Láadan - Revision history

Nicomega: /* See also */

2021-02-08T17:44:57Z

Nicomega: /* Pronouns */

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Pronouns

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	=== Pronouns ===		=== Pronouns ===
	~~[[Pronoun]]s~~ in Láadan are built up from a number of constituent parts. The consonant ''l'' marks the ~~[[grammatical person\|~~first person]], ''n'' the second person and ''b'' the third person. Usually, these are followed by the vowel ''e''. However, the vowel ''a'' is used to designate someone who is loved (''lhe-'' is prefixed to describe someone who is despised). The suffix ''-zh'' is used to mark a plural pronoun for numbers up to four, and ''-n'' for numbers beyond that. Therefore, ''lazh'' means "we, several beloved", and ''lheben'' means "they, many despised".		Pronouns in Láadan are built up from a number of constituent parts. The consonant ''l'' marks the first person]], ''n'' the second person and ''b'' the third person. Usually, these are followed by the vowel ''e''. However, the vowel ''a'' is used to designate someone who is loved (''lhe-'' is prefixed to describe someone who is despised). The suffix ''-zh'' is used to mark a plural pronoun for numbers up to four, and ''-n'' for numbers beyond that. Therefore, ''lazh'' means "we, several beloved", and ''lheben'' means "they, many despised".

	== See also ==		== See also ==

Nicomega: /* Grammar */

2021-02-08T17:43:51Z

Grammar

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	== Grammar ==		== Grammar ==
	Most Láadan sentences contain three ~~[[grammatical particle\|~~particles]]:		Most Láadan sentences contain three particles:
	* The ''speech-act'' particle~~{{spaced ndash}}~~this occurs at the beginning of the sentence and marks it as either a statement (''bíi''), a question (''báa''), ''et cetera''; in connected speech or writing, this particle is often omitted. They are:		* The ''speech-act'' particle − this occurs at the beginning of the sentence and marks it as either a statement (''bíi''), a question (''báa''), ''et cetera''; in connected speech or writing, this particle is often omitted. They are:
	*; Bíi : Indicates a declarative sentence (usually optional)		*; Bíi : Indicates a declarative sentence (usually optional)
	*; Báa : Indicates a question		*; Báa : Indicates a question
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	*; Bé : Indicates a promise		*; Bé : Indicates a promise
	*; Bée : Indicates a warning		*; Bée : Indicates a warning
	* The [[grammatical tense]] particle~~{{spaced ndash}}~~this occurs second in the sentence and marks it as either [[present tense]] (''ril''), [[past tense]] (''eril''), [[future tense]] (''aril'') or hypothetical (''wil''); without the tense particle, the sentence is assumed to have the same tense as the previous sentence.		* The [[grammatical tense]] particle − this occurs second in the sentence and marks it as either [[present tense]] (''ril''), [[past tense]] (''eril''), [[future tense]] (''aril'') or hypothetical (''wil''); without the tense particle, the sentence is assumed to have the same tense as the previous sentence.
	* The [[evidentiality\|evidence]] particle~~{{spaced ndash}}~~this occurs at the end of statements and indicates the trustworthiness of the statement. They are:		* The [[evidentiality\|evidence]] particle − this occurs at the end of statements and indicates the trustworthiness of the statement. They are:
	*; wa : Known to speaker because perceived by speaker, externally or internally		*; wa : Known to speaker because perceived by speaker, externally or internally
	*; wi : Known to speaker because self-evident		*; wi : Known to speaker because self-evident

Nicomega: /* Further reading */

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Nicomega: /* External links */

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External links

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	* [http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-laadan/en/ldn/ How to count in Láadan]		* [http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-laadan/en/ldn/ How to count in Láadan]

			{{pri}}
	[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]		[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
	[[Category:Engineered languages]]		[[Category:Engineered languages]]
	[[Category:Fictional languages]]		[[Category:Fictional languages]]
	[[Category:Tonal languages]]		[[Category:Tonal languages]]

Nicomega: /* External links */

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External links

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	[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]		[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
	[[Category:Engineered languages]]		[[Category:Engineered languages]]
	~~[[Category:Feminist science fiction]]~~
	[[Category:Fictional languages]]		[[Category:Fictional languages]]
	~~[[Category:Constructed languages introduced in the 1980s]]~~
	~~[[Category:1982 introductions]]~~
	~~[[Category:Gender in language]]~~
	[[Category:Tonal languages]]		[[Category:Tonal languages]]

