Kirtumur verbs - Revision history

Raistas: /* Passive */

2021-09-06T05:47:35Z

Passive

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:47, 6 September 2021
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	====Passive====		====Passive====
	In a clause with passive voice, the patient of the main verb becomes the intransitive subject, while the former agent is deleted. Morphologically it is formed from a transitive verb by replacing its person suffix with a prefix ''m-'': ''khathō'' "I stop you" – '''''m'''ōkhathe'' "You are stopped" (here the suffix "''-e''" reappears, because it is no longer blocked by the person suffix). Unlike antipassive, passivisation always involves deleting the transitive subject, never changing it into an adjunct. This construction is called the dynamic passive, the usage of which is restricted, because it is similar to reflexive and in some cases the forms can coincide: ''meyil'' means either "it was thrown away" or "it threw itself away". Kirtumur solves this ambiguity by mainly choosing a reflexive meaning, while for a passive meaning the stative passive is used instead: ''yilauni'' "thrown away"; this is a non-finite verb form and usually such forms cannot be used on their own in a sentence, for example, the sentence ''heimnu '''ritēni''' amax'' "(this) is the place, where his/her house '''is built'''" is correct, because it contains a [[w:Predicate (grammar)\|predicate]] ''amax'', while ''heimnu '''ritēni''' yim'' "here his/her house '''built'''" is not valid, because it requires a finite verb. A stative passive differs from a dynamic passive in that it only indicates the event or state and does not specify its duration. The form ''heim mirite'' "the house is being built" indicates that the action is ongoing, unlike the previous example. This differs from the West Kyrdan languages that preserved the old suffix ''*-ëqa'': ''egudeˀa'' "it was built" (Cirdamur). The corresponding East Kyrdan suffix ''-aq'' disappeared completely in Kirtumur and only shows traces in Kērsalur, since in both languages the middle voice gained a broader usage.		In a clause with passive voice, the patient of the main verb becomes the intransitive subject, while the former agent is deleted. Morphologically it is formed from a transitive verb by replacing its person suffix with a prefix ''m-'': ''khathō'' "I stop you" – '''''m'''ōkhathe'' "You are stopped" (here the suffix "''-e''" reappears, because it is no longer blocked by the person suffix). Unlike antipassive, passivisation always involves deleting the transitive subject, never changing it into an adjunct. This construction is called the dynamic passive, the usage of which is restricted, because it is similar to reflexive and in some cases the forms can coincide: ''meyil'' means either "it was thrown away" or "it threw itself away". Kirtumur solves this ambiguity by mainly choosing a reflexive meaning, while for a passive meaning the stative passive is used instead: ''yilauni'' "thrown away"; this is a non-finite verb form and usually such forms cannot be used on their own in a sentence, for example, the sentence ''heimnu '''ritēni''' amax'' "(this) is the place, where his/her house '''is built'''" is correct, because it contains a [[w:Predicate (grammar)\|predicate]] ''amax'', while ''heimnu '''ritēni''' yim'' "here his/her house '''built'''" is not valid, because it requires a finite verb. A stative passive differs from a dynamic passive in that it only indicates the event or state and does not specify its duration. The form ''heim mirite'' "the house is being built" indicates that the action is ongoing, unlike the previous example. This differs from the West Kyrdan languages that preserved the old suffix ''-ëqa'': ''egudeˀa'' "it was built" (Cirdamur). The corresponding East Kyrdan suffix ''-aq'' disappeared completely in Kirtumur and only shows traces in Kērsalur, since in both languages the middle voice gained a broader usage.

