Lebanese - Revision history

Raistas: /* had'Deklaratsiya ʿūlomī dzixiyuth-adamīm (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) */

2021-12-10T08:59:30Z

had'Deklaratsiya ʿūlomī dzixiyuth-adamīm (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:59, 10 December 2021
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	</center>		</center>

	===had'Deklaratsiya ʿūlomī ~~dzixiyuth~~-~~adamīm~~ (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)===		===had'Deklaratsiya ʿūlomī dzikhiyuth-ʿamīm (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)===
	*''Kil adamīm nūladū ḥurīn wusuwīn bikkorūmathom ~~wibiddzixiyūthom~~. Ḥūnenū kilom it tibīnoth wi it ittawigdīn wilippeʿīlū habbirruḥ aḥuwoth.''		*''Kil adamīm nūladū ḥurīn wusuwīn bikkorūmathom wibiddzikhiyūthom. Ḥūnenū kilom it tibīnoth wi it ittawigdīn wilippeʿīlū habbirruḥ aḥuwoth.''
	*'''Translation''': All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.		*'''Translation''': All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

	===Nidirath liMarīyom (Ave Maria)===		===Nidirath liMarīyom (Ave Maria)===
	<center>		<center>

Raistas: /* Nidirath habBaʿal (the Lord's prayer) */

2021-09-27T19:56:21Z

Nidirath habBaʿal (the Lord's prayer)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:56, 27 September 2021
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	Komū sissūlḥīm komū is naḥnū liḥūṭīm lonū.		Komū sissūlḥīm komū is naḥnū liḥūṭīm lonū.
	Wa‘al nasōnū liyidê pittūnoth,		Wa‘al nasōnū liyidê pittūnoth,
	~~wu’af~~ lilitsenū min harraʿi.		wu’aph lilitsenū min harraʿi.
	Kī likha hammimlakhathka ~~wuhattiqūfoth~~ wuha’addirt		Kī likha hammimlakhathka wuhattiqūphoth wuha’addirt
	Līʿūlmê ʿūlōmīm.		Līʿūlmê ʿūlōmīm.
	Ōmēn.		Ōmēn.
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	\|}		\|}
	</center>		</center>

	===had'Deklaratsiya ʿūlomī dzixiyuth-adamīm (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)===		===had'Deklaratsiya ʿūlomī dzixiyuth-adamīm (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)===
	*''Kil adamīm nūladū ḥurīn wusuwīn bikkorūmathom wibiddzixiyūthom. Ḥūnenū kilom it tibīnoth wi it ittawigdīn wilippeʿīlū habbirruḥ aḥuwoth.''		*''Kil adamīm nūladū ḥurīn wusuwīn bikkorūmathom wibiddzixiyūthom. Ḥūnenū kilom it tibīnoth wi it ittawigdīn wilippeʿīlū habbirruḥ aḥuwoth.''

Raistas: /* Consonants */

2021-09-27T19:51:49Z

Consonants

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:51, 27 September 2021
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	! Pronunciation		! Pronunciation
	\|-		\|-
	\| 𐤊 ~~kōf~~ \|\| kʰ \|\| x		\| 𐤊 kōph \|\| kʰ \|\| x
	\| la'''kh'''ūn "it might be"		\| la'''kh'''ūn "it might be"
	\| [la.ˈxuːn]		\| [la.ˈxuːn]
	\|-		\|-
	\| 𐤐 pī \|\| pʰ \|\| f		\| 𐤐 pī \|\| pʰ \|\| f
	\| tsi'''f'''er "zero"		\| tsi'''ph'''er "zero"
	\| [ˈt͡sɪ.fer]		\| [ˈt͡sɪ.fer]
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}
			Historically, 𐤎 was likely involved in this process too, being [t͡sʰ] and leniting to [s]. Later the remaining [t͡sʰ] also lenited to [s], thus merging with 𐤔 completely.

