Balog - Revision history

Imralu: /* Morphology */

2023-10-18T07:52:17Z

Morphology

Imralu: /* Verbs */

2023-10-18T06:28:38Z

Verbs

Imralu: /* Subject Clitics */

2023-10-18T06:17:28Z

Subject Clitics

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:17, 18 October 2023
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	\|-		\|-
	! "Powerful" !! (A)		! "Powerful" !! (A)
	\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''u(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''uqu(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''uhu(:)-'''''</span> \|\|		\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''u(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''uqu(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''uhu(:)-'''''</span> \|\| —
	\|-		\|-
	! "Dominant" !! (B)		! "Dominant" !! (B)
	\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''a(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''aqa(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''aha(:)-'''''</span> \|\|		\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''a(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''aqa(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''aha(:)-'''''</span> \|\| —
	\|-		\|-
	! "Intermediate" !! (C)		! "Intermediate" !! (C)
	\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''o(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''oqo(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''oho(:)-'''''</span> \|\|		\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''o(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''oqo(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''oho(:)-'''''</span> \|\| —
	\|-		\|-
	! "Subordinate" !! (D)		! "Subordinate" !! (D)
	\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''e(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''eqe(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ehe(:)-'''''</span> \|\|		\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''e(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''eqe(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ehe(:)-'''''</span> \|\| —
	\|-		\|-
	! "Powerless" !! (E)		! "Powerless" !! (E)
	\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''i(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''iqi(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ihi(:)-'''''</span> \|\|		\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''i(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''iqi(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ihi(:)-'''''</span> \|\| —
	\|-		\|-
	! "Unknown, animate" !! (ANIM)		! "Unknown, animate" !! (ANIM)
	\| \|\| \|\| \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ü(:)-'''''</span>		\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ü(:)-'''''</span>
	\|-		\|-
	! "Unknown, inanimate" !! (INAN)		! "Unknown, inanimate" !! (INAN)
	\| \|\| \|\| \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ai(:)-'''''</span>		\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ai(:)-'''''</span>
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="6" \| <small>Propositions</small>		! colspan="6" \| <small>Propositions</small>
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	\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ä(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''äqä(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ähä(:)-'''''</span> \|\|		\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ä(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''äqä(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ähä(:)-'''''</span> \|\|
	\|}		\|}

			Due to the rarity of use of the ranked nonspecific subject clitics, which are chiefly replaced by the unranked, unknown subject clitics, the non-specific subject clitics, with /h/, are increasingly being used as allomorphs of the specific indefinite subject clitics with /ʔ/, being more frequently used in environments near another /ʔ/. For example, '''''luq eqeggitsag''''' 'a Balog's assistant is present' may also be pronounced as '''''luq eheggitsag''''' with no change in meaning. When speaking of the desire of a non-specific non-Balog man's presence, the unknown animate subject clitic will be used: '''''he luq eheggitsag''''' 'May a Balog's assistant be present.'

	=====Status=====		=====Status=====

Imralu: /* Subject Clitics */

2023-10-18T05:46:41Z

Subject Clitics

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:46, 18 October 2023
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	! colspan="2" \| Status (Gloss) !! Definite<br>Specific<br>(DEF) !! Indefinite<br>Specific<br>(SPEC)!! Indefinite<br>Non-Specific<br>(NSPC) !! Unrankable<br>Non-Specific		! colspan="2" \| Status (Gloss) !! Definite<br>Specific<br>(DEF) !! Indefinite<br>Specific<br>(SPEC)!! Indefinite<br>Non-Specific<br>(NSPC) !! Unrankable<br>Non-Specific
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="5" \| <small>Entities</small>		! colspan="6" \| <small>Entities</small>
	\|-		\|-
	! "Powerful" !! (A)		! "Powerful" !! (A)