	====Reflexive and Reciprocal====		====Reflexive and Reciprocal====
	A reflexive verb has the same semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the intransitive subject and thus behave the same way as intransitive verbs in Kirtumur), for example: ''mithue'' "he/she is washing him-/herself". A reciprocal verb denotes that the agents perform the mutual actions among themselves, as in English constructions using "each other", for instance: ''ukhiaŋu'' "they love each other". Thus, reflexive is marked by the prefix ''m-'', while reciprocal is marked by the prefix ''u-'' and can only be used with dual or plural forms. If used with the singular, ''u-'' becomes a patient focus instead, but this form is obsolete. Both forms are made from transitive verbs.		A reflexive verb has the same semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the intransitive subject and thus behave the same way as intransitive verbs in Kirtumur), for example: ''mithue'' "he/she is washing him-/herself". A reciprocal verb denotes that the agents perform the mutual actions among themselves, as in English constructions using "each other", for instance: ''ukhiaŋu'' "they love each other". Thus, reflexive is marked by the prefix ''m-'', while reciprocal is marked by the prefix ''u-'' and can only be used with dual or plural forms. If used with the singular, ''u-'' becomes a patient focus instead, but this form is obsolete. Both forms are made from transitive verbs.

Raistas: /* Voice and valency */Added content

2021-09-06T05:44:35Z

Voice and valency: Added content

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:44, 6 September 2021
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	Verbs refer to actions and states which involve participants. The number and kinds of participants involved differ between different actions and states and thus between different verbs. In this way every verb combines with a specific set of grammatical relations (subject and objects). This set is called its [[w:Valency (linguistics)\|valency]]. Kirtumur has several mechanisms which change the normal valency of a verb. The [[w:Voice_(grammar)#Middle\|middle]], [[w:Passive voice\|passive]] and [[w:Antipassive voice\|antipassive]] voices reduce its valency. For increasing the valency of a verb, it has [[w:Causative\|causative]] constructions.		Verbs refer to actions and states which involve participants. The number and kinds of participants involved differ between different actions and states and thus between different verbs. In this way every verb combines with a specific set of grammatical relations (subject and objects). This set is called its [[w:Valency (linguistics)\|valency]]. Kirtumur has several mechanisms which change the normal valency of a verb. The [[w:Voice_(grammar)#Middle\|middle]], [[w:Passive voice\|passive]] and [[w:Antipassive voice\|antipassive]] voices reduce its valency. For increasing the valency of a verb, it has [[w:Causative\|causative]] constructions.
	====Middle====		====Middle====
	Middle voice is unmarked and morphologically looks fairly similar to the active voice of intransitive verbs: ''hakaure'' "I am sleeping (active)", ''hakhat'' "I stop (middle)"; the only difference is the absence of ''"-e"'' in middle verbs. The subject of such verbs is like the subject of active verbs, but it is also affected by the action it performs. This also makes this voice similar to [[w:Reflexive verb\|reflexive]], which, unlike the former, has a direct object, which is the same as the subject: ''eca'''m'''akhat'' "I stopped '''myself''' from (doing) it".		Middle voice is unmarked and morphologically looks fairly similar to the active voice of intransitive verbs: ''hakaure'' "I am sleeping (active)", ''hakhat'' "I stop (middle)"; the only difference is the absence of ''"-e"'' in middle verbs. The subject of such verbs is like the subject of active verbs, but it is also affected by the action it performs. This also makes this voice similar to [[w:Reflexive verb\|reflexive]], which, unlike the former, has a direct object, which is the same as the subject: ''eca'''m'''akhat'' "I stopped '''myself''' from (doing) it". After active Kyrdan verbs underwent several morphological changes, the middle voice became indistinguishable from from the active voice of intransitive verbs in some forms: ''eikhat'' "it stopped (middle)" and ''eitum'' "she/he said (active)" have the same forms (comparing to Kērsalur ''eikhat'' and ''eitume'' with the same meaning). In Umunesal, as well as in almost all spoken varieties, the middle voice is slowly becoming the [[w:Mediopassive voice\|mediopassive]].
	====Antipassive====		====Antipassive====
	An antipassive is an intransitive construction derived from a transitive one by changing the agent of a transitive verb into an intransitive subject, while the former patient becomes the [[w:Adjunct (grammar)\|adjunct]]. Unlike middle verbs, an antipassive verb must contain the adjunct and it can never be dropped: ''hakhathō'' "I stop you" (lit: I stop to/by you") from ''khathō'' "I stop you". Antipassive is rarely used on its own, it usually emphasises contrast or focuses on the intransitive subject of a sentence.		An antipassive is an intransitive construction derived from a transitive one by changing the agent of a transitive verb into an intransitive subject, while the former patient becomes the [[w:Adjunct (grammar)\|adjunct]]. Unlike middle verbs, an antipassive verb must contain the adjunct and it can never be dropped: ''hakhathō'' "I stop you" (lit: I stop to/by you") from ''khathō'' "I stop you". Antipassive is rarely used on its own, it usually emphasises contrast or focuses on the intransitive subject of a sentence.
