Columbé - Revision history

Jukethatbox: /* Phonology */

2026-05-17T10:34:57Z

Phonology

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:34, 17 May 2026
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	Around 1895, the British administrator of Saint Columban began to also incentivise migration from Cassim Po and elsewhere in the Poccasins to further diminish what was left of Portuguese influence on the island. Thus, many Bemé speakers, both native from Cassim Po and non-native from elsewhere in the Poccasins, arrived in droves on Saint Columban. Despite many not speaking Bemé as native speakers, the use of Bemé was encouraged out of necessity due to the diversity of languages spoken by the Saint Columban migrants; eventually Columbé developed as a distinct dialect and became the first language of almost all inhabitants of the island.		Around 1895, the British administrator of Saint Columban began to also incentivise migration from Cassim Po and elsewhere in the Poccasins to further diminish what was left of Portuguese influence on the island. Thus, many Bemé speakers, both native from Cassim Po and non-native from elsewhere in the Poccasins, arrived in droves on Saint Columban. Despite many not speaking Bemé as native speakers, the use of Bemé was encouraged out of necessity due to the diversity of languages spoken by the Saint Columban migrants; eventually Columbé developed as a distinct dialect and became the first language of almost all inhabitants of the island.
	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
	<small>''See also: [[Bemé#Phonology\|Bemé § Phonology]].''</small><br>		<small>''See also: [[Bemé#Phonology\|Bemé § Phonology]].''</small></br>
	Columbé has several distinct phonological features that distinguish it from standard [[Bemé#Phonology\|Bemé]].		Columbé has several distinct phonological features that distinguish it from standard [[Bemé#Phonology\|Bemé]].

	Among consonants, [[w:Syllabic consonant\|syllabic]] /l̩/ is usually palatalised to /ʎ̩/, so ''Beyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé\|[bei̯bl̩]]] becomes [[IPA for Bemé\|[beːbʎ̩]]]. Voiced plosives /b, d, g/ are lenited to [[w:Voiced fricative\|fricative]] [β, ð, ɣ] or [[w:Approximant\|approximant]] [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] intervocalically, though these allophones are typically only written as [β, ð, ɣ] or not at all. /ɲ/ may also be realised as /j̃/ in word-medial positions, so {{l\|beme\|grinyeh}} would be pronounced [[IPA for Bemé\|[~~gɾij̃ɛ~~]]]. Standard approximant /ɹ/ is pronounced as [[w:Voiced alveolar tap or flap\|tap]] /ɾ/, as is typical of most ''[[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal\|kriyal]]'' varieties in the south of the Poccasins (where Columban is located). /n/ may also palatalise to a /ɲ/ before an /i/, though not before /iː/, which is an allophone of /ei̯/. /kr, gr/, though very variable among Cassim Po dialects and adjacent dialects such as [[Bijun Creole]], are remarkably invariable in Columbé; /kr/ and /gr/ are almost always pronounced [kɾ] and [gɾ] respectively, though the tap may be devoiced in /kr/ in some younger speakers, yielding instead [kɾ̥] and [gɾ] respectively.		Among consonants, [[w:Syllabic consonant\|syllabic]] /l̩/ is usually palatalised to /ʎ̩/, so ''Beyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé\|[bei̯bl̩]]] becomes [[IPA for Bemé\|[beːbʎ̩]]]. Voiced plosives /b, d, g/ are lenited to [[w:Voiced fricative\|fricative]] [β, ð, ɣ] or [[w:Approximant\|approximant]] [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] intervocalically, though these allophones are typically only written as [β, ð, ɣ] or not at all. /ɲ/ may also be realised as /j̃/ in word-medial positions, so {{l\|beme\|grinyeh}} would be pronounced [[IPA for Bemé\|[gɾij̃e]]]. Standard approximant /ɹ/ is pronounced as [[w:Voiced alveolar tap or flap\|tap]] /ɾ/, as is typical of most ''[[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal\|kriyal]]'' varieties in the south of the Poccasins (where Columban is located). /n/ may also palatalise to a /ɲ/ before an /i/, though not before /iː/, which is an allophone of /ei̯/. /kr, gr/, though very variable among Cassim Po dialects and adjacent dialects such as [[Bijun Creole]], are remarkably invariable in Columbé; /kr/ and /gr/ are almost always pronounced [kɾ] and [gɾ] respectively, though the tap may be devoiced in /kr/ in some younger speakers, yielding instead [kɾ̥] and [gɾ] respectively.

