Carpathian verbs - Revision history

Raistas: /* Aspectual and deictic affixes */

2023-03-15T17:04:15Z

Aspectual and deictic affixes

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:04, 15 March 2023
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	\| ''-ēje''		\| ''-ēje''
	\| ''-ētei''		\| ''-ētei''
	\| ''hauj'''ē'''tei'' “to be aware”<br/>''leg'''ē'''tei'' “to lie (be situated)”<br/>''bil'''ē'''tei'' “to be white”		\| ''hauj'''ē'''tei'' “to be aware”<br/>''leg'''ē'''tei'' “to lie (be situated)”<br/>''bil'''ē'''tei'' “to be white”<br/>''dih'''ē'''tei'' “to think”
	\| [[w:Stative verb\|Stative]] verbs, often continuous.		\| [[w:Stative verb\|Stative]] verbs, often continuous.
	\| Sigmatic aorist. [[w:Deadjectival verb\|Deadjectival]] inactive verbs have zero-grade throughout their conjugation.		\| Sigmatic aorist. [[w:Deadjectival verb\|Deadjectival]] inactive verbs have zero-grade throughout their conjugation.
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	\| ''-auje''		\| ''-auje''
	\| ''-autei''		\| ''-autei''
	\| ''ōg'''au'''tei'' “to gather berries”<br/>''~~mīlautei~~'' “to endear”		\| ''ōg'''au'''tei'' “to gather berries”<br/>''mīl'''au'''tei'' “to endear”
	\| [[w:Denominal verb\|Denominative]] progressive verbs.		\| [[w:Denominal verb\|Denominative]] progressive verbs.
	\| The diphthong "-au-" becomes "-awā-" in the aorist.		\| The diphthong "-au-" becomes "-awā-" in the aorist.
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	\| ''-ī''		\| ''-ī''
	\| ''-ītei''		\| ''-ītei''
	\| ''pars'''ī'''tei'' “to ask”<br/>''~~kailītei~~'' “to cure”<br/>''~~pargītei~~'' “to fry”		\| ''pars'''ī'''tei'' “to ask”<br/>''kail'''ī'''tei'' “to cure”<br/>''parg'''ī'''tei'' “to fry”
	\| [[w:Causative\|Causative]].		\| [[w:Causative\|Causative]].
	\| The vowel "-ī-" becomes "-ei", when final.		\| The vowel "-ī-" becomes "-ei", when final.
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	\| ''-iei''		\| ''-iei''
	\| ''-ētei''		\| ''-ētei''
	\| ''milk'''ē'''tei'' “to be silent”<br/>''~~mudētei~~'' “to be weak”<br/>''~~girbētei~~'' “to have a need for something”		\| ''milk'''ē'''tei'' “to be silent”<br/>''mud'''ē'''tei'' “to be weak”<br/>''girb'''ē'''tei'' “to have a need for something”
	\| Inactive imperfective denominal verbs.		\| Inactive imperfective denominal verbs.
	\| The vowel "-e-" becomes "-ei-", when final.		\| The vowel "-e-" becomes "-ei-", when final.

Raistas: /* Aspectual and deictic affixes */

2023-03-15T16:56:33Z

Aspectual and deictic affixes

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:56, 15 March 2023
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	\| ''-ī''		\| ''-ī''
	\| ''-ītei''		\| ''-ītei''
	\| ''pars'''ī'''tei'' “to ask”<br/>''kailītei'' “to cure”<br/>''~~pirgītei~~'' “to fry”		\| ''pars'''ī'''tei'' “to ask”<br/>''kailītei'' “to cure”<br/>''pargītei'' “to fry”
	\| [[w:Causative\|Causative]].		\| [[w:Causative\|Causative]].
	\| The vowel "-ī-" becomes "-ei", when final.		\| The vowel "-ī-" becomes "-ei", when final.