Nicomega: /* External links */

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External links

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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	~~{{sisterlinks\|d=Q35757\|wikt=Appendix:Láadan\|b=no\|v=no\|voy=no\|s=no\|n=no\|q=no\|m=no\|mw=no\|species=no\|c=no}}~~
	*{{official website}}
	* [http://www.sfwa.org/members/elgin/Laadan.html Elgin's Láadan introduction]		* [http://www.sfwa.org/members/elgin/Laadan.html Elgin's Láadan introduction]
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150601013606/http://home.comcast.net/~amjbarnhart/ Láadan lessons] (moderately paced lessons in Láadan)		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150601013606/http://home.comcast.net/~amjbarnhart/ Láadan lessons] (moderately paced lessons in Láadan)
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	* [http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-laadan/en/ldn/ How to count in Láadan]		* [http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-laadan/en/ldn/ How to count in Láadan]

	~~{{Constructed languages}}~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Laadan}}~~
	[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]		[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
	[[Category:Engineered languages]]		[[Category:Engineered languages]]

Nicomega: /* Consonants */

2021-02-08T17:37:52Z

Consonants

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	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="2" rowspan="2"\|		! colspan="2" rowspan="2"\|
	! rowspan="2"\| [[Labial consonant\|Labial]]		! rowspan="2"\| [[w:Labial consonant\|Labial]]
	! colspan="2"\| [[Dental consonant\|Dental]] /<br> [[Alveolar consonant\|Alveolar]]		! colspan="2"\| [[w:Dental consonant\|Dental]] /<br> [[w:Alveolar consonant\|Alveolar]]
	! rowspan="2"\| [[Postalveolar consonant\|Postalveolar]]<br>/ [[Palatal consonant\|Palatal]]		! rowspan="2"\| [[w:Postalveolar consonant\|Postalveolar]]<br>/ [[w:Palatal consonant\|Palatal]]
	! rowspan="2"\| [[Glottal consonant\|Glottal]]		! rowspan="2"\| [[w:Glottal consonant\|Glottal]]
	\|- style="font-size: x-small"		\|- style="font-size: x-small"
	! [[Central consonant\|Central]]		! [[w:Central consonant\|Central]]
	! [[Lateral consonant\|Lateral]]		! [[w:Lateral consonant\|Lateral]]
	\|-align=center		\|-align=center
	! colspan="2" \| [[Nasal consonant\|Nasal]]		! colspan="2" \| [[w:Nasal consonant\|Nasal]]
	\| m {{IPA\|/m/}}		\| m {{IPA\|/m/}}
	\| n {{IPA\|/n/}}		\| n {{IPA\|/n/}}
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	\|		\|
	\|-align=center		\|-align=center
	! colspan=2\|[[Plosive consonant\|Plosive]]		! colspan=2\|[[w:Plosive consonant\|Plosive]]
	\| b {{IPA\|/b/}}		\| b {{IPA\|/b/}}
	\| d {{IPA\|/d/}}		\| d {{IPA\|/d/}}
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	\|		\|
	\|-align=center		\|-align=center
	! rowspan="2" \| [[Fricative consonant\|Fricative]]		! rowspan="2" \| [[w:Fricative consonant\|Fricative]]
	! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left" \| voiceless		! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left" \| voiceless
	\|		\|
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	\|		\|
	\|-align=center		\|-align=center
	! colspan="2" \| [[Approximant consonant\|Approximant]]		! colspan="2" \| [[w:Approximant consonant\|Approximant]]
	\| w {{IPA\|/w/}}		\| w {{IPA\|/w/}}
	\|\| r {{IPA\|/ɹ/}}		\|\| r {{IPA\|/ɹ/}}
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	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
	Láadan lacks the ~~[[consonant]]s~~ {{IPA\|/p, t, k, ɡ, s, z, f, v/}}. However, it uses ''b'', ''d'', ''sh'' ({{IPA\|/ʃ/}}), ''m'', ''n'', ''l'', ''r'', ''w'', ''y'' ({{IPA\|/j/}}), ''h'' with the same phonetic value as English. In addition to these, three ~~[[Digraph (orthography)\|~~digraphs]] require further explanation:		Láadan lacks the consonants {{IPA\|/p, t, k, ɡ, s, z, f, v/}}. However, it uses ''b'', ''d'', ''sh'' ({{IPA\|/ʃ/}}), ''m'', ''n'', ''l'', ''r'', ''w'', ''y'' ({{IPA\|/j/}}), ''h'' with the same phonetic value as English. In addition to these, three digraphs require further explanation:
	* ''th''~~{{spaced ndash}}~~{{IPA\|/θ/}}, a [[voiceless dental fricative]] (always as in English ''think'', never as ''then''),		* ''th'' − {{IPA\|/θ/}}, a [[w:voiceless dental fricative\|voiceless dental fricative]] (always as in English ''think'', never as ''then''),
	* ''zh''~~{{spaced ndash}}~~{{IPA\|/ʒ/}}, a [[voiced postalveolar fricative]] (as English ''plea'''s'''ure''),		* ''zh'' − {{IPA\|/ʒ/}}, a [[w:voiced postalveolar fricative\|voiced postalveolar fricative]] (as English ''plea'''s'''ure''),
	* ''lh''~~{{spaced ndash}}~~{{IPA\|/ɬ/}}, a [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]] (as ~~[[Welsh language\|~~Welsh]] ''llan'').		* ''lh'' − {{IPA\|/ɬ/}}, a [[w:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative\|voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]] (as Welsh ''llan'').

