Bresserian - Revision history

SJ: /* Adjectives */

2025-09-03T04:09:39Z

Adjectives

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:09, 3 September 2025
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	===Adjectives===		===Adjectives===
	Adjectives ~~precede~~ the noun and agree with gender and plurality. See the differences between:		Adjectives order is complex and not fixed, with some being strongly pre-nominal, some strongly post-nominal and some varying in position depending on meaning or context. the noun and agree with gender and plurality. See the differences between:
	*''d’écourt gom'' [d.ekuʁ χɔ̃ˑ] – “the short man”		*''d’écourt gom'' [d.ekuʁ χɔ̃ˑ] – “the short man”
	*''d’écourte quienne'' [d.ekuʁt(ə) kjɛn] – “the short woman”		*''d’écourte quienne'' [d.ekuʁt(ə) kjɛn] – “the short woman”
	*''der écourts goms'' [d(ə)ʁ.ekuʁ χɔ̃ˑ] – “the short men”		*''der écourts goms'' [d(ə)ʁ.ekuʁ χɔ̃ˑ] – “the short men”
	*''der écourtes quiennes'' [d(ə)ʁ.ekuʁt(ə) kjɛn] – “the short women”		*''der écourtes quiennes'' [d(ə)ʁ.ekuʁt(ə) kjɛn] – “the short women”
			*''de gom gamau'' [də χɔ̃ˑ ʒamo] – “the old man”
			*''da quienne gamalle'' [da kjɛn ʒamal] – “the old woman”
			*''der goms gamaux'' [dəʁ χɔ̃ˑ ʒamo] – “the old men”
			*''der quiennes gamalles'' [dəʁ kjɛn ʒamal] – “the old women”
	While the plural marker of nouns is always silent, the plural forms of adjectives may occasionally be pronounced in a phenomenon known as ''bendenge'' (aka. ''liaison'' in French) which occurs when preceding a noun beginning with a vowel. In this context, the final (usually mute) consonants of masculine adjectives may also be pronounced:		While the plural marker of nouns is always silent, the plural forms of adjectives may occasionally be pronounced in a phenomenon known as ''bendenge'' (aka. ''liaison'' in French) which occurs when preceding a noun beginning with a vowel. In this context, the final (usually mute) consonants of masculine adjectives may also be pronounced:
	*''en meille éterre'' [ɑ̃ˑ mɛj etɛʁ] – “a big star”		*''en meille éterre'' [ɑ̃ˑ mɛj etɛʁ] – “a big star”
	*''meilles éterres'' [mɛjz‿etɛʁ] – “big stars”		*''meilles éterres'' [mɛjz‿etɛʁ] – “big stars”

	===Verbs===		===Verbs===
	Bresserian verbs are arguably the most challenging aspect of the language’s grammar, being highly irregular due to extensive sound changes to both strong and weak verbs. Verbs conjugation for person, plurality, tense, imperative mood and present and past participles. Like English and other Germanic languages, verbs are divided into two main categories, “strong” and “weak”, with strong verbs conjugating in more irregular and unpredictable ways, while weak verbs have the ''-de'' suffix in the past tense and are as a whole more predictable and regular. Below will be example conjugation tables for the strong verb ‘écrive’ (“to write”) and the weak verb ‘bleue’ (“to bleed”).		Bresserian verbs are arguably the most challenging aspect of the language’s grammar, being highly irregular due to extensive sound changes to both strong and weak verbs. Verbs conjugation for person, plurality, tense, imperative mood and present and past participles. Like English and other Germanic languages, verbs are divided into two main categories, “strong” and “weak”, with strong verbs conjugating in more irregular and unpredictable ways, while weak verbs have the ''-de'' suffix in the past tense and are as a whole more predictable and regular. Below will be example conjugation tables for the strong verb ‘écrive’ (“to write”) and the weak verb ‘bleue’ (“to bleed”).

