Bis Burunko - Revision history

Psammead at 10:28, 24 October 2024

2024-10-24T10:28:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:28, 24 October 2024
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			{{Infobox language
			\|name = Bis Burunko
			\|altname = Burunko, Burungian
			\|nativename = Bis Burunko
			\|pronunciation = bɨs bʉˈɾʉnkɔ
			\|creator = Neil Whalley
			\|states = Burung
			\|familycolor = Isolate
			\|script1 = Latn
			\|script2 = Higomido
			}}

	'''Bis Burunko''' (/bɨs bʉˈɾʉnkɔ/, literally 'the Burungian language'), also known as ''Burunko'' or ''Burungian'', is a language isolate spoken on the island of Burung in the north Atlantic.		'''Bis Burunko''' (/bɨs bʉˈɾʉnkɔ/, literally 'the Burungian language'), also known as ''Burunko'' or ''Burungian'', is a language isolate spoken on the island of Burung in the north Atlantic.

Psammead: /* Phonotactics */

2024-05-29T13:17:07Z

Phonotactics

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	\|}		\|}

	The word-final consonants ''s, sh, ng'' and ''z'' are not permitted to occur before another consonant, so undergo changes in compounds or when consonant-initial endings are added:		The word-final consonants ''s, sh, ng, y'' and ''z'' are not permitted to occur before another consonant, so undergo changes in compounds or when consonant-initial endings are added:

	* ''-s'' is lost, the preceding vowel is doubled and a following voiced plosive or ''j'' is devoiced:		* ''-s'' is lost, the preceding vowel is doubled and a following voiced plosive or ''j'' is devoiced:
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	:: ''buaz'' 'sun' + ''xu'' 'fire' = ''buasu'' 'heat of the sun'		:: ''buaz'' 'sun' + ''xu'' 'fire' = ''buasu'' 'heat of the sun'
	:: ''fuz'' 'tree' + ''HUZ'' 'lack' = ''fuzuz'' 'treeless'		:: ''fuz'' 'tree' + ''HUZ'' 'lack' = ''fuzuz'' 'treeless'

	~~In some cases a word ending in a vowel + ''-i'' will alter to vowel + ''-u'' when a suffix or the second element of a compound begins with a consonant:~~

	Word-final vowels may also be altered or lost when they come into contact with initial vowels in compounds or endings.		Word-final vowels may also be altered or lost when they come into contact with initial vowels in compounds or endings.

Psammead: /* Phonotactics */

2024-05-29T13:13:50Z

Phonotactics

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:13, 29 May 2024
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	\| style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" \|		\| style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" \|
	* optional		* optional
	* only ''s, sh, ng'' or ''z'' word-finally		* only ''s, sh, ng, y'' or ''z'' word-finally
	* only ''n'' or ''m'' before a consonant, except in the case of geminates		* only ''n'' or ''m'' before a consonant, except in the case of geminates
	\|}		\|}
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	:: ''gyong'' 'man' + ''-bu'' (collective) = ''gyombu'' 'warrior class'		:: ''gyong'' 'man' + ''-bu'' (collective) = ''gyombu'' 'warrior class'
	:: ''yong'' 'foot' + ''-ko'' (adjectival) = ''yonko'' 'sock'		:: ''yong'' 'foot' + ''-ko'' (adjectival) = ''yonko'' 'sock'
			* ''-y'' becomes ''-u-'' forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel:
			:: ''mey'' 'dark' + ''kezi'' 'stone' = ''meukézi'' 'obsidian'
	* ''-z'' is lost and causes a following consonant to double, except ''x'' which becomes ''s'' and ''h'' which is lost, while ''z'' remains:		* ''-z'' is lost and causes a following consonant to double, except ''x'' which becomes ''s'' and ''h'' which is lost, while ''z'' remains:
	:: ''az'' 'male' + ''-chi'' (adjectival) = ''acchi'' 'masculine'		:: ''az'' 'male' + ''-chi'' (adjectival) = ''acchi'' 'masculine'
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	In some cases a word ending in a vowel + ''-i'' will alter to vowel + ''-u'' when a suffix or the second element of a compound begins with a consonant:		In some cases a word ending in a vowel + ''-i'' will alter to vowel + ''-u'' when a suffix or the second element of a compound begins with a consonant:
	~~:: ''mei'' 'dark' + ''kezi'' 'stone' = ''meukézi'' 'obsidian'~~