	Among short vowels, /u/ is often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh\|always pronounced /e/]].		Among short vowels, /u/ is often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh\|always pronounced /e/]].

Jukethatbox: /* Phonology */

2026-05-14T00:23:05Z

Phonology

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:23, 14 May 2026
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	\| /iː/ \|\| /ʌː/		\| /iː/ \|\| /ʌː/
	\|}		\|}
	/ou̯/ may also be realised as a short [u] in closed syllables; this leads to the pronunciation of words such as ''{{bm\|grown}}'' as [[IPA for Bemé\|[gɾun]]]. This is the only position where [ʌ, u] appear in contrastive distribution; elsewhere, they are in free variation.		/ou̯/ may also be realised as a short [u] in closed syllables; this leads to the pronunciation of words such as {{l\|beme\|grown}} as [[IPA for Bemé\|[gɾun]]]. This is the only position where [ʌ, u] appear in contrastive distribution; elsewhere, they are in free variation.

	==Notes==		==Notes==
	<references group="lower-alpha"/>		<references group="lower-alpha"/>
	[[Category:Bemé language]] [[Category:Dialects]]		[[Category:Bemé language]] [[Category:Dialects]]

Jukethatbox: /* Phonology */

2026-05-14T00:22:40Z

Phonology

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:22, 14 May 2026
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	Columbé has several distinct phonological features that distinguish it from standard [[Bemé#Phonology\|Bemé]].		Columbé has several distinct phonological features that distinguish it from standard [[Bemé#Phonology\|Bemé]].

	Among consonants, [[w:Syllabic consonant\|syllabic]] /l̩/ is usually palatalised to /ʎ̩/, so ''Beyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé\|[bei̯bl̩]]] becomes [[IPA for Bemé\|[beːbʎ̩]]]. Voiced plosives /b, d, g/ are lenited to [[w:Voiced fricative\|fricative]] [β, ð, ɣ] or [[w:Approximant\|approximant]] [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] intervocalically, though these allophones are typically only written as [β, ð, ɣ] or not at all. /ɲ/ may also be realised as /j̃/ in word-medial positions, so ''{{bm\|grinyeh}}'' would be pronounced [[IPA for Bemé\|[gɾij̃ɛ]]]. Standard approximant /ɹ/ is pronounced as [[w:Voiced alveolar tap or flap\|tap]] /ɾ/, as is typical of most ''[[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal\|kriyal]]'' varieties in the south of the Poccasins (where Columban is located). /n/ may also palatalise to a /ɲ/ before an /i/, though not before /iː/, which is an allophone of /ei̯/. /kr, gr/, though very variable among Cassim Po dialects and adjacent dialects such as [[Bijun Creole]], are remarkably invariable in Columbé; /kr/ and /gr/ are almost always pronounced [kɾ] and [gɾ] respectively, though the tap may be devoiced in /kr/ in some younger speakers, yielding instead [kɾ̥] and [gɾ] respectively.		Among consonants, [[w:Syllabic consonant\|syllabic]] /l̩/ is usually palatalised to /ʎ̩/, so ''Beyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé\|[bei̯bl̩]]] becomes [[IPA for Bemé\|[beːbʎ̩]]]. Voiced plosives /b, d, g/ are lenited to [[w:Voiced fricative\|fricative]] [β, ð, ɣ] or [[w:Approximant\|approximant]] [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] intervocalically, though these allophones are typically only written as [β, ð, ɣ] or not at all. /ɲ/ may also be realised as /j̃/ in word-medial positions, so {{l\|beme\|grinyeh}} would be pronounced [[IPA for Bemé\|[gɾij̃ɛ]]]. Standard approximant /ɹ/ is pronounced as [[w:Voiced alveolar tap or flap\|tap]] /ɾ/, as is typical of most ''[[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal\|kriyal]]'' varieties in the south of the Poccasins (where Columban is located). /n/ may also palatalise to a /ɲ/ before an /i/, though not before /iː/, which is an allophone of /ei̯/. /kr, gr/, though very variable among Cassim Po dialects and adjacent dialects such as [[Bijun Creole]], are remarkably invariable in Columbé; /kr/ and /gr/ are almost always pronounced [kɾ] and [gɾ] respectively, though the tap may be devoiced in /kr/ in some younger speakers, yielding instead [kɾ̥] and [gɾ] respectively.

	Among short vowels, /u/ is often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh\|always pronounced /e/]].		Among short vowels, /u/ is often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh\|always pronounced /e/]].

