio}}''' /{{IPA\|ˌsur.stoˈpi.t͡si̯o}}/		: '''{{term\|sobgrundsporvego}}''' [{{IPA\|sobˌgrund.sporˈve.go}}], '''{{term\|surstopitio}}''' [{{IPA\|ˌsur.stoˈpi.t͡si̯o}}]

	==Grammar==		==Grammar==

Sware: /* Lord's Prayer */

2024-03-05T19:10:51Z

Lord's Prayer

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:10, 5 March 2024
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	{{Col-begin\|40%}}		{{Col-begin\|40%}}
	{{col-n\|2}}		{{col-n\|2}}
	:: Fadre nosde ci bis en el Celo,		<poem>
	:: elageto si el name tede;		Fadre nosde ci bis en el Celo,
	:: el cuningricio tede cume,		elageto si el name tede;
	:: Si dueto el vile tede		el cuningricio tede cume,
	:: en la Erda ca bi en el Celo.		Si dueto el vile tede
	:: Geva-nos, en eco dago, el broto dagico nosde,		en la Erda ca bi en el Celo.
	:: e pergeva-nos le sundie nosde,		Geva-nos, en eco dago, el broto dagico nosde,
	:: ca vi pergevamos si ce sunden contra nos;		e pergeva-nos le sundie nosde,
	:: e ne lede-nos en la persucitio,		ca vi pergevamos si ce sunden contra nos;
	:: sed defriie nos d'el uvilo.		e ne lede-nos en la persucitio,
	:: Amen.		sed defriie nos d'el uvilo.
			Amen.
			</poem>
	{{col-n\|2}}		{{col-n\|2}}
	<i>		<poem style="font-style: italic">
	:: Our Father, who art in heaven,		Our Father, who art in heaven,
	:: hallowed be thy name;		hallowed be thy name;
	:: thy kingdom come,		thy kingdom come,
	:: thy will be done		thy will be done
	:: on earth as it is in heaven.		on earth as it is in heaven.
	:: Give us this day our daily bread,		Give us this day our daily bread,
	:: and forgive us our sins,		and forgive us our sins,
	:: as we forgive those who sin against us;		as we forgive those who sin against us;
	:: and lead us not into temptation,		and lead us not into temptation,
	:: but deliver us from evil.		but deliver us from evil.
	:: Amen.		Amen.
	</i>		</poem>
	{{Col-end}}		{{Col-end}}

Sware: /* Lord's Prayer */

2024-03-05T19:09:04Z

Lord's Prayer

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:09, 5 March 2024
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	===Lord's Prayer===		===Lord's Prayer===
	{{Col-begin}}		{{Col-begin\|40%}}
	{{col-n\|2}}		{{col-n\|2}}
	:: Fadre nosde ci bis en el Celo,		:: Fadre nosde ci bis en el Celo,

Sware: /* sire, to be */

2024-03-02T23:15:05Z

sire, to be

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:15, 2 March 2024
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	Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion\|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given.		Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion\|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given.
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
	\|- style="background: #c8c8c8;"		\|-style="background: #c8c8c8; font-weight:bold"
	! colspan="2" \| tense !! colspan="6" \| forms !! etymology		\| colspan="2" \| tense \|\| colspan="6" \| forms \|\| etymology
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="2" \| infinitive		! colspan="2" \| infinitive

Sware: /* sire, to be */

2024-03-02T23:14:05Z

sire, to be

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:14, 2 March 2024
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	Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion\|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given.		Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion\|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given.
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
	\|-		\|- style="background: #c8c8c8;"
	~~! colspan="2"~~ style="background: #c8c8c8;" \| tense !! colspan="6" \| forms !! etymology		! colspan="2" \| tense !! colspan="6" \| forms !! etymology
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="2" \| infinitive		! colspan="2" \| infinitive

Sware: /* sire, to be */

2024-03-02T23:13:51Z

sire, to be

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:13, 2 March 2024
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	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="2" \| tense !! colspan="6" \| forms !! etymology		! colspan="2" style="background: #c8c8c8;" \| tense !! colspan="6" \| forms !! etymology
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="2" \| infinitive		! colspan="2" \| infinitive