Raistas: /* Aspectual and deictic affixes */

2023-03-15T16:54:07Z

Aspectual and deictic affixes

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:54, 15 March 2023
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	\|-		\|-
	\| ''-ī''		\| ''-ī''
	\| ''-ei''		\| ''-ī''
	\| ''-ītei''		\| ''-ītei''
	\| ''pars'''ī'''tei'' “to ask”<br/>''kailītei'' “to cure”<br/>''pirgītei'' “to fry”		\| ''pars'''ī'''tei'' “to ask”<br/>''kailītei'' “to cure”<br/>''pirgītei'' “to fry”
	\| [[w:Causative\|Causative]].		\| [[w:Causative\|Causative]].
	\| The ~~diphthong~~ "-ei-" becomes "-~~īj-~~" ~~before vowels~~.		\| The vowel "-ī-" becomes "-ei", when final.
	\|-		\|-
	\| ''-jē''		\| ''-jē''
	\| ''-iei''		\| ''-iei''
	\| ''-ētei''		\| ''-ētei''
	\| ''~~pars~~'''ī'''tei'' “to ~~ask”~~<br/>''~~kailītei~~'' “to ~~cure”~~<br/>''~~pirgītei~~'' “to ~~fry”~~		\| ''milk'''ē'''tei'' “to be silent”<br/>''mudētei'' “to be weak”<br/>''girbētei'' “to have a need for something”
	\| ~~[[w:Causative\|Causative]]~~.		\| Inactive imperfective denominal verbs.
	\| The ~~diphthong~~ "-ei-" becomes "-īj-" ~~before vowels~~.		\| The vowel "-e-" becomes "-ei-", when final.
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}

Raistas: /* Aspectual and deictic affixes */

2023-03-15T16:38:07Z

Aspectual and deictic affixes

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:38, 15 March 2023
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	\| ''-ēj''		\| ''-ēj''
	\| ''-ēje''		\| ''-ēje''
	\| ''-~~ātei~~''		\| ''-ētei''
	\| ''hauj'''ē'''tei'' “to be aware”<br/>''leg'''ē'''tei'' “to lie (be situated)”<br/>''bil'''ē'''tei'' “to be white”		\| ''hauj'''ē'''tei'' “to be aware”<br/>''leg'''ē'''tei'' “to lie (be situated)”<br/>''bil'''ē'''tei'' “to be white”
	\| [[w:Stative verb\|Stative]] verbs, often continuous.		\| [[w:Stative verb\|Stative]] verbs, often continuous.

Raistas: /* Participles */

2023-03-15T16:36:50Z

Participles

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:36, 15 March 2023
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	Just as adjectives, participles decline for gender, case and number of the noun they modify, except for the dative absolute construction. Participles can be conjugated for person in the same way as inactive verbs by taking pronominal suffixes. The table below represents all possible participle forms of the verb ''skeistei'' “to read”, the pronominal forms having the third person singular suffix ''-is''.		Just as adjectives, participles decline for gender, case and number of the noun they modify, except for the dative absolute construction. Participles can be conjugated for person in the same way as inactive verbs by taking pronominal suffixes. The table below represents all possible participle forms of the verb ''skeistei'' “to read”, the pronominal forms having the third person singular suffix ''-is''.
	:{\| class="wikitable"		:{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan=2 rowspan=3 \|		! colspan=2 rowspan=3 \|

Raistas: /* Participles */

2023-03-15T16:34:00Z

Participles

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:34, 15 March 2023
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	! rowspan=3\| Aorist		! rowspan=3\| Aorist
	! <small>sg</small>		! <small>sg</small>
	\| skaitàwas \|\| skaitàwan \|\| skaitàwī \|\| skaitàwis \| skaitàwasis \|\| skaitàwanis \|\| skaitàwihis \|\| skaitàwisis		\| skaitàwas \|\| skaitàwan \|\| skaitàwī \|\| skaitàwis \|\| skaitàwasis \|\| skaitàwanis \|\| skaitàwihis \|\| skaitàwisis
	\|-		\|-
	! <small>du</small>		! <small>du</small>

Raistas: /* Participles */

2023-03-15T16:32:42Z

Participles

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:32, 15 March 2023
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	One of the main functions of active participles is to describe a characteristic of a noun related to some ongoing, past or future action in which the said noun is the agent: ''paustīs perelektunīs'' “migrating birds”, ''wadījas nepatairānas'' “inexperienced driver”. Only imperfective, perfective and future participles can fulfill this function. Another function of active participles is to describe an action performed by the sentence subject before the main action: ''Akunan '''atihwerwā''', meriā dangānas pagiledēsā''. – “'''Having opened''' the window, the girl looked at the clouds”.		One of the main functions of active participles is to describe a characteristic of a noun related to some ongoing, past or future action in which the said noun is the agent: ''paustīs perelektunīs'' “migrating birds”, ''wadījas nepatairānas'' “inexperienced driver”. Only imperfective, perfective and future participles can fulfill this function. Another function of active participles is to describe an action performed by the sentence subject before the main action: ''Akunan '''atihwerwā''', meriā dangānas pagiledēsā''. – “'''Having opened''' the window, the girl looked at the clouds”.