Imralu: /* Subject Clitics */

2023-10-18T05:46:20Z

Subject Clitics

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:46, 18 October 2023
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	\|+ Subject Clitics		\|+ Subject Clitics
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="2" \| Status (Gloss) !! Definite<br>Specific<br>(DEF) !! Indefinite<br>Specific<br>(SPEC)!! Indefinite<br>Non-Specific<br>(NSPC)		! colspan="2" \| Status (Gloss) !! Definite<br>Specific<br>(DEF) !! Indefinite<br>Specific<br>(SPEC)!! Indefinite<br>Non-Specific<br>(NSPC) !! Unrankable<br>Non-Specific
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="5" \| <small>Entities</small>		! colspan="5" \| <small>Entities</small>
	\|-		\|-
	! "Powerful" !! (A)		! "Powerful" !! (A)
	\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''u(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''uqu(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''uhu(:)-'''''</span>		\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''u(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''uqu(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''uhu(:)-'''''</span> \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	! "Dominant" !! (B)		! "Dominant" !! (B)
	\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''a(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''aqa(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''aha(:)-'''''</span>		\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''a(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''aqa(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''aha(:)-'''''</span> \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	! "Intermediate" !! (C)		! "Intermediate" !! (C)
	\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''o(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''oqo(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''oho(:)-'''''</span>		\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''o(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''oqo(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''oho(:)-'''''</span> \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	! "Subordinate" !! (D)		! "Subordinate" !! (D)
	\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''e(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''eqe(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ehe(:)-'''''</span>		\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''e(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''eqe(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ehe(:)-'''''</span> \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	! "Powerless" !! (E)		! "Powerless" !! (E)
	\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''i(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''iqi(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ihi(:)-'''''</span>		\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''i(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''iqi(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ihi(:)-'''''</span> \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	! "Unknown, animate" !! (ANIM)		! "Unknown, animate" !! (ANIM)
	\| \|\| \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''eu(:)-'''''</span>		\| \|\| \|\| \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ü(:)-'''''</span>
	\|-		\|-
	! "Unknown, inanimate" !! (INAN)		! "Unknown, inanimate" !! (INAN)
	\| \|\| \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ei(:)-'''''</span>		\| \|\| \|\| \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ai(:)-'''''</span>
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="5" \| <small>Propositions</small>		! colspan="6" \| <small>Propositions</small>
	\|-		\|-
	! Propositional !! (P)		! Propositional !! (P)
	\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ä(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''äqä(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ähä(:)-'''''</span>		\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ä(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''äqä(:)-'''''</span> \|\| <span style="color:#0000FF">'''''ähä(:)-'''''</span> \|\|
	\|}		\|}

Imralu: /* Vowel Harmony */

2023-10-18T05:29:47Z

Vowel Harmony

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:29, 18 October 2023
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	Individual morphemes in Balog cannot contain both front-harmonic and back-harmonic vowels. Both sets can coexist with neutral vowels. The front harmonic vowels are relatively rare in Balog, with the majority of roots containing only back-harmonic and or neutral vowels.		Individual morphemes in Balog cannot contain both front-harmonic and back-harmonic vowels. Both sets can coexist with neutral vowels. The front harmonic vowels are relatively rare in Balog, with the majority of roots containing only back-harmonic and or neutral vowels.

	In the standard dialect of Tšqaigal, the hub of the Balog empire, vowel harmony spreads only to derivational affixes. For example, the causative infix '''''-uw-''''' becomes '''''-üw-'''''when added to front-harmonic words such as '''''däz''''' ('be an assertion/claim') → '''''düwäz'''''. In other dialects, front vowel harmony may spread from subject clitics, including the subordinator '''''ää=''''', onto roots, neutralising the difference between front-harmonic and back-harmonic roots in these positions. Back vowel harmony does not spread from clitics to roots.		In the standard dialect of Tšqaigal, the hub of the Balog empire, vowel harmony spreads only to derivational affixes. For example, the causative infix '''''-uw-''''' becomes '''''-üw-'''''when added to front-harmonic words such as '''''däz''''' ('be an assertion/claim') → '''''düwäz'''''. In other dialects, front vowel harmony may spread from subject clitics, including the subordinator '''''ää=''''', onto roots, neutralising the difference between front-harmonic and back-harmonic roots in these positions. Back vowel harmony does not spread from clitics to roots. Vowel harmony does not spread through compounding, except for some very old compound words.

			Front harmonic vowels are often associated with animateness, as in the minimal pair '''''maš''''' 'what' vs '''''mäš''''' 'who'.

