Carpathian historical development - Revision history

Raistas: /* Alternations between e and a reflexes */

2023-02-22T13:42:07Z

Alternations between *e and *a reflexes

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:42, 22 February 2023
Line 78:		Line 78:
	===Alternations between e and a reflexes===		===Alternations between e and a reflexes===
	Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.		Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.
			===Western a-labialisation===
			The phoneme a likely had two allophones already in Proto-Carpathian – plain a and labialised å, also called "strong a" and "weak a" respectively. In Eastern Carpathian the two allophones merged into a single open back vowel, while in most Western Carpathian dialects å rose to /o/, becoming a short counterpart to the original long *ō. This new short "o" was phonemised by separating the alternations of "o" and "ō" from "a" and "ā", as well as borrowing of new words, which contained this sound.

	[[Category:Carpathian]]		[[Category:Carpathian]]

Raistas: /* Nasal assimilation */

2023-02-22T13:32:04Z

Nasal assimilation

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:32, 22 February 2023
Line 74:		Line 74:
	In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following: in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''girissis'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''.		In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following: in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''girissis'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''.
	===Nasal assimilation===		===Nasal assimilation===
	The nasal consonants did not assimilate to following consonants in Proto-Carpathians, which is also true for almost all modern dialects: Western Carpathian ''šu'''m'''ta'' “hundred”, Eastern Carpathian ''i'''m'''tei'' “to take, to have”. However, in Eastern Carpathian a nasal consonant always assimilates to its following fricative: dial. ''gassis'' “goose” (standard ''gansis''), ''sassēdas'' “neighbour” (dial. ''sansēdas'', Western ''samsēdas''). In the standard only ''m'' assimilates, while ''n'' usually stays intact, only becoming [ŋ] before velars. The dialect of the Eastern Carpathian Highlands keeps the cluster ''nh'' distinct from ''n'', usually as voiceless [n̥], since /h/ is ~~usually~~ voiceless near other consonants in that dialect: ''swanhas'' “sound”, ''tinhus'' “thin” (most dialects have ''swanas'' and ''tinus'', Western standard ''swonas'', ''tinus'').		The nasal consonants did not assimilate to following consonants in Proto-Carpathians, which is also true for almost all modern dialects: Western Carpathian ''šu'''m'''ta'' “hundred”, Eastern Carpathian ''i'''m'''tei'' “to take, to have”. However, in Eastern Carpathian a nasal consonant always assimilates to its following fricative: dial. ''gassis'' “goose” (standard ''gansis''), ''sassēdas'' “neighbour” (dial. ''sansēdas'', Western ''samsēdas''). In the standard only ''m'' assimilates, while ''n'' usually stays intact, only becoming [ŋ] before velars. The dialect of the Eastern Carpathian Highlands keeps the cluster ''nh'' distinct from ''n'', usually as voiceless [n̥], since /h/ is typically voiceless near other consonants in that dialect: ''swanhas'' “sound”, ''tinhus'' “thin” (most dialects have ''swanas'' and ''tinus'', Western standard ''swonas'', ''tinus'').

	===Alternations between e and a reflexes===		===Alternations between e and a reflexes===
	Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.		Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.
	[[Category:Carpathian]]		[[Category:Carpathian]]

Raistas: /* Affective š and z */

2023-02-22T13:31:02Z

Affective š and z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:31, 22 February 2023
Line 72:		Line 72:
	The only source of the ''š'' sound in the Eastern dialect of Carpathian was the '''ruki''' law. However, the law was reversed before plosive consonants later, making the original ''š'' a relatively rare phoneme. This was likely the reason for why it gained an affective nature, substituting the original ''s''. This change was not regular, however, and it did not affect Western Carpathian, in which ''š'' was common. Examples of such words include: Eastern ''pal'''š'''as'' “commotion”, ''pil'''š'''as'' “dormouse”, '''''š'''armas'' “harm” (from ''śar̃mas''), but Western ''pol'''s'''as'', ''pel'''s'''as (“mouse”), '''''š'''armas'' (with a regular outcome of ''*ś'').		The only source of the ''š'' sound in the Eastern dialect of Carpathian was the '''ruki''' law. However, the law was reversed before plosive consonants later, making the original ''š'' a relatively rare phoneme. This was likely the reason for why it gained an affective nature, substituting the original ''s''. This change was not regular, however, and it did not affect Western Carpathian, in which ''š'' was common. Examples of such words include: Eastern ''pal'''š'''as'' “commotion”, ''pil'''š'''as'' “dormouse”, '''''š'''armas'' “harm” (from ''śar̃mas''), but Western ''pol'''s'''as'', ''pel'''s'''as (“mouse”), '''''š'''armas'' (with a regular outcome of ''*ś'').