	Word-final vowels may also be altered or lost when they come into contact with initial vowels in compounds or endings.		Word-final vowels may also be altered or lost when they come into contact with initial vowels in compounds or endings.

Psammead: /* Secondary Verbs */

2024-04-30T16:21:10Z

Secondary Verbs

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			====Converbs====
			Converbs are non-finite verb forms that occur in conjunction with a main verb to denote a dependent clause.

			* The '''imperfect''' suffix ''-la'' denotes an action ongoing at the time of the main verb e.g. ''yommyolla nize fuke ipushi'' 'I saw you while walking',
			* The '''perfect''' suffix ''-o'' denotes an action completed before the main verb, e.g. ''yommyozo nize fuke ipushi'' 'I saw you after walking', ''lipuo ipush bis'' "go and see!"
			* The '''prefaratory''' suffix ''-xipu'' denotes an action begun after the main verb, e.g. ''yommyoshipa nize fuke ipushi'' 'I saw you before walking',
			* The '''conditional''' suffix ''-ba'' denotes a condition on which the main verb depends, e.g. ''nize fuke ipuipa nize
			* The '''concessive''' suffix ''-are'' means 'although, even though', e.g. ''yommyozare nize fuke ipushi 'although walking, I saw you'

	====Secondary Verbs====		====Secondary Verbs====
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	* The '''iterative/frequentative''' suffixes ''-iko'' (after a vowel) or ''-ko'' (after a consonant), which denotes frequent or repeated action, or an action seemingly composed of multiple smaller instances of an action, often where the result is quiet or of limited intensity e.g. ''ekaiko'' 'study' < ''KASH'' 'learn', ''edanko'' 'sip' < ''DANG'' 'drink', ''ebaiko'' 'babble, chatter' (softly, as of a baby) < ''BA'' 'speak', ''yedeiko'' 'nibble' < ''EDE'' 'bite'.		* The '''iterative/frequentative''' suffixes ''-iko'' (after a vowel) or ''-ko'' (after a consonant), which denotes frequent or repeated action, or an action seemingly composed of multiple smaller instances of an action, often where the result is quiet or of limited intensity e.g. ''ekaiko'' 'study' < ''KASH'' 'learn', ''edanko'' 'sip' < ''DANG'' 'drink', ''ebaiko'' 'babble, chatter' (softly, as of a baby) < ''BA'' 'speak', ''yedeiko'' 'nibble' < ''EDE'' 'bite'.

	A '''reduplicated''' root may also be used to create a frequentative, but always with an intensive and often a pejorative sense, e.g. ''edandan'' 'gulp, quaff' < ''DANG'', ''yedede'' 'to chomp' < ''EDE'', ''ebaba'' 'yammer, gossip, yak' < ''BA''.		A '''reduplicated''' root may also be used to create a frequentative, but always with an intensive and often a pejorative sense, e.g. ''edandan'' 'gulp, quaff' < ''DANG'', ''yedede'' 'to chomp' < ''EDE'', ''ebaba'' 'yammer, gossip, yak' < ''BA''.