	==Morphology==		==Morphology==

Imralu: /* Morphophonology */

2023-10-18T05:27:01Z

Morphophonology

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:27, 18 October 2023
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	For example, verb corresponding to the first person singular subject pronoun ("I") may be either '''''ž''''' or '''''žan'''''. Applying the b-ranked, definite subject nominal clitic ⫽aː⫽ results in '''''aaž''''' or '''''ažžan''''' respectively (both meaning 'I', with the latter being more emphatically singular, 'I and no one else'). The essive proclitic ⫽weː⫽ applied to '''''ž''''' or '''''žan''''' results in '''''weež''''' or '''''wežžan''''' respectively ('who is me') and the a sequence of essive ⫽weː⫽ and subordinate possessive ⫽niː⫽ applied to '''''ž''''' or '''''žan''''' results in '''''wenniiž''''' or '''''wennižžan''''' respectively ('my', 'which is mine').		For example, verb corresponding to the first person singular subject pronoun ("I") may be either '''''ž''''' or '''''žan'''''. Applying the b-ranked, definite subject nominal clitic ⫽aː⫽ results in '''''aaž''''' or '''''ažžan''''' respectively (both meaning 'I', with the latter being more emphatically singular, 'I and no one else'). The essive proclitic ⫽weː⫽ applied to '''''ž''''' or '''''žan''''' results in '''''weež''''' or '''''wežžan''''' respectively ('who is me') and the a sequence of essive ⫽weː⫽ and subordinate possessive ⫽niː⫽ applied to '''''ž''''' or '''''žan''''' results in '''''wenniiž''''' or '''''wennižžan''''' respectively ('my', 'which is mine').

			===Vowel Harmony===
			All of the eight monophthongs and eleven diphthongs can be assigned to a harmonic class. Only /i/, /e/ and /ei/ are neutral.

			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|-
			! !! Neutral!! Front-</br>Harmonic \|\| Back-</br>Harmonic
			\|-
			! High Monophthongs
			\| /i/ \|\| /y/ \|\| /u/
			\|-
			! Mid Monophthongs
			\| /e/ \|\| /ø/ \|\| /o/
			\|-
			! Low Monophthongs
			\| \|\| /æ/ \|\| /a/
			\|-
			! Mid Diphthongs to non-labial
			\| /ei/ \|\| /øi/ \|\| /oi/
			\|-
			! Mid Diphthongs non-labial to labial
			\| \|\| /ey/ \|\| /eu/
			\|-
			! Mid Diphthongs labial to labial
			\| \|\| /øy/ \|\| /ou/
			\|-
			! High diphthongs to non-labial
			\| \|\| /æi/ \|\| /ai/
			\|-
			! High diphthongs to labial
			\| \|\| /æy/ \|\| /au/
			\|-
			\|}

			Individual morphemes in Balog cannot contain both front-harmonic and back-harmonic vowels. Both sets can coexist with neutral vowels. The front harmonic vowels are relatively rare in Balog, with the majority of roots containing only back-harmonic and or neutral vowels.

			In the standard dialect of Tšqaigal, the hub of the Balog empire, vowel harmony spreads only to derivational affixes. For example, the causative infix '''''-uw-''''' becomes '''''-üw-'''''when added to front-harmonic words such as '''''däz''''' ('be an assertion/claim') → '''''düwäz'''''. In other dialects, front vowel harmony may spread from subject clitics, including the subordinator '''''ää=''''', onto roots, neutralising the difference between front-harmonic and back-harmonic roots in these positions. Back vowel harmony does not spread from clitics to roots.

	==Morphology==		==Morphology==

Imralu: /* Diphthongs */

2023-10-18T04:40:45Z

Diphthongs

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:40, 18 October 2023
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	====Diphthongs====		====Diphthongs====
	All mid and low vowels can begin falling diphthongs. The following sequences are diphthongs: /ai au æi æy ei eu ey ou oi øy øi/. All other vowel combinations will be separated by a consonant, including the semivowels /w/ and /j/.		All mid and low vowels can begin falling diphthongs. The following sequences are diphthongs: /ai au æi æy ei eu ey oi ou øi øy/. All other vowel combinations will be separated by a consonant, including the semivowels /w/ and /j/.