			Just as adjectives, participles decline for gender, case and number of the noun they modify, except for the dative absolute construction. Participles can be conjugated for person in the same way as inactive verbs by taking pronominal suffixes. The table below represents all possible participle forms of the verb ''skeistei'' “to read”, the pronominal forms having the third person singular suffix ''-is''.
			:{\| class="wikitable"
			\|-
			! colspan=2 rowspan=3 \|
			! colspan=4\| Simple
			! colspan=4\| Pronominal
			\|-
			! <small>masculine</small>
			! <small>neuter</small>
			! <small>feminine</small>
			! <small>common</small>
			! <small>masculine</small>
			! <small>neuter</small>
			! <small>feminine</small>
			! <small>common</small>
			\|-
			! colspan=8\| Active
			\|-
			! rowspan=3\| Imperfective
			! <small>sg</small>
			\| skitañs \|\| skitañ \|\| skiteñtī \|\| skiteñtis \|\| skitañsis \|\| skitànis \|\| skiteñtihis \|\| skiteñtisis
			\|-
			! <small>du</small>
			\| skitañte \|\| colspan=3\| skitañtī \|\| skitañtejī \|\| colspan=3\| skitañtīhī
			\|-
			! <small>pl</small>
			\| skitañtis \|\| skitán \|\| colspan=2\| skiteñtīs \|\| skitañtisis \|\| skitáinis \|\| colspan=2\| skiteñtīhis
			\|-
			! rowspan=3\| Aorist
			! <small>sg</small>
			\| skaitàwas \|\| skaitàwan \|\| skaitàwī \|\| skaitàwis \| skaitàwasis \|\| skaitàwanis \|\| skaitàwihis \|\| skaitàwisis
			\|-
			! <small>du</small>
			\| skaĩtawe \|\| colspan=3\| skaĩtawī \|\| skaĩtawejis \|\| colspan=3\| skaĩtawīhis
			\|-
			! <small>pl</small>
			\| skaĩtawis \|\| skaitawā̃ \|\| colspan=2\| skaĩtawīs \|\| skaĩtawisis \|\| skaitawànis \|\| colspan=2\| skaĩtawīsis
			\|-
			! rowspan=3\| Perfect
			! <small>sg</small>
			\| skitùs \|\| skituñ \|\| skitwī́ \|\| skitwìs \|\| skitùsis \|\| skitùnis \|\| skitwìhis \|\| skitwìsis
			\|-
			! <small>du</small>
			\| colspan=4\| skitàwī \|\| colspan=4\| skitàwīhis
			\|-
			! <small>pl</small>
			\| colspan=2\| skitū́s \|\| colspan=2\| skitwī́s \|\| colspan=2\| skitū́sis \|\| colspan=2\| skitwī́sis
			\|-
			! rowspan=3\| Desiderative
			! <small>sg</small>
			\| skitasiañs \|\| skitasiañ \|\| skitasiañtī \|\| skitasiñtis \|\| skitasiañsis \|\| skitasiànis \|\| skitasiañtihis \|\| skitasiñtisis
			\|-
			! <small>du</small>
			\| skitasiañte \|\| colspan=3\| skitasiñtī \|\| skitasiañtejī \|\| colspan=3\| skitasiñtīhī
			\|-
			! <small>pl</small>
			\| skitasiañtis \|\| skitasián \|\| colspan=2\| skitasiñtīs \|\| skitasiañtisis \|\| skitasiáinis \|\| colspan=2\| skitasiñtīhis
			\|-
			! rowspan=3\| Resultative
			! <small>sg</small>
			\| skillùs \|\| skilluñ \|\| skillī́ \|\| skillìs \|\| skillùsis \|\| skillùnis \|\| skillìhis \|\| skillìsis
			\|-
			! <small>du</small>
			\| colspan=4\| skitèlī \|\| colspan=4\| skitèlīhis
			\|-
			! <small>pl</small>
			\| colspan=2\| skillū́s \|\| colspan=2\| skillī́s \|\| colspan=2\| skillū́sis \|\| colspan=2\| skillī́sis
			\|-
			\|}

	Passive participles mainly denote actions that have impact upon nouns they describe: ''skaunas kuramas'' “a house that is being built”, ''haiskas histas'' – “a question that has been asked”.		Passive participles mainly denote actions that have impact upon nouns they describe: ''skaunas kuramas'' “a house that is being built”, ''haiskas histas'' – “a question that has been asked”.

Raistas: /* Participles */

2023-03-15T15:09:05Z

Participles

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:09, 15 March 2023
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	Passive participles mainly denote actions that have impact upon nouns they describe: ''skaunas kuramas'' “a house that is being built”, ''haiskas histas'' – “a question that has been asked”.		Passive participles mainly denote actions that have impact upon nouns they describe: ''skaunas kuramas'' “a house that is being built”, ''haiskas histas'' – “a question that has been asked”.

	In a similar way to adjectives, some participles have three degrees of comparison: ''laubīmas'' “liked” — ''laubīmesas'' “more liked” — ''~~laubīmimas~~'' “most liked”.		In a similar way to adjectives, some participles have three degrees of comparison: ''laubīmas'' “liked” — ''laubīmesas'' “more liked” — ''laubīmimmas'' “most liked”.