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	====Passive====		====Passive====
	In a clause with passive voice, the patient of the main verb becomes the intransitive subject, while the former agent is deleted. Morphologically it is formed from a transitive verb by replacing its person suffix with a prefix ''m-'': ''khathō'' "I stop you" – '''''m'''ōkhathe'' "You are stopped" (here the suffix "''-e''" reappears, because it is no longer blocked by the person suffix). Unlike antipassive, passivisation always involves deleting the transitive subject, never changing it into an adjunct. This construction is called the dynamic passive, the usage of which is restricted, because it is similar to reflexive and in some cases the forms can coincide: ''meyil'' means either "it was thrown away" or "it threw itself away". Kirtumur solves this ambiguity by mainly choosing a reflexive meaning, while for a passive meaning the stative passive is used instead: ''yilauni'' "thrown away"; this is a non-finite verb form and usually such forms cannot be used on their own in a sentence, for example, the sentence ''heimnu '''ritēni''' amax'' "(this) is the place, where his/her house '''is built'''" is correct, because it contains a [[w:Predicate (grammar)\|predicate]] ''amax'', while ''heimnu '''ritēni''' yim'' "here his/her house '''built'''" is not valid, because it requires a finite verb. A stative passive differs from a dynamic passive in that it only indicates the event or state and does not specify its duration. The form ''heim mirite'' "the house is being built" indicates that the action is ongoing, unlike the previous example.		In a clause with passive voice, the patient of the main verb becomes the intransitive subject, while the former agent is deleted. Morphologically it is formed from a transitive verb by replacing its person suffix with a prefix ''m-'': ''khathō'' "I stop you" – '''''m'''ōkhathe'' "You are stopped" (here the suffix "''-e''" reappears, because it is no longer blocked by the person suffix). Unlike antipassive, passivisation always involves deleting the transitive subject, never changing it into an adjunct. This construction is called the dynamic passive, the usage of which is restricted, because it is similar to reflexive and in some cases the forms can coincide: ''meyil'' means either "it was thrown away" or "it threw itself away". Kirtumur solves this ambiguity by mainly choosing a reflexive meaning, while for a passive meaning the stative passive is used instead: ''yilauni'' "thrown away"; this is a non-finite verb form and usually such forms cannot be used on their own in a sentence, for example, the sentence ''heimnu '''ritēni''' amax'' "(this) is the place, where his/her house '''is built'''" is correct, because it contains a [[w:Predicate (grammar)\|predicate]] ''amax'', while ''heimnu '''ritēni''' yim'' "here his/her house '''built'''" is not valid, because it requires a finite verb. A stative passive differs from a dynamic passive in that it only indicates the event or state and does not specify its duration. The form ''heim mirite'' "the house is being built" indicates that the action is ongoing, unlike the previous example. This differs from the West Kyrdan languages that preserved the old suffix ''*-ëqa'': ''egudeˀa'' "it was built" (Cirdamur). The corresponding East Kyrdan suffix ''-aq'' disappeared completely in Kirtumur and only shows traces in Kērsalur, since in both languages the middle voice gained a broader usage.
	====Reflexive and Reciprocal====		====Reflexive and Reciprocal====
	A reflexive verb has the same semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the intransitive subject and thus behave the same way as intransitive verbs in Kirtumur), for example: ''mithue'' "he/she is washing him-/herself". A reciprocal verb denotes that the agents perform the mutual actions among themselves, as in English constructions using "each other", for instance: ''ukhiaŋu'' "they love each other". Thus, reflexive is marked by the prefix ''m-'', while reciprocal is marked by the prefix ''u-'' and can only be used with dual or plural forms. If used with the singular, ''u-'' becomes a patient focus instead, but this form is obsolete. Both forms are made from transitive verbs.		A reflexive verb has the same semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the intransitive subject and thus behave the same way as intransitive verbs in Kirtumur), for example: ''mithue'' "he/she is washing him-/herself". A reciprocal verb denotes that the agents perform the mutual actions among themselves, as in English constructions using "each other", for instance: ''ukhiaŋu'' "they love each other". Thus, reflexive is marked by the prefix ''m-'', while reciprocal is marked by the prefix ''u-'' and can only be used with dual or plural forms. If used with the singular, ''u-'' becomes a patient focus instead, but this form is obsolete. Both forms are made from transitive verbs.

