Carnian grammar - Revision history

Larsqui at 21:01, 26 January 2026

2026-01-26T21:01:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:01, 26 January 2026
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	=== Masculine Declension ===		=== Masculine Declension ===

	Masculine nouns are declined according to hard, soft, or a-stem patterns. The majority of masculine nouns follow the hard or soft declension, whereas the a-stem declension is reserved for a small category of words and is identical to the feminine a-stem declension. While Carnian preserves the hard-soft stem distinction, these two declension patterns have merged to some extent, similarly to neighboring South Slavic languages.		Masculine nouns are declined according to hard, soft, or a-stem patterns. The majority of masculine nouns follow the hard or soft declension, whereas the a-stem declension is reserved for a small category of words and is identical to the feminine a-stem declension. Nouns belonging to the hard-stem declension typically have stems ending in a consonant, although a group of nouns which used to have a stem ending in /h/ now end in a vowel. While Carnian preserves the hard-soft stem distinction, these two declension patterns have merged to some extent, similarly to neighboring South Slavic languages.

	Masculine nouns are further divided between animate and inanimate nouns:		Masculine nouns are further divided between animate and inanimate nouns:
	* For inanimate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the nominative singular		* For inanimate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the nominative singular
	* For animate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the genitive singular		* For animate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the genitive singular
	* In plural, the distinction is significant for hard stems ending in velar consonant /k, g~~, x~~/, which are palatalized to /s/ ~~(for /k, x/)~~ and /z/ ~~(for /g/~~) in animate nouns and remain unchanged in inanimate nouns. This is not true for a great part of Carniolan dialects, which always preserve the hard velar consonant (as in Slovene)		* In plural, the distinction is significant for hard stems ending in velar consonant /k, g/ (which are palatalized to /s/ and /z/, respectively) in animate nouns and remain unchanged in inanimate nouns. This is not true for a great part of Carniolan dialects, which always preserve the hard velar consonant (as in Slovene)
	* a-stems are not differentiated by animacy		* a-stems are not differentiated by animacy

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	=== Feminine Declension ===		=== Feminine Declension ===

	Feminine nouns are declined according to four patterns. Majority of them belong to the a-stem declension, which is further divided into hard and soft. Carnian differs from Slovene and Serbo-Croatian in preserving this distinction although the differences ~~between~~ have been leveled, just as in masculine nouns.		Feminine nouns are declined according to four patterns. Majority of them belong to the a-stem declension, which is further divided into hard and soft. Carnian differs from Slovene and Serbo-Croatian in preserving this distinction although the differences have been leveled, just as in masculine nouns.

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Larsqui at 17:43, 24 January 2026

2026-01-24T17:43:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:43, 24 January 2026
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	\| te		\| te
	\| tega		\| tega
	\|colspan=3\| ~~tech~~		\|colspan=3\| te
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan=2\| Dative		! colspan=2\| Dative
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	\| e		\| e
	\| ega		\| ega
	\|colspan=3\| ~~ich~~		\|colspan=3\| i
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan=2\| Dative		! colspan=2\| Dative
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	\| rowspan=2 \| nas		\| rowspan=2 \| nas
	\| rowspan=2 \| vas		\| rowspan=2 \| vas
	\| rowspan=2 colspan=3 \| ~~ich~~		\| rowspan=2 colspan=3 \| i
	\| rowspan=2 \| se		\| rowspan=2 \| se
	\|-		\|-
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	\| naṡ		\| naṡ
	\| vaṡ		\| vaṡ
	\| colspan=3\| ~~nich~~		\| colspan=3\| ni
	\| soi		\| soi
	\|-		\|-
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	! colspan=2\| Genitive		! colspan=2\| Genitive
	\| tiene		\| tiene
	\| colspan=3\| ~~tienech~~		\| colspan=3\| tiene
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan=2\| Dative		! colspan=2\| Dative
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	! colspan=2\| Genitive		! colspan=2\| Genitive
	\| ove		\| ove
	\| colspan=3\| ~~ovech~~		\| colspan=3\| ove
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan=2\| Dative		! colspan=2\| Dative

Larsqui: /* Personal pronouns */

2025-12-21T19:41:51Z

Personal pronouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:41, 21 December 2025
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	! Possesive		! Possesive
	\| moi		\| moi
	\| ~~tuoi~~		\| toi
	\| ~~vuoi~~		\| voi
	\| niega		\| niega
	\| nie		\| nie
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	\| vaṡ		\| vaṡ
	\| colspan=3\| nich		\| colspan=3\| nich
	\| ~~suoi~~		\| soi
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}