	====Compound Verbs====		====Compound Verbs====

Psammead: /* Valency */

2024-04-30T15:09:54Z

Valency

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	Valency can be decreased by:		Valency can be decreased by:
	* Object-incorporation, in which the object noun is added to the front of the verb, replacing E-, e.g. ''uddang'' 'drink water' < ''uz'' 'water' + ''edang'' 'to drink' (compare ''uz-ke edang'' 'to drink water').		* '''Object-incorporation''', in which the object noun is added to the front of the verb, replacing E-, e.g. ''uddang'' 'drink water' < ''uz'' 'water' + ''edang'' 'to drink' (compare ''uz-ke edang'' 'to drink water').
			** An indirect object can be incorporated with the addition of the applicative suffix ''-gi'', e.g. ''bupundobagi'' 'address a council' (< ''bupundo'' 'people, council' + ''BA'' 'speak' + ''-gi'')
	* The '''generic object''' suffix ''-to'' is added to transitive verbs where the direct object is not stated, creating an intransitive e.g. ''ipuito'' 'see', ''ekaito'' 'learn'".		* The '''generic object''' suffix ''-to'' is added to transitive verbs where the direct object is not stated, creating an intransitive e.g. ''ipuito'' 'see', ''ekaito'' 'learn'".
	* The '''reciprocal/reflexive''' infix ''-be-'' is added to transitive verbs to indicate that the subject(s) and object(s) are the same, e.g. ''ebekash'' 'teach oneself/each other", ''ebepush'' 'see oneself; see each other, meet'.		* The '''reciprocal/reflexive''' infix ''-be-'' is added to transitive verbs to indicate that the subject(s) and object(s) are the same, e.g. ''ebekash'' 'teach oneself/each other", ''ebepush'' 'see oneself; see each other, meet'.
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	Valency is increased by:		Valency is increased by:
	* The '''causative''' infix ''-da-'', which comes between the verbaliser ''E-'' and the root, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach' < ''ekash'' 'learn'. This form of causative is mainly added to intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in which the subject has little or no control over the action (e.g. ''edapush'' 'show' < ''ipush'' 'see').		* The '''causative''' infix ''-da-'', which comes between the verbaliser ''E-'' and the root, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach' < ''ekash'' 'learn'. This form of causative is mainly added to intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in which the subject has little or no control over the action (e.g. ''edapush'' 'show' < ''ipush'' 'see').
	* The '''~~intransitive~~ applicative''' suffix ''-gi'', which makes an indirect object the direct object and indicates the beneficiary, recipient, purpose or goal of the action, depending on context and the meaning of the verb, e.g. ''edakaigi'' 'teach someone', ''~~edapuigi~~'' '~~show~~ someone'.		* The '''applicative''' suffix ''-gi'', which makes an indirect object the direct object and indicates the beneficiary, recipient, purpose or goal of the action, depending on context and the meaning of the verb, e.g. ''edakaigi'' 'teach someone', ''ebagi'' 'speak to someone'.

	====Mood====		====Mood====

Psammead: /* Verbs */

2024-04-30T13:32:03Z

Verbs

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	===Verbs===		===Verbs===
	Burunko verbs ~~may be described as '''primary'''~~, ~~'''secondary'''~~ or ~~'''compound'''~~. At the heart of all verbs is a mono- or disyllabic root, which carries the main meaning but cannot occur alone. Here roots are written in capitals to show that they are not words in their own right, e.g. ''ZUKI'' 'touch', ''AZ'' 'take', ''KASH'' 'learn'. Such roots are essentially a closed class. In some instances, a single root may be both nominal and verbal~~, so ''DANG'' '~~to ~~drink'~~ and ~~''adang'' 'a drink'~~.		Burunko has no true finite verb forms and does not mark verbs according to person, number or tense. The current verbal system appears to reflect an earlier periphrastic system using participles and other non-finite forms.

	~~Primary~~ verbs ~~are composed of the root with the verbalising prefix~~ ''E-'', ~~realised as~~ ''i-'' ~~before a high vowel (~~''~~i, u~~''~~) in the next syllable~~, as ''y-'' ~~before vowels and as~~ ''e-'' ~~elsewhere~~, ~~.e.g.~~ ''~~izuki~~'', ''~~yaz~~'', ''~~ekash~~''. This is the ~~minimal form~~ a verb can take ~~in use~~.		All verbs may be described as '''primary''', '''secondary''' or '''compound'''. The base of every verb is taken from a closed class of verbal roots, which sometimes have broad meanings, such as ''DANG'' 'drink; absorb', ZUKI 'hold, have', ''KASH'' 'learn', ''AZ'' 'take'. This root is the only part of a verb that can take derivational or inflexional affixes.

