Carrick/History - Revision history

Psammead: /* Early Carrick */

2023-10-11T16:34:37Z

Early Carrick

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:34, 11 October 2023
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	===Early Carrick===		===Early Carrick===
	* '''U-Mutation:''' ''a(ː) > ɔ(ː), e > ø, eː > œː, i(ː) > y(ː)'' before ''u(ː)'' in next syllable (e.g. ''kaðu > kɔðu'')		* '''U-Mutation:''' ''a(ː) > ɔ(ː), e > ø, eː > œː, i(ː) > y(ː)'' before ''u(ː), w'' in next syllable (e.g. ''kaðu > kɔðu'')
	* Stressed ''e(ː)'' becomes ''ja(ː)'' (''geːhl'' > ''gjaːhl'', ''menn'' > ''mjann'')		** word-initial combinations of (C)''w''V are mutated (e.g. ''sweːr > sœːr'', ''gwan- > gon-'').
			* Stressed ''e(ː)'' becomes ''ja(ː)'' (e.g. ''geːhl'' > ''gjaːhl'', ''menn'' > ''mjann'')
	* '''Syncope:'''		* '''Syncope:'''
	** unstressed short vowels in open syllables (including word-final) are lost (e.g. ''kɔðu > kɔθ'')		** unstressed short vowels in open syllables (including word-final) are lost (e.g. ''kɔðu > kɔθ'')

Psammead: /* Proto-Carrick */

2023-10-11T16:26:54Z

Proto-Carrick

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:26, 11 October 2023
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	** unstressed ''eː > iː''		** unstressed ''eː > iː''
	** non-final ''ɛː > aː'' (e.g. ''kɛːd > kaːd'')		** non-final ''ɛː > aː'' (e.g. ''kɛːd > kaːd'')
	* ''x'' < earlier ''xs'' and in the combination ''xt'' is lost, lengthening preceding vowel (e.g. ''oxtuː > ɔːtuː'')		* ''x'' < earlier ''xs'' and in the combination ''xt'' becomes ''h''
			** ''h'' < earlier ''x'' and ''s'' are lost, lengthening preceding vowel (e.g. ''oxtuː > ɔːtuː'', ''swehr > sweːr)
	* '''Lenition 2''' of intervocalic and final consonants:		* '''Lenition 2''' of intervocalic and final consonants:
	** also affects consonants adjacent to ''l, r'' (''balg > balɣ, mark > marg'')		** also affects consonants adjacent to ''l, r'' (''balg > balɣ, mark > marg'')
	** previously lenited stops lenite again: ''b > β, d > ð, g > ɣ,''		** previously lenited stops lenite again: ''b > β, d > ð, g > ɣ,''
	** ''p, t, k'' from earlier ''pp, tt / xt, kk'' become ''b, d, g'' (''ɔːtuː > ɔːduː'')		** ''p, t, k'' from earlier ''pp, tt / xt, kk'' become ''b, d, g'' (''ɔːtuː > ɔːduː'')
	** ''s'' (from ''ss'') > ~~''h'', earlier~~ ''h'' ~~(< ''s'') is lost~~ (''sanes > saneh, ~~saμæhisp > saμæisp''~~)		** ''s'' (from ''ss'') > ''h'' (''sanes > saneh, )
	* Final consonants are devoiced: (e.g. ''kaːð > kaːθ, balɣ > balx)		* Final consonants are devoiced: (e.g. ''kaːð > kaːθ, balɣ > balx)
	* '''Full I-Mutation''' before ''i, iː'' or ''j'' in the next syllable:		* '''Full I-Mutation''' before ''i, iː'' or ''j'' in the next syllable:

Psammead: /* Late Carrick */

2023-10-10T15:12:14Z

Late Carrick

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:12, 10 October 2023
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	===Late Carrick===		===Late Carrick===
	* medial ''s'' > ''h'' before ''p, k, t'' (''sisp > sihp'')		* medial ''s'' > ''h'' before ''p, k, t'' (''sisp > sihp'')
	* ''h'' is lost before a consonant or pause, causing the preceding vowel to lengthen (e.g. ''saneh > saneː'', ''sihp > siːp''		* long vowels break: ''aː > au, æː > ai, eː > je, øː > oy, ɔː > ou, oː > wo, œː> jo, iː > ei, y > ey, u > eu'' (e.g. ''ɔːdu > oudu'').
	* long vowels break: ''aː > au, æː > ai, eː > je, øː > oy, ɔː > ou, oː > wo, œː> jo, iː > ei, y > ey, u > eu'' (e.g. ''ɔːdu > oudu~~, siːp~~ > ~~seip~~, ~~gjaːl~~ > ~~gjaul~~'').		* ''ɣ'' merges with ''h'' (< ''s'') (e.g. ''selɣ'' > ''selha''
			* ''h'' is lost, with lengthening of preceding vowel:
			** before a consonant (e.g. ''sihp > siːp'')
			** between a consonant and a vowel (e.g. ''selha > seːla'')

