Brittainese - Revision history

Llwcybwy: /* Tenses and aspects */

2022-12-08T19:53:07Z

Tenses and aspects

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:53, 8 December 2022
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	*used to describe future events		*used to describe future events
	*mostly the same as in English, except that it is a simple (one-word) tense in ~~French~~		*mostly the same as in English, except that it is a simple (one-word) tense in Brittainese
	\|		\|
	*« Eu lo ''facerai'' ~~enmain~~. » ("I ''will do'' it tomorrow.")		*« Eu lo ''facerai'' majnan. » ("I ''will do'' it tomorrow.")
	\|-		\|-
	! conditional (future-in-past)		! conditional (future-in-past)
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	*used in an apodosis when the protasis is contrary to fact (in the imperfect)		*used in an apodosis when the protasis is contrary to fact (in the imperfect)
	*used to describe a past event from the standpoint of an even-earlier event		*used to describe a past event from the standpoint of an even-earlier event
	*mostly the same as in English, except that it is a simple (one-word) tense in ~~French~~		*mostly the same as in English, except that it is a simple (one-word) tense in Brittainese
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	*« Si ~~je le savais~~, je te le ''~~dirais~~''. » ("If I knew it, I ''would tell'' you~~.")~~		*« Si eu lo ''sabre'', eu te lo ''dicere''. » ("If I knew it, I ''would tell'' you.")
	*« Ils disaient que je ''réussirais''. » ("They said that I ''would succeed''.")
	\|}		\|}

Llwcybwy: /* Tenses and aspects */

2022-12-08T18:50:47Z

Tenses and aspects

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:50, 8 December 2022
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	*used mostly in very literary contexts		*used mostly in very literary contexts
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	*« Quand w{{'}}''er'' joun, eu ''viveu'' en Londein. » ("When I ''was'' young, I ''lived'' in London.")		*« Quand w'''er'' joun, eu ''viveu'' en Londein. » ("When I ''was'' young, I ''lived'' in London.")
	\|-		\|-
	! simple future		! simple future
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	*mostly the same as in English, except that it is a simple (one-word) tense in French		*mostly the same as in English, except that it is a simple (one-word) tense in French
	\|		\|
	*« ~~Euki le~~ ''~~ferai~~'' ~~demain~~. » ("I ''will do'' it tomorrow.")		*« Eu lo ''facerai'' enmain. » ("I ''will do'' it tomorrow.")
	\|-		\|-
	! conditional (future-in-past)		! conditional (future-in-past)

Llwcybwy: /* Verbs */

2022-12-08T18:47:17Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:47, 8 December 2022
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	*« ''Face'' tas giwoures ! » ("''Do'' your homework!")		*« ''Face'' tas giwoures ! » ("''Do'' your homework!")
	*« ''Faceds'' vostrs giwoures eimbl. » ("''Do'' your (pl.) homework together.")		*« ''Faceds'' vostrs giwoures eimbl. » ("''Do'' your (pl.) homework together.")
			\|}

	====Tenses and aspects====		====Tenses and aspects====
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	*« Si je le savais, je te le ''dirais''. » ("If I knew it, I ''would tell'' you.")		*« Si je le savais, je te le ''dirais''. » ("If I knew it, I ''would tell'' you.")
	*« Ils disaient que je ''réussirais''. » ("They said that I ''would succeed''.")		*« Ils disaient que je ''réussirais''. » ("They said that I ''would succeed''.")
	\|}

	\|}		\|}

Llwcybwy: /* Verbs */

2022-12-08T18:42:55Z

Verbs

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 *« ''Face'' tas giwoures ! » ("''Do'' your homework!")
 *« ''Faceds'' vostrs giwoures eimbl. » ("''Do'' your (pl.) homework together.")
 |}

Llwcybwy: /* Verbs */

2022-09-03T13:34:28Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:34, 3 September 2022
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	===Verbs===		===Verbs===
			While Brittainese nouns are typically considered conservative when comparing to other Romance languages, the once very complicated verbal system has simplified considerably over the decades - in many ways more than in French. They do have some notable conservative features though, notably the preservation of the Latin third person singular and plural ''-t'' in some verbs.