Larsqui: /* Past participle */

2025-12-18T17:25:43Z

Past participle

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:25, 18 December 2025
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	==== Past participle ====		==== Past participle ====

	The past participle is used mainly to form the past and future tense and is formed by ~~adding~~ -''u̯'' ~~to the infinitive~~ stem. It appears in analytical forms and therefore exists primarily in predicative (although some fossilized forms of non-predicative use exist, for example in ''dobrosli'' 'welcome') and must be preceded by an auxiliary verb. ~~As with all~~ predicative ~~adjectival~~ expressions, it receives ultimate accent ~~unless it contains an old spurious vowel in the final syllable (compare ''reckeu'' [rɛ̌ːkɛʊ̯], ''ċitau'' [dɐʋǎʊ̯])~~.		The past participle is used mainly to form the past and future tense and is formed by extending the infinitive stem with -''u̯'' (when stem ends in a vowel) or with -ø (when stem ends in a consonant); compare ''davau'' [dɐʋǎʊ̯], ''rec'' [rɛ̌k].

			It appears in analytical forms and therefore exists primarily in predicative (although some fossilized forms of non-predicative use exist, for example in ''dobrosli'' 'welcome') and must be preceded by an auxiliary verb. Like other predicative expressions, it receives ultimate accent.

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	\|-		\|-
	! C-t		! C-t
	\|rowspan=2\| -eu		\|rowspan=2\| -ø
	\|-		\|-
	! -ø-it		! -ø-it

Larsqui at 13:14, 18 December 2025

2025-12-18T13:14:52Z

@@ Line 427: / Line 427: @@
 * Three moods: indicative, imperative, and conditional
 * Two aspects: perfective and imperfective
 === Conjugation ===

Larsqui at 18:15, 10 December 2025

2025-12-10T18:15:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:15, 10 December 2025
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	* Uninflected predicative form in adjectives and participles		* Uninflected predicative form in adjectives and participles
	* The past tense formation continues Slavic perfect with L-participles with the auxiliary verb in preposition		* The past tense formation continues Slavic perfect with L-participles with the auxiliary verb in preposition
	* Reduction in the -ovati conjugation class (*''milovati'' > ''milat''; ''milujem'' > ''~~miliem~~'')		* Reduction in the -ovati conjugation class (*''milovati'' > ''milat''; ''milujem'' > ''milem'')
	* Mix of Western and Southern forms		* Mix of Western and Southern forms

Larsqui at 15:26, 23 November 2025

2025-11-23T15:26:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:26, 23 November 2025
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	Carnian is not the only Slavic language with articles (others are Bulgarian, Macedonian, and to some extent Sorbian languages), but is the only one with both definite and indefinite articles in preposition. They are inflected by case, gender, and number (except for the indefinite, which is absent in plural). The definite article is consistently used, while the indefinite is in practice often omitted.		Carnian is not the only Slavic language with articles (others are Bulgarian, Macedonian, and to some extent Sorbian languages), but is the only one with both definite and indefinite articles in preposition. They are inflected by case, gender, and number (except for the indefinite, which is absent in plural). The definite article is consistently used, while the indefinite is in practice often omitted.

	Both articles undergo shortening in certain contexts, i.e. the feminine and neuter definite ''ta'' and ''to'' become ''t' '' before words starting with ''a''- and ''o''-, respectively (''t'ant'' instead of ''ta ant'' 'the duck'; ''t'oco'' instead of ''to oco'' 'the eye'). Indefinite article preceded by ''je'' (third person singular ''bœt'' 'to be') merges with it into one form (e.g., ''To je jen pies'' becomes ''To jen pies'', 'It's a dog'), although this is restricted to informal speech and is never used in official writings.		Both articles undergo shortening in certain contexts, i.e. the feminine and neuter definite ''ta'' and ''to'' become ''t' '' before words starting with ''a''- and ''o''-, respectively (''t'ant'' instead of ''ta [[Contionary:ant#Carnian\|ant]]'' 'the duck'; ''t'oco'' instead of ''to oco'' 'the eye'). Indefinite article preceded by ''je'' (third person singular ''[[Contionary:bœt#Carnian\|bœt]]'' 'to be') merges with it into one form (e.g., ''To je jen [[Contionary:pies#Carnian\|pies]]'' becomes ''To jen pies'', 'It's a dog'), although this is restricted to informal speech and is never used in official writings.