	[[Category:Carpathian]]		[[Category:Carpathian]]

Raistas: /* Periphrastic formations */

2023-03-10T17:49:54Z

Periphrastic formations

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:49, 10 March 2023
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	==Periphrastic formations==		==Periphrastic formations==
	The original Proto-Indo-European subjunctive had fell out of use already by the Proto-Carpathian period, instead being replaced by the preterit form of ''būtei'' and the supine or the infinitive of the main verb, for example: ''būnta skeistei'' “I would be reading that”; ''būsta skeistun'' “(that) you read that” The subjunctive forms of the verb ''būtei'' (subject endings only) are as follows:		The original Proto-Indo-European [[w:Subjunctive mood\|subjunctive]] had fell out of use already by the Proto-Carpathian period, instead being replaced by the preterit form of ''būtei'' and the supine or the infinitive of the main verb, for example: ''būnta skeistei'' “I would be reading that”; ''būsta skeistun'' “(that) you read that” The subjunctive forms of the verb ''būtei'' (subject endings only) are as follows:
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+[[w:Subjunctive mood\|Subjunctive]]		\|+[[w:Subjunctive mood\|Subjunctive]]
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	In some dialects of both Western and Eastern Carpathian the auxiliary verb merged with the main verb into a new synthetic form, for example: ''skeistumbū́'' “he/she would read”. Despite being widespread, this form is not in the standard written language itself.		In some dialects of both Western and Eastern Carpathian the auxiliary verb merged with the main verb into a new synthetic form, for example: ''skeistumbū́'' “he/she would read”. Despite being widespread, this form is not in the standard written language itself.

	In addition to synthetic future-desiderative, there are also several analytic future constructions with a modal verb and an infinitive or supine, which, unlike the former synthetic form, express necessity or obligation, for example: ''eimi skeistei'' “I’m going to read”, ''immi dētun'' “I must have it done”. In order to denote simple futurity of an action, present tense may be used: ''tā pa skeisteta kunīgān'' “later he/she will read a book”.		In addition to synthetic future-desiderative, there are also several '''analytic future''' constructions with a modal verb and an infinitive or supine, which, unlike the former synthetic form, express necessity or obligation, for example: ''eimi skeistei'' “I’m going to read”, ''immi dētun'' “I must have it done”. In order to denote simple futurity of an action, present tense may be used: ''tā pa skeisteta kunīgān'' “later he/she will read a book”.

			Carpathian verbs express [[w:Irrealis mood#Potential\|potentiality]] of an action by means of the verb ''leistei'' “to let” and the infinitive of the main verb, for example: ''leide eitei'' “he/she will probably go”, ''lais eitei'' “he/she might have gone”. If used with supine instead, the latter phrase gains a permissive meaning: ''laidinti eitun'' “they are allowed to go”.

	==Participles==		==Participles==

Raistas: /* Periphrastic formations */

2023-03-10T17:03:27Z

Periphrastic formations

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:03, 10 March 2023
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	\|}		\|}
	In some dialects of both Western and Eastern Carpathian the auxiliary verb merged with the main verb into a new synthetic form, for example: ''skeistumbū́'' “he/she would read”. Despite being widespread, this form is not in the standard written language itself.		In some dialects of both Western and Eastern Carpathian the auxiliary verb merged with the main verb into a new synthetic form, for example: ''skeistumbū́'' “he/she would read”. Despite being widespread, this form is not in the standard written language itself.

			In addition to synthetic future-desiderative, there are also several analytic future constructions with a modal verb and an infinitive or supine, which, unlike the former synthetic form, express necessity or obligation, for example: ''eimi skeistei'' “I’m going to read”, ''immi dētun'' “I must have it done”. In order to denote simple futurity of an action, present tense may be used: ''tā pa skeisteta kunīgān'' “later he/she will read a book”.

	==Participles==		==Participles==
	Carpathian retains a rich system of participles. Unlike the neighbouring Slavic languages, Carpathian has no distinct categories of adjectival and adverbial participles, but in the way the two categories behave morphologically. Adjectival participles decline as adjectives, while adverbial participles are not declined. Participles are an important part of speech. All of them have their own function, but not all are used equally often. Unlike verbs, participles can both active and passive.		Carpathian retains a rich system of participles. Unlike the neighbouring Slavic languages, Carpathian has no distinct categories of adjectival and adverbial participles, but in the way the two categories behave morphologically. Adjectival participles decline as adjectives, while adverbial participles are not declined. Participles are an important part of speech. All of them have their own function, but not all are used equally often. Unlike verbs, participles can both active and passive.