Sware at 15:35, 6 May 2026

2026-05-06T15:35:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:35, 6 May 2026
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	==Notes==		==Notes==
	<references group="lower-alpha"/>		<references group="lower-alpha"/>
	[[Category:Bemé]] [[Category:Dialects]]		[[Category:Bemé language]] [[Category:Dialects]]

Jukethatbox at 11:16, 25 April 2026

2026-04-25T11:16:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:16, 25 April 2026
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	\| setting = ''Adventures in the Poccasins''		\| setting = ''Adventures in the Poccasins''
	\| state = [[Saint Columban]]		\| state = [[Saint Columban]]
	\| ethnicity = ~~Columbayo~~		\| ethnicity = Columbayos
	\| script1 = Latn		\| script1 = Latn
	\| speakers = 25,500		\| speakers = 25,500
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	\| notice = ipa		\| notice = ipa
	}}		}}
	'''Columbé'''{{efn\|Known by many other names, including '''Columban Creole''', '''Columban Bemé''', '''Columban Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Creole''' and '''Columbanese'''. All these names may also be referred to in the same way but as "'''Saint Columban...'''" etc.}}{{efn\|Pronounced [[IPA for Bemé\|[kɾijal]]] or [[IPA for Bemé\|[kɾijɛl]]].}} is the [[w:Dialect\|dialect]] of [[Bemé]] spoken by the ~~Columban~~ people of the island of [[Saint Columban]], a [[w:British Overseas Territories\|British overseas territory]] located in the Malorabin Islands of the Poccasin Archipelago. It is widely spoken as a first language on Columban, and is the [[w:Vernacular language\|vernacular language]] of the island, with around 25,500 native speakers; approximately 98.8% of the population of Columban.		'''Columbé'''{{efn\|Known by many other names, including '''Columban Creole''', '''Columban Bemé''', '''Columban Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Creole''' and '''Columbanese'''. All these names may also be referred to in the same way but as "'''Saint Columban...'''" etc.}}{{efn\|Pronounced [[IPA for Bemé\|[kɾijal]]] or [[IPA for Bemé\|[kɾijɛl]]].}} is the [[w:Dialect\|dialect]] of [[Bemé]] spoken by the Columbayo people of the island of [[Saint Columban]], a [[w:British Overseas Territories\|British overseas territory]] located in the Malorabin Islands of the Poccasin Archipelago. It is widely spoken as a first language on Columban, and is the [[w:Vernacular language\|vernacular language]] of the island, with around 25,500 native speakers; approximately 98.8% of the population of Columban.

	Although the linguistic status of Columbé is debated, linguist consensus dictates that Columbé is a dialect of the more widely spoken [[Bemé]], brought to the island by enslaved Poccasins{{efn\|Enslaved Poccasins were not administratively considered "slaves", allowing British colonists in the Poccasins to continue the slave trade despite the [[w:Slavery Abolition Act 1833\|1833 Slavery Abolition Act]] and the earlier [[w:Slave Trade Act 1807\|1807 Slave Trade Act]] abolishing such practices in the British Empire.}} who were brought to the island by British colonists aiming to drive out the previous Portuguese colonial administration.		Although the linguistic status of Columbé is debated, linguist consensus dictates that Columbé is a dialect of the more widely spoken [[Bemé]], brought to the island by enslaved Poccasins{{efn\|Enslaved Poccasins were not administratively considered "slaves", allowing British colonists in the Poccasins to continue the slave trade despite the [[w:Slavery Abolition Act 1833\|1833 Slavery Abolition Act]] and the earlier [[w:Slave Trade Act 1807\|1807 Slave Trade Act]] abolishing such practices in the British Empire.}} who were brought to the island by British colonists aiming to drive out the previous Portuguese colonial administration.

Jukethatbox at 11:00, 25 April 2026

2026-04-25T11:00:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:00, 25 April 2026
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	\| setting = ''Adventures in the Poccasins''		\| setting = ''Adventures in the Poccasins''
	\| state = [[Saint Columban]]		\| state = [[Saint Columban]]
	\| ethnicity = ~~Columban people~~		\| ethnicity = Columbayo
	\| script1 = Latn		\| script1 = Latn
	\| speakers = 25,500		\| speakers = 25,500