Psammead: /* Proto-Carrick */

2023-10-10T10:17:37Z

Proto-Carrick

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:17, 10 October 2023
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	===Proto-Carrick===		===Proto-Carrick===
			Proto-Carrick, ranging from approximately the 3rd to the 8th centuries, underwent a series of significant changes:
	* Changes to unstressed word-final sounds:		* Changes to unstressed word-final sounds:
	** short ''-a, -e, -o'' are lost, along with any preceding ''j, w'' (e.g. ''donjo- > don'')		** short ''-a, -e, -o'' are lost, along with any preceding ''j, w'' (e.g. ''donjo- > don'')
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	** unstressed short ''e'' > ''i'' (e.g. ''imbed > imbid'')		** unstressed short ''e'' > ''i'' (e.g. ''imbed > imbid'')
	** short ''o > a'', long ''aː > ɔː'' (e.g. ''don > dan, laːμaː > lɔːμɔː'')		** short ''o > a'', long ''aː > ɔː'' (e.g. ''don > dan, laːμaː > lɔːμɔː'')
	* '''I-Mutation 1:''' ''a > æ, e > i, o > œ, u > y'' before ''i, iː, j'' in next syllable (e.g. ''dani > dæni'').		* '''Short I-Mutation:''' ''a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y'' before ''i, iː, j'' in next syllable (e.g. ''dani > dæni'').
	* Short word-final vowels are deleted in words of 3 syllables or more (e.g. ''riːɣænĩ > riːɣæn'')		* Short word-final vowels are deleted in words of 3 syllables or more (e.g. ''riːɣænĩ > riːɣæn'')
	* A-Mutation: ''u'' lowers to ''o'' before ''a, æ, ɔː'' (e.g. ''tumbã > tombã'')
	* Vowel Changes:		* Vowel Changes:
	** final-syllable ''oː > u, ɛː > e'' (e.g. ''kadoː > ~~kadu~~'', ''tundɛː > ~~tunde~~'')		** final-syllable unstressed ''oː > uː, ɛː > eː'' (e.g. ''kadoː > kaduː'', ''tundɛː > tundeː'')
	** unstressed ''eː > i		** unstressed ''eː > iː''
	** all other final-syllable long vowels shorten
	** non-final ''ɛː > aː'' (e.g. ''kɛːd > kaːd'')		** non-final ''ɛː > aː'' (e.g. ''kɛːd > kaːd'')
	* ''x'' < earlier ''xs'' and in the combination ''xt'' is lost, lengthening preceding vowel (e.g. ''~~oxtu~~ > ~~ɔːtu~~'')		* ''x'' < earlier ''xs'' and in the combination ''xt'' is lost, lengthening preceding vowel (e.g. ''oxtuː > ɔːtuː'')
	* '''Lenition 2 of intervocalic and final consonants:		* '''Lenition 2''' of intervocalic and final consonants:
			** also affects consonants adjacent to ''l, r'' (''balg > balɣ, mark > marg'')
	** previously lenited stops lenite again: ''b > β, d > ð, g > ɣ,''		** previously lenited stops lenite again: ''b > β, d > ð, g > ɣ,''
	** ''p, t, k'' from earlier ''pp, tt / xt, kk'' become ''b, d, g'' (''~~ɔːtu~~ > ~~ɔːdu~~'')		** ''p, t, k'' from earlier ''pp, tt / xt, kk'' become ''b, d, g'' (''ɔːtuː > ɔːduː'')
	** ''s'' (from ''ss'') > ''h'', earlier ''h'' (< ''s'') is lost (''sanes > saneh, ~~brisk~~ > ~~brihk~~''		** ''s'' (from ''ss'') > ''h'', earlier ''h'' (< ''s'') is lost (''sanes > saneh, saμæhisp > saμæisp'')
	* Final consonants are devoiced: (e.g. ''kaːð > kaːθ)		* Final consonants are devoiced: (e.g. ''kaːð > kaːθ, balɣ > balx)
	* '''I-Mutation 2:'''		* '''Full I-Mutation''' before ''i, iː'' or ''j'' in the next syllable:
	** Short vowels: ''a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y''		** Short vowels: ''a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y''
	** Long vowels: ''aː > æː, eː > iː, ɔː > øː, o > œː, uː > yː''		** Long vowels: ''aː > æː, eː > iː, ɔː > øː, oː > œː, uː > yː''