SJ at 04:04, 3 September 2025

2025-09-03T04:04:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:04, 3 September 2025
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	\|-		\|-
	!inanimate		!inanimate
	\|je (j')		\|dé (d')
	\|~~je (j')~~		\|dé
	\|~~jenne~~		\|dé
	\|(ve je)		\|(ve dé)
	\|-		\|-
	!rowspan="3"\| plural		!rowspan="3"\| plural
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	\|-		\|-
	! singular		! singular
	\|~~je(n)~~		\|des
	\|~~jenne~~		\|desse
	\|-		\|-
	!plural		!plural
	\|colspan="2" \| ~~jenner~~		\|colspan="2" \| dêtre
	\|}		\|}
	*There is no distinction between “this”, “that” or “it”, with all three of these concepts being covered by ~~‘je~~/~~jenne’~~. See the following sentences:		*There is no distinction between “this”, “that” or “it”, with all three of these concepts being covered by ‘dé/des/desse’. See the following sentences:
	''Je regné.'' [ʒə.ʁəɲe] – It is raining.		''Dé regné.'' [de.ʁəɲe] – It is raining.

	''~~Jenne~~ quienne est grau.'' [~~ʒɛn~~.kjɛn.e.ɢʁo] – That woman is tall.		''Desse quienne est grau.'' [dɛs.kjɛn.e.ɢʁo] – That woman is tall.

	''~~J’est~~ mine meure.'' [ʒe.min.møʁ] – This/that/it is my mother.		''D’est mine meure.'' [de.min.møʁ] – This/that/it is my mother.

	===Articles===		===Articles===

SJ: /* Nouns */

2025-08-27T07:18:34Z

Nouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:18, 27 August 2025
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	All Bresserian nouns are either masculine or feminine. Generally, although with notable exceptions, feminine nouns will end with an ''-e'', while masculine nouns do not. While the gender of a majority of nouns is arbitrary, those referring to people and living things often correspond to the perceived gender of the referent. For example, a male teacher is ''en tiègar'' while a female teacher is ''enne tiègâtre''. When referring to multiple teachers of varying gender, the masculine plural ''tiègars'' would be used. Terms for common animals, primarily domesticated ones, also have distinct gendered forms. Some are simple, such as male ''chat'' and female ''chatte'' meaning “cat”, while others use different words, such as ''ceu'' "cow" and ''bou'' "bull" referring to a female and male bovine respectively. The default form for animals is most often the feminine form, which is used when referring to an animal generally or a mixed-gender group. A notable exception is ''besse'' "dog" which, despite being a feminine noun, is used to refer to both male and female dogs.		All Bresserian nouns are either masculine or feminine. Generally, although with notable exceptions, feminine nouns will end with an ''-e'', while masculine nouns do not. While the gender of a majority of nouns is arbitrary, those referring to people and living things often correspond to the perceived gender of the referent. For example, a male teacher is ''en tiègar'' while a female teacher is ''enne tiègâtre''. When referring to multiple teachers of varying gender, the masculine plural ''tiègars'' would be used. Terms for common animals, primarily domesticated ones, also have distinct gendered forms. Some are simple, such as male ''chat'' and female ''chatte'' meaning “cat”, while others use different words, such as ''ceu'' "cow" and ''bou'' "bull" referring to a female and male bovine respectively. The default form for animals is most often the feminine form, which is used when referring to an animal generally or a mixed-gender group. A notable exception is ''besse'' "dog" which, despite being a feminine noun, is used to refer to both male and female dogs.

	Due to sound changes, a majority of nouns’ singular and plural forms are pronounced identically. For example, ‘tiègar’ and the plural ‘tiègars’ are both pronounced [tjɛʒaʁ], with the final ''-s'' being a historical spelling much like the silent letters in English words such as ''knee'' and ''night''. As many plural nouns are pronounced identically to their singular forms, the distinction between singular and plural is distinguished by the article ''de/da'', which becomes ''der'' in the plural. For example, “the man” is ''de gom'' [də ~~gɔ̃ˑ~~], while "the men" is ''der goms'' [dɛʁ ~~gɔ̃ˑ~~]		Due to sound changes, a majority of nouns’ singular and plural forms are pronounced identically. For example, ‘tiègar’ and the plural ‘tiègars’ are both pronounced [tjɛʒaʁ], with the final ''-s'' being a historical spelling much like the silent letters in English words such as ''knee'' and ''night''. As many plural nouns are pronounced identically to their singular forms, the distinction between singular and plural is distinguished by the article ''de/da'', which becomes ''der'' in the plural. For example, “the man” is ''de gom'' [də χɔ̃ˑ], while "the men" is ''der goms'' [dɛʁ χɔ̃ˑ]