Sware at 23:12, 2 March 2024

2024-03-02T23:12:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:12, 2 March 2024
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	* The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term\|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA\|ɲaˈgare}}/.		* The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term\|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA\|ɲaˈgare}}/.
	* '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /{{IPA\|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term\|iaro}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term\|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA\|bluˈjare}}/.		* '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /{{IPA\|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term\|iaro}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term\|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA\|bluˈjare}}/.
	* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)\|digraph]] '''sc'''}} before [[w:front vowel\|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA\|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term\|sciio}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈʃijo}}/.		* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)\|digraph]] '''sc''' before [[w:front vowel\|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA\|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term\|sciio}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈʃijo}}/.
	* The digraph '''ch'''}} makes the sound /{{IPA\|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword\|loanword]]s.		* The digraph '''ch''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword\|loanword]]s.

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==

Sware at 23:11, 2 March 2024

2024-03-02T23:11:31Z

Sware: /* Weak verbs */

2024-03-02T23:05:53Z

Weak verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:05, 2 March 2024
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	{\| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"		{\| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
	\| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" \|		\| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" \|
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:~~auto~~;"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%;"
	\|-		\|-
	\|+ class="nowrap" \| weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term\|ladare}}'' (“to load”)		\|+ class="nowrap" \| weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term\|ladare}}'' (“to load”)
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	\| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" \|		\| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" \|
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:~~auto~~;"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%;"
	\|-		\|-
	\|+ class="nowrap" \| weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term\|ladere}}'' (“to invite”)		\|+ class="nowrap" \| weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term\|ladere}}'' (“to invite”)