	===Phonotactics===		===Phonotactics===

Imralu: /* Vowels */

2023-10-18T04:30:32Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:30, 18 October 2023
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~Header text~~ !! Front !! Front </br>Labialised \|\| Back \|\| Back </br>Labialised		! !! Front !! Front </br>Labialised \|\| Back \|\| Back </br>Labialised
	\|-		\|-
	! High		! High

Imralu: /* Vowels */

2023-10-18T04:28:37Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:28, 18 October 2023
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	The phonetic realisation of these vowels, especially the higher ones, is generally quite lax, hence the symbols < ɪ ʏ͍ ʊ͍ ɛ œ͍ ɔ͍ æ ɑ > have been used here to represent the phones. The symbols < i y u e ø o æ a > were chosen to represent the phonemes purely for ease of typing, although in all cases except that of /a/, the IPA value of each of these characters is well within the range of possible realisations. A pure [a] would be right on the edge of the ranges of /æ/ and /a/: with the most fronted pronunciations of /a/ being in the realm of [ä].		The phonetic realisation of these vowels, especially the higher ones, is generally quite lax, hence the symbols < ɪ ʏ͍ ʊ͍ ɛ œ͍ ɔ͍ æ ɑ > have been used here to represent the phones. The symbols < i y u e ø o æ a > were chosen to represent the phonemes purely for ease of typing, although in all cases except that of /a/, the IPA value of each of these characters is well within the range of possible realisations. A pure [a] would be right on the edge of the ranges of /æ/ and /a/: with the most fronted pronunciations of /a/ being in the realm of [ä].

			====Diphthongs====
			All mid and low vowels can begin falling diphthongs. The following sequences are diphthongs: /ai au æi æy ei eu ey ou oi øy øi/. All other vowel combinations will be separated by a consonant, including the semivowels /w/ and /j/.

	===Phonotactics===		===Phonotactics===

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:28, 18 October 2023
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	==Morphology==		==Morphology==
	===~~Verbs~~===		===Contentives (''Xam'')===
	There is only one class of content word in Balog. These form the equivalent of verbs, nouns, adjectives and pronouns in other languages. Words of this lexical category cannot be sorted into separate discrete classes of nouns, verbs etc. using syntax or morphology. With few exceptions, each ~~content word~~ exhibits complete bidirectional subject-predicate flexibility, meaning they can be used in predicates ("verbally") or ~~become nominalised~~ by a subject ~~marker~~ in order to be used ("nominally") as the subject of a clause without any irregular changes in form or meaning. This class of words in Balog is refered to as "~~verbs~~" ~~due to the simple fact that they can appear unmodified in a predicate but must be modified by a nominaliser in order to appear in subjects~~.		There is only one class of content word in Balog. These form the equivalent of verbs, nouns, adjectives and pronouns in other languages. Words of this lexical category cannot be sorted into separate discrete classes of nouns, verbs etc. using syntax or morphology. With few exceptions, each contentive exhibits complete bidirectional subject-predicate flexibility, meaning they can be used in predicates ("verbally") or be preceded by a subject clitic in order to be used ("nominally") as the subject of a clause without any irregular changes in form or meaning. This class of words in Balog is refered to as "contentives".

	This situation can distinguished from the extensive zero-derivation, such as that employed by English, whereby verbs and nouns can, with a fair degree of flexibility, change category. Zero derivation results in identical verbs and nouns whose meanings relate to one another in somewhat unpredictable ways. For instance, although, by definition, a '''spy''' ''spies'' and a '''stray''' ''strays'', it cannot be said that, by definition, a '''fish''' ''fishes'' or '''burger''' ''burgers''. A '''tree''' ''grows'', but there is nothing called a '''grow''' that can be said to ''tree''. The verbal and nominal meanings formed by zero-derivation must therefore be regarded as separate (although related) lexical entities in their own right.		This situation can distinguished from the extensive zero-derivation, such as that employed by English, whereby verbs and nouns can, with a fair degree of flexibility, change category. Zero derivation results in identical verbs and nouns whose meanings relate to one another in somewhat unpredictable ways. For instance, although, by definition, a '''spy''' ''spies'' and a '''stray''' ''strays'', it cannot be said that, by definition, a '''fish''' ''fishes'' or '''burger''' ''burgers''. A '''tree''' ''grows'', but there is nothing called a '''grow''' that can be said to ''tree''. The verbal and nominal meanings formed by zero-derivation must therefore be regarded as separate (although related) lexical entities in their own right.