			The verbs are [[w:conjugation\|conjugated]] by isolating the stem of the verb and adding an ending. In weak verbs, the stem is easily identifiable from the infinitive, although its vowel might change in different paradigms. For example, the stem of ''dormir'' ("sleep") is ''dorm-'', but the stem of ''parlar'' ("speak") is ''pârl-''. For strong verbs however, the relationship between the infinitive form and the stem is less consistent, and up to three distinct stems are needed to produce all the forms in the paradigm. For example, the verb ''podr'' ("be able") has the stems ''pod-'' and ''pos-''.

			The ending depends on the [[w:Grammatical_mood\|mood]], [[w:Grammatical_tense\|tense]], [[w:Grammatical_aspect\|aspect]], and [[w:Grammatical_voice\|voice]] of the verb, as well as on the person and number of its subject. Every conjugation exhibits some degree of syncretism, where the same (homophonous, and possibly also homographic) form is used to realize distinct combinations of grammatical features. For instance, the conjugated form ''pârl'' can be the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person singular indicative form of ''parlar'', or the singular familiar imperative. The prevalence of syncretism in conjugation paradigms is one functional explanation for the fact that Brittainese does not allow null subjects, unlike most of the other Romance languages but much like French and the Channel languages.

			====Classification====
			Aside from ''essr'' (considered a category unto itself), Brittainese verbs are most often grouped into two ''conjugation classes''.

			The traditional model, based on Latin and French, stating that there are four classes has in the recent decade lost traction, instead grouping the 1st, 2nd and 4th conjugations into one ''weak'' verb group with an intrinsic thematic vowel, the 3rd group becoming the ''strong'' verb group.

			* ''Weak'' verbs consists of verbs with the thematic vowels ''-a'', ''-e'' and ''-i''. It is by far the largest verb group, encompassing nearly all verbs, and the only one that is still productive. He verbs are all conjugated similarly, though there are a number of subclasses with minor changes arising from orthographical and phonological considerations (notably in the stem vowel).
			*''Strong'' verbs is increasingly labeled as the "irregular" paradigm (so much so that irregular verbs that originally belonged to another group became strong, and regular verbs gained a thematic vowel - most often ''-e'' - and became weak), lacking any true thematic vowel and consisting of many irregular verbs.

			====Moods====
			As with French verbs, Brittainese verbs have both non-finite moods (li moid impersonales), also called verbals, and finite ones (li moid personales).

			The finite moods are the indicative (''lis indicativ''), the imperative (''lis imperativ''), and the subjunctive (''lis subjonctiv''). While the rules that determine the correct mood are quite complex, they are simplified and summarized in the following table:
			{\| class="wikitable"
			! indicative
			\|\|
			*used in most independent [[clause]]s
			*used in affirmative and negative statements and questions
			*used in dependent clauses that are certainly true
			*used when no other mood applies
			\|\|
			*« Ond vos ''stâds'' ? » ("Where ''are'' you?")
			*« Eu ''stoi'' ici. » ("I ''am'' here.")
			\|-
			! subjunctive
			\|\|
			*used in many dependent clauses
			*used to express a doubtful, desired, or requested event
			*used to express an event to which the reaction is of most significance
			*used to express a third-person imperative
			*used much more than in English
			\|\|
			*« El se posd qu'il ''vein'' la matinadh. » ("It may be that he ''will come'' tomorrow.")
			*« Eu querí qu'il ''part''. » ("I asked that he ''leave''.")
			*« Que ''viv'' la Respublíca ! » ("Long ''live'' the Republic!")
			\|-
			! imperative
			\|\|
			*used in commands and requests
			*only possible with the second-person singular and plural subject
			*the subject is implied
			*almost exactly as in English
			\|\|
			*« ''Face'' tas giwoures ! » ("''Do'' your homework!")
			*« ''Faceds'' vostrs giwoures eimbl. » ("''Do'' your (pl.) homework together.")
			\|}

