Daùnare - Revision history

Frederic Bayer: /* Modal particles */

2022-12-30T14:40:22Z

Modal particles

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:40, 30 December 2022
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	! Negative		! Negative
	\| neg		\| neg
	\| ~~neg lo~~		\| neglo
	\| negem		\| negem
	\| neged		\| neged

Frederic Bayer: /* Modal particles */

2022-12-30T14:40:10Z

Modal particles

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:40, 30 December 2022
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	\| mum		\| mum
	\| maùd		\| maùd
	\| ~~um ki~~		\| unki
	\|- style="border-bottom-width: 2px;"		\|- style="border-bottom-width: 2px;"
	! Negative		! Negative
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	\| nemum		\| nemum
	\| numda		\| numda
	\| ~~num ki~~		\| nunki
	\|-		\|-
	! rowspan=2 \| Relative		! rowspan=2 \| Relative
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	\| smu		\| smu
	\| sta		\| sta
	\| ~~sa ki~~		\| saki
	\|- style="border-bottom-width: 2px;"		\|- style="border-bottom-width: 2px;"
	! Negative		! Negative
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	\| nesmu		\| nesmu
	\| nesta		\| nesta
	\| ~~nes ki~~		\| nesti
	\|-		\|-
	! rowspan=2 \| Subordinate		! rowspan=2 \| Subordinate
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	\| gem		\| gem
	\| ged		\| ged
	\| ~~ge ki~~		\| geti
	\|-		\|-
	! Negative		! Negative
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	\| negem		\| negem
	\| neged		\| neged
	\| ~~ne ki~~		\| neki
	\|}		\|}

Frederic Bayer: /* Voice */

2022-12-29T20:07:36Z

Voice

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:07, 29 December 2022
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	: ''See also: [[#Voice apophony\|→Morphophonology of verbs § Voice apophony]]''		: ''See also: [[#Voice apophony\|→Morphophonology of verbs § Voice apophony]]''

	Daùnare has three "primary" voices, which are indicated through apophony on verbs. As an ergative-absolutive language, Daùnare does not feature an active voice but rather a '''primary''' voice, in which the argument of an intransitive verb is equivalent to the patient of a transitive verb; i.e., in ambitransitive verbs, the ~~transitive~~ use in the primary voice will omit the agent (like the passive voice of a nominative-accusative language), not the patient.		Daùnare has three "primary" voices, which are indicated through apophony on verbs. As an ergative-absolutive language, Daùnare does not feature an active voice but rather a '''primary''' voice, in which the argument of an intransitive verb is equivalent to the patient of a transitive verb; i.e., in ambitransitive verbs, the intransitive use in the primary voice will omit the agent (like the passive voice of a nominative-accusative language), not the patient.

	To omit the patient instead (like one in the active voice of a nominative-accusative language), the '''antipassive''' voice can be used, called such because it effectively achieves the reverse of what a passive voice achieves in a nominative-accusative language. Some verbs do not have an antipassive form; these are termed ''defective'' verbs. Conversely, some verbs only have an antipassive form, and these verbs are termed ''deponent'' verbs.		To omit the patient instead (like one in the active voice of a nominative-accusative language), the '''antipassive''' voice can be used, called such because it effectively achieves the reverse of what a passive voice achieves in a nominative-accusative language. Some verbs do not have an antipassive form; these are termed ''defective'' verbs. Conversely, some verbs only have an antipassive form, and these verbs are termed ''deponent'' verbs.

Frederic Bayer: /* Labialised vowels */

2022-07-01T16:41:49Z

Labialised vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:41, 1 July 2022
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	Any non-back vowel can be labialised, i.e. the following labialised vowels exist: /ʊ̯ɛ ʊ̯a ʊ̯e ʊ̯i/. Iotation is orthographically represented through diacritics – specifically, the breve.		Any non-back vowel can be labialised, i.e. the following labialised vowels exist: /ʊ̯ɛ ʊ̯a ʊ̯e ʊ̯i/. Iotation is orthographically represented through diacritics – specifically, the breve.

	The use of ⟨ʊ̯⟩ to represent the onset of these vowels (or diphthongs) phonetically is by convention, as there nominally exists no independent **/w/ phoneme, but the realisation is functionally [j].		The use of ⟨ʊ̯⟩ to represent the onset of these vowels (or diphthongs) phonetically is by convention, as there nominally exists no independent **/w/ phoneme, but the realisation is functionally [w].