	In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following": in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''~~girissa~~'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''.		In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following: in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''girissis'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''.
			===Nasal assimilation===
			The nasal consonants did not assimilate to following consonants in Proto-Carpathians, which is also true for almost all modern dialects: Western Carpathian ''šu'''m'''ta'' “hundred”, Eastern Carpathian ''i'''m'''tei'' “to take, to have”. However, in Eastern Carpathian a nasal consonant always assimilates to its following fricative: dial. ''gassis'' “goose” (standard ''gansis''), ''sassēdas'' “neighbour” (dial. ''sansēdas'', Western ''samsēdas''). In the standard only ''m'' assimilates, while ''n'' usually stays intact, only becoming [ŋ] before velars. The dialect of the Eastern Carpathian Highlands keeps the cluster ''nh'' distinct from ''n'', usually as voiceless [n̥], since /h/ is usually voiceless near other consonants in that dialect: ''swanhas'' “sound”, ''tinhus'' “thin” (most dialects have ''swanas'' and ''tinus'', Western standard ''swonas'', ''tinus'').

	===Alternations between e and a reflexes===		===Alternations between e and a reflexes===
	Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.		Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.
	[[Category:Carpathian]]		[[Category:Carpathian]]

Raistas: /* Affective š and z */

2023-02-22T13:02:48Z

Affective š and z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:02, 22 February 2023
Line 70:		Line 70:
	The primary distinction that defines Western and Eastern branches is the reflexes of Proto-Carpathian ''ś'' and ''ź''. In Western Carpathian the two became retroflex or postalveolar '''š''' and '''ž''' (with ''ś'' merging with old ''š''), while in Eastern Carpathian they resulted in '''s''' and '''z''' instead (with ''ś'' merging with old ''s'', keeping old ''š'' distinct and having no "ž"-phoneme in the native vocabulary).		The primary distinction that defines Western and Eastern branches is the reflexes of Proto-Carpathian ''ś'' and ''ź''. In Western Carpathian the two became retroflex or postalveolar '''š''' and '''ž''' (with ''ś'' merging with old ''š''), while in Eastern Carpathian they resulted in '''s''' and '''z''' instead (with ''ś'' merging with old ''s'', keeping old ''š'' distinct and having no "ž"-phoneme in the native vocabulary).
	===Affective š and z===		===Affective š and z===
	The only source of the ''š'' sound in the Eastern dialect of Carpathian was the '''ruki''' law. However, the law was reversed before plosive consonants later, making the original ''š'' a relatively rare phoneme. This was likely the reason for why it gained an affective nature, substituting the original ''s''. This change was not regular, however, and it did not affect Western Carpathian, in which ''š'' was common. Examples of such words include: Eastern ''pal'''š'''as'' “commotion”, ''pil'''š'''as'' “dormouse”, '''''š'''armas'' “harm” (from ''śar̃mas'', but Western ''pol'''s'''as'', ''pel'''s'''as (“mouse”), '''''š'''armas''.		The only source of the ''š'' sound in the Eastern dialect of Carpathian was the '''ruki''' law. However, the law was reversed before plosive consonants later, making the original ''š'' a relatively rare phoneme. This was likely the reason for why it gained an affective nature, substituting the original ''s''. This change was not regular, however, and it did not affect Western Carpathian, in which ''š'' was common. Examples of such words include: Eastern ''pal'''š'''as'' “commotion”, ''pil'''š'''as'' “dormouse”, '''''š'''armas'' “harm” (from ''śar̃mas''), but Western ''pol'''s'''as'', ''pel'''s'''as (“mouse”), '''''š'''armas'' (with a regular outcome of ''*ś'').

	In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following": in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''girissa'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''.		In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following": in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''girissa'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''.

	===Alternations between e and a reflexes===		===Alternations between e and a reflexes===
	Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.		Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.
	[[Category:Carpathian]]		[[Category:Carpathian]]

Raistas: /* Alternations between e and a reflexes */

2023-02-22T13:00:21Z

Alternations between *e and *a reflexes

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:00, 22 February 2023
Line 74:		Line 74:
	In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following": in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''girissa'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''.		In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following": in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''girissa'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''.
	===Alternations between e and a reflexes===		===Alternations between e and a reflexes===
	Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''~~àpasis~~''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.		Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.
	[[Category:Carpathian]]		[[Category:Carpathian]]