			===Early Carrick===
			* '''U-Mutation:''' ''a(ː) > ɔ(ː), e > ø, eː > œː, i(ː) > y(ː)'' before ''u(ː)'' in next syllable (e.g. ''kaðu > kɔðu'')
			* Stressed ''e(ː)'' becomes ''ja(ː)'' (''geːhl'' > ''gjaːhl'', ''menn'' > ''mjann'')
			* '''Syncope:'''
			** unstressed short vowels in open syllables (including word-final) are lost (e.g. ''kɔðu > kɔθ'')
			** unstressed ''æ, ø'' become ''e'' (e.g. ''salæn > salen'')
			** unstressed long vowels are shortened (e.g. ''ɔːduː > ɔːdu)
			* ''mp, nt, nk'' > ''pp, tt, kk''

			===Late Carrick===
			* medial ''s'' > ''h'' before ''p, k, t'' (''sisp > sihp'')
			* ''h'' is lost before a consonant or pause, causing the preceding vowel to lengthen (e.g. ''saneh > saneː'', ''sihp > siːp''
			* long vowels break: ''aː > au, æː > ai, eː > je, øː > oy, ɔː > ou, oː > wo, œː> jo, iː > ei, y > ey, u > eu'' (e.g. ''ɔːdu > oudu, siːp > seip, gjaːl > gjaul'').

Psammead: /* Common Brittonic */

2023-10-10T08:34:13Z

Common Brittonic

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:34, 10 October 2023
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	===Common Brittonic===		===Common Brittonic===
			Carrick inherited the following consonant inventory from Common Brittonic:

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
	\|+ Consonant Inventory of Common Brittonic 1C		\|+ Inherited Consonant Inventory of Common Brittonic
	\|-		\|-
	! width="100px;\| !! colspan="2;" \| Bilabial !! colspan="2;" \| Alveolar !! colspan="2;" \| Palatal \|\| colspan="2;"\| Velar		! width="100px;\| !! colspan="2;" \| Bilabial \|\| colspan="2;"\| Dental/</br>Alveolar !! colspan="2;" \| Palatal \|\| colspan="2;"\| Velar \|\| colspan="2;"\| Glottal
	\|-		\|-
	! Plosive		! Plosive
	\| width="50px;" \| p \|\| width="50px;" \| b \|\|width="50px;" \| t \|\| width="50px;" \|d \|\|width="50px;" \| \|\| width="50px;" \| \|\| width="50px;" \| k \|\|width="50px;" \| g		\| width="50px;" \| p \|\| width="50px;" \| b \|\|width="50px;" \| t \|\| width="50px;" \|d \|\|width="50px;" \| \|\| width="50px;" \| \|\| width="50px;" \| k \|\|width="50px;" \| g \|\| width="50px;" \| \|\| width="50px;" \|
	\|-		\|-
	! Fricative		! Fricative
	\| ɸ \|\| \|\| s \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| x \|\|		\| ɸ \|\| (β, μ) \|\| s \|\| (ð) \|\| \|\| \|\| x \|\| (ɣ) \|\| (h) \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	! Nasal		! Nasal
	\| \|\| m \|\| \|\| n \|\| \| \|\| \|\| \|\| (ŋ)		\| \|\| m \|\| \|\| n \|\| \| \|\| \|\| \|\| (ŋ) \|\| \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	! Approximant		! Approximant
	\| \|\| w \|\| \|\| l \|\| \|\| j \|\| \|\|		\| \|\| w \|\| \|\| l \|\| \|\| j \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	! Trill		! Trill
	\| \|\| \|\| \|\| r \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|		\| \|\| \|\| \|\| r \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|
	\|}		\|}

			The process of lenition weakened intervocalic consonants, including those at the beginning and end of a word in continuous speech, creating a chain shift of voiceless stop > voiced stop > voiced fricative, plus ''m'' > ''μ'' (a voiced bilabial nasalised fricative), ''s > h'' and probably ''ɸ'' > Ø. Meanwhile, geminate stops and ''ss'' were shortened to fill the gap created by the lenited allophones (e.g. ''katus'' "battle" > ''kaduh'' but ''kattā'' > ''katā'').