	==Syntax==		==Syntax==

Llwcybwy: /* Grammar */

2022-09-03T12:35:37Z

Grammar

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:35, 3 September 2022
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	Due to most nouns having identical nominative and oblique forms, the word order is much more strict than that of Latin (and to some degree that of Old Brittainese). A word order different from SVO in declarative sentences may sound wrong or poetic to a native speaker, even though the cases might remove any ambiguity in the meaning.		Due to most nouns having identical nominative and oblique forms, the word order is much more strict than that of Latin (and to some degree that of Old Brittainese). A word order different from SVO in declarative sentences may sound wrong or poetic to a native speaker, even though the cases might remove any ambiguity in the meaning.


			===Verbs===

	==Syntax==		==Syntax==

Llwcybwy: /* Nouns */

2022-09-03T12:35:05Z

Nouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:35, 3 September 2022
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	! Oblique		! Oblique
	\|}		\|}

			====Cases====
			Brittainese nouns are inflected for two cases: a nominative and an oblique. The nominative is used to note the subject of a sentence, while the oblique is used to mark direct objects or after a preposition. The specific usage of both cases may vary between dialects; for example, they have almost entirely disappeared in American Brittainese except as a vocative, but have innovated a use in comparative constructions in British Brittainese.

			Due to most nouns having identical nominative and oblique forms, the word order is much more strict than that of Latin (and to some degree that of Old Brittainese). A word order different from SVO in declarative sentences may sound wrong or poetic to a native speaker, even though the cases might remove any ambiguity in the meaning.

	==Syntax==		==Syntax==

Llwcybwy: /* Unstressed Syllables */

2022-09-03T12:25:31Z

Unstressed Syllables

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:25, 3 September 2022
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	* '''American Brittainese:''' [ə ɪ ʊ].		* '''American Brittainese:''' [ə ɪ ʊ].

	Unstressed syllables may also contain a syllabic sonorant [n̩], [l̩], [r̩] or more rarely [m̩], from unstressed /ən/, /əl/, /ər/ and /əl/.		Unstressed syllables may also contain a syllabic sonorant [n̩], [l̩], [r̩] or more rarely [m̩], from unstressed /ən/, /əl/, /ər/ and /əl/ (not to be confused with the sequences [ən] etc, from an underlying unstressed /an/).

	===Stress===		===Stress===

Llwcybwy: /* Orthography */

2022-09-02T16:25:28Z

Orthography

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:25, 2 September 2022
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	\|-		\|-
	!◌́		!◌́
	\|colspan="5" \| ~~Irregularly stressed vowel (not last full vowel, i.e. some loan words)~~.		\|colspan="5" \| See below.
	\|-		\|-
	!◌̀		!◌̀
	\|colspan="5" \| ~~Pronounciation of accented diphthong as diphthong~~.		\|colspan="5" \| See below.
	\|}		\|}

			====Accents====
			An irregularly stressed vowel (that is stress on a vowel which is not the last full vowel, i.e. some loan words) is marked with an acute accent (◌́), accept for ''a'', which uses a grave accent (◌̀). ''â'' is always stressed and does not take an additional accent. Pronounciation of an accented diphthong as a diphthong is made using a grave accent on the glide-vowel. The grave accent is also used to mark a pronounced final ''e'' after 〈c〉 and 〈g〉.