Raistas at 15:02, 18 February 2023

2023-02-18T15:02:10Z

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	*'''Common Carpathian''' (1000 BCE — 500 CE) — the stage with the earliest identifiable dialectal distinctions and borrowings from other languages. At this stage Paleo-Balkan influence is prominent.		*'''Common Carpathian''' (1000 BCE — 500 CE) — the stage with the earliest identifiable dialectal distinctions and borrowings from other languages. At this stage Paleo-Balkan influence is prominent.
	*'''Late Carpathian''' (500 BCE — present) — gradual development of individual Carpathian dialects. The influence of the Slavic languages is prominent at this stage.		*'''Late Carpathian''' (500 BCE — present) — gradual development of individual Carpathian dialects. The influence of the Slavic languages is prominent at this stage.

			[[Category:Carpathian]]

	==Split from Late Proto-Indo-European==		==Split from Late Proto-Indo-European==
	Proto-Carpathian exhibits the [[w:Centum and satem languages\|satem]] development wherein Proto-Indo-European (PIE) palatovelar consonants became affricates or fricatives, conventionally indicated as ś and ź.		Proto-Carpathian exhibits the [[w:Centum and satem languages\|satem]] development wherein Proto-Indo-European (PIE) palatovelar consonants became affricates or fricatives, conventionally indicated as ś and ź.

Raistas: /* Palatalisation */

2023-02-18T15:01:24Z

Palatalisation

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:01, 18 February 2023
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	The clusters ''sr'', ''śr'' and ''źr'' were rare in Carpathian, but had a unique development of prothetic dental stops between the two elements, which resulted in the only allowed clusters consisting of more than two consonants: PIE ''h₂ewsrom'' — ''hauštra'' “morning, east”. This process likely happened early in the Carpathian development, since the initial clusters were also affected: PIE ''*sroumḗn'' → Pre-Proto-Carpathian ''s'''t'''raumēn'' — Carpathian ''staraũmū'' “stream”. The development is still productive, affecting later loanwords: ''Iz'''d'''rajelis'' “Israel”.		The clusters ''sr'', ''śr'' and ''źr'' were rare in Carpathian, but had a unique development of prothetic dental stops between the two elements, which resulted in the only allowed clusters consisting of more than two consonants: PIE ''h₂ewsrom'' — ''hauštra'' “morning, east”. This process likely happened early in the Carpathian development, since the initial clusters were also affected: PIE ''*sroumḗn'' → Pre-Proto-Carpathian ''s'''t'''raumēn'' — Carpathian ''staraũmū'' “stream”. The development is still productive, affecting later loanwords: ''Iz'''d'''rajelis'' “Israel”.
	===Palatalisation===		===Palatalisation===
	The combinations with ''w'' and ''j'' as a second element survived, although the clusters of dental consonants and j underwent [[w:Iotation\|iotation]]: ''weĩśśinjāh'' > ''weisiniā'' “cherry” (Eastern [weɪ̀.si.ɲɑ], Western [weɪ̀.ʂi.ɲɑ], later degemination of ś after a diphthong); labial consonants were not affected, while velar consonants show variation among various dialects: ''liaugā'' ~ ''liaudiā'' “puddle” (''"diV"'' represents the [ɟ] sound). Thus, while the clusters with ''j'' as their second element were resolved, the palatal articulation of that element affected the first element of the cluster, causing '''palatalisation''', e.g. moving the articulation of that consonant towards palatal with only labial consonants remaining unchanged (they probably lost their palatalisation later, although this cannot be confirmed, since no Carpathian dialect preserves any evidence of the palatalisation of labials). This new distinction resulted in an opposition of plain and palatal consonants: ''wa'''l'''ītei'' “to prefer” (plain consonant) – ''wa'''li'''ā'' “will” (palatal). The palatal reflexes of the clusters ''kj'' and ''gj'' did not merge with the respective reflexes of ''tj'' and ''dj'' in Proto-Carpathian, as can be seen from dialects, which have distinct affricate phonemes. In those dialects ''tj'' and ''dj'' became ''č'' and ''dž'' (or ''ts'' and ''dz'') respectively, while all other dialects merge both into one palatal series. The rare cluster ''hj'' usually simply dispalatalised, following the same path, as the labial consonants: ''stāhjā'' - ''stāhā'' “shelter”. A consonant cluster followed by ''j'' palatised as a whole: Proto-Carpathian''nìštjas'' – modern ''nistias'' [nìɕ.cɑs] “poor”.		The combinations with ''w'' and ''j'' as a second element survived, although the clusters of dental consonants and j underwent [[w:Iotation\|iotation]]: ''weĩśśinjāh'' > ''weisiniā'' “cherry” (Eastern [weɪ̀.si.ɲɑ], Western [weɪ̀.ʂi.ɲɑ], later degemination of ś after a diphthong); labial consonants were not affected, while velar consonants show variation among various dialects: ''liaugā'' ~ ''liaudiā'' “puddle” (''"diV"'' represents the [ɟ] sound). Thus, while the clusters with ''j'' as their second element were resolved, the palatal articulation of that element affected the first element of the cluster, causing '''palatalisation''', e.g. moving the articulation of that consonant towards palatal with only labial consonants remaining unchanged (they probably lost their palatalisation later, although this cannot be confirmed, since no Carpathian dialect preserves any evidence of the palatalisation of labials). This new distinction resulted in an opposition of plain and palatal consonants: ''wa'''l'''ītei'' “to prefer” (plain consonant) – ''wa'''li'''ā'' “will” (palatal). The palatal reflexes of the clusters ''kj'' and ''gj'' did not merge with the respective reflexes of ''tj'' and ''dj'' in Proto-Carpathian, as can be seen from dialects, which have distinct affricate phonemes. In those dialects ''tj'' and ''dj'' became ''č'' and ''dž'' (or ''ts'' and ''dz'') respectively, while all other dialects merge both into one palatal series. The rare cluster ''hj'' usually simply dispalatalised, following the same path, as the labial consonants: ''stāhjā'' - ''stāhā'' “shelter”. A consonant cluster followed by ''j'' palatised as a whole: Proto-Carpathian ''nìštjas'' – modern ''nistias'' [nìɕ.cɑs] “poor”.

