Minhast/Diachronic Changes - Revision history

Anyar: Addition of topics/subtopic stubs

2021-07-08T15:58:42Z

Addition of topics/subtopic stubs

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:58, 8 July 2021
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	= Introduction =		= Introduction =
	[stub]		[stub]

			= Fossil Morphemes =

			= Remnants of Proto-Nahenic Noun Classes =
			== Defunct Collective and Abstract Affixes ==
			== Polypersonal Agreement Anomalies ==
			=== Evidence from Noun Incorporation ===
			=== Gender "Straddling" ===
			=== Number Discordance ===

	= Development of the Passive Voice =		= Development of the Passive Voice =

Anyar: Reformatting and creation of additional topics and subtopics

2021-07-08T15:45:39Z

Reformatting and creation of additional topics and subtopics

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:45, 8 July 2021
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	== Introduction ==		= Introduction =
	[stub]		[stub]

	== Development of the Passive Voice ==		= Development of the Passive Voice =

			== Impersonal Voice ==
	Based on early Classical Minhast texts, as well as the pre-Modern Stone Speaker dialects, an additional pronominal form has been reconstructed, ''-ya-'', which functioned as the nominative case for an indefinite third person form (c.f. English "one", French "on", Spanish "se", etc).		Based on early Classical Minhast texts, as well as the pre-Modern Stone Speaker dialects, an additional pronominal form has been reconstructed, ''-ya-'', which functioned as the nominative case for an indefinite third person form (c.f. English "one", French "on", Spanish "se", etc).

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	}}		}}

			=== Loss and Reanalysis ===
	This reconstructed pronominal form merged with the accusative segment of the portmanteau pronominal affixes, triggering lenition of velars and palatalization of dentals. Eventually, the meaning of indefinite "one" was lost and the verb was re-analyzed as a stative verb, leading to the replacement of the Transitivizer ''-u'' with the Detransitivizer ''-an''. Soon after, or perhaps even simultaneously with these developments, the Inchoative marker ''-saxt-'' surfaced, most likely due to analogy with stative verbs. The final result is a passive voice where the Inchoative is applied in semantically transitive verbs which then licenses the passive pronominal affixes, e.g.:		This reconstructed pronominal form merged with the accusative segment of the portmanteau pronominal affixes, triggering lenition of velars and palatalization of dentals. Eventually, the meaning of indefinite "one" was lost and the verb was re-analyzed as a stative verb, leading to the replacement of the Transitivizer ''-u'' with the Detransitivizer ''-an''. Soon after, or perhaps even simultaneously with these developments, the Inchoative marker ''-saxt-'' surfaced, most likely due to analogy with stative verbs. The final result is a passive voice where the Inchoative is applied in semantically transitive verbs which then licenses the passive pronominal affixes, e.g.:

Anyar at 02:52, 16 July 2020

2020-07-16T02:52:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:52, 16 July 2020
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	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
			[stub]

	== Development of the Passive Voice ==		== Development of the Passive Voice ==

Anyar at 02:49, 16 July 2020

2020-07-16T02:49:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:49, 16 July 2020
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			== Introduction ==
	== Development of the Passive Voice ==		== Development of the Passive Voice ==

Anyar: Restored glosses

2020-07-11T03:08:34Z

Restored glosses

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:08, 11 July 2020
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	== Development of the Passive Voice ==		== Development of the Passive Voice ==

	Based on early Classical Minhast texts, as well as the pre-Modern Stone Speaker dialects, an additional pronominal form has been reconstructed, -ya-, which functioned as the nominative case for an indefinite third person form (c.f. English "one", French "on", Spanish "se", etc).		Based on early Classical Minhast texts, as well as the pre-Modern Stone Speaker dialects, an additional pronominal form has been reconstructed, ''-ya-'', which functioned as the nominative case for an indefinite third person form (c.f. English "one", French "on", Spanish "se", etc).