	In the standard language, these vowels are pronounced as such, but in many dialects, one of two things has happened:		In the standard language, these vowels are pronounced as such, but in many dialects, one of two things has happened:

Frederic Bayer: /* Pronouns */

2022-06-19T20:52:52Z

Pronouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:52, 19 June 2022
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	\| sar		\| sar
	\| sari		\| sari
	\| sā		\| rowspan=2 \| sā
	\| siri		\| siri
	\| siris		\| siris
	\| sī		\| rowspan=2 \| sī
	\| ter		\| ter
	\| teri		\| teri
	\| tē		\| rowspan=2 \| tē
	\| tru		\| tru
	\| tū		\| rowspan=2 \| tū
	\|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"		\|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"
	! {{sc\|abl}}		! {{sc\|abl}}
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	\| sal		\| sal
	\| saıl		\| saıl
	~~\| sā~~
	\| sli		\| sli
	\| slis		\| slis
	~~\| sī~~
	\| tel		\| tel
	\| teıl		\| teıl
	~~\| tē~~
	\| tulu		\| tulu
	~~\| tū~~
	\|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"		\|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"
	! {{sc\|voc}}		! {{sc\|voc}}

Frederic Bayer: /* Verbs */

2022-06-19T20:51:09Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:51, 19 June 2022
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	===Verbs===		===Verbs===
			Verbs conjugate by apophony to express voice, and by suffixation to express tense-aspect. Verbs do not conjugate for mood, which is instead expressed through modal particles.

	====Tense and aspect====		====Tense and aspect====
	The "default" (unmarked) aspect of the present and future tenses is the gnomic or simple aspect (by convention, the nomenclature is ''gnomic present'' but ''future simple''). A progressive aspect can be expressed through the regular suffix ⟨‑ta⟩ affixed to the base conjugation of both tenses, and a perfect aspect only in the future tense through the suffixes ⟨‑bi⟩ (first person), ⟨‑si⟩ (second person) and ⟨‑ni⟩ (third person).		The "default" (unmarked) aspect of the present and future tenses is the gnomic or simple aspect (by convention, the nomenclature is ''gnomic present'' but ''future simple''). A progressive aspect can be expressed through the regular suffix ⟨‑ta⟩ affixed to the base conjugation of both tenses, and a perfect aspect only in the future tense through the suffixes ⟨‑bi⟩ (first person), ⟨‑si⟩ (second person) and ⟨‑ni⟩ (third person).
Line 1,141:		Line 1,143:
	The past tense, by contrast, has no unmarked aspect; each past aspect (''preterite'' or simple past, ''imperfect'' or progressive past, and ''habitual [past]'') has its own set of person‑number inflections.		The past tense, by contrast, has no unmarked aspect; each past aspect (''preterite'' or simple past, ''imperfect'' or progressive past, and ''habitual [past]'') has its own set of person‑number inflections.

	Below is an inflection table, where V represents the thematic vowel of the verb ([[#Thematic anaptyxis\|→Morphophonology of verbs § Thematic anaptyxis]]). The progressive and perfect aspects for the future and present are not shown, as they are perfectly regular, with the exception that the present progressive third person singular/collective (or second person singular formal) has another theme vowel inserted between the conjugational suffix and the progressive suffix to prevent the two /t/s colliding, which is the only instance of ''double thematic anaptyxis''.		Below is an inflection table, where V represents the thematic vowel of the verb ([[#Thematic anaptyxis\|→Morphophonology of verbs § Thematic anaptyxis]]). The progressive and perfect aspects for the future and present tenses are not shown, as they are perfectly regular, with the exception that the present progressive third person singular/collective (or second person singular formal) has another theme vowel inserted between the conjugational suffix and the progressive suffix to prevent the two /t/s colliding, which is the only instance of ''double thematic anaptyxis''.

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"

Frederic Bayer at 20:45, 19 June 2022

2022-06-19T20:45:35Z

@@ Line 563: / Line 563: @@
 ====Methelcystic ''t'' and the definite clitic====
 ====Initial consonant mutations after modal particles====
 ==Inflectional morphology==
@@ Line 1,385: / Line 1,365: @@
 :''See also: [[#Methelcystic t and the definite clitic|&rarr;Morphophonology of nouns § Methelcystic t and the definite clitic]]''
 The definite clitic =n= is a mesoclitic inserted between a nominal root and its declensional suffix. Where a noun is possessed but detached from its possessor, the construct clitic =r= is used instead.
 ==Syntax==

Frederic Bayer: /* Converbal agreement */

2022-06-19T20:44:08Z

Converbal agreement

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:44, 19 June 2022
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	==== Converbal agreement ====		==== Converbal agreement ====
	: ''See also: [[#Converb and pro-verb\|Verbs § Converb and pro-verb]]		: ''See also: [[#Converb and pro-verb\|→Verbs § Converb and pro-verb]] and [[#Constituent order\|→Syntax § Constituent order]]''

	Because of the focus-theme-rheme word order of Daùnare, nouns express agreement with the converb using the suffix ⟨-pe⟩. For example:		Because of the focus-theme-rheme word order of Daùnare, nouns express agreement with the converb using the suffix ⟨-pe⟩. For example:

Frederic Bayer: /* Nouns */

2022-06-19T20:43:12Z

Nouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:43, 19 June 2022
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	'''Definiteness''' is expressed using the definite clitic, or (for detached possessed nouns) the construct clitic, for both of which see below ([[#Definite and construct clitics\|→Particles and clitics § Definite and construct clitics]]).		'''Definiteness''' is expressed using the definite clitic, or (for detached possessed nouns) the construct clitic, for both of which see below ([[#Definite and construct clitics\|→Particles and clitics § Definite and construct clitics]]).