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:18, 25 January 2025
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	{{Col-begin}}		{{Col-begin}}
	{{col-n\|2}}		{{col-n\|2}}
	: '''{{term\|alico}}''' (“alike, similar”), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{mn\|gem-pro\|galīkaz\|gal'''ī'''kaz~~\|name=0~~}} → {{IPA\|[a.ˈli˩˥.ko˧]}}		: '''{{term\|alico}}''' (“alike, similar”), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{l\|gem-pro\|galīkaz\|gal'''ī'''kaz}} → {{IPA\|[a.ˈli˩˥.ko˧]}}
	{{col-n\|2}}		{{col-n\|2}}
	: '''{{term\|stulo}}''' (“chair”), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{mn\|gem-pro\|stōlaz\|st'''ō'''laz~~\|name=0~~}} → {{IPA\|[ˈstu˩˥.lo˧]}}		: '''{{term\|stulo}}''' (“chair”), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{l\|gem-pro\|stōlaz\|st'''ō'''laz}} → {{IPA\|[ˈstu˩˥.lo˧]}}
	{{Col-end}}		{{Col-end}}
	{{Col-begin}}		{{Col-begin}}
	{{col-n\|2}}		{{col-n\|2}}
	: '''{{term\|uvilo#Adjective\|uvilo}}''' (“evil”, adj.), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{mn\|gem-pro\|*ubilaz~~\|name=0~~}} → {{IPA\|[u.ˈvi˨˩.lo]}}		: '''{{term\|uvilo#Adjective\|uvilo}}''' (“evil”, adj.), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{l\|gem-pro\|*ubilaz}} → {{IPA\|[u.ˈvi˨˩.lo]}}
	{{col-n\|2}}		{{col-n\|2}}
	: '''{{term\|fadre}}''' (“father”), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{mn\|gem-pro\|*fadēr~~\|name=0~~}} → {{IPA\|[ˈfa˨˩.dre]}}		: '''{{term\|fadre}}''' (“father”), from {{Abbtip\|Proto-Germanic\|PGmc.}} {{l\|gem-pro\|*fadēr}} → {{IPA\|[ˈfa˨˩.dre]}}
	{{Col-end}}		{{Col-end}}
	This feature is also somewhat present in northeastern and non-standard Central Avendonian.		This feature is also somewhat present in northeastern and non-standard Central Avendonian.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:16, 16 September 2024
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	The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography\|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography\|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography\|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are:		The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography\|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography\|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography\|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are:
	* The letters '''c''' and '''g''' make the sound /{{IPA\|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA\|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by '''e''' or '''i'''. Examples: '''{{term\|cicare}}''' /{{IPA\|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''{{term\|geldo}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/.		* The letters '''c''' and '''g''' make the sound /{{IPA\|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA\|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by '''e''' or '''i'''. Examples: '''{{term\|cicare}}''' /{{IPA\|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''{{term\|geldo}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/.
	* '''t''' in the combination '''ti''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|t͡s}}/. Example: '''{{term\|tite}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈt͡site}}/.		* '''t''' in the combination '''ti''' makes the sound [{{IPA\|t͡s}}]. Example: '''{{term\|tite}}''' [{{IPA\|ˈt͡site}}].
	* The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term\|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA\|ɲaˈgare}}/.		* The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term\|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA\|ɲaˈgare}}/.
	* '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially ~~turns into~~ the semivowel /{{IPA\|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term\|iaro}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term\|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA\|bluˈjare}}/.		* '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially represents the semivowel /{{IPA\|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term\|iaro}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term\|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA\|bluˈjare}}/.
	* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)\|digraph]] '''sc''' before [[w:front vowel\|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA\|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term\|sciio}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈʃijo}}/.		* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)\|digraph]] '''sc''' before [[w:front vowel\|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA\|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term\|sciio}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈʃijo}}/.
	* The digraph '''ch''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword\|loanword]]s.		* The digraph '''ch''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword\|loanword]]s.
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	! [[w:Affricate consonant\|Affricate]]		! [[w:Affricate consonant\|Affricate]]
	\| colspan="2" \|		\| colspan="2" \|
	~~\| style="border-right: 0;" \| [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate\|t͡s]] \|\| style="border-left: 0;" \|~~
	\| style="border-right: 0;" \| [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate\|t͡ʃ]] \|\| style="border-left: 0;" \| [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate\|d͡ʒ]]		\| style="border-right: 0;" \| [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate\|t͡ʃ]] \|\| style="border-left: 0;" \| [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate\|d͡ʒ]]
	\| colspan="2" \|		\| colspan="2" \|
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	\| colspan="2" \|		\| colspan="2" \|
	\| style="border-right: 0;" \| \|\| style="border-left: 0;" \| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill\|r]]		\| style="border-right: 0;" \| \|\| style="border-left: 0;" \| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill\|r]]
	~~\| colspan="2" \|~~
	~~\| colspan="2" \|~~
	\|-
	~~! [[w:Flap consonant\|Flap]]~~
	~~\| colspan="2" \|~~
	~~\| style="border-right: 0;" \| \|\| style="border-left: 0;" \| ([[w:Voiced alveolar tap\|ɾ]])~~
	\| colspan="2" \|		\| colspan="2" \|
	\| colspan="2" \|		\| colspan="2" \|
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	Notes:		Notes:
	* As stated in [[#Orthography\|§Orthography]], /{{IPA\|k, g, sk}}/ ~~palatalize~~ to /{{IPA\|t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ}}/ before front vowels /{{IPA\|i, e}}/.		* As stated in [[#Orthography\|§Orthography]], earlier /{{IPA\|k, g, sk}}/ have palatalized to /{{IPA\|t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ}}/ before front vowels /{{IPA\|i, e}}/.
	* When followed or preceded by a vowel but not word-initially, /{{IPA\|i}}/ shortens and forms a diphthong with the adjacent vowel. Examples: '''{{term\|sigie}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈsid͡ʒi̯e}}/, '''{{term\|perstelitio}}''' /{{IPA\|persteˈlit͡si̯o}}/.		* When followed or preceded by a vowel but not word-initially, /{{IPA\|i}}/ shortens and forms a diphthong with the adjacent vowel. Examples: '''{{term\|sigie}}''' [{{IPA\|ˈsid͡ʒi̯e}}], '''{{term\|perstelitio}}''' [{{IPA\|persteˈlit͡si̯o}}].
	* [{{IPA\|ɾ}}] is a permissible allophone of /{{IPA\|r}}/ in fast speech.		* [{{IPA\|ɾ}}] is a permissible allophone of /{{IPA\|r}}/ in fast speech.
	* [{{IPA\|ŋ}}] is an allophone of /{{IPA\|n}}/ before velar stops /{{IPA\|k, g}}/, both intra- and intersyllabically, although the former can only happen in the [[#Burgundian dialects\|Low Burgundian dialect]].<br>Examples: '''{{term\|drincare}}''' /{{IPA\|driŋˈkare}}/, '''{{term\|anguste}}''' /{{IPA\|aŋˈguste}}/, Low Burgundian '''{{term\|clang}}''' /{{IPA\|klaŋg}}/ (standard '''{{term\|clango}}''').		* [{{IPA\|ŋ}}] is an allophone of /{{IPA\|n}}/ before velar stops /{{IPA\|k, g}}/, both intra- and intersyllabically, although the former can only happen in the [[#Burgundian dialects\|Low Burgundian dialect]].<br>Examples: '''{{term\|drincare}}''' [{{IPA\|driŋˈkare}}], '''{{term\|anguste}}''' [{{IPA\|aŋˈguste}}], Low Burgundian '''{{term\|clang}}''' [{{IPA\|klaŋg}}] (standard '''{{term\|clango}}''').