	From Old Minhast, the reconstructed indefinite pronominal affix appears in the verb complex of *wušun- "to hit":		From Old Minhast, the reconstructed indefinite pronominal affix appears in the verb complex of ''*wušun-'' "to hit":

	** Wušunyakyaharuna		{{Gloss
	/wuʃunyakya'haruna/		\|phrase = * Wušunyakyaharuna
	wušun-yak-ya-har-u-na		\| IPA = /wuʃunyakya'haruna/
	hit-1S.ACC-3INDEF.NOM-PST-do-NMZ		\| morphemes = wušun-yak-ya-har-u-na
	Someone hit me (lit. Someone did the hitting of me)		\| gloss = hit-1S.ACC-3INDEF.NOM-PST-do-NMZ
	This reconstructed pronominal form merged with the accusative segment of the portmanteau pronominal affixes, triggering lenition of velars and palatalization of dentals. Eventually, the meaning of indefinite "one" was lost and the verb was re-analyzed as a stative verb, leading to the replacement of the Transitivizer -u with the Detransitivizer -an. Soon after, or perhaps even simultaneously with these developments, the Inchoative marker -saxt- surfaced, most likely due to analogy with stative verbs. The final result is a passive voice where the Inchoative is applied in semantically transitive verbs which then licenses the passive pronominal affixes, e.g.:		\| translation = Someone hit me (lit. Someone did the hitting of me)
			}}

	~~Saxtušnexaran~~		This reconstructed pronominal form merged with the accusative segment of the portmanteau pronominal affixes, triggering lenition of velars and palatalization of dentals. Eventually, the meaning of indefinite "one" was lost and the verb was re-analyzed as a stative verb, leading to the replacement of the Transitivizer ''-u'' with the Detransitivizer ''-an''. Soon after, or perhaps even simultaneously with these developments, the Inchoative marker ''-saxt-'' surfaced, most likely due to analogy with stative verbs. The final result is a passive voice where the Inchoative is applied in semantically transitive verbs which then licenses the passive pronominal affixes, e.g.:
	~~/saxtuʃ~~'~~nɛxaran/~~
	~~saxt~~-~~ušn-ex-ar~~-an
	~~INCH-hit-1S~~.~~PASS~~-~~PST~~-~~INTR~~
	~~I got hit (lit~~. ~~I became~~ the ~~one hit)~~
	~~In those uncommon instances where an independent pronoun~~ is ~~used,~~ the ~~simple Absolutive form is used, eg. 1S.ABS yak~~, 2S.~~ABS tah, 3S~~.~~ABS kua, etc~~:

	~~Yak saxtušnexaran~~		{{Gloss
	/~~yak~~ saxtuʃ'nɛxaran/		\|phrase = Saxtušnexaran
	~~yak~~ saxt-ušn-ex-ar-an		\| IPA = /saxtuʃ'nɛxaran/
	~~1S.ABS~~ INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR		\| morphemes = saxt-ušn-ex-ar-an
	I got hit (lit. I became the one hit)		\| gloss = INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR
	Just as a patient demoted by antipassivation can be retained in the clause with a postpositional clitic, in this case the Dative clitic =aran, the demoted agent of a passivized clause can be retained with a postpositional clitic, namely the Ablative clitic =yār		\| translation = I got hit (lit. I became the one hit)
			}}

	~~Duyyār saxtušnešexaran~~		In those uncommon instances where an independent pronoun is used, the simple Absolutive form is used, eg. 1S.ABS ''yak'', 2S.ABS ''tah'', 3S.ABS ''kua'', etc:
	~~/du:'ja:r saxtuʃnɛ'ʃexaran/~~
	~~dūy=yār saxt-ušn-eš-ex-ar-~~an
	~~salmon=ABL INCH-hit-~~1S.~~PASS-PST-INTR~~
	~~I got smacked by the salmon~~'~~s tail~~.
	~~Despite the degree of polysemy in the passive pronominal affixes~~, ~~ambiguity is resolved via the S/O pivot; in fact it is the preservation of the S/O pivot that is the primary motivation for using the passive voice~~. ~~The following comes from a Classical Minhast text~~:

	Saxtimassašpuhaxxarammā, ruwwaššundekarun.		{{Gloss
	/saxtɪmassaʃpuhax:a'ram:a: ruw:aʃ:un'dɛkarun/		\|phrase = Yak saxtušnexaran
	saxt-massap-šuhap-x-ar-an-mā ruwwas-xunde-ek-ar-un		\| IPA = /yak saxtuʃ'nɛxaran/
	INCH-wound-sword-1S.PASS-PST-INTR-SUBORD help-wound-1S.ACC+3S.NOM-PST-TRN		\| morphemes = yak saxt-ušn-ex-ar-an
	I had been wounded by (the enemy's) sword, (so) then he tended to my wounds.		\| gloss = 1S.ABS INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR
			\| translation = I got hit (lit. I became the one hit)
			}}