	Some dialects, particularly in the eastern highlands, also undergo [[w:Labialization\|labialisation]], though this process is not regular or widespread: Standard ''swestī'' “sister” — [sʷɛ̀s.tiː] or [sỳs.tiː], sometimes spelt ''süstī'' in those dialects.		Some dialects, particularly in the eastern highlands, also undergo [[w:Labialization\|labialisation]], though this process is not regular or widespread: Standard ''swestī'' “sister” — [sʷɛ̀s.tiː] or [sỳs.tiː], sometimes spelt ''süstī'' in those dialects.

Raistas: /* Consonant assimilation */

2023-02-18T15:00:49Z

Consonant assimilation

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:00, 18 February 2023
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	The clusters with nasal as a second element typically survive as geminate "nn" (PIE ''h₂e'''gʷn'''ents'' > Carpathian ''hà'''nn'''ēn'' “lamb”), unless they comprise a cluster with more than two consonants: PIE ''ml̥dʰnis'' — Western Carpathian ''mil̃dinis'' “lightning” (Eastern Carpathian ''lùkkawis'' from ''lukskawis''). Labial consonants, however, become [m] before nasals: PIE swé'''pn'''os — Standard Carpathian ''swa'''mn'''as'' [ˈswɑ̀m.nɑs] “dream”; ''*dʰu'''bʰ'''nóm'' — ''du'''m'''na'' “bottom”.		The clusters with nasal as a second element typically survive as geminate "nn" (PIE ''h₂e'''gʷn'''ents'' > Carpathian ''hà'''nn'''ēn'' “lamb”), unless they comprise a cluster with more than two consonants: PIE ''ml̥dʰnis'' — Western Carpathian ''mil̃dinis'' “lightning” (Eastern Carpathian ''lùkkawis'' from ''lukskawis''). Labial consonants, however, become [m] before nasals: PIE swé'''pn'''os — Standard Carpathian ''swa'''mn'''as'' [ˈswɑ̀m.nɑs] “dream”; ''*dʰu'''bʰ'''nóm'' — ''du'''m'''na'' “bottom”.

