Kalyahekwe - Revision history

Raistas: /* Vocabulary */

2020-07-05T09:43:02Z

Vocabulary

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:43, 5 July 2020
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	\| ''naimii''		\| ''naimii''
	\| ''ništaamii''		\| ''ništaamii''
	\| ''~~nyakasmii~~''		\| ''nyekasmii''
	\|-		\|-
	\| "one"		\| "one"
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	\| ''epahiikw''		\| ''epahiikw''
	\| ''fyan''		\| ''fyan''
	\| ''~~fyan~~''		\| ''fyen''
	\|-		\|-
	\| "rock"		\| "rock"
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	\| ''aih''		\| ''aih''
	\| ''yaa''		\| ''yaa''
	\| ''yaa''<br>''~~yaha~~''		\| ''yaa''<br>''yeha''
	\|-		\|-
	\| "no"		\| "no"

Raistas: /* Phonological processes */

2020-07-03T13:01:44Z

Phonological processes

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:01, 3 July 2020
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	===Phonological processes===		===Phonological processes===
	Western dialects of Kalyah allow only three types of consonant clusters: '''tn''', '''hC''' and '''sC''', where '''C''' is a plosive or an affricate with an exception of "y" which can be added to almost any consonant and almost always disappears palatalizing the previous consonant in the process. Some dialects like Eihtoomis allow more types of clusters, such as nasals with plosives. When a combination of two consonants, that is not allowed, ~~occures~~, it is broken by a short vowel ''i'' or ''e'' (only in person markers). Quite often the cluster that ~~occures~~ word-finally simplifies in old words, this is not the case with newly created words and word compounds. Palatalization of the sound /t/ to /t͡s/ and /s/ (word-initially from an original ''θ'') and /ð/ to /s/ occurs before the vowels /i/ and /iː/ as well as the consonant /j/, but the rule does not apply when /iː/ came from old /eː/. For example, the stem ''leð'' "throw" becomes tahkelesiit "we threw it to you" before the ending /iːt/, but ''etiih'' "grass", where it is not palatalized before /iː/ (the word came from ''eteehs''). Palatalization is also found in diminutives, where all instances of /t/ and /ð/ in a word are replaced by [t͡s] before the diminutive suffixes ''-eni'', ''-e(s)ki'', etc. Thus, ''ilyoð'' "horse" would become ''ilyoceni "little horse".		Western dialects of Kalyah allow only three types of consonant clusters: '''tn''', '''hC''' and '''sC''', where '''C''' is a plosive or an affricate with an exception of "y" which can be added to almost any consonant and almost always disappears palatalizing the previous consonant in the process. Some dialects like Eihtoomis allow more types of clusters, such as nasals with plosives. When a combination of two consonants, that is not allowed, occurs, it is broken by a short vowel ''i'' or ''e'' (only in person markers). Quite often the cluster that occurs word-finally simplifies in old words, this is not the case with newly created words and word compounds. Palatalization of the sound /t/ to /t͡s/ and /s/ (word-initially from an original ''θ'') and /ð/ to /s/ occurs before the vowels /i/ and /iː/ as well as the consonant /j/, but the rule does not apply when /iː/ came from old /eː/. For example, the stem ''leð'' "throw" becomes tahkelesiit "we threw it to you" before the ending /iːt/, but ''etiih'' "grass", where it is not palatalized before /iː/ (the word came from ''eteehs''). Palatalization is also found in diminutives, where all instances of /t/ and /ð/ in a word are replaced by [t͡s] before the diminutive suffixes ''-eni'', ''-e(s)ki'', etc. Thus, ''ilyoð'' "horse" would become ''ilyoceni "little horse".

	===Prosody===		===Prosody===
	Stress in Kalyahekwe is non-phonemic. Traditionally, the word stress is antepenultimate and dynamic. This means that it falls on the third from last syllable in words with three or more syllables, but on the first syllable of the root in other words. But in Northern dialects it is always placed on the initial syllable instead. Both variations are correct in modern Kalyah. In its earlier stages of development Kalyah probably had a pitch accent, but it was lost completely nowadays. If a word is longer than four syllables, a secondary stress can be placed on the second to last syllable, for instance: ''koočikwaaniitis'' [koː.ˈt͡ʃɪ.kʷɔɑ.ˌniː.tɪs] "we might not be running around".		Stress in Kalyahekwe is non-phonemic. Traditionally, the word stress is antepenultimate and dynamic. This means that it falls on the third from last syllable in words with three or more syllables, but on the first syllable of the root in other words. But in Northern dialects it is always placed on the initial syllable instead. Both variations are correct in modern Kalyah. In its earlier stages of development Kalyah probably had a pitch accent, but it was lost completely nowadays. If a word is longer than four syllables, a secondary stress can be placed on the second to last syllable, for instance: ''koočikwaaniitis'' [koː.ˈt͡ʃɪ.kʷɔɑ.ˌniː.tɪs] "we might not be running around".