	Lenition is not marked. If the consonant doesn't lenite in a typical position, a line (similar to a macron) is placed above it ( ̄ ). Sometimes a dot ( ̇ ) is placed instead, both are equally correct and the different use is due to artistic preferences.		Lenition is not marked. If the consonant doesn't lenite in a typical position, a line (similar to a macron) is placed above it ( ̄ ). Sometimes a dot ( ̇ ) is placed instead, both are equally correct and the different use is due to artistic preferences.

Raistas: /* Phonology */Added content

2021-09-27T19:37:09Z

Phonology: Added content

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:37, 27 September 2021
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	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
	Old Phoenician had a typical Semitic consonant inventory, with pharyngeals, a series of "emphatic" consonants (possibly ejective, but this is debated), and in early stages also a lateral fricative /ɬ/, and uvular /χ/ and /ʁ/ sounds. /χ/ and /ʁ/ merged into /ħ/ and /ʕ/ respectively while /ɬ/ merged into /ʃ/. Later in some dialects of Old Phoenician /ʃ/ became indistinguishable from /s/ and /p/, /t/ and /k/ became [[w:Aspirated consonant\|aspirated]] [pʰ], [tʰ] and [kʰ], which was represented in Ancient Greek and later in Latin texts. ~~These sounds~~ later changed further into fricatives, ~~this~~ [[w:Begadkefat\|process]] did not involve voiced stops, unlike in Aramaic and Biblical Hebrew.The vowel system underwent a [[w:Canaanite shift\|Canaanite shift]] - the process, partly shared by Biblical Hebrew, but going further in Phoenician (for example: 𐤓𐤅𐤔 ''rūs'', "head", Tiberian Hebrew ''rōš'', ראש).		Old Phoenician had a typical Semitic consonant inventory, with pharyngeals, a series of "emphatic" consonants (possibly ejective, but this is debated), and in early stages also a lateral fricative /ɬ/, and uvular /χ/ and /ʁ/ sounds. /χ/ and /ʁ/ merged into /ħ/ and /ʕ/ respectively while /ɬ/ merged into /ʃ/. Later in some dialects of Old Phoenician /ʃ/ became indistinguishable from /s/ and /p/, /t/ and /k/ became [[w:Aspirated consonant\|aspirated]] [pʰ], [tʰ] and [kʰ], which was represented in Ancient Greek and later in Latin texts. Recent scholarship argues that 𐤔 was originally [s], while 𐤎 was [t͡sʰ], which fits well with 𐤆‎ being [d͡z], and 𐤑‎ being [t͡s]. Thus, when the aspirated plosives later changed further into fricatives, 𐤎 also became [s], merging with 𐤔 everywhere. This [[w:Begadkefat\|process]] did not involve voiced stops, unlike in Aramaic and Biblical Hebrew (𐤆‎ also remains an affricate). The vowel system underwent a [[w:Canaanite shift\|Canaanite shift]] - the process, partly shared by Biblical Hebrew, but going further in Phoenician (for example: 𐤓𐤅𐤔 ''rūs'', "head", Tiberian Hebrew ''rōš'', ראש).