	The clusters ''sr'', ''śr'' and ''źr'' were rare in Carpathian, but had a unique development of prothetic dental stops between the two elements, which resulted in the only allowed clusters consisting of more than two consonants: PIE ''h₂ewsrom'' — ''hauštra'' “morning, east”. This process likely happened early in the Carpathian development, since the initial clusters were also affected: PIE ''*sroumḗn'' → Pre-Proto-Carpathian ''s'''t'''~~raumū~~'' — Carpathian ''~~staraũmēn~~'' “stream”. The development is still productive, affecting later loanwords: ''Iz'''d'''rajelis'' “Israel”.		The clusters ''sr'', ''śr'' and ''źr'' were rare in Carpathian, but had a unique development of prothetic dental stops between the two elements, which resulted in the only allowed clusters consisting of more than two consonants: PIE ''h₂ewsrom'' — ''hauštra'' “morning, east”. This process likely happened early in the Carpathian development, since the initial clusters were also affected: PIE ''*sroumḗn'' → Pre-Proto-Carpathian ''s'''t'''raumēn'' — Carpathian ''staraũmū'' “stream”. The development is still productive, affecting later loanwords: ''Iz'''d'''rajelis'' “Israel”.
	===Palatalisation===		===Palatalisation===
	The combinations with ''w'' and ''j'' as a second element survived, although the clusters of dental consonants and j underwent [[w:Iotation\|iotation]]: ''weĩśśinjāh'' > ''weisiniā'' “cherry” (Eastern [weɪ̀.si.ɲɑ], Western [weɪ̀.ʂi.ɲɑ], later degemination of ś after a diphthong); labial consonants were not affected, while velar consonants show variation among various dialects: ''liaugā'' ~ ''liaudiā'' “puddle” (''"diV"'' represents the [ɟ] sound). Thus, while the clusters with ''j'' as their second element were resolved, the palatal articulation of that element affected the first element of the cluster, causing '''palatalisation''', e.g. moving the articulation of that consonant towards palatal with only labial consonants remaining unchanged (they probably lost their palatalisation later, although this cannot be confirmed, since no Carpathian dialect preserves any evidence of the palatalisation of labials). This new distinction resulted in an opposition of plain and palatal consonants: ''wa'''l'''ītei'' “to prefer” (plain consonant) – ''wa'''li'''ā'' “will” (palatal). The palatal reflexes of the clusters ''kj'' and ''gj'' did not merge with the respective reflexes of ''tj'' and ''dj'' in Proto-Carpathian, as can be seen from dialects, which have distinct affricate phonemes. In those dialects ''tj'' and ''dj'' became ''č'' and ''dž'' (or ''ts'' and ''dz'') respectively, while all other dialects merge both into one palatal series. The rare cluster ''hj'' usually simply dispalatalised, following the same path, as the labial consonants: ''stāhjā'' - ''stāhā'' “shelter”. A consonant cluster followed by ''j'' palatised as a whole: Proto-Carpathian''nìštjas'' – modern ''nistias'' [nìɕ.cɑs] “poor”.		The combinations with ''w'' and ''j'' as a second element survived, although the clusters of dental consonants and j underwent [[w:Iotation\|iotation]]: ''weĩśśinjāh'' > ''weisiniā'' “cherry” (Eastern [weɪ̀.si.ɲɑ], Western [weɪ̀.ʂi.ɲɑ], later degemination of ś after a diphthong); labial consonants were not affected, while velar consonants show variation among various dialects: ''liaugā'' ~ ''liaudiā'' “puddle” (''"diV"'' represents the [ɟ] sound). Thus, while the clusters with ''j'' as their second element were resolved, the palatal articulation of that element affected the first element of the cluster, causing '''palatalisation''', e.g. moving the articulation of that consonant towards palatal with only labial consonants remaining unchanged (they probably lost their palatalisation later, although this cannot be confirmed, since no Carpathian dialect preserves any evidence of the palatalisation of labials). This new distinction resulted in an opposition of plain and palatal consonants: ''wa'''l'''ītei'' “to prefer” (plain consonant) – ''wa'''li'''ā'' “will” (palatal). The palatal reflexes of the clusters ''kj'' and ''gj'' did not merge with the respective reflexes of ''tj'' and ''dj'' in Proto-Carpathian, as can be seen from dialects, which have distinct affricate phonemes. In those dialects ''tj'' and ''dj'' became ''č'' and ''dž'' (or ''ts'' and ''dz'') respectively, while all other dialects merge both into one palatal series. The rare cluster ''hj'' usually simply dispalatalised, following the same path, as the labial consonants: ''stāhjā'' - ''stāhā'' “shelter”. A consonant cluster followed by ''j'' palatised as a whole: Proto-Carpathian''nìštjas'' – modern ''nistias'' [nìɕ.cɑs] “poor”.