Raistas: /* Antipassive */

2021-08-22T10:15:57Z

Antipassive

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:15, 22 August 2021
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	An antipassive is an intransitive construction derived from a transitive one by changing the agent of a transitive verb into an intransitive subject, while the former patient becomes the [[w:Adjunct (grammar)\|adjunct]]. Unlike middle verbs, an antipassive verb must contain the adjunct and it can never be dropped: ''hakhathō'' "I stop you" (lit: I stop to/by you") from ''khathō'' "I stop you". Antipassive is rarely used on its own, it usually emphasises contrast or focuses on the intransitive subject of a sentence.		An antipassive is an intransitive construction derived from a transitive one by changing the agent of a transitive verb into an intransitive subject, while the former patient becomes the [[w:Adjunct (grammar)\|adjunct]]. Unlike middle verbs, an antipassive verb must contain the adjunct and it can never be dropped: ''hakhathō'' "I stop you" (lit: I stop to/by you") from ''khathō'' "I stop you". Antipassive is rarely used on its own, it usually emphasises contrast or focuses on the intransitive subject of a sentence.

	In Erepursal it is common to use antipassive of transitive verbs if both participants of an action are inanimate, for example: ''hestaun nōex ~~sakykatē~~'' "the hammer cracked a stone". Umunesal simply uses active voice instead: ''khilkilem nō ekukatē''. Erepursal also uses passive voice in that case, when a speaker wants to emphasise a more salient participant instead: ''hestaunex nō ~~nasakykōt~~'' (lit: "the stone was cracked by a hammer"). Umunesal usually does not use an equivalent construction.		In Erepursal it is common to use antipassive of transitive verbs if both participants of an action are inanimate, for example: ''hestaun nōex šakykatē'' "the hammer cracked a stone". Umunesal simply uses active voice instead: ''khilkilem nō ekukatē''. Erepursal also uses passive voice in that case, when a speaker wants to emphasise a more salient participant instead: ''hestaunex nō našakykōt'' (lit: "the stone was cracked by a hammer"). Umunesal usually does not use an equivalent construction.

	====Passive====		====Passive====

Raistas: /* Antipassive */

2021-08-22T10:12:01Z

Antipassive

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:12, 22 August 2021
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	An antipassive is an intransitive construction derived from a transitive one by changing the agent of a transitive verb into an intransitive subject, while the former patient becomes the [[w:Adjunct (grammar)\|adjunct]]. Unlike middle verbs, an antipassive verb must contain the adjunct and it can never be dropped: ''hakhathō'' "I stop you" (lit: I stop to/by you") from ''khathō'' "I stop you". Antipassive is rarely used on its own, it usually emphasises contrast or focuses on the intransitive subject of a sentence.		An antipassive is an intransitive construction derived from a transitive one by changing the agent of a transitive verb into an intransitive subject, while the former patient becomes the [[w:Adjunct (grammar)\|adjunct]]. Unlike middle verbs, an antipassive verb must contain the adjunct and it can never be dropped: ''hakhathō'' "I stop you" (lit: I stop to/by you") from ''khathō'' "I stop you". Antipassive is rarely used on its own, it usually emphasises contrast or focuses on the intransitive subject of a sentence.