	A special reading tradition, called the "religious reading" (𐤒𐤓𐤉𐤕 𐤒𐤃𐤅𐤔𐤕 ''qirīyoth qodūsoth''), has been preserved in liturgical use. In it the emphatic consonants are usually realized as pharyngealized, 𐤒 may sometimes be a uvular [q], though usually it's still [k], 𐤏 is always pronounced clearly (as [ʕ]), 𐤔 is [ʃ] (the latter is not compulsory, however). Nowadays this tradition is slowly dying out, especially among the Catholics, who now always use a regular pronunciation.		A special reading tradition, called the "religious reading" (𐤒𐤓𐤉𐤕 𐤒𐤃𐤅𐤔𐤕 ''qirīyoth qodūsoth''), has been preserved in liturgical use. In it the emphatic consonants are usually realized as pharyngealized, 𐤒 may sometimes be a uvular [q], though usually it's still [k], 𐤏 is always pronounced clearly (as [ʕ]), 𐤔 is [ʃ] (the latter is not compulsory, however). Nowadays this tradition is slowly dying out, especially among the Catholics, who now always use a regular pronunciation.
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	! {{small\|[[w:voice (phonetics)\|voiced]]}}		! {{small\|[[w:voice (phonetics)\|voiced]]}}
	\| (β)<ref group=note>Allophone of /b/ before other consonants.</ref>		\| (β)<ref group=note>Allophone of /b/ before other consonants.</ref>
	\| colspan="2" \| (z)<ref group=note>Allophone of /d͡z/ usually in foreign words only. Some speakers tend to pronounce 𐤆 as [z] word-initially.</ref>		\| colspan="2" \| (z)<ref group=note>Allophone of /d͡z/ usually in foreign words only, also before some consonants. Some speakers tend to pronounce 𐤆 as [z] word-initially as well.</ref>
	\|		\|
	\|		\|

Raistas: /* had'Deklaratsiya ʿūlomī dzixiyuth-adamīm (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) */Added content

2021-09-25T14:05:39Z

had'Deklaratsiya ʿūlomī dzixiyuth-adamīm (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights): Added content

@@ Line 1,001: / Line 1,001: @@
 *''Kil adamīm nūladū ḥurīn wusuwīn bikkorūmathom wibiddzixiyūthom. Ḥūnenū kilom it tibīnoth wi it ittawigdīn wilippeʿīlū habbirruḥ aḥuwoth.''
 *'''Translation''': All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
 [[Category:Semitic languages]]

Raistas: /* Maltese and Greek Lebanese */

2021-01-04T12:33:56Z

Maltese and Greek Lebanese

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:33, 4 January 2021
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	Standard Lebanese (𐤇𐤃𐤔‎ 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm ḥados'') was based on the Central Lebanese dialect. However, the speakers of other dialects and different languages introduced some calques, borrowings and [[w:Phono-semantic_matching\|phono-semantic matchings]] of international words. Currently, about 69% of the population speaks Lebanese as a native language, while most of the rest speak it fluently.		Standard Lebanese (𐤇𐤃𐤔‎ 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm ḥados'') was based on the Central Lebanese dialect. However, the speakers of other dialects and different languages introduced some calques, borrowings and [[w:Phono-semantic_matching\|phono-semantic matchings]] of international words. Currently, about 69% of the population speaks Lebanese as a native language, while most of the rest speak it fluently.
	===Maltese and ~~Greek~~ Lebanese===		===Maltese and Cypriot Lebanese===
	There were several varieties of Phoenician, spoken in Malta and on the island of Cyprus, usually called 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤐𐤕̇𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm pūttīm'' (or 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤀𐤋𐤔𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm alasēm'' in Cyprus). Phoenician was brought there by traders and settlers in the medieval period following the Arabisation of Lebanon, so neither of these varieties are direct descendants of Punic, which had likely become extinct by that time. Maltese Phoenician died out in Malta, with its former native speakers switched to Maltese, while the Cypriot variety is still being spoken by a small number of speakers. Both are mutually intelligible with Lebanese and are very close to dialects spoken around Sidon. Several unique characteristics of Cypriot Phoenician are: the use of a negative particle 𐤀𐤉 ''ī'' instead of standard Lebanese ''bal'' (used with nouns, suffixing forms and participles) and ''al'' (with prefixing forms of verbs), which it shares with the Sidonian dialect; the presents of vowel "y" [y] instead of Lebanese "i" or "e" ([jy.ˈsal] for ''esˁal'' - "I am asking", [zyθ] for ''edzō'' "this (feminine)", [byn] for ''bin'' "son"), lack of [ʕ] (which also happens in Lebanese) and [ħ], which merges with [x], as well as many loanwords from Greek, for example ''podilat'' "bicycle" (''welō'' or more formal ''bitsiklet'' in Lebanese), ''ḥurōmoth'' "colour" instead of Lebanese ''lūnoth''.		There were several varieties of Phoenician, spoken in Malta and on the island of Cyprus, usually called 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤐𐤕̇𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm pūttīm'' (or 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤀𐤋𐤔𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm alasēm'' in Cyprus). Phoenician was brought there by traders and settlers in the medieval period following the Arabisation of Lebanon, so neither of these varieties are direct descendants of Punic, which had likely become extinct by that time. Maltese Phoenician died out in Malta, with its former native speakers switched to Maltese, while the Cypriot variety is still being spoken by a small number of speakers. Both are mutually intelligible with Lebanese and are very close to dialects spoken around Sidon. Several unique characteristics of Cypriot Phoenician are: the use of a negative particle 𐤀𐤉 ''ī'' instead of standard Lebanese ''bal'' (used with nouns, suffixing forms and participles) and ''al'' (with prefixing forms of verbs), which it shares with the Sidonian dialect; the presents of vowel "y" [y] instead of Lebanese "i" or "e" ([jy.ˈsal] for ''esˁal'' - "I am asking", [zyθ] for ''edzō'' "this (feminine)", [byn] for ''bin'' "son"), lack of [ʕ] (which also happens in Lebanese) and [ħ], which merges with [x], as well as many loanwords from Greek, for example ''podilat'' "bicycle" (''welō'' or more formal ''bitsiklet'' in Lebanese), ''ḥurōmoth'' "colour" instead of Lebanese ''lūnoth''.