	== Grammar ==		== Grammar ==

Nicomega at 17:36, 8 February 2021

2021-02-08T17:36:01Z

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	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\|name=Láadan		\|name=Láadan
	\|creator=[[Suzette Haden Elgin]]		\|creator=Suzette Haden Elgin
	\|created=1982		\|created=1982
	\|setting=experiment in ~~[[feminism\|~~feminist]] [[linguistics]], and featured in Elgin's [[novel]] ''Native Tongue''		\|setting=experiment in feminist [[linguistics]], and featured in Elgin's novel ''Native Tongue''
	\|familycolor=conlang		\|familycolor=conlang
	\|fam1=[[artistic language\|artistic]] and [[philosophical language\|philosophical]] language		\|fam1=[[artistic language\|artistic]] and [[philosophical language\|philosophical]] language

Nicomega: /* Vowels */

2021-02-08T17:35:24Z

Vowels

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	=== Vowels ===		=== Vowels ===
	Láadan has five ~~[[vowel]]s~~:		Láadan has five vowels:
	* ''a''~~{{spaced ndash}}~~{{IPA\|/ɑ/}}, an [[open back unrounded vowel]] (as [[English ~~language\|English]]~~ ''calm''),		* ''a'' – {{IPA\|/ɑ/}}, an [[w:open back unrounded vowel\|open back unrounded vowel]] (as English ''calm''),
	* ''e''~~{{spaced ndash}}~~{{IPA\|/ɛ/}}, an [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] (as English ''bell''),		* ''e'' – {{IPA\|/ɛ/}}, an [[w:open-mid front unrounded vowel\|open-mid front unrounded vowel]] (as English ''bell''),
	* ''i''~~{{spaced ndash}}~~{{IPA\|/ɪ/}}, a [[near-close near-front unrounded vowel]] (as English ''bit''),		* ''i'' – {{IPA\|/ɪ/}}, a [[w:near-close near-front unrounded vowel\|near-close near-front unrounded vowel]] (as English ''bit''),
	* ''o''~~{{spaced ndash}}~~{{IPA\|/o/}}, a [[close-mid back rounded vowel]] (as English ''home''),		* ''o'' – {{IPA\|/o/}}, a [[w:close-mid back rounded vowel\|close-mid back rounded vowel]] (as English ''home''),
	* ''u''~~{{spaced ndash}}~~{{IPA\|/u/}}, a [[close back rounded vowel]] (as English ''boon'').		* ''u'' – {{IPA\|/u/}}, a [[w:close back rounded vowel\|close back rounded vowel]] (as English ''boon'').

	=== Consonants ===		=== Consonants ===

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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	*[[~~Language and gender~~]]		*[[:Category:Engineered languages\|Other Engineered languages]]

	== References ==		== References ==

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	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==
	*Elgin, Suzette Haden, & Diane Martin. ''A First Dictionary and Grammar of Láadan''. Madison: ~~[[WisCon\|~~Society for the Furtherance and Study of Fantasy and Science Fiction]], 1988.		*Elgin, Suzette Haden, & Diane Martin. ''A First Dictionary and Grammar of Láadan''. Madison: Society for the Furtherance and Study of Fantasy and Science Fiction, 1988.
	*Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh, ''Exploring Language Change'': Routledge, 2005; pp. 169–182.		*Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh, ''Exploring Language Change'': Routledge, 2005; pp. 169–182.