	In Erepursal it is common to use antipassive of transitive verbs if both participants of an action are inanimate, for example: ''hestaun nōex sakykatē'' "the hammer cracked a stone". Umunesal simply uses active voice instead: ''khilkilem nō ekukatē''. Erepursal also uses passive voice in that case, when a speaker wants to emphasise a more salient participant instead: ''~~hestaun nōex~~ nasakykōt'' (lit: "the stone was cracked by a hammer"). Umunesal usually does not use an equivalent construction.		In Erepursal it is common to use antipassive of transitive verbs if both participants of an action are inanimate, for example: ''hestaun nōex sakykatē'' "the hammer cracked a stone". Umunesal simply uses active voice instead: ''khilkilem nō ekukatē''. Erepursal also uses passive voice in that case, when a speaker wants to emphasise a more salient participant instead: ''hestaunex nō nasakykōt'' (lit: "the stone was cracked by a hammer"). Umunesal usually does not use an equivalent construction.

	====Passive====		====Passive====

Raistas: /* Antipassive */Added content

2021-08-22T10:10:44Z

Antipassive: Added content

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:10, 22 August 2021
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	====Antipassive====		====Antipassive====
	An antipassive is an intransitive construction derived from a transitive one by changing the agent of a transitive verb into an intransitive subject, while the former patient becomes the [[w:Adjunct (grammar)\|adjunct]]. Unlike middle verbs, an antipassive verb must contain the adjunct and it can never be dropped: ''hakhathō'' "I stop you" (lit: I stop to/by you") from ''khathō'' "I stop you". Antipassive is rarely used on its own, it usually emphasises contrast or focuses on the intransitive subject of a sentence.		An antipassive is an intransitive construction derived from a transitive one by changing the agent of a transitive verb into an intransitive subject, while the former patient becomes the [[w:Adjunct (grammar)\|adjunct]]. Unlike middle verbs, an antipassive verb must contain the adjunct and it can never be dropped: ''hakhathō'' "I stop you" (lit: I stop to/by you") from ''khathō'' "I stop you". Antipassive is rarely used on its own, it usually emphasises contrast or focuses on the intransitive subject of a sentence.

			In Erepursal it is common to use antipassive of transitive verbs if both participants of an action are inanimate, for example: ''hestaun nōex sakykatē'' "the hammer cracked a stone". Umunesal simply uses active voice instead: ''khilkilem nō ekukatē''. Erepursal also uses passive voice in that case, when a speaker wants to emphasise a more salient participant instead: ''hestaun nōex nasakykōt'' (lit: "the stone was cracked by a hammer"). Umunesal usually does not use an equivalent construction.

	====Passive====		====Passive====

Raistas: /* Directional prefixes */

2021-07-28T08:06:10Z

Directional prefixes

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:06, 28 July 2021
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	The comitative suffixes are not used very often and only with animate nouns: ''neihaluis'''tar''''' "I will go there with you". Inanimate nous are instead marked as oblique objects: ''muŋis nini ixi'''ca'''lakte heim'' "The child ran out of the house '''with''' food" (food-Abs child-Abs 3Sg.And-'''3sg.IndObj'''-3sgSubj-run-PRF house-Abs).		The comitative suffixes are not used very often and only with animate nouns: ''neihaluis'''tar''''' "I will go there with you". Inanimate nous are instead marked as oblique objects: ''muŋis nini ixi'''ca'''lakte heim'' "The child ran out of the house '''with''' food" (food-Abs child-Abs 3Sg.And-'''3sg.IndObj'''-3sgSubj-run-PRF house-Abs).
	===Directional prefixes===		===Directional prefixes===
	Two prefixes, used most commonly with verbs of motion are the [[w:Andative and venitive\|andative]] prefix ''xi-'' and the [[w:Andative and venitive\|venitive]] prefix ''ei-/i-''. In the general sense, the prefix "''ei''" shows movement towards the listener or the deictic centre and "''xi''" shows movement from or away from it: ''taukhiŋ '''lei'''hašalis'' "I will travel '''to you''' tomorrow" and '''''laxi'''~~šilais~~ mu-ŋiarepe'' "I will leave '''(from) you''' now, since I don’t feel good". The andative is used less often, than the venitive and in some cases this prefix can be dropped, when the meaning of a phrase can be inferred from the context: ''lašilais'' ("about to leave you"). The venitive prefix also has the meaning "about": ''e'''nei'''yatumu'' "We were talking '''about''' it". Also, if there is no movement involved, the venitive prefix denotes a certain nearness to the speaker and means "here": '''''nei'''halellešis'' "I will be staying '''here'''".		Two prefixes, used most commonly with verbs of motion are the [[w:Andative and venitive\|andative]] prefix ''xi-'' and the [[w:Andative and venitive\|venitive]] prefix ''ei-/i-''. In the general sense, the prefix "''ei''" shows movement towards the listener or the deictic centre and "''xi''" shows movement from or away from it: ''taukhiŋ '''lei'''hašalis'' "I will travel '''to you''' tomorrow" and '''''laxi'''šileis mu-ŋiarepe'' "I will leave '''(from) you''' now, since I don’t feel good". The andative is used less often, than the venitive and in some cases this prefix can be dropped, when the meaning of a phrase can be inferred from the context: ''lašilais'' ("about to leave you"). The venitive prefix also has the meaning "about": ''e'''nei'''yatumu'' "We were talking '''about''' it". Also, if there is no movement involved, the venitive prefix denotes a certain nearness to the speaker and means "here": '''''nei'''halellešis'' "I will be staying '''here'''".