	'''Indefinite ''jen'' inflection'''		'''Indefinite ''jen'' inflection'''
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	=== Comparison ===		=== Comparison ===

	Comparative and superlative formations follow analytical construction with the use of adverbs ''vent'' 'more' and ''nai'' (rarely also ''naivent'') 'most', respectively, followed by the adjective in positive form. A few irregular adjectives, especially old and basic ones, have fossilized the old affix formation, such as ''miens'' 'smaller', ''ventz'' 'bigger', ''gors'' 'worse', and ''bols'' 'better'. These irregular adjectives use the comparative forms to form the superlative.		Comparative and superlative formations follow analytical construction with the use of adverbs ''[[Contionary:vent#Carnian\|vent]]'' 'more' and ''[[Contionary:nai#Carnian\|nai]]'' (rarely also ''naivent'') 'most', respectively, followed by the adjective in positive form. A few irregular adjectives, especially old and basic ones, have fossilized the old affix formation, such as ''[[Contionary:miens#Carnian\|miens]]'' 'smaller', ''[[Contionary:ventz#Carnian\|ventz]]'' 'bigger', ''[[Contionary:gors#Carnian\|gors]]'' 'worse', and ''[[Contionary:bols#Carnian\|bols]]'' 'better'. These irregular adjectives use the comparative forms to form the superlative.

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	!rowspan=4\| Regular		!rowspan=4\| Regular
	! Predicative		! Predicative
	\| barz		\| [[Contionary:barz#Carnian\|barz]]
	\| vent barz		\| vent barz
	\| nai barz		\| nai barz
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	==== Past indicative ====		==== Past indicative ====

	The past indicative is used to indicate events that occurred in the past. It is formed with the auxiliary verb ''bœt'' ('to be') in the present tense, followed by the predicative past participle of the verb, for example ''jem videu'' 'I saw'.		The past indicative is used to indicate events that occurred in the past. It is formed with the auxiliary verb ''[[Contionary:bœt#Carnian\|bœt]]'' ('to be') in the present tense, followed by the predicative past participle of the verb, for example ''jem videu'' 'I saw'.

	==== Pluperfect indicative ====		==== Pluperfect indicative ====
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	==== Irregular verbs ====		==== Irregular verbs ====

	Conjugation of the verb ''bœt'' 'to be':		Conjugation of the verb ''[[Contionary:bœt#Carnian\|bœt]]'' 'to be':

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	\|-		\|-
	! Nominative		! Nominative
	\| jaz~~, ja~~		\| [[Contionary:ja#Carnian\|ja, jaz]]
	\| ty		\| [[Contionary:ty#Carnian\|ty]]
	\| vy		\| [[Contionary:vy#Carnian\|vy]]
	\| on		\| [[Contionary:on#Carnian\|on]]
	\| ona		\| [[Contionary:ona#Carnian\|ona]]
	\| ono		\| [[Contionary:ono#Carnian\|ono]]
	\| mœ		\| [[Contionary:mœ#Carnian\|mœ]]
	\| vœ		\| [[Contionary:vœ#Carnian\|vœ]]
	\| oni		\| oni
	\| one		\| one
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	=== Interrogative pronouns ===		=== Interrogative pronouns ===

	The interrogative pronouns introduce direct and indirect questions. There are two nominative forms: ''co'' 'who' and ''kei'' 'what'.		The interrogative pronouns introduce direct and indirect questions. There are two nominative forms: ''co'' 'who' and ''[[Contionary:kei#Carnian\|kei]]'' 'what'.

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Larsqui at 17:25, 7 November 2025

2025-11-07T17:25:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:25, 7 November 2025
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	Some Carniolan dialects experience '''masculinization''' of neuter nouns to varying extents, especially in the singular. A small subgroup of eastern Carinthian dialects experiences '''feminization''' of neuter nouns.		Some Carniolan dialects experience '''masculinization''' of neuter nouns to varying extents, especially in the singular. A small subgroup of eastern Carinthian dialects experiences '''feminization''' of neuter nouns.

	Littoral and some Kvarner dialects, on the other hand, tend to merge neuter and masculine genders into one, which is most prominent in the presence of the neuter -o or -e ending in the singular nominative of masculine nouns (cf. ''leabo'' 'bread', ''~~mangie~~'' '~~man~~' vs. standard ''leab'', ''~~manġ~~'') and entirely masculine endings in plural. This phenomenon is most common in areas with the strongest influence of Romance languages, which usually finish their nouns with a vowel.		Littoral and some Kvarner dialects, on the other hand, tend to merge neuter and masculine genders into one, which is most prominent in the presence of the neuter -o or -e ending in the singular nominative of masculine nouns (cf. ''leabo'' 'bread', ''jegie'' 'hedgehog' vs. standard ''leab'', ''jeġ'') and entirely masculine endings in plural. This phenomenon is most common in areas with the strongest influence of Romance languages, which usually finish their nouns with a vowel.