	Secondary verbs are derived from primary verbs by affixation and ~~are also a closed class~~, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach', ''edanko'' 'sip'. Compound verbs are derived from a primary or secondary verb by prefixing the verb stem with another part of speech, e.g. ''izimizuki'' 'poke, finger', ''uddang'' 'drink water'. This is a large and highly productive class, in which new verbs can be formed easily.		Primary verbs are composed of a root with the verbalising prefix ''E-'', realised as ''i-'' before a high vowel (''i, u'') in the next syllable, as ''y-'' before vowels and as ''e-'' elsewhere, .e.g. ''edang'', ''izuki'', ''yaz'', ''ekash''. This is the minimal form a verb can take in use.

			Secondary verbs are derived from primary verbs by affixation and include frequentatives, causatives, applicatives, impersonals etc, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach', ''edanko'' 'sip', ''enaz'' 'steal'.

			Compound verbs are derived from a primary or secondary verb by prefixing the verb stem with another part of speech, e.g. ''izimizuki'' 'poke, finger', ''uddang'' 'drink water'. This is a large and highly productive class, in which new verbs can be formed easily. Reduplicated verbs also fall into this category, e.g. ''yazaz'' 'grasp, grab'. Compound verbs don't require the verbal prefix ''E-'', unless the initial element is a verb.

	====Aspect====		====Aspect====
	Verbs do not show tense, but take suffixes to show aspect:		Verbs do not show tense, but take suffixes to show aspect:

	* The '''aorist''' is the unmodified form of the verb e.g. ''izuki'' 'touch', ''ekash'' 'learn', ''yommikei'' 'kick'. It is aspectless form, referring to an action as an abstract, without any reference to time.		* The '''aorist participle''' is the unmodified form of the verb e.g. ''izuki'' 'touch', ''ekash'' 'learn', ''yommikei'' 'kick'. It is an aspectless form, referring to an action as an abstract, without any reference to time. It is also used as a verbal noun.
	* The '''imperfective''' is created by adding ''-N'' to the ~~infinitive~~, which is realised as ''-ng'' following vowels and ''-na'' following consonants, e.g. ''izuking'' 'touching', ''yanna'' 'taking', ''ekaina'' 'learning'. It refers to an action or state which is either ongoing or habitual.		* The '''imperfective participle''' is created by adding ''-N'' to the aorist, which is realised as ''-ng'' following vowels and ''-na'' following consonants in the stem, e.g. ''izuking'' 'touching', ''yanna'' 'taking', ''ekaina'' 'learning'. It refers to an action or state which is either ongoing or habitual.
	* The '''perfective''' is created by adding ''-i'' to the ~~infinitive~~, e.g. ''izukii'' 'touched', ''yazi'' 'taken, took', ''yommikeyi'' 'kicked'. It is used to denote an action or state in its entirety, without reference to its duration.		* The '''perfective''' is created by adding ''-i'' to the aorist, e.g. ''izukii'' 'touched', ''yazi'' 'taken, took', ''yommikeyi'' 'kicked'. It is used to denote an action or state in its entirety, without reference to its duration.
	* The '''iterative/frequentative''' ~~suffixes~~ ''-iko'' (after a vowel) or ''-ko'' (after a consonant), which denotes frequent or repeated action, or an action seemingly composed of multiple smaller instances of an action, often where the result is quiet or of limited intensity e.g. ''ekaiko'' 'study' < ''KASH'' 'learn', ''edanko'' 'sip' < ''DANG'' 'drink', ''ebaiko'' 'babble, chatter' (softly, as of a baby) < ''BA'' 'speak', ''yedeiko'' 'nibble' < ''EDE'' 'bite'.
			The '''iterative/frequentative''' aspect can be expressed by the secondary ending ''-iko'' (after a vowel) or ''-ko'' (after a consonant), which denotes frequent or repeated action, or an action seemingly composed of multiple smaller instances of an action, often where the result is quiet or of limited intensity e.g. ''ekaiko'' 'study' < ''KASH'' 'learn', ''edanko'' 'sip' < ''DANG'' 'drink', ''ebaiko'' 'babble, chatter' (softly, as of a baby) < ''BA'' 'speak', ''yedeiko'' 'nibble' < ''EDE'' 'bite'.