	===Voice and valency===		===Voice and valency===

Raistas: /* Copula */

2021-06-08T11:25:09Z

Copula

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:25, 8 June 2021
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	\|Mulittari		\|Mulittari
	\|Kappalu		\|Kappalu
	\|~~muiššarax~~		\|muiššarnuax
	\|-		\|-
	\|yi-ra		\|yi-ra

Raistas: /* Copula */

2021-06-08T11:24:49Z

Copula

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:24, 8 June 2021
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	\|Kappalu		\|Kappalu
	\|muiššarax		\|muiššarax
	~~\|...~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|yi-ra		\|yi-ra

Raistas: /* Copula */

2021-06-08T11:24:23Z

Copula

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:24, 8 June 2021
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	==Copula==		==Copula==
	A copular clause is a grammatical unit which consists of three parts: a subject, a nominal or adjectival predicate, and the copula clitic. The subject of such a phrase, if present, is in the absolutive case. The predicate can be either a noun phrase, to which the copula directly attaches, or a stative verb, which does not require the clitic in many cases. Here is an example of a copular clause:		A copular clause is a grammatical unit which consists of three parts: a subject, a nominal or adjectival predicate, and the [[w:Copula (linguistics)\|copula]] clitic. The subject of such a phrase, if present, is in the absolutive case. The predicate can be either a noun phrase, to which the copula directly attaches, or a stative verb, which does not require the clitic in many cases. Here is an example of a copular clause:
	:{\|		:{\|
	\|~~Yera~~		\|Yira
	\|Mulittari		\|Mulittari
	\|Kappalu		\|Kappalu
	~~\|ninatektei~~
	\|muiššarax		\|muiššarax
	\|...		\|...
	\|-		\|-
	\|yi-~~rō-nei~~		\|yi-ra
	\|Mulittar-i		\|Mulittar-i
	\|Kappalu~~-nu~~		\|Kappalu
	\|mu-iššar-ax		\|mu-iššar-nu-ax
	\|-		\|-
	\|this-time~~=LOC~~		\|this-time
	\|Mulittar=ABS		\|Mulittar=ABS
	\|Kappalu=~~3SG.POSS~~		\|Kappalu=ABS
	AGN-rule-be.3SG.S		AGN-rule-3SG.POSS-be.3SG.S
	\|...		\|-
			\| colspan="4" \| "at this time the ruler of Kappalu is Mulittari"
			\|}
			This copular clause consists of an adjunct (''yerōnei''), a subject (''Mulittari''), and a nominal predicate (''Kappalu muiššarnuax''), which includes the copular clitic (''-ax''). Kirtumur only has only one copular clitic. Older varieties of Kirtumur also had a separate word ''ula'' ("to be somewhere") which only expresses the locational or temporal meaning, but is not present in Umunesal, using the clitic for that purpose as well. The copula is never used independently, like in Kērsalur, where even there independent copula is rare. Some old texts and Erepursal copy that usage, even though it had never been present in any spoken variety of Kirtumur: ''ektei '''ma''''' "'''it was me''', who did it" (the spoken version would instead be: ''nu eaktei''). Below are the forms of the clitic copula, based on person and number of a subject. There is no animacy distinction in the third person.
			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|-
			!
			! singular
			! dual
			! plural
			\|-
			! 1st person
			\| ''-ma/-am''
			\| ''-mawa''
			\| ''-meita''
			\|-
			! 2nd person
			\| ''-ō''
			\| ''-ōwa''
			\| ''-ōita''
			\|-
			! 3rd person
			\| ''-ax''
			\| ''-xawa''
			\| ''-xeita''
	\|-		\|-
	~~\| colspan="5" \| "at this time the ruler of Kappalu is Mulittari"~~
	\|}		\|}