Jukethatbox at 10:59, 25 April 2026

2026-04-25T10:59:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:59, 25 April 2026
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	==Classification==		==Classification==
	Although most linguists agree today that Columbé is a dialect of Bemé, this status has been the subject of much controversy; early Columbé linguists often argued that Columbé was a distinct [[w:English-based creole language\|English creole]] that developed from British colonialism, in a similar way as most creole languages(including standard Bemé). However, studies of [[w:Mutual intelligibility\|mutual intelligibility]] with Bemé in the 70s and 80s showed that Bemé and Columbé speakers were able to almost completely understand each other, with a mutual intelligibility percentage of around 97%. Although this didn't conclusively prove a dialectal relation(languages such as [[w:Swedish language\|Swedish]] and [[w:Norwegian language\|Norwegian]] also have high mutual intelligibility but are still considered distinct languages), it did catalyse later theories of dialectal relationships, which began to emerge around 1989 as the first theories of Bemé's origin and spread began to emerge.		Although most linguists agree today that Columbé is a dialect of Bemé, this status has been the subject of much controversy; early Columbé linguists often argued that Columbé was a distinct [[w:English-based creole language\|English creole]] that developed from British colonialism, in a similar way as most creole languages (including standard Bemé). However, studies of [[w:Mutual intelligibility\|mutual intelligibility]] with Bemé in the 70s and 80s showed that Bemé and Columbé speakers were able to almost completely understand each other, with a mutual intelligibility percentage of around 97%. Although this didn't conclusively prove a dialectal relation (languages such as [[w:Swedish language\|Swedish]] and [[w:Norwegian language\|Norwegian]] also have high mutual intelligibility but are still considered distinct languages), it did catalyse later theories of dialectal relationships, which began to emerge around 1989 as the first theories of Bemé's origin and spread began to emerge.

	The first theory that asserted Columbé as a dialect of Bemé was published in 1993, in a paper that analysed Bemé as a [[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal\|dialect continuum]] in the framework of ''tak'' and ''kriyal'' varieties; Columbé was included as a ''kriyal'' variety. Although the assertion of Columbé as a ''kriyal'' variety is considered invalid today(Columbé is generally considered to not contain a creole continuum unlike standard Bemé), it did bring the dialect theory into the mainstream, which by the turn of the century finally dominated the general linguistic consensus. Thus, linguistically, Columbé is considered non-continuum dialect of Bemé.		The first theory that asserted Columbé as a dialect of Bemé was published in 1993, in a paper that analysed Bemé as a [[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal\|dialect continuum]] in the framework of ''tak'' and ''kriyal'' varieties; Columbé was included as a ''kriyal'' variety. Although the assertion of Columbé as a ''kriyal'' variety is considered invalid today (Columbé is generally considered to not contain a creole continuum unlike standard Bemé), it did bring the dialect theory into the mainstream, which by the turn of the century finally dominated the general linguistic consensus. Thus, linguistically, Columbé is considered non-continuum dialect of Bemé.

	However, this consensus is not as represented in Columban administration and culture; both Bemé and Columbé speakers, despite understanding each other, still mostly consider both dialects distinct languages.		However, this consensus is not as represented in Columban administration and culture; both Bemé and Columbé speakers, despite understanding each other, still mostly consider both dialects distinct languages.
	==History==		==History==
	There are two main theories on how Columbé developed as a dialect of Bemé so far from the centre of development of Bemé in Cassim Po; the '''migration and divergence theory'''('''MDT''') and the '''independent development and convergence theory'''('''IDC'''). The IDC theory states that Columbé originally developed as a separate creole language, then over time converged through contact with Bemé into a dialect of Bemé. This theory is generally disregarded as unlikely in the general consensus, with the MDT theory considered more likely and also supported by archaeological evidence.		There are two main theories on how Columbé developed as a dialect of Bemé so far from the centre of development of Bemé in Cassim Po; the '''migration and divergence theory''' ('''MDT''') and the '''independent development and convergence theory''' ('''IDC'''). The IDC theory states that Columbé originally developed as a separate creole language, then over time converged through contact with Bemé into a dialect of Bemé. This theory is generally disregarded as unlikely in the general consensus, with the MDT theory considered more likely and also supported by archaeological evidence.