Raistas: /* Maltese and Greek Lebanese */

2021-01-04T12:32:29Z

Maltese and Greek Lebanese

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:32, 4 January 2021
Line 47:		Line 47:
	Standard Lebanese (𐤇𐤃𐤔‎ 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm ḥados'') was based on the Central Lebanese dialect. However, the speakers of other dialects and different languages introduced some calques, borrowings and [[w:Phono-semantic_matching\|phono-semantic matchings]] of international words. Currently, about 69% of the population speaks Lebanese as a native language, while most of the rest speak it fluently.		Standard Lebanese (𐤇𐤃𐤔‎ 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm ḥados'') was based on the Central Lebanese dialect. However, the speakers of other dialects and different languages introduced some calques, borrowings and [[w:Phono-semantic_matching\|phono-semantic matchings]] of international words. Currently, about 69% of the population speaks Lebanese as a native language, while most of the rest speak it fluently.
	===Maltese and Greek Lebanese===		===Maltese and Greek Lebanese===
	There were several varieties of Phoenician, spoken in Malta and on the island of Cyprus, usually called 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤐𐤕̇𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm pūttīm'' (or 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤀𐤋𐤔𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm alasēm'' in Cyprus). Phoenician was brought there by traders and settlers in the medieval period following the Arabisation of Lebanon, so neither of these varieties are direct descendants of Punic, which had likely become extinct by that time. Maltese Phoenician died out in Malta, with its former native speakers switched to Maltese, while the Cypriot variety is still being spoken by a small number of speakers. Both are mutually intelligible with Lebanese and are very close to dialects spoken around Sidon. Several unique characteristics of Cypriot Phoenician are: the use of a negative particle 𐤀𐤉 ''ī'' instead of standard Lebanese ''bal'' (used with nouns, suffixing forms and participles) and ''al'' (with prefixing forms of verbs), which it shares with the Sidonian dialect; the presents of vowel "y" [y] instead of Lebanese "i" or "e" ([jy.ˈsal] for ''esˁal'' - "I am asking", [zyθ] for ''edzō'' "this (feminine)", [byn] for ''bin'' "son") lack of [ʕ] (which also happens in Lebanese) and [ħ], which merges with [x], as well as many loanwords from Greek, for example ''podilat'' "bicycle" (''welō'' or more formal ''bitsiklet'' in Lebanese), ''ḥurōmoth'' "colour" instead of Lebanese ''lūnoth''.		There were several varieties of Phoenician, spoken in Malta and on the island of Cyprus, usually called 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤐𐤕̇𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm pūttīm'' (or 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤀𐤋𐤔𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm alasēm'' in Cyprus). Phoenician was brought there by traders and settlers in the medieval period following the Arabisation of Lebanon, so neither of these varieties are direct descendants of Punic, which had likely become extinct by that time. Maltese Phoenician died out in Malta, with its former native speakers switched to Maltese, while the Cypriot variety is still being spoken by a small number of speakers. Both are mutually intelligible with Lebanese and are very close to dialects spoken around Sidon. Several unique characteristics of Cypriot Phoenician are: the use of a negative particle 𐤀𐤉 ''ī'' instead of standard Lebanese ''bal'' (used with nouns, suffixing forms and participles) and ''al'' (with prefixing forms of verbs), which it shares with the Sidonian dialect; the presents of vowel "y" [y] instead of Lebanese "i" or "e" ([jy.ˈsal] for ''esˁal'' - "I am asking", [zyθ] for ''edzō'' "this (feminine)", [byn] for ''bin'' "son"), lack of [ʕ] (which also happens in Lebanese) and [ħ], which merges with [x], as well as many loanwords from Greek, for example ''podilat'' "bicycle" (''welō'' or more formal ''bitsiklet'' in Lebanese), ''ḥurōmoth'' "colour" instead of Lebanese ''lūnoth''.