	== Adjectives ==		== Adjectives ==

Larsqui: /* Articles */

2025-11-07T09:46:49Z

Articles

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:46, 7 November 2025
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	Carnian is not the only Slavic language with articles (others are Bulgarian, Macedonian, and to some extent Sorbian languages), but is the only one with both definite and indefinite articles in preposition. They are inflected by case, gender, and number (except for the indefinite, which is absent in plural). The definite article is consistently used, while the indefinite is in practice often omitted.		Carnian is not the only Slavic language with articles (others are Bulgarian, Macedonian, and to some extent Sorbian languages), but is the only one with both definite and indefinite articles in preposition. They are inflected by case, gender, and number (except for the indefinite, which is absent in plural). The definite article is consistently used, while the indefinite is in practice often omitted.

			Both articles undergo shortening in certain contexts, i.e. the feminine and neuter definite ''ta'' and ''to'' become ''t' '' before words starting with ''a''- and ''o''-, respectively (''t'ant'' instead of ''ta ant'' 'the duck'; ''t'oco'' instead of ''to oco'' 'the eye'). Indefinite article preceded by ''je'' (third person singular ''bœt'' 'to be') merges with it into one form (e.g., ''To je jen pies'' becomes ''To jen pies'', 'It's a dog'), although this is restricted to informal speech and is never used in official writings.

	'''Indefinite ''jen'' inflection'''		'''Indefinite ''jen'' inflection'''

Larsqui at 19:47, 6 November 2025

2025-11-06T19:47:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:47, 6 November 2025
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	=== Declension ===		=== Declension ===

	Modern Carnian preserves only definite adjectival declension, differing from Slovene and Serbo-Croatian, which distinguish between definite and indefinite. The loss of the indefinite declension was gradual, being used only in the predicative by the end of the Old Carnian period. It then evolved into a special, uninflected '''predicative adjective''', which basically follows the old indefinite masculine nominative form but is used for all genders, cases, and numbers. This form is treated as the base form of all adjectives (similarly to German). The same is true for adjectival participles. ~~All~~ predicative adjectives ~~have~~ ultimate accent, so the stressed syllable agrees with the non-predicative form (compare ''zelen'' ~~/zɛˈlɛn/~~ vs. ''zeleny'' ~~/zɛˈlɛnɛɪ̯/~~).		Modern Carnian preserves only definite adjectival declension, differing from Slovene and Serbo-Croatian, which distinguish between definite and indefinite. The loss of the indefinite declension was gradual, being used only in the predicative by the end of the Old Carnian period. It then evolved into a special, uninflected '''predicative adjective''', which basically follows the old indefinite masculine nominative form but is used for all genders, cases, and numbers. This form is treated as the base form of all adjectives (similarly to German). The same is true for adjectival participles. The majority of predicative adjectives receives ultimate accent, so the stressed syllable agrees with the non-predicative form (compare ''zelen'' [zɛlɛ̌n] vs. ''zeleny'' [zɛlɛ̌nɛɪ̯]). The exception are adjectives with spurious vowels in their final syllables which are lost in the inflection (compare ''pozen'' [pɔ̂ːzɛn] vs. ''pozny'' [pɔ̂znɛɪ̯] 'late').

	Adjectives in expressions other than predicative are placed before the nouns and agree with them in case, number, and gender. In contrast to nouns, the hard-soft distinction was lost in adjectives, with soft declension taking over the hard one. Thus all adjectives follow the standard declension pattern, which is the same for adjectival nouns.		Adjectives in expressions other than predicative are placed before the nouns and agree with them in case, number, and gender. In contrast to nouns, the hard-soft distinction was lost in adjectives, with soft declension taking over the hard one. Thus all adjectives follow the standard declension pattern, which is the same for adjectival nouns.
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	==== Past participle ====		==== Past participle ====

	The past participle is used mainly to form the past and future tense and is formed by adding -''u̯'' to the infinitive stem. It appears in analytical forms and therefore exists primarily in predicative (although some fossilized forms of non-predicative use exist, for example in ''dobrosli'' 'welcome') and must be preceded by an auxiliary verb. As with all predicative adjectival expressions, it receives ultimate accent.		The past participle is used mainly to form the past and future tense and is formed by adding -''u̯'' to the infinitive stem. It appears in analytical forms and therefore exists primarily in predicative (although some fossilized forms of non-predicative use exist, for example in ''dobrosli'' 'welcome') and must be preceded by an auxiliary verb. As with all predicative adjectival expressions, it receives ultimate accent unless it contains an old spurious vowel in the final syllable (compare ''reckeu'' [rɛ̌ːkɛʊ̯], ''ċitau'' [dɐʋǎʊ̯]).

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"