	By contrast, the meaning of Balog ~~verbs~~ does not change depending on their syntactic position within a clause. Each ~~verb~~ may be given a nominal or a verbal translation into English, but the relationship between them is consistent. If given a nominal translation, then the verbal translation is simply "be [noun]". If given a verbal translation, the nominal translation is simply the agent noun of it or, more specifically, "entity that [~~verb~~]s", "one who [verbs]", "that which [verbs]", "those that [verb]" etc.		By contrast, the meaning of Balog contentives does not change depending on their syntactic position within a clause. Each contentive may be given a nominal or a verbal translation into English, but the relationship between them is consistent. If given a nominal translation, then the verbal translation is simply "be [noun]". If given a verbal translation, the nominal translation is simply the agent noun of it or, more specifically, "entity that [verbs]s", "one who [verbs]", "that which [verbs]", "those that [verb]" etc.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
	! Balog ~~Verb~~!! Verbal Translation !! Nominal Translation		! Balog Contentive!! Verbal Translation !! Nominal Translation
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''dauz''' \|\| be a tree \|\| tree		\| '''dauz''' \|\| be a tree \|\| tree
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	\|}		\|}

	It could be argued that a non-syntactic division of the category of verbs into classes of true verbs, nouns, adjectives etc., could be made on the basis of semantics. For example, semanticists may argue that the ~~verb~~ '''magaz''' (fall over) is semantically a ''~~true~~ verb'' as it describes "an action/state", whereas the ~~verb~~ '''dauz''' (be a tree) is semantically a ''noun'' because it describes "an entity". This semantic approach to the creation of additional categories that are not supported by syntactic analysis will, however, inevitably cause disagreements as semantic categories have fuzzy edges. A ~~verb~~ such as '''lisim''' could equally well regarded as a noun meaning "(an) annoyance" or "nuisance" or as a ~~true~~ verb meaning "annoy" or "bother". The question as to whether ''lisim'' refers to an entity or to an action/state can be answered with "Both!" '''Lisim''' refers to the action and the agent of that action. Likewise, the ~~verb~~ '''vaŋ''' could be argued to be a true verb meaning ''hunt'' (an action) or a noun meaning "hunter" (an entity or that performs the action). Even in more apparently clear-cut cases, although the ~~verb~~ '''magaz''' "fall over", which patently seems to describe an action, is most conveniently translated into English as a verb, it also describes an ''entity that falls over'' (a "faller-over"). Likewise, the ~~verb~~ '''dauz''' describes an entity, a "tree", yet it also describes the action/state of '''being a tree'''. Balog simply makes no syntactic or lexical distinction between performing an action or being the agent of such an action.		It could be argued that a non-syntactic division of the category of verbs into classes of true verbs, nouns, adjectives etc., could be made on the basis of semantics. For example, semanticists may argue that the contentive '''magaz''' (fall over) is semantically a ''verb'' as it describes "an action/state", whereas the contentive '''dauz''' (be a tree) is semantically a ''noun'' because it describes "an entity". This semantic approach to the creation of additional categories that are not supported by syntactic analysis will, however, inevitably cause disagreements as semantic categories have fuzzy edges. A contentive such as '''lisim''' could equally well regarded as a noun meaning "(an) annoyance" or "nuisance" or as a verb meaning "annoy" or "bother". The question as to whether ''lisim'' refers to an entity or to an action/state can be answered with "Both!" '''Lisim''' refers to the action and the agent of that action. Likewise, the contentive '''vaŋ''' could be argued to be a true verb meaning ''hunt'' (an action) or a noun meaning "hunter" (an entity or that performs the action). Even in more apparently clear-cut cases, although the contentive '''magaz''' "fall over", which patently seems to describe an action, is most conveniently translated into English as a verb, it also describes an ''entity that falls over'' (a "faller-over"). Likewise, the contentive '''dauz''' describes an entity, a "tree", yet it also describes the action/state of '''being a tree'''. Balog simply makes no syntactic or lexical distinction between performing an action or being the agent of such an action.