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	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="2" rowspan="2"\|		! colspan="2" rowspan="2"\|
	! rowspan="2"\| [[Labial consonant\|Labial]]		! rowspan="2"\| [[w:Labial consonant\|Labial]]
	! colspan="2"\| [[Dental consonant\|Dental]] /<br> [[Alveolar consonant\|Alveolar]]		! colspan="2"\| [[w:Dental consonant\|Dental]] /<br> [[w:Alveolar consonant\|Alveolar]]
	! rowspan="2"\| [[Postalveolar consonant\|Postalveolar]]<br>/ [[Palatal consonant\|Palatal]]		! rowspan="2"\| [[w:Postalveolar consonant\|Postalveolar]]<br>/ [[w:Palatal consonant\|Palatal]]
	! rowspan="2"\| [[Glottal consonant\|Glottal]]		! rowspan="2"\| [[w:Glottal consonant\|Glottal]]
	\|- style="font-size: x-small"		\|- style="font-size: x-small"
	! [[Central consonant\|Central]]		! [[w:Central consonant\|Central]]
	! [[Lateral consonant\|Lateral]]		! [[w:Lateral consonant\|Lateral]]
	\|-align=center		\|-align=center
	! colspan="2" \| [[Nasal consonant\|Nasal]]		! colspan="2" \| [[w:Nasal consonant\|Nasal]]
	\| m {{IPA\|/m/}}		\| m {{IPA\|/m/}}
	\| n {{IPA\|/n/}}		\| n {{IPA\|/n/}}
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	\|		\|
	\|-align=center		\|-align=center
	! colspan=2\|[[Plosive consonant\|Plosive]]		! colspan=2\|[[w:Plosive consonant\|Plosive]]
	\| b {{IPA\|/b/}}		\| b {{IPA\|/b/}}
	\| d {{IPA\|/d/}}		\| d {{IPA\|/d/}}
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	\|		\|
	\|-align=center		\|-align=center
	! rowspan="2" \| [[Fricative consonant\|Fricative]]		! rowspan="2" \| [[w:Fricative consonant\|Fricative]]
	! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left" \| voiceless		! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left" \| voiceless
	\|		\|
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	\|		\|
	\|-align=center		\|-align=center
	! colspan="2" \| [[Approximant consonant\|Approximant]]		! colspan="2" \| [[w:Approximant consonant\|Approximant]]
	\| w {{IPA\|/w/}}		\| w {{IPA\|/w/}}
	\|\| r {{IPA\|/ɹ/}}		\|\| r {{IPA\|/ɹ/}}
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	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
	Láadan lacks the ~~[[consonant]]s~~ {{IPA\|/p, t, k, ɡ, s, z, f, v/}}. However, it uses ''b'', ''d'', ''sh'' ({{IPA\|/ʃ/}}), ''m'', ''n'', ''l'', ''r'', ''w'', ''y'' ({{IPA\|/j/}}), ''h'' with the same phonetic value as English. In addition to these, three ~~[[Digraph (orthography)\|~~digraphs]] require further explanation:		Láadan lacks the consonants {{IPA\|/p, t, k, ɡ, s, z, f, v/}}. However, it uses ''b'', ''d'', ''sh'' ({{IPA\|/ʃ/}}), ''m'', ''n'', ''l'', ''r'', ''w'', ''y'' ({{IPA\|/j/}}), ''h'' with the same phonetic value as English. In addition to these, three digraphs require further explanation:
	* ''th''~~{{spaced ndash}}~~{{IPA\|/θ/}}, a [[voiceless dental fricative]] (always as in English ''think'', never as ''then''),		* ''th'' − {{IPA\|/θ/}}, a [[w:voiceless dental fricative\|voiceless dental fricative]] (always as in English ''think'', never as ''then''),
	* ''zh''~~{{spaced ndash}}~~{{IPA\|/ʒ/}}, a [[voiced postalveolar fricative]] (as English ''plea'''s'''ure''),		* ''zh'' − {{IPA\|/ʒ/}}, a [[w:voiced postalveolar fricative\|voiced postalveolar fricative]] (as English ''plea'''s'''ure''),
	* ''lh''~~{{spaced ndash}}~~{{IPA\|/ɬ/}}, a [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]] (as ~~[[Welsh language\|~~Welsh]] ''llan'').		* ''lh'' − {{IPA\|/ɬ/}}, a [[w:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative\|voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]] (as Welsh ''llan'').

	== Grammar ==		== Grammar ==