	===Vowels===		===Vowels===
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	===Prosody===		===Prosody===
	Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable.		Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable.
	: '''{{term\|spraca}}''' ({{sc\|spra}}‑ca) /{{IPA\|ˈspra.ka}}/, '''{{term\|ordo}}''' ({{sc\|or}}‑do) /{{IPA\|ˈor.do}}/, '''{{term\|bucaria}}''' (bu‑{{sc\|ca}}‑ria) /{{IPA\|buˈka.ri̯a}}/, etc.		: '''{{term\|spraca}}''' ({{sc\|spra}}‑ca) [{{IPA\|ˈspra.ka}}], '''{{term\|ordo}}''' ({{sc\|or}}‑do) [{{IPA\|ˈor.do}}], '''{{term\|bucaria}}''' (bu‑{{sc\|ca}}‑ria) [{{IPA\|buˈka.ri̯a}}], etc.
	Monosyllabic words like '''{{term\|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns:		Monosyllabic words like '''{{term\|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns:
	: '''{{term\|elpare}}-{{term\|te}}''', /{{IPA\|elˈpa.re‿te}}/ and not /{{IPA\|el.paˈre‿te}}/		: '''{{term\|elpare}}-{{term\|te}}''', [{{IPA\|elˈpa.re‿te}}] and not [{{IPA\|el.paˈre‿te}}]
	Longer words (four or more syllables) may receive secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress):		Longer words (four or more syllables) may receive secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress):
	: '''{{term\|sobgrundsporvego}}''' /{{IPA\|sobˌgrund.sporˈve.go}}/, '''{{term\|surstopitio}}''' /{{IPA\|ˌsur.stoˈpi.t͡si̯o}}/		: '''{{term\|sobgrundsporvego}}''' [{{IPA\|sobˌgrund.sporˈve.go}}], '''{{term\|surstopitio}}''' [{{IPA\|ˌsur.stoˈpi.t͡si̯o}}]

	==Grammar==		==Grammar==

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	* The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term\|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA\|ɲaˈgare}}/.		* The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term\|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA\|ɲaˈgare}}/.
	* '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /{{IPA\|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term\|iaro}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term\|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA\|bluˈjare}}/.		* '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /{{IPA\|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term\|iaro}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term\|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA\|bluˈjare}}/.
	* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)\|digraph]] '''sc'''}} before [[w:front vowel\|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA\|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term\|sciio}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈʃijo}}/.		* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)\|digraph]] '''sc''' before [[w:front vowel\|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA\|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term\|sciio}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈʃijo}}/.
	* The digraph '''ch'''}} makes the sound /{{IPA\|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword\|loanword]]s.		* The digraph '''ch''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword\|loanword]]s.

