Chlouvānem/Exterior and interior verbs - Revision history

Lili21: /* Interior-only verbs */

2021-01-23T12:25:43Z

Interior-only verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:25, 23 January 2021
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	Other interior-only verbs include:		Other interior-only verbs include:
	* ''dumyake'' — "to cherish, deeply appreciate" (+ genitive case (or exessive case, archaic today))		* ''dumyake'' — "to cherish, deeply appreciate" (+ genitive case (or exessive case, archaic today))
	* ''ghṇāke'' — "to guard against, beware, avoid" (+ genitive case)<ref>While only used as interior today, it is used as an exterior verb twice in the Third Book of the Chlāmiṣvatrā and six times in the ~~Lileṃsāsarum~~ (in the broadest possible definition). However, in those texts it still coexists with the interior form used with the same meaning; it is possible that the difference was dialectal.</ref>		* ''ghṇāke'' — "to guard against, beware, avoid" (+ genitive case)<ref>While only used as interior today, it is used as an exterior verb twice in the Third Book of the Chlāmiṣvatrā and six times in the Lileṃsasarum (in the broadest possible definition). However, in those texts it still coexists with the interior form used with the same meaning; it is possible that the difference was dialectal.</ref>
	* ''kyobge'' — "to forget" (+ genitive case) (but the more common ''inābake'', also intransitive, isn't)		* ''kyobge'' — "to forget" (+ genitive case) (but the more common ''inābake'', also intransitive, isn't)
	* ''ñumike'' — "to wait" (+ translative case)		* ''ñumike'' — "to wait" (+ translative case)

Lili21: /* Interior-only verbs */

2021-01-23T12:24:52Z

Interior-only verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:24, 23 January 2021
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	Other interior-only verbs include:		Other interior-only verbs include:
	* ''dumyake'' — "to cherish, deeply appreciate" (+ genitive case (or exessive case, archaic today))		* ''dumyake'' — "to cherish, deeply appreciate" (+ genitive case (or exessive case, archaic today))
			* ''ghṇāke'' — "to guard against, beware, avoid" (+ genitive case)<ref>While only used as interior today, it is used as an exterior verb twice in the Third Book of the Chlāmiṣvatrā and six times in the Lileṃsāsarum (in the broadest possible definition). However, in those texts it still coexists with the interior form used with the same meaning; it is possible that the difference was dialectal.</ref>
	* ''kyobge'' — "to forget" (+ genitive case) (but the more common ''inābake'', also intransitive, isn't)		* ''kyobge'' — "to forget" (+ genitive case) (but the more common ''inābake'', also intransitive, isn't)
	* ''ñumike'' — "to wait" (+ translative case)		* ''ñumike'' — "to wait" (+ translative case)

Lili21: /* Volition */

2019-10-14T21:02:50Z

Volition

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:02, 14 October 2019
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	The "uncontrollable third party" causes the verb to be interior; compare also the following sentence:		The "uncontrollable third party" causes the verb to be interior; compare also the following sentence:
	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
	\| phrase = geiras voldvē pṝsparšvē no ! haleyirati gu dradhvute ša : nusmētte sāmyåh nālyom ~~kulmaite~~.		\| phrase = geiras voldvē pṝsparšvē no ! haleyirati gu dradhvute ša : nusmētte sāmyåh nālyom kulugite.
	\| gloss = door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. open-<small>FREQ-IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. close-<small>FREQ.IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. and. — be_calm.<small>SUBJ.IMPF-1SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. <small>NEG</small>=manage_to.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>=<small>NEG</small>. – stop.<small>SUBJ.PERF-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>2SG.GEN-DAT</small>. male's_younger_brother-<small>DAT.SG</small>. say-<small>OPT.IMPF-2SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.		\| gloss = door.<small>DIR.SG</small>. open-<small>FREQ-IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. close-<small>FREQ.IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. and. — be_calm.<small>SUBJ.IMPF-1SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. <small>NEG</small>=manage_to.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>=<small>NEG</small>. – stop.<small>SUBJ.PERF-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>2SG.GEN-DAT</small>. male's_younger_brother-<small>DAT.SG</small>. say-<small>OPT.IMPF-2SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
	\| translation = The door keeps being opened and closed! I can't have any peace, tell your brother to stop [doing] it!		\| translation = The door keeps being opened and closed! I can't have any peace, tell your brother to stop [doing] it!