	A '''reduplicated''' root may also be used to create a frequentative, but always with an intensive and often a pejorative sense, e.g. ''edandan'' 'gulp, quaff' < ''DANG'', ''yedede'' 'to chomp' < ''EDE'', ''ebaba'' 'yammer, gossip, yak' < ''BA''.		A '''reduplicated''' root may also be used to create a frequentative, but always with an intensive and often a pejorative sense, e.g. ''edandan'' 'gulp, quaff' < ''DANG'', ''yedede'' 'to chomp' < ''EDE'', ''ebaba'' 'yammer, gossip, yak' < ''BA''.

			Reduplicated verbs and those in ''-(i)ko'' form new aorist participles, to which the imperfective and perfective suffixes may be added, e.g. ''ekaiko, ekaikong, ekaikoi''.

			====Valency====
			Verbs may be inherently transitive or intransitive, but are generally marked where they increase or decrease valency.

			Valency can be decreased by:
			* Object-incorporation, in which the object noun is added to the front of the verb, replacing E-, e.g. ''uddang'' 'drink water' < ''uz'' 'water' + ''edang'' 'to drink' (compare ''uz-ke edang'' 'to drink water').
			* The '''generic object''' suffix ''-to'' is added to transitive verbs where the direct object is not stated, creating an intransitive e.g. ''ipuito'' 'see', ''ekaito'' 'learn'".
			* The '''reciprocal/reflexive''' infix ''-be-'' is added to transitive verbs to indicate that the subject(s) and object(s) are the same, e.g. ''ebekash'' 'teach oneself/each other", ''ebepush'' 'see oneself; see each other, meet'.

			Valency is increased by:
			* The '''causative''' infix ''-da-'', which comes between the verbaliser ''E-'' and the root, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach' < ''ekash'' 'learn'. This form of causative is mainly added to intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in which the subject has little or no control over the action (e.g. ''edapush'' 'show' < ''ipush'' 'see').
			* The '''intransitive applicative''' suffix ''-gi'', which makes an indirect object the direct object and indicates the beneficiary, recipient, purpose or goal of the action, depending on context and the meaning of the verb, e.g. ''edakaigi'' 'teach someone', ''edapuigi'' 'show someone'.

	====Mood====		====Mood====
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	\|}		\|}

	~~====Valency====~~
	~~Verbs may be inherently transitive or intransitive, but are generally marked where they increase or decrease valency.~~

	~~Valency can be decreased by:~~
	* Object-incorporation, in which the object noun is added to the front of the verb, replacing E-, e.g. ''uddang'' 'drink water' < ''uz'' 'water' + ''edang'' 'to drink' (compare ''uz-ke edang'' 'to drink water')
	* The '''impersonal''' suffix ''-to'' is added to transitive verbs where the direct object is not stated, creating an intransitive e.g. ''ipuito'' 'see', ''ekaito'' 'learn'".
	* The '''reciprocal/reflexive''' infix ''-be-'' is added to transitive verbs to indicate that the subject(s) and object(s) are the same, e.g. ''ebekash'' 'teach oneself/each other", ''ebepush'' 'see oneself; see each other, meet'.
	* The '''applicative''' suffix ''-ki'', which makes an indirect object the direct object and indicates the beneficiary, recipient, purpose or goal of the action, depending on context and the meaning of the verb,, e.g. ''edakaiki'' 'teach someone', ''edapuiki'' 'show someone'.