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:05, 2 March 2024
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	{\| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"		{\| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
	\| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" \|		\| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" \|
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:~~auto~~;"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%;"
	\|-		\|-
	\|+ class="nowrap" \| weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term\|ladare}}'' (“to load”)		\|+ class="nowrap" \| weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term\|ladare}}'' (“to load”)
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	\| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" \|		\| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" \|
	{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:~~auto~~;"		{\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%;"
	\|-		\|-
	\|+ class="nowrap" \| weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term\|ladere}}'' (“to invite”)		\|+ class="nowrap" \| weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term\|ladere}}'' (“to invite”)

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:11, 2 March 2024
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	The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography\|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography\|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography\|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are:		The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography\|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography\|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography\|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are:
	* The letters ~~{{angbr\|~~c}} and ~~{{angbr\|~~g}} make the sound /{{IPA\|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA\|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by ~~{{angbr\|~~e}} or ~~{{angbr\|~~i}}. Examples: '''{{term\|cicare}}''' /{{IPA\|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''{{term\|geldo}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/.		* The letters '''c''' and '''g''' make the sound /{{IPA\|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA\|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by '''e''' or '''i'''. Examples: '''{{term\|cicare}}''' /{{IPA\|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''{{term\|geldo}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/.
	* ~~{{angbr\|~~t}} in the combination ~~{{angbr\|~~ti}} makes the sound /{{IPA\|t͡s}}/. Example: '''{{term\|tite}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈt͡site}}/.		* '''t''' in the combination '''ti''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|t͡s}}/. Example: '''{{term\|tite}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈt͡site}}/.
	* The combination ~~{{angbr\|~~gn}} makes the sound /{{IPA\|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term\|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA\|ɲaˈgare}}/.		* The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA\|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term\|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA\|ɲaˈgare}}/.
	* ~~{{angbr\|~~i}} in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /{{IPA\|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term\|iaro}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term\|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA\|bluˈjare}}/.		* '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /{{IPA\|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term\|iaro}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term\|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA\|bluˈjare}}/.
	* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)\|digraph]] ~~{{angbr\|~~sc}} before [[w:front vowel\|front vowels]] (that is, ~~{{angbr\|~~i}} and ~~{{angbr\|~~e}}) makes the sound /{{IPA\|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term\|sciio}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈʃijo}}/.		* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)\|digraph]] '''sc'''}} before [[w:front vowel\|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA\|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term\|sciio}}''' /{{IPA\|ˈʃijo}}/.
	* The digraph ~~{{angbr\|~~ch}} makes the sound /{{IPA\|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword\|loanword]]s.		* The digraph '''ch'''}} makes the sound /{{IPA\|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword\|loanword]]s.