	==Compound verbs==		==Compound verbs==
	There is a limited number of ways to make new verbs in Kirtumur. The most productive way is to combine existing words to make a compound with a different meaning. This process is called [[w:Compound (linguistics)\|composition]], for example: ''hatallu'' "to come and go/to go back and forth" (lit. "come-walk"). Some of such compounds cannot be separated by any words or affixes, usually when two words belong to the same class, such as in the previous example, while other compounds act as separate words phonologically. Such compounds are called phrasal verbs: ''namšarkat kapa'' "to rob" (lit."to robbery commit"), ''huleilim kapa'' "to argue" (lit. "to arguing commit"), ''pēr šama'' "to decorate" (lit. "to hand touch"). A special case is the word ''kha'' "to make/ to do", which is used in a large amount of compounds, for example: ''hēlnim-khaē'' "she/he is casting a spell". In fact it is used so often, that it became a clitic in most componds: ''eixula'''kta''' "he/she has made an appearance".		There is a limited number of ways to make new verbs in Kirtumur. The most productive way is to combine existing words to make a compound with a different meaning. This process is called [[w:Compound (linguistics)\|composition]], for example: ''hatallu'' "to come and go/to go back and forth" (lit. "come-walk"). Some of such compounds cannot be separated by any words or affixes, usually when two words belong to the same class, such as in the previous example, while other compounds act as separate words phonologically. Such compounds are called phrasal verbs: ''namšarkat kapa'' "to rob" (lit."to robbery commit"), ''huleilim kapa'' "to argue" (lit. "to arguing commit"), ''pēr šama'' "to decorate" (lit. "to hand touch"). A special case is the word ''kha'' "to make/ to do", which is used in a large amount of compounds, for example: ''hēlnim-khaē'' "she/he is casting a spell". In fact it is used so often, that it became a clitic in most componds: ''eixula'''kta''' "he/she has made an appearance".

Raistas: /* Compound verbs */

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Compound verbs

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 The difference between the imperfective and the aorist infinitive is aspect or state of action. More specifically, the imperfective infinitive denotes the process or course of the state of an action or being, while the aorist infinitive marks the completion of the state of an action, expressing a well-defined or well-delineated state of an action or being. The future infinitive denotes events or states, that will occur soon, and the perfect infinitive shows an action or event as whole and complete.
 ==Compound verbs==
 There is a limited number of ways to make new verbs in Kirtumur. The most productive way is to combine existing words to make a compound with a different meaning. This process is called [[w:Compound (linguistics)|composition]], for example: ''hatallu'' "to come and go/to go back and forth" (lit. "come-walk"). Some of such compounds cannot be separated by any words or affixes, usually when two words belong to the same class, such as in the previous example, while other compounds act as separate words phonologically. Such compounds are called phrasal verbs: ''namšarkat kapa'' "to rob" (lit."to robbery commit"), ''huleilim kapa'' "to argue" (lit. "to arguing commit"), ''pēr šama'' "to decorate" (lit. "to hand touch").  A special case is the word ''kha'' "to make/ to do", which is used in a large amount of compounds, for example: ''hēlnim-khaē'' "she/he is casting a spell". In fact it is used so often, that it became a clitic in most componds: ''eixula'''kta''' "he/she has made an appearance".