Lili21: /* Temperature */

2019-10-14T21:02:28Z

Temperature

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:02, 14 October 2019
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	}}		}}
	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
	\| phrase = galtāt miṣyirde, ~~mruṣṭhamai~~!		\| phrase = galtāt miṣyirde, mruṣṭhugi!
	\| gloss = mug.<small>DIR.DU</small>. be_hot.<small>CONTACT.IND.PRES-3DU.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. be_careful-<small>OPT.IMPF-2SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.		\| gloss = mug.<small>DIR.DU</small>. be_hot.<small>CONTACT.IND.PRES-3DU.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. be_careful-<small>OPT.IMPF-2SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
	\| translation = The two mugs are hot, be careful!		\| translation = The two mugs are hot, be careful!

Lili21: /* Interior-only verbs */

2019-09-20T21:06:15Z

Interior-only verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:06, 20 September 2019
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	Some verbs are defective and lack a non-causative exterior conjugation; these could be termed "deponent verbs" as a parallel to Latin or Ancient Greek grammar, as they are conceptually similar. ''dhāḍake'' "to speak, express oneself" and ''tṛlake'' "to know, understand" are by far the most common ones:		Some verbs are defective and lack a non-causative exterior conjugation; these could be termed "deponent verbs" as a parallel to Latin or Ancient Greek grammar, as they are conceptually similar. ''dhāḍake'' "to speak, express oneself" and ''tṛlake'' "to know, understand" are by far the most common ones:
	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
	\| phrase = ~~chlǣvānęe~~ ~ chlǣvānumi dhāḍap dhāḍiru.		\| phrase = chlǣvānnaise ~ chlǣvānumi dhāḍap dhāḍiru.
	\| gloss = Chlouvānem-<small>ADV</small>. ~ Chlouvānem-<small>GEN.PL</small>. language-<small>INSTR.SG</small>. speak.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.		\| gloss = Chlouvānem-<small>ADV</small>. ~ Chlouvānem-<small>GEN.PL</small>. language-<small>INSTR.SG</small>. speak.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
	\| translation = I speak Chlouvānem.		\| translation = I speak Chlouvānem.

Lili21: /* Verbs with exterior/interior pairs with divergent meanings */

2019-02-20T13:46:57Z

Verbs with exterior/interior pairs with divergent meanings

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:46, 20 February 2019
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	==Verbs with exterior/interior pairs with divergent meanings==		==Verbs with exterior/interior pairs with divergent meanings==
	This section lists some of the most common verbs whose exterior/interior pairs have meanings that correspond to sometimes very different verbs in English:		This section lists some of the most common verbs whose exterior/interior pairs have meanings that correspond to sometimes very different verbs in English; some interior meanings are figuratively derived from the exterior ones:
	* ''didake'' — <small>EXT:</small> to know someone; <small>INT:</small> to be conscious; to know one's own limits		* ''didake'' — <small>EXT:</small> to know someone; <small>INT:</small> to be conscious; to know one's own limits
	* ''gṇyauke'' — <small>EXT:</small> to give birth; <small>INT:</small> to be born, to come to life		* ''gṇyauke'' — <small>EXT:</small> to give birth; <small>INT:</small> to be born, to come to life

Lili21: /* Voices */

2019-02-20T13:40:00Z

Voices

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:40, 20 February 2019
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	{{Chlouvānem sidebar}}		{{Chlouvānem sidebar}}
	==Voices==		==Voices==
	~~Exterior~~ verbs do resemble mainly English active verbs, ~~but the~~ exterior vs. interior distinction is different and independent from ~~the~~ Chlouvānem ~~voices~~, that is, the different triggers. Exterior verbs have all seven possible<ref>Agent-trigger is only meaningful for transitive and ditransitive verbs, and dative-trigger only for ditransitive and a few motion ones.</ref> voices (patient-, agent-, benefactive-, antibenefactive-, locative-, dative-, and instrumental-trigger), while interior verbs can have six, with the patient- and agent-trigger voices being merged in a "common voice" instead; this is however only a matter of traditional terminology as the common voice of interior verbs is unmarked, and therefore exactly the same as the patient-trigger one of exterior verbs.		While the exterior-interior distinction has parallels to voice distinction in other languages, and exterior verbs do resemble mainly English active (or passive) verbs, for sake of disambiguation they will not be referred to as "voice" in a Chlouvānem context. The exterior vs. interior distinction is, in fact, different and independent from what in Chlouvānem grammar is called "voice", that is, the set of different triggers. Exterior verbs have all seven possible<ref>Agent-trigger is only meaningful for transitive and ditransitive verbs, and dative-trigger only for ditransitive and a few motion ones.</ref> voices (patient-, agent-, benefactive-, antibenefactive-, locative-, dative-, and instrumental-trigger), while interior verbs can have six, with the patient- and agent-trigger voices being merged in a "common voice" instead; this is however only a matter of traditional terminology as the common voice of interior verbs is unmarked, and therefore exactly the same as the patient-trigger one of exterior verbs.