	~~Valency is increased by:~~
	* The '''causative''' infix ''-da-'', which comes between the verbaliser ''E-'' and the root, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach' < ''ekash'' 'learn'. This form of causative is mainly added to intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in which the subject has little or no control over the action (e.g. ''edapush'' 'show' < ''ipush'' 'see').

	====Secondary Verbs====		====Secondary Verbs====

Psammead: /* Verbs */

2024-04-29T13:10:31Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:10, 29 April 2024
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	* The '''imperfective''' is created by adding ''-N'' to the infinitive, which is realised as ''-ng'' following vowels and ''-na'' following consonants, e.g. ''izuking'' 'touching', ''yanna'' 'taking', ''ekaina'' 'learning'. It refers to an action or state which is either ongoing or habitual.		* The '''imperfective''' is created by adding ''-N'' to the infinitive, which is realised as ''-ng'' following vowels and ''-na'' following consonants, e.g. ''izuking'' 'touching', ''yanna'' 'taking', ''ekaina'' 'learning'. It refers to an action or state which is either ongoing or habitual.
	* The '''perfective''' is created by adding ''-i'' to the infinitive, e.g. ''izukii'' 'touched', ''yazi'' 'taken, took', ''yommikeyi'' 'kicked'. It is used to denote an action or state in its entirety, without reference to its duration.		* The '''perfective''' is created by adding ''-i'' to the infinitive, e.g. ''izukii'' 'touched', ''yazi'' 'taken, took', ''yommikeyi'' 'kicked'. It is used to denote an action or state in its entirety, without reference to its duration.
			* The '''iterative/frequentative''' suffixes ''-iko'' (after a vowel) or ''-ko'' (after a consonant), which denotes frequent or repeated action, or an action seemingly composed of multiple smaller instances of an action, often where the result is quiet or of limited intensity e.g. ''ekaiko'' 'study' < ''KASH'' 'learn', ''edanko'' 'sip' < ''DANG'' 'drink', ''ebaiko'' 'babble, chatter' (softly, as of a baby) < ''BA'' 'speak', ''yedeiko'' 'nibble' < ''EDE'' 'bite'.

			A '''reduplicated''' root may also be used to create a frequentative, but always with an intensive and often a pejorative sense, e.g. ''edandan'' 'gulp, quaff' < ''DANG'', ''yedede'' 'to chomp' < ''EDE'', ''ebaba'' 'yammer, gossip, yak' < ''BA''.

	====Mood====		====Mood====
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	\| Interrogative 2 \|\| colspan="2;" \| to ask tentative yes/no questions		\| Interrogative 2 \|\| colspan="2;" \| to ask tentative yes/no questions
	\|}		\|}

			====Valency====
			Verbs may be inherently transitive or intransitive, but are generally marked where they increase or decrease valency.

			Valency can be decreased by:
			* Object-incorporation, in which the object noun is added to the front of the verb, replacing E-, e.g. ''uddang'' 'drink water' < ''uz'' 'water' + ''edang'' 'to drink' (compare ''uz-ke edang'' 'to drink water')
			* The '''impersonal''' suffix ''-to'' is added to transitive verbs where the direct object is not stated, creating an intransitive e.g. ''ipuito'' 'see', ''ekaito'' 'learn'".
			* The '''reciprocal/reflexive''' infix ''-be-'' is added to transitive verbs to indicate that the subject(s) and object(s) are the same, e.g. ''ebekash'' 'teach oneself/each other", ''ebepush'' 'see oneself; see each other, meet'.
			* The '''applicative''' suffix ''-ki'', which makes an indirect object the direct object and indicates the beneficiary, recipient, purpose or goal of the action, depending on context and the meaning of the verb,, e.g. ''edakaiki'' 'teach someone', ''edapuiki'' 'show someone'.