	===Adjectives===		===Adjectives===
	Adjectives precede the noun and agree with gender and plurality. See the differences between:		Adjectives precede the noun and agree with gender and plurality. See the differences between:

SJ: /* Pronouns and Determiners */

2025-08-27T07:08:00Z

Pronouns and Determiners

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:08, 27 August 2025
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	!–		!–
	\|joi (j')		\|joi (j')
	\|colspan="2" \| ~~ju (j')~~		\|colspan="2" \| jus
	\|jure		\|jure
	\|-		\|-

SJ at 07:06, 27 August 2025

2025-08-27T07:06:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:06, 27 August 2025
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	\| s		\| s
	\| tʃ~ʃ		\| tʃ~ʃ
	\| (x)		\| (x~χ)
	\|-		\|-
	! {{small\|[[w:voice (phonetics)\|voiced]]}}		! {{small\|[[w:voice (phonetics)\|voiced]]}}
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	*/ə/ could be described as the unstressed allophone of [ɛ]		*/ə/ could be described as the unstressed allophone of [ɛ]
	*Some speakers are undergoing a vowel shift in long vowels in which /iː/ > [ɛi], /yː/ > [œy], /uː/ > [ɔu], /ɛː/ > [ɪə], /ɔː/ > [ʊə], /ɑː/ > [ɒː]		*Some speakers are undergoing a vowel shift in long vowels in which /iː/ > [ɛi], /yː/ > [œy], /uː/ > [ɔu], /ɛː/ > [ɪə], /ɔː/ > [ʊə], /ɑː/ > [ɒː]
			*/g/ is pronounced as [x] or [χ] word initially before back vowels

	==Writing System==		==Writing System==
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	===Adjectives===		===Adjectives===
	Adjectives precede the noun and agree with gender and plurality. See the differences between:		Adjectives precede the noun and agree with gender and plurality. See the differences between:
	*''d’écourt gom'' [d.ekuʁ ~~gɔ̃ˑ~~] – “the short man”		*''d’écourt gom'' [d.ekuʁ χɔ̃ˑ] – “the short man”
	*''d’écourte quienne'' [d.ekuʁt(ə) kjɛn] – “the short woman”		*''d’écourte quienne'' [d.ekuʁt(ə) kjɛn] – “the short woman”
	*''der écourts goms'' [d(ə)ʁ.ekuʁ ~~gɔ̃ˑ~~] – “the short men”		*''der écourts goms'' [d(ə)ʁ.ekuʁ χɔ̃ˑ] – “the short men”
	*''der écourtes quiennes'' [d(ə)ʁ.ekuʁt(ə) kjɛn] – “the short women”		*''der écourtes quiennes'' [d(ə)ʁ.ekuʁt(ə) kjɛn] – “the short women”
	While the plural marker of nouns is always silent, the plural forms of adjectives may occasionally be pronounced in a phenomenon known as ''bendenge'' (aka. ''liaison'' in French) which occurs when preceding a noun beginning with a vowel. In this context, the final (usually mute) consonants of masculine adjectives may also be pronounced:		While the plural marker of nouns is always silent, the plural forms of adjectives may occasionally be pronounced in a phenomenon known as ''bendenge'' (aka. ''liaison'' in French) which occurs when preceding a noun beginning with a vowel. In this context, the final (usually mute) consonants of masculine adjectives may also be pronounced:
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	''Je regné.'' [ʒə.ʁəɲe] – It is raining.		''Je regné.'' [ʒə.ʁəɲe] – It is raining.

	''Jenne quienne est grau.'' [ʒɛn.kjɛn.e.~~gʁo~~] – That woman is tall.		''Jenne quienne est grau.'' [ʒɛn.kjɛn.e.ɢʁo] – That woman is tall.

	''J’est mine meure.'' [ʒe.min.møʁ] – This/that/it is my mother.		''J’est mine meure.'' [ʒe.min.møʁ] – This/that/it is my mother.