	===Pink Map War===		===Pink Map War===
	[[Bemé]] developed into an English creole language in Cassim Po around the 1850s, and has remarkably stayed relatively stable since; in the mean time, Bemé spread in use away from its home city due to the British centralisation of power in the archipelago in Cassim Po, which is how Bemé spread in use as a lingua franca throughout most of the archipelago. However, the island of St Columban, previously settled by [[Ketaserang\|Seru]] and Bemang peoples, remained outside this influence due to its administration under the Portuguese colonial empire as '''São Jorge e Paulo'''(lit. "Saint George and Paul") since 1775.		[[Bemé]] developed into an English creole language in Cassim Po around the 1850s, and has remarkably stayed relatively stable since; in the mean time, Bemé spread in use away from its home city due to the British centralisation of power in the archipelago in Cassim Po, which is how Bemé spread in use as a lingua franca throughout most of the archipelago. However, the island of St Columban, previously settled by [[Ketaserang\|Seru]] and Bemang peoples, remained outside this influence due to its administration under the Portuguese colonial empire as '''São Jorge e Paulo''' (lit. "Saint George and Paul") since 1775.
	[[File:Mapa Cor-de-Rosa.jpg\|thumb\|The [[w:Pink Map\|Pink Map]], or ''Mapa cor-de-rosa'' in Portuguese]]		[[File:Mapa Cor-de-Rosa.jpg\|thumb\|The [[w:Pink Map\|Pink Map]], or ''Mapa cor-de-rosa'' in Portuguese]]
	However, in 1890, the British government [[w:1890 British Ultimatum\|sent an ultimatum]] to the Portuguese to withdraw from the areas between [[w:Angola\|Angola]] and [[w:Mozambique\|Mozambique]], which Portugal had claimed in hopes of completing the [[w:Pink Map\|Pink Map]] project, as Britain wanted to control the area in hopes of completing their own [[w:Cape to Cairo Railway\|Cape to Cairo Railway]]. The Portuguese refused the ultimatum,{{efn\|Note: in real life the Portuguese accepted the ultimatum, withdrew from the areas, and the situation ended at that, despite a widespread backlash among the Portuguese public.}} and so began the '''Pink Map War''',{{efn\|[[w:Portuguese language\|Portuguese]]: ''Guerra do mapa cor-de-rosa''}} which saw Portugal militarily humiliated by the British and more importantly, had São Jorge e Paulo occupied by the British. With the 1891 Treaty of London, Portugal was forced to pay a hefty sum of money, and cede the Pink Map areas and São Jorge e Paulo to the British.		However, in 1890, the British government [[w:1890 British Ultimatum\|sent an ultimatum]] to the Portuguese to withdraw from the areas between [[w:Angola\|Angola]] and [[w:Mozambique\|Mozambique]], which Portugal had claimed in hopes of completing the [[w:Pink Map\|Pink Map]] project, as Britain wanted to control the area in hopes of completing their own [[w:Cape to Cairo Railway\|Cape to Cairo Railway]]. The Portuguese refused the ultimatum,{{efn\|Note: in real life the Portuguese accepted the ultimatum, withdrew from the areas, and the situation ended at that, despite a widespread backlash among the Portuguese public.}} and so began the '''Pink Map War''',{{efn\|[[w:Portuguese language\|Portuguese]]: ''Guerra do mapa cor-de-rosa''}} which saw Portugal militarily humiliated by the British and more importantly, had São Jorge e Paulo occupied by the British. With the 1891 Treaty of London, Portugal was forced to pay a hefty sum of money, and cede the Pink Map areas and São Jorge e Paulo to the British.
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	Among short vowels, /u/ is often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh\|always pronounced /e/]].		Among short vowels, /u/ is often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh\|always pronounced /e/]].
	{\| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"		{\| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
	! Grapheme(s)		! Grapheme (s)
	\| a \|\| e \|\| eh \|\| i \|\| o \|\| u		\| a \|\| e \|\| eh \|\| i \|\| o \|\| u
	\|-		\|-

Jukethatbox at 14:18, 20 February 2026

2026-02-20T14:18:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:18, 20 February 2026
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	\| notice = ipa		\| notice = ipa
	}}		}}
	'''Columbé'''{{efn\|Known by many other names, including '''Columban Creole''', '''Columban Bemé''', '''Columban Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Creole''' and '''Columbanese'''. All these names may also be referred to in the same way but as "'''Saint Columban...'''" etc.}}{{efn\|Pronounced [[IPA for Bemé\|[kɾijal]]] or [[IPA for Bemé\|[kɾijɛl]]].}} is the [[w:Dialect\|dialect]] of [[Bemé]] spoken by the Columban people of the island of [[Saint Columban]], a [[w:British Overseas Territories\|British overseas territory]] located in the Malorabin Islands of the Poccasin Archipelago. It is widely spoken as a first language on Columban, and is the ~~official~~ [[w:Vernacular language\|vernacular language]] of the island, with around 25,500 native speakers; approximately 98.8% of the population of Columban.		'''Columbé'''{{efn\|Known by many other names, including '''Columban Creole''', '''Columban Bemé''', '''Columban Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Creole''' and '''Columbanese'''. All these names may also be referred to in the same way but as "'''Saint Columban...'''" etc.}}{{efn\|Pronounced [[IPA for Bemé\|[kɾijal]]] or [[IPA for Bemé\|[kɾijɛl]]].}} is the [[w:Dialect\|dialect]] of [[Bemé]] spoken by the Columban people of the island of [[Saint Columban]], a [[w:British Overseas Territories\|British overseas territory]] located in the Malorabin Islands of the Poccasin Archipelago. It is widely spoken as a first language on Columban, and is the [[w:Vernacular language\|vernacular language]] of the island, with around 25,500 native speakers; approximately 98.8% of the population of Columban.