			==== Converbal agreement ====
			: ''See also: [[#Converb and pro-verb\|Verbs § Converb and pro-verb]]

			Because of the focus-theme-rheme word order of Daùnare, nouns express agreement with the converb using the suffix ⟨-pe⟩. For example:

			:{\| class="wikitable"
			\|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;"
			! colspan=2 \| Focus
			! colspan=2 \| Theme
			! colspan=3 \| Rheme
			\|-
			\| Muȧrnem'''pe'''
			\| kas
			\| (san)
			\| dal'''peset'''
			\| tālosnem
			\| kasnar
			\| dalabo.
			\|-
			\| muȧr=n=em‑'''pe'''
			\| kas
			\| (san)
			\| dal‑'''pes‑e‑t'''
			\| tālos=n=em
			\| kas‑nar
			\| dal‑a‑bo
			\|-
			\| house‑{{sc\|def}}‑{{sc\|conc}}.{{sc\|dat}}‑'''{{sc\|cvb}}'''
			\| to
			\| ({{sc\|3sg}}.{{sc\|m}}.{{sc\|abs}})
			\| go‑'''{{sc\|cvb}}‑∅‑{{sc\|3sg}}.{{sc\|pres}}'''
			\| shop‑{{sc\|def}}‑{{sc\|dat}}
			\| to‑inside
			\| go‑∅‑{{sc\|1sg}}.{{sc\|pret}}
			\|-
			\| colspan="2" \| ''House '''while''' to''
			\| colspan="2" \| ''he goes '''while'''''
			\| colspan="3" \| ''shop into I went.''
			\|-
			\| colspan="2" \| ‘While it was the house
			\| colspan="2" \| he was going to,
			\| colspan="3" \| I went into the shop.’
			\|}

			Contrasting with:

			:{\| class="wikitable"
			\|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;"
			! colspan=2 \| Focus
			! colspan=4 \| Theme
			! colspan=1 \| Rheme
			\|-
			\| Muȧrnem
			\| kas
			\| (san)
			\| dal'''peset'''
			\| tālosnem'''pe'''
			\| kasnar
			\| dalabo.
			\|-
			\| muȧr=n=em
			\| kas
			\| (san)
			\| dal‑'''pes‑e‑t'''
			\| tālos=n=em‑'''pe'''
			\| kas‑nar
			\| dal‑a‑bo
			\|-
			\| house‑{{sc\|def}}‑{{sc\|conc}}.{{sc\|dat}}
			\| to
			\| ({{sc\|3sg}}.{{sc\|m}}.{{sc\|abs}})
			\| go‑'''{{sc\|cvb}}‑∅‑{{sc\|3sg}}.{{sc\|pres}}'''
			\| shop‑{{sc\|def}}‑{{sc\|dat}}‑'''{{sc\|cvb}}'''
			\| to‑inside
			\| go‑∅‑{{sc\|1sg}}.{{sc\|pret}}
			\|-
			\| colspan="2" \| ''House to''
			\| colspan="4" \| ''he goes '''while''' shop '''while''' into''
			\| colspan="1" \| ''I went.''
			\|-
			\| colspan="2" \| ‘It was the house—
			\| colspan="4" \| while he was going into the shop
			\| colspan="1" \| —that I went to.’
			\|}

	===Pronouns===		===Pronouns===

Frederic Bayer: /* Converb and pro-verb */

2022-06-19T20:30:22Z

Converb and pro-verb

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:30, 19 June 2022
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	: ''See also: [[#Converbal agreement\|Nouns § Converbal agreement]]		: ''See also: [[#Converbal agreement\|Nouns § Converbal agreement]]

	The converb and pro-verb ⟨pes⟩ fulfills the function of a converb when suffixed to another verb root, and that of a pro-verb (akin to English "do" or "do so") when used independently. For example:		The converb and pro-verb ⟨pes⟩ fulfills the function of a converb when suffixed to another verb root, and that of a pro-verb (akin to English "do" or "do so") when used independently.

			The tense-aspect declensions of the converb indicate its function, and as such do not need to agree with the main clause verb. The converb conjugates for all tense-aspects except the habitual (though the pro-verb does), as follows:

			* '''Present''' – simultaneous converb ("while doing")
			* '''Preterite''' – perfective converb ("after doing")
			* '''Imperfect''' – causal converb ("because of doing")
			* '''Future''' – anticipatory converb ("before doing")

			For example:

	<span style="color:#ff0000;">Add examples!</span>		<span style="color:#ff0000;">Add examples!</span>