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
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	* The only difference between active and passive participles, present indicative, future, and conditional of each conjugation is the [[w:Thematic vowel#Latin\|thematic vowel]]. E.g. 2{{Abbtip\|singular number\|sg\|sc}} {{Abbtip\|present tense\|prs\|sc}} {{Abbtip\|indicative mood\|ind\|sc}} '''lad<u>a</u>s''' vs. '''lad<u>e</u>s'''.		* The only difference between active and passive participles, present indicative, future, and conditional of each conjugation is the [[w:Thematic vowel#Latin\|thematic vowel]]. E.g. 2{{Abbtip\|singular number\|sg\|sc}} {{Abbtip\|present tense\|prs\|sc}} {{Abbtip\|indicative mood\|ind\|sc}} '''lad<u>a</u>s''' vs. '''lad<u>e</u>s'''.
	* Perfect subjunctive forms are perfect indicative forms with a '''-se''' suffix.		* Perfect subjunctive forms are perfect indicative forms with a '''-se''' suffix.
	* If the thematic vowel is ~~{{angbr\|~~a}}, then the vowel in the present subjunctive endings is ~~{{angbr\|~~e}}, and vice versa.		* If the thematic vowel is '''-a-''', then the vowel in the present subjunctive endings is '''-e-''', and vice versa.
	* The personal endings in their most basic form are '''-Ø''', '''-s''', '''-Ø''', '''-mos''', '''-tes''', '''-n'''.		* The personal endings in their most basic form are '''-Ø''', '''-s''', '''-Ø''', '''-mos''', '''-tes''', '''-n'''.
	* Imperative forms are exactly as singular and plural third-person present indicative forms. Formal imperatives are formed similarly with present subjunctive forms.		* Imperative forms are exactly as singular and plural third-person present indicative forms. Formal imperatives are formed similarly with present subjunctive forms.
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	====Irregular verbs====		====Irregular verbs====
	Besides the copula, there are only two irregular verbs: '''{{term\|duere}}''' and '''{{term\|friiere}}'''—and [[w:Derivative (linguistics)\|derivatives]] thereof.		Besides the copula, there are only two irregular verbs: '''{{term\|duere}}''' and '''{{term\|friiere}}'''—and [[w:Derivative (linguistics)\|derivatives]] thereof.
	In the perfect tenses, '''duere''' uses ~~{{angbr\|~~v}} instead of the expected ~~{{angbr\|~~u}}: '''eo davi''', not ''eo daui'', '''tu davis''', not ''tu dauis'', etc.; '''eo davise''', '''tu davises''', etc.		In the perfect tenses, '''duere''' uses '''-v-''' instead of the expected '''-u-''': '''eo davi''', not ''eo daui'', '''tu davis''', not ''tu dauis'', etc.; '''eo davise''', '''tu davises''', etc.

	'''friiere''', on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected ''eo friiia'', ''tu friiias'', etc. is rendered as '''eo frigia''', '''tu frigias''', etc.		'''friiere''', on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected ''eo friiia'', ''tu friiias'', etc. is rendered as '''eo frigia''', '''tu frigias''', etc.
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	===Burgundian dialects===		===Burgundian dialects===
	Both Burgundian dialects feature historical diphthongs no longer extant in other dialects, where they merged with another vowel. [[w:Proto-Germanic language\|Proto-Germanic]] ''ō'', ''eu'' which gave ~~{{angbr\|~~u, i}} elsewhere, became ~~{{angbr\|~~uo, ie}} in the Burgundian dialects – for instance, '''{{term\|buoce}}''' and '''{{term\|friesare}}''' vs. central '''{{term\|buce}}''' and '''{{term\|frisare}}'''. They also share the presence of ~~{{angbr\|~~y}} /{{IPA\|y}}/, descended from earlier ''*iu''; '''{{term\|dydere}}''' (central '''{{term\|didere}}''').		Both Burgundian dialects feature historical diphthongs no longer extant in other dialects, where they merged with another vowel. [[w:Proto-Germanic language\|Proto-Germanic]] ''ō'', ''eu'' which gave '''u''', '''i''' elsewhere, became '''uo''', '''ie''' in the Burgundian dialects – for instance, '''{{term\|buoce}}''' and '''{{term\|friesare}}''' vs. central '''{{term\|buce}}''' and '''{{term\|frisare}}'''. They also share the presence of '''y''' /{{IPA\|y}}/, descended from earlier ''*iu''; '''{{term\|dydere}}''' (central '''{{term\|didere}}''').

	The [[:Category:High Burgundian dialect\|High Burgundian dialect]] ('''avendoniano ocburgundico''') features the {{Abbtip\|High German consonant shift\|HGCS}}. [[:Category:Low Burgundian dialect\|Low Burgundian]] ('''avendoniano lagburgundico''') does not. Instead, masculine o-stem nouns and regular adjectives drop their final '''-o''', except in those words whose Proto-Germanic ancestor stem ended in /{{IPA\|w}}/.		The [[:Category:High Burgundian dialect\|High Burgundian dialect]] ('''avendoniano ocburgundico''') features the {{Abbtip\|High German consonant shift\|HGCS}}. [[:Category:Low Burgundian dialect\|Low Burgundian]] ('''avendoniano lagburgundico''') does not. Instead, masculine o-stem nouns and regular adjectives drop their final '''-o''', except in those words whose Proto-Germanic ancestor stem ended in /{{IPA\|w}}/.