	Although the linguistic status of Columbé is debated, linguist consensus dictates that Columbé is a dialect of the more widely spoken [[Bemé]], brought to the island by enslaved Poccasins{{efn\|Enslaved Poccasins were not administratively considered "slaves", allowing British colonists in the Poccasins to continue the slave trade despite the [[w:Slavery Abolition Act 1833\|1833 Slavery Abolition Act]] and the earlier [[w:Slave Trade Act 1807\|1807 Slave Trade Act]] abolishing such practices in the British Empire.}} who were brought to the island by British colonists aiming to drive out the previous Portuguese colonial administration.		Although the linguistic status of Columbé is debated, linguist consensus dictates that Columbé is a dialect of the more widely spoken [[Bemé]], brought to the island by enslaved Poccasins{{efn\|Enslaved Poccasins were not administratively considered "slaves", allowing British colonists in the Poccasins to continue the slave trade despite the [[w:Slavery Abolition Act 1833\|1833 Slavery Abolition Act]] and the earlier [[w:Slave Trade Act 1807\|1807 Slave Trade Act]] abolishing such practices in the British Empire.}} who were brought to the island by British colonists aiming to drive out the previous Portuguese colonial administration.

Jukethatbox at 21:11, 19 February 2026

2026-02-19T21:11:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:11, 19 February 2026
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	\| created = 2025		\| created = 2025
	\| setting = ''Adventures in the Poccasins''		\| setting = ''Adventures in the Poccasins''
	\| state = ~~Saint Columban{{efn\|name=island\|Columbé: ''Kulumban'';~~ [[Bemé]]: ''Senkolumbang''; [[w:French language\|French]]: ''Saint-Colomban''; [[w:Spanish language\|Spanish]]: ''San Columbano'', [[w:Portuguese language\|Portuguese]]: ''São Columbano''}}{{efn\|name=fullisland\|In full: '''Saint George, Saint Paul, Saint Francis of Assisi and Saint Columban of Luxeuil'''; [[w:French language\|French]]: ''Saint Georges, Saint Paul, Saint François d'Assise et Saint Colomban de Luxeuil''; [[w:Spanish language\|Spanish]]: ''San Jorge, San Pablo, San Francisco de Asís y San Columbano de Luxeuil''; [[w:Portuguese language\|Portuguese]]~~: ''São Jorge, São Paulo, São Francisco de Assis e São Columbano de Luxeuil''}}~~		\| state = [[Saint Columban]]
	\| ethnicity = Columban people		\| ethnicity = Columban people
	\| script1 = Latn		\| script1 = Latn
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	\| notice = ipa		\| notice = ipa
	}}		}}
	'''Columbé'''{{efn\|Known by many other names, including '''Columban Creole''', '''Columban Bemé''', '''Columban Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Creole''' and '''Columbanese'''. All these names may also be referred to in the same way but as "'''Saint Columban...'''" etc.}}{{efn\|Pronounced [[IPA for Bemé\|[kɾijal]]] or [[IPA for Bemé\|[kɾijɛl]]].}} is the [[w:Dialect\|dialect]] of [[Bemé]] spoken by the Columban people of the island of ~~'''~~Saint Columban~~'''~~,~~{{efn\|name=island}}{{efn\|name=fullisland}}~~ a [[w:British Overseas Territories\|British overseas territory]] located in the Malorabin Islands of the Poccasin Archipelago. It is widely spoken as a first language on Columban, and is the official [[w:Vernacular language\|vernacular language]] of the island, with around 25,500 native speakers; approximately 98.8% of the population of Columban.		'''Columbé'''{{efn\|Known by many other names, including '''Columban Creole''', '''Columban Bemé''', '''Columban Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Pidgin''', '''Columban Poccasin Creole''' and '''Columbanese'''. All these names may also be referred to in the same way but as "'''Saint Columban...'''" etc.}}{{efn\|Pronounced [[IPA for Bemé\|[kɾijal]]] or [[IPA for Bemé\|[kɾijɛl]]].}} is the [[w:Dialect\|dialect]] of [[Bemé]] spoken by the Columban people of the island of [[Saint Columban]], a [[w:British Overseas Territories\|British overseas territory]] located in the Malorabin Islands of the Poccasin Archipelago. It is widely spoken as a first language on Columban, and is the official [[w:Vernacular language\|vernacular language]] of the island, with around 25,500 native speakers; approximately 98.8% of the population of Columban.