			The Brittonic vowel inventory had already undergone changes, creating long monophthongs from old diphthongs. It consisted of five short and seven long vowels, plus triphthongs consisting of ''ijV'':

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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	\| a \|\| \|\| aː </br> (< aː, au) \|\|		\| a \|\| \|\| aː </br> (< aː, au) \|\|
	\|}		\|}

	* '''Lenition:''' ''p > b > β, t > d > ð, k > g > ɣ, ɸ > -, s > h, m > μ
	** Geminate consonants are shortened

	===Proto-Carrick===		===Proto-Carrick===

Psammead: Created page with "===Common Brittonic=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Consonant Inventory of Common Brittonic 1C |- ! width="100px;| !! colspan="2;" | Bilabial !! colspan="2;" | Alveolar !! colspan="2;" | Palatal || colspan="2;"| Velar |- ! Plosive | width="50px;" | p || width="50px;" | b ||width="50px;" | t || width="50px;" |d ||width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | k ||width="50px;" | g |- ! Fricative | ɸ || || s || || || || x || |- ! Nasal | ||..."

2023-10-09T22:07:13Z

Created page with "===Common Brittonic=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Consonant Inventory of Common Brittonic 1C |- ! width="100px;| !! colspan="2;" | Bilabial !! colspan="2;" | Alveolar !! colspan="2;" | Palatal || colspan="2;"| Velar |- ! Plosive | width="50px;" | p || width="50px;" | b ||width="50px;" | t || width="50px;" |d ||width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | k ||width="50px;" | g |- ! Fricative | ɸ || || s || || || || x || |- ! Nasal | ||..."

New page

===Common Brittonic===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant Inventory of Common Brittonic 1C
|-
! width="100px;| !! colspan="2;" | Bilabial !! colspan="2;" | Alveolar !! colspan="2;" | Palatal || colspan="2;"| Velar
|-
! Plosive
| width="50px;" | p || width="50px;" | b ||width="50px;" | t || width="50px;" |d ||width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | k ||width="50px;" | g
|-
! Fricative
| ɸ || || s || || || || x ||
|-
! Nasal
| || m || || n || | || || || (ŋ)
|-
! Approximant
| || w || || l || || j || ||
|-
! Trill
| || || || r || || || ||
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel Inventory of Common Brittonic 1C
|-
! rowspan="2;" width="100px;| !! colspan="2;" | Short !! colspan="2;" | Long
|-
! Front !! Back !! Front !! Back
|-
! Close
| width="50px;" | i || width="50px;" | u || width="75px;" | iː || width="75px;" | uː
|-
! Close-Mid
| || || eː (< ei) || oː (< oi)
|-
! Open-Mid
| ɛ || ɔ || ɛː (< ai) || ɔː (< ou, eu)
|-
! Open
| a || || aː (< aː, au) ||
|}

* '''Lenition:''' ''p > b > β, t > d > ð, k > g > ɣ, ɸ > -, s > h, m > μ
** Geminate consonants are shortened

===Proto-Carrick===
* Changes to unstressed word-final sounds:
** short ''-a, -e, -o'' are lost, along with any preceding ''j, w'' (e.g. ''donjo- > don'')
** final ''-n'' is lost and a preceding vowel nasalised (e.g. ''kanton > kantõ'')
* Vowel changes:
** unstressed short ''e'' > ''i'' (e.g. ''imbed > imbid'')
** short ''o > a'', long ''aː > ɔː'' (e.g. ''don > dan, laːμaː > lɔːμɔː'')
* '''I-Mutation 1:''' ''a > æ, e > i, o > œ, u > y'' before ''i, iː, j'' in next syllable (e.g. ''dani > dæni'').
* Short word-final vowels are deleted in words of 3 syllables or more (e.g. ''riːɣænĩ > riːɣæn'')
* A-Mutation: ''u'' lowers to ''o'' before ''a, æ, ɔː'' (e.g. ''tumbã > tombã'')
* Vowel Changes:
** final-syllable ''oː > u, ɛː > e'' (e.g. ''kadoː > kadu'', ''tundɛː > tunde'')
** unstressed ''eː > i
** all other final-syllable long vowels shorten
** non-final ''ɛː > aː'' (e.g. ''kɛːd > kaːd'')
* ''x'' < earlier ''xs'' and in the combination ''xt'' is lost, lengthening preceding vowel (e.g. ''oxtu > ɔːtu'')
* '''Lenition 2 of intervocalic and final consonants:
** previously lenited stops lenite again: ''b > β, d > ð, g > ɣ,''
** ''p, t, k'' from earlier ''pp, tt / xt, kk'' become ''b, d, g'' (''ɔːtu > ɔːdu'')
** ''s'' (from ''ss'') > ''h'', earlier ''h'' (< ''s'') is lost (''sanes > saneh, brisk > brihk''
* Final consonants are devoiced: (e.g. ''kaːð > kaːθ)
* '''I-Mutation 2:'''
** Short vowels: ''a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y''
** Long vowels: ''aː > æː, eː > iː, ɔː > øː, o > œː, uː > yː''