			Just as a patient demoted by antipassivation can be retained in the clause with a postpositional clitic, in this case the Dative clitic ''=aran'', the demoted agent of a passivized clause can be retained with a postpositional clitic, namely the Ablative clitic ''=yār''

			{{Gloss
			\|phrase = Duyyār saxtušnešexaran
			\| IPA = /du:'ja:r saxtuʃnɛ'ʃexaran/
			\| morphemes = dūy=yār saxt-ušn-eš-ex-ar-an
			\| gloss = salmon=ABL INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR
			\| translation = I got smacked by the salmon's tail.
			}}

			Despite the degree of polysemy in the passive pronominal affixes, ambiguity is resolved via the S/O pivot; in fact it is the preservation of the S/O pivot that is the primary motivation for using the passive voice. The following comes from a Classical Minhast text:

			{{Gloss
			\|phrase = Saxtimassašpuhaxxarammā, ruwwaššundekarun.
			\| IPA = /saxtɪmassaʃpuhax:a'ram:a: ruw:aʃ:un'dɛkarun/
			\| morphemes = saxt-massap-šuhap-x-ar-an-mā ruwwas-xunde-ek-ar-un
			\| gloss = INCH-wound-sword-1S.PASS-PST-INTR-SUBORD help-wound-1S.ACC+3S.NOM-PST-TRN
			\| translation = I had been wounded by (the enemy's) sword, (so) then he tended to my wounds.
			}}

Anyar: Setting up skeleton

2020-07-11T03:06:03Z

Setting up skeleton

New page

== Development of the Passive Voice ==

Based on early Classical Minhast texts, as well as the pre-Modern Stone Speaker dialects, an additional pronominal form has been reconstructed, -ya-, which functioned as the nominative case for an indefinite third person form (c.f. English "one", French "on", Spanish "se", etc).

From Old Minhast, the reconstructed indefinite pronominal affix appears in the verb complex of *wušun- "to hit":

** Wušunyakyaharuna
/wuʃunyakya'haruna/
wušun-yak-ya-har-u-na
hit-1S.ACC-3INDEF.NOM-PST-do-NMZ
Someone hit me (lit. Someone did the hitting of me)
This reconstructed pronominal form merged with the accusative segment of the portmanteau pronominal affixes, triggering lenition of velars and palatalization of dentals. Eventually, the meaning of indefinite "one" was lost and the verb was re-analyzed as a stative verb, leading to the replacement of the Transitivizer -u with the Detransitivizer -an. Soon after, or perhaps even simultaneously with these developments, the Inchoative marker -saxt- surfaced, most likely due to analogy with stative verbs. The final result is a passive voice where the Inchoative is applied in semantically transitive verbs which then licenses the passive pronominal affixes, e.g.:

Saxtušnexaran
/saxtuʃ'nɛxaran/
saxt-ušn-ex-ar-an
INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR
I got hit (lit. I became the one hit)
In those uncommon instances where an independent pronoun is used, the simple Absolutive form is used, eg. 1S.ABS yak, 2S.ABS tah, 3S.ABS kua, etc:

Yak saxtušnexaran
/yak saxtuʃ'nɛxaran/
yak saxt-ušn-ex-ar-an
1S.ABS INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR
I got hit (lit. I became the one hit)
Just as a patient demoted by antipassivation can be retained in the clause with a postpositional clitic, in this case the Dative clitic =aran, the demoted agent of a passivized clause can be retained with a postpositional clitic, namely the Ablative clitic =yār

Duyyār saxtušnešexaran
/du:'ja:r saxtuʃnɛ'ʃexaran/
dūy=yār saxt-ušn-eš-ex-ar-an
salmon=ABL INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR
I got smacked by the salmon's tail.
Despite the degree of polysemy in the passive pronominal affixes, ambiguity is resolved via the S/O pivot; in fact it is the preservation of the S/O pivot that is the primary motivation for using the passive voice. The following comes from a Classical Minhast text:

Saxtimassašpuhaxxarammā, ruwwaššundekarun.
/saxtɪmassaʃpuhax:a'ram:a: ruw:aʃ:un'dɛkarun/
saxt-massap-šuhap-x-ar-an-mā ruwwas-xunde-ek-ar-un
INCH-wound-sword-1S.PASS-PST-INTR-SUBORD help-wound-1S.ACC+3S.NOM-PST-TRN
I had been wounded by (the enemy's) sword, (so) then he tended to my wounds.