Raistas: /* Consonant assimilation */

2023-02-18T15:00:15Z

Consonant assimilation

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:00, 18 February 2023
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	The clusters with nasal as a second element typically survive as geminate "nn" (PIE ''h₂e'''gʷn'''ents'' > Carpathian ''hà'''nn'''ēn'' “lamb”), unless they comprise a cluster with more than two consonants: PIE ''ml̥dʰnis'' — Western Carpathian ''mil̃dinis'' “lightning” (Eastern Carpathian ''lùkkawis'' from ''lukskawis''). Labial consonants, however, become [m] before nasals: PIE swé'''pn'''os — Standard Carpathian ''swa'''mn'''as'' [ˈswɑ̀m.nɑs] “dream”; ''*dʰu'''bʰ'''nóm'' — ''du'''m'''na'' “bottom”.		The clusters with nasal as a second element typically survive as geminate "nn" (PIE ''h₂e'''gʷn'''ents'' > Carpathian ''hà'''nn'''ēn'' “lamb”), unless they comprise a cluster with more than two consonants: PIE ''ml̥dʰnis'' — Western Carpathian ''mil̃dinis'' “lightning” (Eastern Carpathian ''lùkkawis'' from ''lukskawis''). Labial consonants, however, become [m] before nasals: PIE swé'''pn'''os — Standard Carpathian ''swa'''mn'''as'' [ˈswɑ̀m.nɑs] “dream”; ''*dʰu'''bʰ'''nóm'' — ''du'''m'''na'' “bottom”.

	The clusters ''sr'', ''śr'' and ''źr'' were rare in Carpathian, but had a unique development of prothetic dental stops between the two elements, which resulted in the only allowed clusters consisting of more than two consonants: PIE ''h₂ewsrom'' — ''hauštra'' “morning, east”. This process likely happened early in the Carpathian development, since the initial clusters were also affected: PIE ''*sroumḗn'' → Pre-Proto-Carpathian ''s'''t'''~~raumēn~~'' — Carpathian ''staraũmēn'' “stream”. The development is still productive, affecting later loanwords: ''~~Izdrajelis~~'' “Israel”.		The clusters ''sr'', ''śr'' and ''źr'' were rare in Carpathian, but had a unique development of prothetic dental stops between the two elements, which resulted in the only allowed clusters consisting of more than two consonants: PIE ''h₂ewsrom'' — ''hauštra'' “morning, east”. This process likely happened early in the Carpathian development, since the initial clusters were also affected: PIE ''*sroumḗn'' → Pre-Proto-Carpathian ''s'''t'''raumū'' — Carpathian ''staraũmēn'' “stream”. The development is still productive, affecting later loanwords: ''Iz'''d'''rajelis'' “Israel”.
	===Palatalisation===		===Palatalisation===
	The combinations with ''w'' and ''j'' as a second element survived, although the clusters of dental consonants and j underwent [[w:Iotation\|iotation]]: ''weĩśśinjāh'' > ''weisiniā'' “cherry” (Eastern [weɪ̀.si.ɲɑ], Western [weɪ̀.ʂi.ɲɑ], later degemination of ś after a diphthong); labial consonants were not affected, while velar consonants show variation among various dialects: ''liaugā'' ~ ''liaudiā'' “puddle” (''"diV"'' represents the [ɟ] sound). Thus, while the clusters with ''j'' as their second element were resolved, the palatal articulation of that element affected the first element of the cluster, causing '''palatalisation''', e.g. moving the articulation of that consonant towards palatal with only labial consonants remaining unchanged (they probably lost their palatalisation later, although this cannot be confirmed, since no Carpathian dialect preserves any evidence of the palatalisation of labials). This new distinction resulted in an opposition of plain and palatal consonants: ''wa'''l'''ītei'' “to prefer” (plain consonant) – ''wa'''li'''ā'' “will” (palatal). The palatal reflexes of the clusters ''kj'' and ''gj'' did not merge with the respective reflexes of ''tj'' and ''dj'' in Proto-Carpathian, as can be seen from dialects, which have distinct affricate phonemes. In those dialects ''tj'' and ''dj'' became ''č'' and ''dž'' (or ''ts'' and ''dz'') respectively, while all other dialects merge both into one palatal series. The rare cluster ''hj'' usually simply dispalatalised, following the same path, as the labial consonants: ''stāhjā'' - ''stāhā'' “shelter”. A consonant cluster followed by ''j'' palatised as a whole: Proto-Carpathian''nìštjas'' – modern ''nistias'' [nìɕ.cɑs] “poor”.		The combinations with ''w'' and ''j'' as a second element survived, although the clusters of dental consonants and j underwent [[w:Iotation\|iotation]]: ''weĩśśinjāh'' > ''weisiniā'' “cherry” (Eastern [weɪ̀.si.ɲɑ], Western [weɪ̀.ʂi.ɲɑ], later degemination of ś after a diphthong); labial consonants were not affected, while velar consonants show variation among various dialects: ''liaugā'' ~ ''liaudiā'' “puddle” (''"diV"'' represents the [ɟ] sound). Thus, while the clusters with ''j'' as their second element were resolved, the palatal articulation of that element affected the first element of the cluster, causing '''palatalisation''', e.g. moving the articulation of that consonant towards palatal with only labial consonants remaining unchanged (they probably lost their palatalisation later, although this cannot be confirmed, since no Carpathian dialect preserves any evidence of the palatalisation of labials). This new distinction resulted in an opposition of plain and palatal consonants: ''wa'''l'''ītei'' “to prefer” (plain consonant) – ''wa'''li'''ā'' “will” (palatal). The palatal reflexes of the clusters ''kj'' and ''gj'' did not merge with the respective reflexes of ''tj'' and ''dj'' in Proto-Carpathian, as can be seen from dialects, which have distinct affricate phonemes. In those dialects ''tj'' and ''dj'' became ''č'' and ''dž'' (or ''ts'' and ''dz'') respectively, while all other dialects merge both into one palatal series. The rare cluster ''hj'' usually simply dispalatalised, following the same path, as the labial consonants: ''stāhjā'' - ''stāhā'' “shelter”. A consonant cluster followed by ''j'' palatised as a whole: Proto-Carpathian''nìštjas'' – modern ''nistias'' [nìɕ.cɑs] “poor”.