			Valency is increased by:
			* The '''causative''' infix ''-da-'', which comes between the verbaliser ''E-'' and the root, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach' < ''ekash'' 'learn'. This form of causative is mainly added to intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in which the subject has little or no control over the action (e.g. ''edapush'' 'show' < ''ipush'' 'see').

	====Secondary Verbs====		====Secondary Verbs====
	The main affixes used to create secondary verbs are:		The main affixes used to create secondary verbs are:
	* The '''causative''' infix ''-da-'', which comes between the verbaliser ''E-'' and the root, e.g. ''edakash'' 'teach' < ''ekash'' 'learn'. This form of causative is mainly added to intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in which the subject has little or no control over the action (e.g. ''edapush'' 'show' < ''ipush'' 'see').
	* The '''pejorative''' infix ''-na-'', which takes the same position as ''-da-'' and perversity, ill intent or action resulting in unfortunate circumstances, e.g. ''enakash'' 'mislearn, learn wrongly', ''enadang'' 'drink heavily, get drunk'. When used with the causative, it becomes ''-dan-'', e.g. ''edankash'' 'teach wrongly'.		* The '''pejorative''' infix ''-na-'', which takes the same position as ''-da-'' and perversity, ill intent or action resulting in unfortunate circumstances, e.g. ''enakash'' 'mislearn, learn wrongly', ''enadang'' 'drink heavily, get drunk'. When used with the causative, it becomes ''-dan-'', e.g. ''edankash'' 'teach wrongly'.
	* The '''applicative''' suffix ''-ki'', which makes an indirect object the direct object and indicates the beneficiary, recipient, purpose or goal of the action, depending on context and the meaning of the verb,, e.g. ''edakaiki'' 'teach someone', ''edapuiki'' 'show someone'.
	* The '''iterative/frequentative''' suffixes ''-iko'' (after a vowel) or ''-ko'' (after a consonant), which denotes frequent or repeated action, or an action seemingly composed of multiple smaller instances of an action, often where the result is quiet or of limited intensity e.g. ''ekaiko'' 'study' < ''KASH'' 'learn', ''edanko'' 'sip' < ''DANG'' 'drink', ''ebaiko'' 'babble, chatter' (softly, as of a baby) < ''BA'' 'speak', ''yedeiko'' 'nibble' < ''EDE'' 'bite'.		* The '''iterative/frequentative''' suffixes ''-iko'' (after a vowel) or ''-ko'' (after a consonant), which denotes frequent or repeated action, or an action seemingly composed of multiple smaller instances of an action, often where the result is quiet or of limited intensity e.g. ''ekaiko'' 'study' < ''KASH'' 'learn', ''edanko'' 'sip' < ''DANG'' 'drink', ''ebaiko'' 'babble, chatter' (softly, as of a baby) < ''BA'' 'speak', ''yedeiko'' 'nibble' < ''EDE'' 'bite'.

Psammead: /* Words */

2024-04-24T14:48:35Z

Words

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	* while there is a specific symbol for ''pu'', other combinations of ''pV'' - which only occur as a result of devoicing by a preceding (former) sibilant - are formed with the b-syllabics preceded by either ''s'' or ''sh'' (e.g. )		* while there is a specific symbol for ''pu'', other combinations of ''pV'' - which only occur as a result of devoicing by a preceding (former) sibilant - are formed with the b-syllabics preceded by either ''s'' or ''sh'' (e.g. )

	==~~Words~~==		==Roots, Stems and Derivation==
	The majority of lexical items in Bis Burunko are based on mono- or disyllabic roots that may have verbal, nominal or adjectival meaning - or a combination of these, e.g. ''DANG'' 'drink', ''GI'' 'meat, flesh', MEI 'dark'. In this article, roots are written in capitals to denote them as such.		The majority of lexical items in Bis Burunko are based on mono- or disyllabic roots that may have verbal, nominal or adjectival meaning - or a combination of these, e.g. ''DANG'' 'drink', ''GI'' 'meat, flesh', MEI 'dark'. In this article, roots are written in capitals to denote them as such.