	Although the linguistic status of Columbé is debated, linguist consensus dictates that Columbé is a dialect of the more widely spoken [[Bemé]], brought to the island by enslaved Poccasins{{efn\|Enslaved Poccasins were not administratively considered "slaves", allowing British colonists in the Poccasins to continue the slave trade despite the [[w:Slavery Abolition Act 1833\|1833 Slavery Abolition Act]] and the earlier [[w:Slave Trade Act 1807\|1807 Slave Trade Act]] abolishing such practices in the British Empire.}} who were brought to the island by British colonists aiming to drive out the previous Portuguese colonial administration.		Although the linguistic status of Columbé is debated, linguist consensus dictates that Columbé is a dialect of the more widely spoken [[Bemé]], brought to the island by enslaved Poccasins{{efn\|Enslaved Poccasins were not administratively considered "slaves", allowing British colonists in the Poccasins to continue the slave trade despite the [[w:Slavery Abolition Act 1833\|1833 Slavery Abolition Act]] and the earlier [[w:Slave Trade Act 1807\|1807 Slave Trade Act]] abolishing such practices in the British Empire.}} who were brought to the island by British colonists aiming to drive out the previous Portuguese colonial administration.

Jukethatbox: /* Phonology */

2025-08-02T17:47:12Z

Phonology

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:47, 2 August 2025
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	Columbé has several distinct phonological features that distinguish it from standard [[Bemé#Phonology\|Bemé]].		Columbé has several distinct phonological features that distinguish it from standard [[Bemé#Phonology\|Bemé]].

	Among consonants, [[w:Syllabic consonant\|syllabic]] /l̩/ is usually palatalised to /ʎ̩/, so ''Beyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé\|[bei̯bl̩]]] becomes [[IPA for Bemé\|[beːbʎ̩]]]. ~~The distinction between~~ /~~m n~~/ ~~is neutralised in word-final syllable coda positions~~, ~~so words like ''{{bm~~\|~~grin}}'' may be heard~~ as ~~''grim''~~. /ɲ/ may also be realised as /j̃/ in word-medial positions, so ''{{bm\|grinyeh}}'' would be pronounced [[IPA for Bemé\|[gɾij̃ɛ]]]. Standard approximant /ɹ/ is pronounced as [[w:Voiced alveolar tap or flap\|tap]] /ɾ/, as is typical of most ''[[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal\|kriyal]]'' varieties in the south of the Poccasins (where Columban is located). /n/ may also palatalise to a /ɲ/ before an /i/, though not before /iː/, which is an allophone of /ei̯/.		Among consonants, [[w:Syllabic consonant\|syllabic]] /l̩/ is usually palatalised to /ʎ̩/, so ''Beyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé\|[bei̯bl̩]]] becomes [[IPA for Bemé\|[beːbʎ̩]]]. Voiced plosives /b, d, g/ are lenited to [[w:Voiced fricative\|fricative]] [β, ð, ɣ] or [[w:Approximant\|approximant]] [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] intervocalically, though these allophones are typically only written as [β, ð, ɣ] or not at all. /ɲ/ may also be realised as /j̃/ in word-medial positions, so ''{{bm\|grinyeh}}'' would be pronounced [[IPA for Bemé\|[gɾij̃ɛ]]]. Standard approximant /ɹ/ is pronounced as [[w:Voiced alveolar tap or flap\|tap]] /ɾ/, as is typical of most ''[[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal\|kriyal]]'' varieties in the south of the Poccasins (where Columban is located). /n/ may also palatalise to a /ɲ/ before an /i/, though not before /iː/, which is an allophone of /ei̯/. /kr, gr/, though very variable among Cassim Po dialects and adjacent dialects such as [[Bijun Creole]], are remarkably invariable in Columbé; /kr/ and /gr/ are almost always pronounced [kɾ] and [gɾ] respectively, though the tap may be devoiced in /kr/ in some younger speakers, yielding instead [kɾ̥] and [gɾ] respectively.