Raistas: /* Dialectal differentiation */

2023-02-18T14:59:26Z

Dialectal differentiation

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:59, 18 February 2023
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	==Dialectal differentiation==		==Dialectal differentiation==
	Approximately by the beginning of the Common Era Proto-Carpathian began splitting into two main branches: Western, spoken nowadays primarily in Slovakia and some districts of the Transcarpathian region, and Eastern, mostly spoken in Southern Poland, Western Ukraine and Northern Romania (region, called [[w:Maramureș\|Marišas]]).		Approximately by the beginning of the Common Era Proto-Carpathian began splitting into two main branches: Western, spoken nowadays primarily in Slovakia and some districts of the Transcarpathian region, and Eastern, mostly spoken in Southern Poland, Western Ukraine and Northern Romania (region, called [[w:Maramureș\|Marišas]]).

			The primary distinction that defines Western and Eastern branches is the reflexes of Proto-Carpathian ''ś'' and ''ź''. In Western Carpathian the two became retroflex or postalveolar '''š''' and '''ž''' (with ''ś'' merging with old ''š''), while in Eastern Carpathian they resulted in '''s''' and '''z''' instead (with ''ś'' merging with old ''s'', keeping old ''š'' distinct and having no "ž"-phoneme in the native vocabulary).
			===Affective š and z===
			The only source of the ''š'' sound in the Eastern dialect of Carpathian was the '''ruki''' law. However, the law was reversed before plosive consonants later, making the original ''š'' a relatively rare phoneme. This was likely the reason for why it gained an affective nature, substituting the original ''s''. This change was not regular, however, and it did not affect Western Carpathian, in which ''š'' was common. Examples of such words include: Eastern ''pal'''š'''as'' “commotion”, ''pil'''š'''as'' “dormouse”, '''''š'''armas'' “harm” (from ''śar̃mas'', but Western ''pol'''s'''as'', ''pel'''s'''as (“mouse”), '''''š'''armas''.

			In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following": in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''girissa'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''.
	===Alternations between e and a reflexes===		===Alternations between e and a reflexes===
	Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''~~rmēn~~'' — '''''a'''~~rmēn~~'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àpasis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.		Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àpasis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.
	[[Category:Carpathian]]		[[Category:Carpathian]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:31, 22 February 2023
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	The only source of the ''š'' sound in the Eastern dialect of Carpathian was the '''ruki''' law. However, the law was reversed before plosive consonants later, making the original ''š'' a relatively rare phoneme. This was likely the reason for why it gained an affective nature, substituting the original ''s''. This change was not regular, however, and it did not affect Western Carpathian, in which ''š'' was common. Examples of such words include: Eastern ''pal'''š'''as'' “commotion”, ''pil'''š'''as'' “dormouse”, '''''š'''armas'' “harm” (from ''śar̃mas''), but Western ''pol'''s'''as'', ''pel'''s'''as (“mouse”), '''''š'''armas'' (with a regular outcome of ''*ś'').		The only source of the ''š'' sound in the Eastern dialect of Carpathian was the '''ruki''' law. However, the law was reversed before plosive consonants later, making the original ''š'' a relatively rare phoneme. This was likely the reason for why it gained an affective nature, substituting the original ''s''. This change was not regular, however, and it did not affect Western Carpathian, in which ''š'' was common. Examples of such words include: Eastern ''pal'''š'''as'' “commotion”, ''pil'''š'''as'' “dormouse”, '''''š'''armas'' “harm” (from ''śar̃mas''), but Western ''pol'''s'''as'', ''pel'''s'''as (“mouse”), '''''š'''armas'' (with a regular outcome of ''*ś'').