SJ: /* Writing System */

2025-08-27T07:04:14Z

Writing System

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:04, 27 August 2025
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	\| [[w:F\|F]] \|\| effe \|\| {{IPA\|/ɛf/}} \|\|		\| [[w:F\|F]] \|\| effe \|\| {{IPA\|/ɛf/}} \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[w:G\|G]] \|\| gé \|\| {{IPA\|/(d)ʒe/}} \|\| is pronounced as soft [(d)ʒ] before ''i'', ''e'' and ''a'', but [g] otherwise		\| [[w:G\|G]] \|\| gé \|\| {{IPA\|/(d)ʒe/}} \|\| is pronounced as soft [(d)ʒ] before ''i'', ''e'' and ''a'', but as [χ] before other vowels when word initial, and as [g] otherwise
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[w:H\|H]] \|\| ache \|\| {{IPA\|/aʃ/}} \|\| rare, only in loanwords		\| [[w:H\|H]] \|\| ache \|\| {{IPA\|/aʃ/}} \|\| rare, only in loanwords
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	\| Un \|\| u mé enne \|\| {{IPA\|/y me ɛn/}} \|\|pronounced as [œ̃(ː)]		\| Un \|\| u mé enne \|\| {{IPA\|/y me ɛn/}} \|\|pronounced as [œ̃(ː)]
	\|}		\|}

	==Grammar==		==Grammar==
	Bresserian is a moderately inflected language and is generally considered a [[w:Fusional_language\|Fusional]] language, though it does have strong [[w:Analytic_language\|Analytic]] tendencies much like neighboring languages such as French and German. Bresserian also shares many similar developments grammatically to neighboring languages, such as:		Bresserian is a moderately inflected language and is generally considered a [[w:Fusional_language\|Fusional]] language, though it does have strong [[w:Analytic_language\|Analytic]] tendencies much like neighboring languages such as French and German. Bresserian also shares many similar developments grammatically to neighboring languages, such as:

SJ: /* Phonology */

2025-08-10T07:41:17Z

Phonology

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:41, 10 August 2025
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	![[w:Dental consonant\|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant\|Alveolar]]		![[w:Dental consonant\|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant\|Alveolar]]
	![[w:Palatal consonant\|Palatal]]/<br>[[Postalveolar consonant\|Postalv.]]		![[w:Palatal consonant\|Palatal]]/<br>[[Postalveolar consonant\|Postalv.]]
	![[w:Velar consonant\|Velar]]/<br>[[Uvular consonant\|Uvular]]		![[w:Velar consonant\|Velar]]/<br>[[w:Uvular consonant\|Uvular]]
	\|-		\|-
	!colspan=2\| [[w:Nasal consonant\|Nasal]]		!colspan=2\| [[w:Nasal consonant\|Nasal]]
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	\|-		\|-
	!rowspan=2\| [[w:Plosive consonant\|Plosive]]		!rowspan=2\| [[w:Plosive consonant\|Plosive]]
	! {{small\|[[voicelessness\|voiceless]]}}		! {{small\|[[w:voicelessness\|voiceless]]}}
	\| p		\| p
	\| t		\| t
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	\| k		\| k
	\|-		\|-
	! {{small\|[[voice (phonetics)\|voiced]]}}		! {{small\|[[w:voice (phonetics)\|voiced]]}}
	\| b		\| b
	\| d		\| d
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	\|-		\|-
	!rowspan=2\| [[w:Fricative consonant\|Fricative]]		!rowspan=2\| [[w:Fricative consonant\|Fricative]]
	! {{small\|[[voicelessness\|voiceless]]}}		! {{small\|[[w:voicelessness\|voiceless]]}}
	\| f		\| f
	\| s		\| s
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	\| (x)		\| (x)
	\|-		\|-
	! {{small\|[[voice (phonetics)\|voiced]]}}		! {{small\|[[w:voice (phonetics)\|voiced]]}}
	\| v		\| v
	\| z		\| z
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	\|-		\|-
	! rowspan="2" \|		! rowspan="2" \|
	! colspan="2" \| [[Front vowel\|Front]]		! colspan="2" \| [[w:Front vowel\|Front]]
	! rowspan="2" \| [[Central vowel\|Central]]		! rowspan="2" \| [[w:Central vowel\|Central]]
	! rowspan="2" \| [[Back vowel\|Back]]		! rowspan="2" \| [[w:Back vowel\|Back]]
	\|-		\|-
	! {{small\|[[Roundedness\|unrounded]]}}		! {{small\|[[w:Roundedness\|unrounded]]}}
	! {{small\|[[Roundedness\|rounded]]}}		! {{small\|[[w:Roundedness\|rounded]]}}
	\|- class="nounderlines"		\|- class="nounderlines"
	! [[Close vowel\|Close]]		! [[w:Close vowel\|Close]]
	\| i iː		\| i iː
	\| y yː		\| y yː
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	\| u uː		\| u uː
	\|- class="nounderlines"		\|- class="nounderlines"
	! [[Close-mid vowel\|Close-mid]]		! [[w:Close-mid vowel\|Close-mid]]
	\| e		\| e
	\| rowspan="2" \| ø~œ		\| rowspan="2" \| ø~œ
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	\| rowspan="2" \| o~ɔ ɔː		\| rowspan="2" \| o~ɔ ɔː
	\|- class="nounderlines"		\|- class="nounderlines"
	! [[Open-mid vowel\|Open-mid]]		! [[w:Open-mid vowel\|Open-mid]]
	\| ɛ ɛː		\| ɛ ɛː
	\|- class="nounderlines"		\|- class="nounderlines"
	! [[Open vowel\|Open]]		! [[w:Open vowel\|Open]]
	\| a		\| a
	\|		\|
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	\|+Nasal		\|+Nasal
	! rowspan="2" \|		! rowspan="2" \|
	! colspan="2" \| [[Front vowel\|Front]]		! colspan="2" \| [[w:Front vowel\|Front]]
	! rowspan="2" \| [[Back vowel\|Back]]		! rowspan="2" \| [[w:Back vowel\|Back]]
	\|-		\|-
	! {{small\|[[Roundedness\|unrounded]]}}		! {{small\|[[w:Roundedness\|unrounded]]}}
	! {{small\|[[Roundedness\|rounded]]}}		! {{small\|[[w:Roundedness\|rounded]]}}
	\|- class="nounderlines"		\|- class="nounderlines"
	! [[Open-mid vowel\|Open-mid]]		! [[w:Open-mid vowel\|Open-mid]]
	\| ɛ̃		\| ɛ̃
	\| œ̃		\| œ̃
	\| ɔ̃		\| ɔ̃
	\|- class="nounderlines"		\|- class="nounderlines"
	! [[Open vowel\|Open]]		! [[w:Open vowel\|Open]]
	\|		\|
	\|		\|

SJ: /* Numerals */

2025-08-07T10:45:27Z

Numerals

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:45, 7 August 2025
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	\|dix		\|dix
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~jeneuf~~		\|enneuf
	\|eleven		\|eleven
	\|elf		\|elf

SJ at 12:24, 5 August 2025

2025-08-05T12:24:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:24, 5 August 2025
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	*[ɔ] is the realisation of /o/ in closed and/or unstressed syllables.		*[ɔ] is the realisation of /o/ in closed and/or unstressed syllables.
	*/ə/ could be described as the unstressed allophone of [ɛ]		*/ə/ could be described as the unstressed allophone of [ɛ]
			*Some speakers are undergoing a vowel shift in long vowels in which /iː/ > [ɛi], /yː/ > [œy], /uː/ > [ɔu], /ɛː/ > [ɪə], /ɔː/ > [ʊə], /ɑː/ > [ɒː]

	==Writing System==		==Writing System==

SJ at 06:41, 4 August 2025

2025-08-04T06:41:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:41, 4 August 2025
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	{{privatelang}}		{{privatelang}}

	'''Bresserian''' ([[w:Help:IPA/English\|/~~brəˈsiːrɪan~~/]]; ''broisseureis'' or ''broisseurêche togne'') is a [[w:Germanic Languages\|Germanic language]] of the [[w:Indo-European\|Indo-European]] family spoken by the Bresser people of Eastern Normandy.		'''Bresserian''' ([[w:Help:IPA/English\|/brəˈsiːriɪn/]]; ''broisseureis'' or ''broisseurêche togne'') is a [[w:Germanic Languages\|Germanic language]] of the [[w:Indo-European\|Indo-European]] family spoken by the Bresser people of Eastern Normandy.

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==