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==

Raistas: /* Maltese and Greek Lebanese */

2021-01-04T12:31:55Z

Maltese and Greek Lebanese

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:31, 4 January 2021
Line 47:		Line 47:
	Standard Lebanese (𐤇𐤃𐤔‎ 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm ḥados'') was based on the Central Lebanese dialect. However, the speakers of other dialects and different languages introduced some calques, borrowings and [[w:Phono-semantic_matching\|phono-semantic matchings]] of international words. Currently, about 69% of the population speaks Lebanese as a native language, while most of the rest speak it fluently.		Standard Lebanese (𐤇𐤃𐤔‎ 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm ḥados'') was based on the Central Lebanese dialect. However, the speakers of other dialects and different languages introduced some calques, borrowings and [[w:Phono-semantic_matching\|phono-semantic matchings]] of international words. Currently, about 69% of the population speaks Lebanese as a native language, while most of the rest speak it fluently.
	===Maltese and Greek Lebanese===		===Maltese and Greek Lebanese===
	There were several varieties of Phoenician, spoken in Malta and on the island of Cyprus, usually called 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤐𐤕̇𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm pūttīm'' (or 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤀𐤋𐤔𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm alasēm'' in Cyprus). Phoenician was brought there by traders and settlers in the medieval period following the Arabisation of Lebanon, so neither of these varieties are direct descendants of Punic, which had likely become extinct by that time. Maltese Phoenician died out in Malta, with its former native speakers switched to Maltese, while the Cypriot variety is still being spoken by a small number of speakers. Both are mutually intelligible with Lebanese and are very close to dialects spoken around Sidon. Several unique characteristics of Cypriot Phoenician are: the use of a negative particle 𐤀𐤉 ''ī'' instead of standard Lebanese ''bal'' (used with nouns, suffixing forms and participles) and ''al'' (with prefixing forms of verbs), which it shares with the Sidonian dialect; the presents of vowel "y" [y] instead of Lebanese "i" ([jy.ˈsal] for ''esˁal'' - "I am asking", [zyθ] for ''edzō'' "this (feminine)", [byn] for ''bin'' "son") lack of [ʕ] (which also happens in Lebanese) and [ħ], which merges with [x], as well as many loanwords from Greek, for example ''podilat'' "bicycle" (''welō'' or more formal ''bitsiklet'' in Lebanese), ''ḥurōmoth'' "colour" instead of Lebanese ''lūnoth''.		There were several varieties of Phoenician, spoken in Malta and on the island of Cyprus, usually called 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤐𐤕̇𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm pūttīm'' (or 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤀𐤋𐤔𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm alasēm'' in Cyprus). Phoenician was brought there by traders and settlers in the medieval period following the Arabisation of Lebanon, so neither of these varieties are direct descendants of Punic, which had likely become extinct by that time. Maltese Phoenician died out in Malta, with its former native speakers switched to Maltese, while the Cypriot variety is still being spoken by a small number of speakers. Both are mutually intelligible with Lebanese and are very close to dialects spoken around Sidon. Several unique characteristics of Cypriot Phoenician are: the use of a negative particle 𐤀𐤉 ''ī'' instead of standard Lebanese ''bal'' (used with nouns, suffixing forms and participles) and ''al'' (with prefixing forms of verbs), which it shares with the Sidonian dialect; the presents of vowel "y" [y] instead of Lebanese "i" or "e" ([jy.ˈsal] for ''esˁal'' - "I am asking", [zyθ] for ''edzō'' "this (feminine)", [byn] for ''bin'' "son") lack of [ʕ] (which also happens in Lebanese) and [ħ], which merges with [x], as well as many loanwords from Greek, for example ''podilat'' "bicycle" (''welō'' or more formal ''bitsiklet'' in Lebanese), ''ḥurōmoth'' "colour" instead of Lebanese ''lūnoth''.