	==Meanings of interior verbs==		==Meanings of interior verbs==

Lili21 at 13:38, 20 February 2019

2019-02-20T13:38:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:38, 20 February 2019
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	: ''This page treats the uses of verbal forms. See [[Chlouvānem/Morphology\|Chlouvānem morphology]] for the actual verbal morphology.''		: ''This page treats the uses of verbal forms. See [[Chlouvānem/Morphology\|Chlouvānem morphology]] for the actual verbal morphology.''

	[[Chlouvānem]] grammar has a very important semantic and morphological distinction in its verbs, namely the one between '''exterior verbs''' (''kauyāva'', pl. ''kauyāvai'') and '''interior verbs''' (''~~nañyāva~~'', pl. ''~~nañyāvai~~''); native Chlouvānem grammarians call this distinction by the name of ''chlærim'', literally "light".		[[Chlouvānem]] grammar has a very important semantic and morphological distinction in its verbs, namely the one between '''exterior verbs''' (''kauyāva'', pl. ''kauyāvai'') and '''interior verbs''' (''nanyāva'', pl. ''nanyāvai''); native Chlouvānem grammarians call this distinction by the name of ''chlærim'', literally "light".
	{{Chlouvānem sidebar}}		{{Chlouvānem sidebar}}
	==Voices==		==Voices==

Lili21 at 13:37, 20 February 2019

2019-02-20T13:37:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:37, 20 February 2019
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	''→ This page treats the uses of verbal forms. See [[Chlouvānem/Morphology\|Chlouvānem morphology]] for the actual verbal morphology.''		: ''This page treats the uses of verbal forms. See [[Chlouvānem/Morphology\|Chlouvānem morphology]] for the actual verbal morphology.''

	[[Chlouvānem]] grammar has a very important semantic and morphological distinction in its verbs, namely the one between '''exterior verbs''' (''kauyāva'', pl. ''kauyāvai'') and '''interior verbs''' (''nañyāva'', pl. ''nañyāvai''); native Chlouvānem grammarians call this distinction by the name of ''chlærim'', literally "light".		[[Chlouvānem]] grammar has a very important semantic and morphological distinction in its verbs, namely the one between '''exterior verbs''' (''kauyāva'', pl. ''kauyāvai'') and '''interior verbs''' (''nañyāva'', pl. ''nañyāvai''); native Chlouvānem grammarians call this distinction by the name of ''chlærim'', literally "light".

Lili21: /* Verbs with exterior/interior pairs with divergent meanings */

2019-01-23T16:09:46Z

Verbs with exterior/interior pairs with divergent meanings

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:09, 23 January 2019
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	* ''huṃħake'' — <small>EXT:</small> to fight; <small>INT: (individuals) </small> to have an interior conflict; <small>(groups, organizations)</small> to have an internal struggle		* ''huṃħake'' — <small>EXT:</small> to fight; <small>INT: (individuals) </small> to have an interior conflict; <small>(groups, organizations)</small> to have an internal struggle
	* ''jālejilde'' — <small>EXT:</small> to win; to defeat someone; <small>INT:</small> to get better; to win one's own fears (both very colloquial)		* ''jālejilde'' — <small>EXT:</small> to win; to defeat someone; <small>INT:</small> to get better; to win one's own fears (both very colloquial)
			* ''nīdṛke'' — <small>EXT:</small> to participate, take part, be a member of; <small>INT:</small> to behave
	* ''primęlike'' — <small>EXT:</small> to give back; <small>INT:</small> to return, come back		* ''primęlike'' — <small>EXT:</small> to give back; <small>INT:</small> to return, come back
	* ''valde'' — <small>EXT:</small> to open; <small>INT: (when used for people)</small> to open oneself, to overcome shyness		* ''valde'' — <small>EXT:</small> to open; <small>INT: (when used for people)</small> to open oneself, to overcome shyness