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==

Llwcybwy: /* Orthography */

2022-09-02T16:20:45Z

Orthography

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:20, 2 September 2022
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	===Consonants===		===Consonants===
	# The letters 〈c〉 and 〈g〉 are pronounced /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/, respectively, if followed by 〈e〉 or 〈i〉. A word-final /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/ sound can be made by adding an 〈e〉 (which becomes silent) after 〈c〉 and 〈g〉 respectively. Example: [[Contionary:brace\|bra'''ce''']]. Non-mute word-final ''e'' after 〈c〉 or 〈g〉is spelled ''è''.		# The letters 〈c〉 and 〈g〉 are pronounced /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/, respectively, if followed by 〈e〉 or 〈i〉. A word-final /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/ sound can be made by adding an 〈e〉 (which becomes silent) after 〈c〉 and 〈g〉 respectively. Example: [[Contionary:brace\|bra'''ce''']]. Non-mute word-final ''e'' after 〈c〉 or 〈g〉is spelled ''è''.
	# The [[w:digraph_(Orthography)\|digraph]] 〈sc〉 before 〈i〉 and 〈e〉 makes the sound /ʃ/. ~~Final~~ /ʃ/ is written as detailed above.		# The [[w:digraph_(Orthography)\|digraph]] 〈sc〉 before 〈i〉 and 〈e〉 makes the sound /ʃ/. Other occurences of /ʃ/ is written as detailed above.
	# The ~~sequence with 〈c〉 and 〈g〉~~ and a [[w:front_vowel\|front vowel]] is made using the digraphs 〈qu〉 and 〈gu〉 respectively. Before a non-front vowel, they represent the ~~sounds~~ /kw/ and /gw/.		# The sounds of /k/ or /g/ and a [[w:front_vowel\|front vowel]] is made using the digraphs 〈qu〉 and 〈gu〉 respectively. Before a non-front vowel, they represent the sequences /kw/ and /gw/.
	# 〈h〉 is silent, but is used for etymological purposes, as well as to create a hiatus between vowels. The sound /h/ is made by using 〈ḥ〉.		# 〈h〉 is silent, but is used for etymological purposes, as well as to create a hiatus between vowels. The sound /h/ is made by using the letter 〈ḥ〉.
	# All consonants except 〈h〉 and 〈ḥ〉can be ''geminated'', that is written twice next to each other. They can only be geminated between vowels or word-finally. Some consonants or clusters of consonants have a different form of gemination. 〈c〉 is geminated 〈cque〉 word-finally (with silent 〈e〉), and 〈qu〉 is geminated 〈cqu〉 word-medially.		# All consonants except 〈h〉 and 〈ḥ〉can be ''geminated'', that is written twice next to each other. They can only be geminated between vowels or word-finally. Some consonants or clusters of consonants have a different form of gemination. 〈c〉 is geminated 〈cque〉 word-finally (with silent 〈e〉), and 〈qu〉 is geminated 〈cqu〉 word-medially.
	# Some consonants are always geminated. These are /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ and /ʃ/.		# Some consonants are always geminated. These are /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ and /ʃ/.
	# 〈s〉 is pronounced /z/ between vowels and sonorants (〈r〉, 〈n〉, 〈m〉 and 〈l〉), and word finally. In all other ~~situations~~, it is pronounced /s/. 〈ss〉 is always pronounced as /s/, but may not be written word-initially or next to a consonant as stated above. In situations where neither 〈s〉 nor 〈ss〉 can be used to represent /s/, 〈z〉 is used. It represents /z/ where 〈s〉 represents /s/.		# 〈s〉 is pronounced /z/ between vowels and sonorants (〈r〉, 〈n〉, 〈m〉 and 〈l〉), and word finally. In all other instances, it is pronounced /s/. 〈ss〉 is always pronounced as /s/, but may not be written word-initially or next to a consonant as stated above. In situations where neither 〈s〉 nor 〈ss〉 can be used to represent /s/, 〈z〉 is used. It represents /z/ where 〈s〉 represents /s/.

	===Vowels===		===Vowels===
	Stressed vowels in most dialects of Brittainese can be either long or short, which is indirectly shown in the orthography as follows. Note at 'C' represents a single consonant, 'V' a vowel, 'CC' either a consonant cluster or a consonant geminate and '#' marks a word boundary.		Stressed vowels in most dialects of Brittainese can be either long or short, which is indirectly shown in the orthography as follows. Note that 'C' represents a single consonant, 'V' a vowel, 'CC' either a consonant cluster or a consonant geminate and '#' marks a word boundary.
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
	\|+ Realisation of vowels		\|+ Realisation of vowels