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==

Raistas: /* Maltese and Greek Lebanese */

2021-01-04T12:31:24Z

Maltese and Greek Lebanese

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:31, 4 January 2021
Line 47:		Line 47:
	Standard Lebanese (𐤇𐤃𐤔‎ 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm ḥados'') was based on the Central Lebanese dialect. However, the speakers of other dialects and different languages introduced some calques, borrowings and [[w:Phono-semantic_matching\|phono-semantic matchings]] of international words. Currently, about 69% of the population speaks Lebanese as a native language, while most of the rest speak it fluently.		Standard Lebanese (𐤇𐤃𐤔‎ 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm ḥados'') was based on the Central Lebanese dialect. However, the speakers of other dialects and different languages introduced some calques, borrowings and [[w:Phono-semantic_matching\|phono-semantic matchings]] of international words. Currently, about 69% of the population speaks Lebanese as a native language, while most of the rest speak it fluently.
	===Maltese and Greek Lebanese===		===Maltese and Greek Lebanese===
	There were several varieties of Phoenician, spoken in Malta and on the island of Cyprus, usually called 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤐𐤕̇𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm pūttīm'' (or 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤀𐤋𐤔𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm alasēm'' in Cyprus). Phoenician was brought there by traders and settlers in the medieval period following the Arabisation of Lebanon, so neither of these varieties are direct descendants of Punic, which had likely become extinct by that time. Maltese Phoenician died out in Malta, with its former native speakers switched to Maltese, while the Cypriot variety is still being spoken by a small number of speakers. Both are mutually intelligible with Lebanese and are very close to dialects spoken around Sidon. Several unique characteristics of Cypriot Phoenician are: the use of a negative particle 𐤀𐤉 ''ī'' instead of standard Lebanese ''bal'' (used with nouns, suffixing forms and participles) and ''al'' (with prefixing forms of verbs), which it shares with the Sidonian dialect; the presents of vowel "y" [y] instead of Lebanese "i" ([jy.ˈsal] for ''esˁal'' - "I am asking", [zyθ] for ''edzō'' "this (feminine)").		There were several varieties of Phoenician, spoken in Malta and on the island of Cyprus, usually called 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤐𐤕̇𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm pūttīm'' (or 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤀𐤋𐤔𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm alasēm'' in Cyprus). Phoenician was brought there by traders and settlers in the medieval period following the Arabisation of Lebanon, so neither of these varieties are direct descendants of Punic, which had likely become extinct by that time. Maltese Phoenician died out in Malta, with its former native speakers switched to Maltese, while the Cypriot variety is still being spoken by a small number of speakers. Both are mutually intelligible with Lebanese and are very close to dialects spoken around Sidon. Several unique characteristics of Cypriot Phoenician are: the use of a negative particle 𐤀𐤉 ''ī'' instead of standard Lebanese ''bal'' (used with nouns, suffixing forms and participles) and ''al'' (with prefixing forms of verbs), which it shares with the Sidonian dialect; the presents of vowel "y" [y] instead of Lebanese "i" ([jy.ˈsal] for ''esˁal'' - "I am asking", [zyθ] for ''edzō'' "this (feminine)", [byn] for ''bin'' "son") lack of [ʕ] (which also happens in Lebanese) and [ħ], which merges with [x], as well as many loanwords from Greek, for example ''podilat'' "bicycle" (''welō'' or more formal ''bitsiklet'' in Lebanese), ''ḥurōmoth'' "colour" instead of Lebanese ''lūnoth''.