	In many cases, the difference between what semanticists would regard as ~~true~~ verbs or nouns depends on the the intrinsic temporal aspect or ''Aktionsart'' of the word's definition. Words describing relatively long-lasting and static attributes of an entity, such as '''dauz''' "be a tree" or '''ŋaž''' "be tall" are less likely to be perceived by semanticists as ~~true~~ verbs and also less likely to be translatable by verbs alone in languages with a noun-verb distinction. Dynamic states or actions involving movement or change, especially transient or momentane descriptions of an entity that the entity may quickly pass through, are more likely to be regarded as intrinsically "verb like" and, when translated into English, may frequently have awkward, clunky nominal translations involving relative clauses headed by "entity that", "one who" or "that which".		In many cases, the difference between what semanticists would regard as verbs or nouns depends on the the intrinsic temporal aspect or ''Aktionsart'' of the word's definition. Words describing relatively long-lasting and static attributes of an entity, such as '''dauz''' "be a tree" or '''ŋaž''' "be tall" are less likely to be perceived by semanticists as verbs and also less likely to be translatable by verbs alone in languages with a noun-verb distinction. Dynamic states or actions involving movement or change, especially transient or momentane descriptions of an entity that the entity may quickly pass through, are more likely to be regarded as intrinsically "verb like" and, when translated into English, may frequently have awkward, clunky nominal translations involving relative clauses headed by "entity that", "one who" or "that which".

	The following table illustrates the temporal duration of varying attributes of what may be regarded as a single entity, a tree. This entity can be regarded as performing the action "be tree" for a substantial period of time, although, archetypally, it would most likely be described as a tree when fully grown and not yet fallen over. The size of the X's in the table indicates the suitability of the word. Throughout a tree's life, it undergoes dynamic, changing action/states, some only for a single moment such as germinating or falling over, others, such as flowering may continue for a few weeks or months at a time and recur intermittantly. Other action/states, such as verbal "growing", occur for similar durations of time as more semantically nominal action/states such as "be tree", "be sapling", however these are regarded by semanticists as verbal merely due to the focus of the word on the change of state, contrasting with "be tree", in which changes of state are not in focus.		The following table illustrates the temporal duration of varying attributes of what may be regarded as a single entity, a tree. This entity can be regarded as performing the action "be tree" for a substantial period of time, although, archetypally, it would most likely be described as a tree when fully grown and not yet fallen over. The size of the X's in the table indicates the suitability of the word or similarity to its conceptual archetype. Throughout a tree's life, it undergoes dynamic, changing action/states, some only for a single moment such as germinating or falling over, others, such as flowering may continue for a few weeks or months at a time and recur intermittantly. Other action/states, such as verbal "growing", occur for similar durations of time as more semantically nominal action/states such as "be tree", "be sapling", however these are regarded by semanticists as verbal merely due to the focus of the word on the change of state, contrasting with "be tree", in which changes of state are not in focus.

	<pre>Balog Verbal		<pre>Balog Verbal
	~~Verb~~: Translation: Time:----------------------------------------------------------------------->		Contentive: Translation: Time:----------------------------------------------------------------------->
	~~_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________~~		______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
	dauz \| be tree \| xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx		dauz \| be tree \| xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
	ŋurad \| germinate \| X		ŋurad \| germinate \| X
	biyad \| grow: \| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX		biyad \| grow: \| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
	zemalik \| be seedling \| XXXXXXXXXXxxx		zemalik \| be seedling \| XXXXXXXXXXxxx
	dauzit \| be sapling \| xxxXXXXXXXXXXXXXxxx		dauzit \| be sapling \| xxxXXXXXXXXXXXXXxxx
	ŋaž \| be tall \| xxxxxxxxxxxXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX		ŋaž \| be tall \| xxxxxxxxxxxXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
	~~näh~~ \| photosynthesise \| X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X		nax \| photosynthesise \| X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
	zambilif \| flower \| XX XX XX XX XXX XXX XX		zambilif \| flower \| XX XX XX XX XXX XXX XX XXX
	magaz \| fall down \| X		magaz \| fall down \| X
	dišif \| rot \| xxxXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXxxxxx		dišif \| rot \| xxxXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXxxxxx
	däžib \| fallen tree, log\| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXxxxxx</pre>		däžib \| fallen tree, log\| XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXxxxxx</pre>

	===Adverbs===		===Adverbs===