Raistas: /* Vowels */

2020-07-03T12:04:07Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:04, 3 July 2020
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	\|-		\|-
	! align="left"\|[[w:Close vowel\|Close]]		! align="left"\|[[w:Close vowel\|Close]]
	\| align="center"\| ii \|[iː]		\| align="center"\| ii [iː]
	\| align="center\| öö [øː~ʉː]		\| align="center\| öö [øː~ʉː]
	\| align="center"\| oo [oː~uː]		\| align="center"\| oo [oː~uː]

Raistas at 09:48, 3 July 2020

2020-07-03T09:48:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:48, 3 July 2020
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	\|name= ''Kalyah language''		\|name= ''Kalyah language''
	\|nativename=''Kalyahekwe''		\|nativename=''Kalyahekwe''
	\|pronunciation=/~~kalʲ~~.~~ˈja~~.hɛ.kʷɛ/		\|pronunciation=/ka.ˈlʲa.hɛ.kʷɛ/
	\|-		\|-
	\|creator=[[User:Raistas\|Raistas]]		\|creator=[[User:Raistas\|Raistas]]

Raistas at 09:44, 3 July 2020

2020-07-03T09:44:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:44, 3 July 2020
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	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\|image=		\|image= Settameric_West_Plains.png
	\|imagesize=		\|imagesize= 250px
	\|name= ''Kalyah language''		\|name= ''Kalyah language''
	\|nativename=''Kalyahekwe''		\|nativename=''Kalyahekwe''

Raistas: /* Verbs */

2020-07-01T18:02:28Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:02, 1 July 2020
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	! Meaning		! Meaning
	\|-		\|-
	''-∅''		\| ''-∅''
	\| Indicative		\| Indicative
	\|-		\|-
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	! Meaning		! Meaning
	\|-		\|-
	''-is''		\| ''-is''
	\| Negative		\| Negative
	\|-		\|-

Raistas: /* Verbs */

2020-07-01T18:01:38Z

Verbs

@@ Line 388: / Line 388: @@
 | ''iih-''
 | request
 |-
 |}

Raistas: /* Verbs */

2020-06-30T14:03:32Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:03, 30 June 2020
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	\| Indicates possible and/or future actions.		\| Indicates possible and/or future actions.
	\|-		\|-
	\| ''~~hjaa~~-''		\| ''hyaa-''
	\| Indicates distant past, used with imperfective aspect.		\| Indicates distant past, used with imperfective aspect.
	\|-		\|-

Raistas: /* Vowels */

2020-06-29T17:47:11Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:47, 29 June 2020
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	\| rowspan="2" align="center\| ö [ø~ʏ]		\| rowspan="2" align="center\| ö [ø~ʏ]
	\| rowspan="2" align="center"\| o [o~ʊ]		\| rowspan="2" align="center"\| o [o~ʊ]
	\|-
	\|-		\|-
	! align="left"\|[[w:Mid vowel\|Mid]]		! align="left"\|[[w:Mid vowel\|Mid]]

Raistas at 17:30, 29 June 2020

2020-06-29T17:30:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:30, 29 June 2020
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	'''Kalyah''' (with four varieties, known as Möhkinis, Teimyois, Šonoowis and Eihtoomis) is a language, spoken in the western part of a vast flat region of the Northern continent, simply called the Plains. The most commonly spoken variety is Teimyois, it is referred to as an "ð-dialect", because the *θ is still distinct in most cases as a phoneme /ð/. The grammar and the examples used here are from Teimyois, but data on other dialects will be given as well. It is spoken by approximately 117,000 people across the northern part of the Plains near the Frost Bay (''Iniikekwa'').		'''Kalyah''' (with four varieties, known as Möhkinis, Teimyois, Šonoowis and Eihtoomis) is a language, spoken in the western part of a vast flat region of the Northern continent, simply called the Plains. The most commonly spoken variety is Teimyois, it is referred to as an "ð-dialect", because the *θ is still distinct in most cases as a phoneme /ð/. The grammar and the examples used here are from Teimyois, but data on other dialects will be given as well. It is spoken by approximately 117,000 people across the northern part of the Plains near the Frost Bay (''Iniikekwa'').

	Kalyah is believed to have begun as a '''Plains Settameric''' dialect spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original homeland, near the '''Kahaaler''' mountains and slowly spread ~~eastward~~. However, it's divergence into separate dialects began much later, around 700 years ago. The main criteria of division are reflexes of l, š and θ as the boundaries, made by those reflexes, are quite clear. Another important phonological variation involves the palatalisation of the phoneme k to "č" before /j/ and /i(ː)/, however the division is not as clear, since *ky is often pronounced as [c] in the west, slowly becomes [c͡ç], when moving eastward, until it finally becomes [t͡ʃ] Eihtoomis dialect.		Kalyah is believed to have begun as a '''Plains Settameric''' dialect spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original homeland, near the '''Kahaaler''' mountains and slowly spread eastwards. However, it's divergence into separate dialects began much later, around 700 years ago. The main criteria of division are reflexes of l, š and θ as the boundaries, made by those reflexes, are quite clear. Another important phonological variation involves the palatalisation of the phoneme k to "č" before /j/ and /i(ː)/, however the division is not as clear, since *ky is often pronounced as [c] in the west, slowly becomes [c͡ç], when moving eastward, until it finally becomes [t͡ʃ] Eihtoomis dialect.
	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
	===Consonants===		===Consonants===

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:04, 3 July 2020
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	\|-		\|-
	! align="left"\|[[w:Close vowel\|Close]]		! align="left"\|[[w:Close vowel\|Close]]
	\| align="center"\| ii \|[iː]		\| align="center"\| ii [iː]
	\| align="center\| öö [øː~ʉː]		\| align="center\| öö [øː~ʉː]
	\| align="center"\| oo [oː~uː]		\| align="center"\| oo [oː~uː]