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==

Raistas: /* Maltese and Greek Lebanese */

2021-01-04T11:57:30Z

Maltese and Greek Lebanese

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:57, 4 January 2021
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	Standard Lebanese (𐤇𐤃𐤔‎ 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm ḥados'') was based on the Central Lebanese dialect. However, the speakers of other dialects and different languages introduced some calques, borrowings and [[w:Phono-semantic_matching\|phono-semantic matchings]] of international words. Currently, about 69% of the population speaks Lebanese as a native language, while most of the rest speak it fluently.		Standard Lebanese (𐤇𐤃𐤔‎ 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm ḥados'') was based on the Central Lebanese dialect. However, the speakers of other dialects and different languages introduced some calques, borrowings and [[w:Phono-semantic_matching\|phono-semantic matchings]] of international words. Currently, about 69% of the population speaks Lebanese as a native language, while most of the rest speak it fluently.
	===Maltese and Greek Lebanese===		===Maltese and Greek Lebanese===
	There were several varieties of Phoenician, spoken in Malta and on the island of Cyprus, usually called 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤐𐤕̇𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm pūttīm'' (or 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤀𐤋𐤔𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm alasēm'' in Cyprus). Phoenician was brought there by traders and settlers in the medieval period following the Arabisation of Lebanon, so neither of these varieties are direct descendants of Punic, which had likely become extinct by that time. Maltese Phoenician died out in Malta, with its former native speakers switched to Maltese, while the Cypriot variety is still being spoken by a small number of speakers. Both are mutually intelligible with Lebanese and are very close to dialects spoken around Sidon. Several unique characteristics of Cypriot Phoenician are: the use of a negative particle 𐤀𐤉 ''ī'' instead of standard Lebanese ''bal'' (used with nouns, suffixing forms and participles) and ''al'' (with prefixing forms of verbs), which it shares with the Sidonian dialect; the presents of vowel "y" [y] instead of Lebanese "i" ([jy.ˈsal] for ''esˁal'' - "I am asking", [~~d͡zyθ~~] for ''~~edzoth~~'' "this (feminine)").		There were several varieties of Phoenician, spoken in Malta and on the island of Cyprus, usually called 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤐𐤕̇𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm pūttīm'' (or 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤀𐤋𐤔𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm alasēm'' in Cyprus). Phoenician was brought there by traders and settlers in the medieval period following the Arabisation of Lebanon, so neither of these varieties are direct descendants of Punic, which had likely become extinct by that time. Maltese Phoenician died out in Malta, with its former native speakers switched to Maltese, while the Cypriot variety is still being spoken by a small number of speakers. Both are mutually intelligible with Lebanese and are very close to dialects spoken around Sidon. Several unique characteristics of Cypriot Phoenician are: the use of a negative particle 𐤀𐤉 ''ī'' instead of standard Lebanese ''bal'' (used with nouns, suffixing forms and participles) and ''al'' (with prefixing forms of verbs), which it shares with the Sidonian dialect; the presents of vowel "y" [y] instead of Lebanese "i" ([jy.ˈsal] for ''esˁal'' - "I am asking", [zyθ] for ''edzō'' "this (feminine)").

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==