	/u/ is ~~also~~ often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh\|always pronounced /e/]].		Among short vowels, /u/ is often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh\|always pronounced /e/]].
	{\| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"		{\| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
	! Grapheme(s)		! Grapheme(s)
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	\| /iː/ \|\| /ʌː/		\| /iː/ \|\| /ʌː/
	\|}		\|}
	/ou̯/ may also be realised as a short /u/ in closed syllables; this leads to the pronunciation of words such as ''{{bm\|grown}}'' as [[IPA for Bemé\|[gɾun]]]. This is the only position where /ʌ u/ appear in contrastive distribution; elsewhere, they are in free variation.		/ou̯/ may also be realised as a short [u] in closed syllables; this leads to the pronunciation of words such as ''{{bm\|grown}}'' as [[IPA for Bemé\|[gɾun]]]. This is the only position where [ʌ, u] appear in contrastive distribution; elsewhere, they are in free variation.

	==Notes==		==Notes==
	<references group="lower-alpha"/>		<references group="lower-alpha"/>
	[[Category:Bemé]] [[Category:Dialects]]		[[Category:Bemé]] [[Category:Dialects]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:22, 14 May 2026
Line 47:		Line 47:
	Columbé has several distinct phonological features that distinguish it from standard [[Bemé#Phonology\|Bemé]].		Columbé has several distinct phonological features that distinguish it from standard [[Bemé#Phonology\|Bemé]].

	Among consonants, [[w:Syllabic consonant\|syllabic]] /l̩/ is usually palatalised to /ʎ̩/, so ''Beyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé\|[bei̯bl̩]]] becomes [[IPA for Bemé\|[beːbʎ̩]]]. Voiced plosives /b, d, g/ are lenited to [[w:Voiced fricative\|fricative]] [β, ð, ɣ] or [[w:Approximant\|approximant]] [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] intervocalically, though these allophones are typically only written as [β, ð, ɣ] or not at all. /ɲ/ may also be realised as /j̃/ in word-medial positions, so ''{{bm\|grinyeh}}'' would be pronounced [[IPA for Bemé\|[gɾij̃ɛ]]]. Standard approximant /ɹ/ is pronounced as [[w:Voiced alveolar tap or flap\|tap]] /ɾ/, as is typical of most ''[[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal\|kriyal]]'' varieties in the south of the Poccasins (where Columban is located). /n/ may also palatalise to a /ɲ/ before an /i/, though not before /iː/, which is an allophone of /ei̯/. /kr, gr/, though very variable among Cassim Po dialects and adjacent dialects such as [[Bijun Creole]], are remarkably invariable in Columbé; /kr/ and /gr/ are almost always pronounced [kɾ] and [gɾ] respectively, though the tap may be devoiced in /kr/ in some younger speakers, yielding instead [kɾ̥] and [gɾ] respectively.		Among consonants, [[w:Syllabic consonant\|syllabic]] /l̩/ is usually palatalised to /ʎ̩/, so ''Beyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé\|[bei̯bl̩]]] becomes [[IPA for Bemé\|[beːbʎ̩]]]. Voiced plosives /b, d, g/ are lenited to [[w:Voiced fricative\|fricative]] [β, ð, ɣ] or [[w:Approximant\|approximant]] [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] intervocalically, though these allophones are typically only written as [β, ð, ɣ] or not at all. /ɲ/ may also be realised as /j̃/ in word-medial positions, so {{l\|beme\|grinyeh}} would be pronounced [[IPA for Bemé\|[gɾij̃ɛ]]]. Standard approximant /ɹ/ is pronounced as [[w:Voiced alveolar tap or flap\|tap]] /ɾ/, as is typical of most ''[[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal\|kriyal]]'' varieties in the south of the Poccasins (where Columban is located). /n/ may also palatalise to a /ɲ/ before an /i/, though not before /iː/, which is an allophone of /ei̯/. /kr, gr/, though very variable among Cassim Po dialects and adjacent dialects such as [[Bijun Creole]], are remarkably invariable in Columbé; /kr/ and /gr/ are almost always pronounced [kɾ] and [gɾ] respectively, though the tap may be devoiced in /kr/ in some younger speakers, yielding instead [kɾ̥] and [gɾ] respectively.

	Among short vowels, /u/ is often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh\|always pronounced /e/]].		Among short vowels, /u/ is often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh\|always pronounced /e/]].