	Some roots can be used as nouns or adjectives without further modification, e.g. ''gi'' 'meat, flesh', ''uz'' 'water', ''mei'' 'dark'. Verbs require the addition of the prefix ''e-, i-, y-'' to create a basic infinitive form (e.g. ''edang'' 'drink'), or they can be compounded with other elements (e.g. ''uddang'' 'drink water' < ''UZ + DANG''). Primarily verbal roots can be nominalised with the prefix ''a-'', e.g. ''adang'' 'a drink'.		Some roots can be used as nouns or adjectives without further modification, e.g. ''gi'' 'meat, flesh', ''uz'' 'water', ''mei'' 'dark'. Verbs require the addition of the prefix ''e-, i-, y-'' to create a basic infinitive form (e.g. ''edang'' 'drink'), or they can be compounded with other elements (e.g. ''uddang'' 'drink water' < ''UZ + DANG''). Primarily verbal roots can be nominalised with the prefix ''a-'', e.g. ''adang'' 'a drink'.

			The most common way of deriving new words is by compounding.

	==Grammar==		==Grammar==

Psammead: /* Grammar */

2024-04-23T14:37:59Z

Grammar

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:37, 23 April 2024
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	* nasals and liquids are simply followed by the relevant vowel (e.g. ''m + a = ma'').		* nasals and liquids are simply followed by the relevant vowel (e.g. ''m + a = ma'').
	* while there is a specific symbol for ''pu'', other combinations of ''pV'' - which only occur as a result of devoicing by a preceding (former) sibilant - are formed with the b-syllabics preceded by either ''s'' or ''sh'' (e.g. )		* while there is a specific symbol for ''pu'', other combinations of ''pV'' - which only occur as a result of devoicing by a preceding (former) sibilant - are formed with the b-syllabics preceded by either ''s'' or ''sh'' (e.g. )

			==Words==
			The majority of lexical items in Bis Burunko are based on mono- or disyllabic roots that may have verbal, nominal or adjectival meaning - or a combination of these, e.g. ''DANG'' 'drink', ''GI'' 'meat, flesh', MEI 'dark'. In this article, roots are written in capitals to denote them as such.

			Some roots can be used as nouns or adjectives without further modification, e.g. ''gi'' 'meat, flesh', ''uz'' 'water', ''mei'' 'dark'. Verbs require the addition of the prefix ''e-, i-, y-'' to create a basic infinitive form (e.g. ''edang'' 'drink'), or they can be compounded with other elements (e.g. ''uddang'' 'drink water' < ''UZ + DANG''). Primarily verbal roots can be nominalised with the prefix ''a-'', e.g. ''adang'' 'a drink'.



	==Grammar==		==Grammar==

Psammead: /* Verbs */

2024-04-23T13:59:56Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:59, 23 April 2024
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	====Mood====		====Mood====
	Mood is primarily denoted by sentence-final particles to express evidentiality, expectation, and other moods. The unmarked verb denotes a general declarative.		Mood is primarily denoted by sentence-final particles to express evidentiality, expectation, and other moods. The unmarked verb denotes a general declarative, e.g. ''taz ze uddang'' 's/he drinks water'.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\|-		\|-
	! <big>'''wa'''<big>		! <big>'''wa'''<big>
			\| ''taz ze uddang wa?'' \|\| 'does s/he drink water or not?'
			\|-
			\| Interrogative 2 \|\| colspan="2;" \| to ask tentative yes/no questions
			\|-
			! <big>'''bis'''<big>
	\| ''taz ze uddang wa?'' \|\| 'does s/he drink water or not?'		\| ''taz ze uddang wa?'' \|\| 'does s/he drink water or not?'
	\|-		\|-
	\| Interrogative 2 \|\| colspan="2;" \| to ask tentative yes/no questions		\| Interrogative 2 \|\| colspan="2;" \| to ask tentative yes/no questions
	\|}		\|}



	====Secondary Verbs====		====Secondary Verbs====