	In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following": in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''~~girissa~~'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''.		In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following: in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''girissis'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''.
			===Nasal assimilation===
			The nasal consonants did not assimilate to following consonants in Proto-Carpathians, which is also true for almost all modern dialects: Western Carpathian ''šu'''m'''ta'' “hundred”, Eastern Carpathian ''i'''m'''tei'' “to take, to have”. However, in Eastern Carpathian a nasal consonant always assimilates to its following fricative: dial. ''gassis'' “goose” (standard ''gansis''), ''sassēdas'' “neighbour” (dial. ''sansēdas'', Western ''samsēdas''). In the standard only ''m'' assimilates, while ''n'' usually stays intact, only becoming [ŋ] before velars. The dialect of the Eastern Carpathian Highlands keeps the cluster ''nh'' distinct from ''n'', usually as voiceless [n̥], since /h/ is usually voiceless near other consonants in that dialect: ''swanhas'' “sound”, ''tinhus'' “thin” (most dialects have ''swanas'' and ''tinus'', Western standard ''swonas'', ''tinus'').

	===Alternations between e and a reflexes===		===Alternations between e and a reflexes===
	Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.		Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.
	[[Category:Carpathian]]		[[Category:Carpathian]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:02, 22 February 2023
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	The primary distinction that defines Western and Eastern branches is the reflexes of Proto-Carpathian ''ś'' and ''ź''. In Western Carpathian the two became retroflex or postalveolar '''š''' and '''ž''' (with ''ś'' merging with old ''š''), while in Eastern Carpathian they resulted in '''s''' and '''z''' instead (with ''ś'' merging with old ''s'', keeping old ''š'' distinct and having no "ž"-phoneme in the native vocabulary).		The primary distinction that defines Western and Eastern branches is the reflexes of Proto-Carpathian ''ś'' and ''ź''. In Western Carpathian the two became retroflex or postalveolar '''š''' and '''ž''' (with ''ś'' merging with old ''š''), while in Eastern Carpathian they resulted in '''s''' and '''z''' instead (with ''ś'' merging with old ''s'', keeping old ''š'' distinct and having no "ž"-phoneme in the native vocabulary).
	===Affective š and z===		===Affective š and z===
	The only source of the ''š'' sound in the Eastern dialect of Carpathian was the '''ruki''' law. However, the law was reversed before plosive consonants later, making the original ''š'' a relatively rare phoneme. This was likely the reason for why it gained an affective nature, substituting the original ''s''. This change was not regular, however, and it did not affect Western Carpathian, in which ''š'' was common. Examples of such words include: Eastern ''pal'''š'''as'' “commotion”, ''pil'''š'''as'' “dormouse”, '''''š'''armas'' “harm” (from ''śar̃mas'', but Western ''pol'''s'''as'', ''pel'''s'''as (“mouse”), '''''š'''armas''.		The only source of the ''š'' sound in the Eastern dialect of Carpathian was the '''ruki''' law. However, the law was reversed before plosive consonants later, making the original ''š'' a relatively rare phoneme. This was likely the reason for why it gained an affective nature, substituting the original ''s''. This change was not regular, however, and it did not affect Western Carpathian, in which ''š'' was common. Examples of such words include: Eastern ''pal'''š'''as'' “commotion”, ''pil'''š'''as'' “dormouse”, '''''š'''armas'' “harm” (from ''śar̃mas''), but Western ''pol'''s'''as'', ''pel'''s'''as (“mouse”), '''''š'''armas'' (with a regular outcome of ''*ś'').

	In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following": in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''girissa'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''.		In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following": in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''girissa'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''.

	===Alternations between e and a reflexes===		===Alternations between e and a reflexes===
	Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.		Initial a and e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original e and a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations.
	[[Category:Carpathian]]		[[Category:Carpathian]]

Carpathian historical development - Revision history

Raistas: /* Alternations between *e and *a reflexes */

Raistas: /* Nasal assimilation */

Raistas: /* Affective š and z */

Raistas: /* Affective š and z */

Raistas: /* Alternations between *e and *a reflexes */

Raistas at 15:02, 18 February 2023

Raistas: /* Palatalisation */

Raistas: /* Consonant assimilation */

Raistas: /* Consonant assimilation */

Raistas: /* Dialectal differentiation */

Raistas: /* Alternations between e and a reflexes */

Raistas: /* Alternations between e and a reflexes */