Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences - Revision history

MIGUELbM: /* Conlang Test Sentences */

2020-02-25T19:38:38Z

Conlang Test Sentences

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:38, 25 February 2020
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	#:: ''door next dog the dangerous is''		#:: ''door next dog the dangerous is''
	#:: ''dog door next the dangerous is''		#:: ''dog door next the dangerous is''

	#: Head final, specifiers and complements go up-front, adjuncts can go either way		#: Head final, specifiers and complements go up-front, adjuncts can go either way
	# ''The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.''		# ''The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.''

MIGUELbM: /* 1-25 */

2020-02-23T21:13:50Z

1-25

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:13, 23 February 2020
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	=== 1-25 ===		=== 1-25 ===

	# The dog next door is dangerous.		# ''The dog next door is dangerous.''
	#: ~~[<sub>DP</sub>~~the ~~dog next door] [<sub>NP</sub>~~ dangerous~~] [<sub>V</sub>~~ is]		#:: ''door next dog the dangerous is''
	#: ~~[the~~ dog next ~~door] [~~dangerous~~] [~~is]		#:: ''dog door next the dangerous is''
	# The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.		#: Head final, specifiers and complements go up-front, adjuncts can go either way
	# Al is married to Betty's only daughter.		# ''The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.''
	# The red house is the house that Jack built.		# ''Al is married to Betty's only daughter.''
	# Russell is not the only author of Principia Mathematica.		# ''The red house is the house that Jack built.''
	# The person who shot JFK worked for the CIA.		# ''Russell is not the only author of Principia Mathematica.''
	# If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.		# ''The person who shot JFK worked for the CIA.''
	# Jeremy is Cory's oldest son.		# ''If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.''
	# All hail the king.		# ''Jeremy is Cory's oldest son.''
	# Nothing is the greatest positive integer.		# ''All hail the king.''
	# The exam that every student failed is harder than the exam that every student passed.		# ''Nothing is the greatest positive integer.''
	# If you can't be with the one you love, love the one you're with.		# ''The exam that every student failed is harder than the exam that every student passed.''
	# The coach of the basketball team is looking for the tallest student.		# ''If you can't be with the one you love, love the one you're with.''
	# The king of Sweden's only son is married to one of Herbert's daughters.		# ''The coach of the basketball team is looking for the tallest student.''
	# Carla is the one freshman who aced every course in which she enrolled.		# ''The king of Sweden's only son is married to one of Herbert's daughters.''
	# The CEO of IBM is the spouse of someone present.		# ''Carla is the one freshman who aced every course in which she enrolled.''
	# Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.		# ''The CEO of IBM is the spouse of someone present.''
	# The former president of the United States is the only American who knows the president of every country.		# ''Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.''
	# This is the dog that chased the cat that stalked the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.		# ''The former president of the United States is the only American who knows the president of every country.''
	# The square of the length of the hypotenuse of any right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of its base and vertical sides.		# ''This is the dog that chased the cat that stalked the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.''
	# Bill hates George only if Pat hates Bill.		# ''The square of the length of the hypotenuse of any right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of its base and vertical sides.''
	# Being careful and diligent is necessary, but not sufficient for passing this course.		# ''Bill hates George only if Pat hates Bill.''
	# Some professors don't understand this problem.		# ''Being careful and diligent is necessary, but not sufficient for passing this course.''
	# Danny DeVito and ferocious lions and tigers are best avoided.		# ''Some professors don't understand this problem.''
	# Lawyers and real estate agents are rich or obnoxious.		# ''Danny DeVito and ferocious lions and tigers are best avoided.''
			# ''Lawyers and real estate agents are rich or obnoxious.''

	=== 26-50 ===		=== 26-50 ===

MIGUELbM: /* Conlang Test Sentences */

2020-02-23T20:37:06Z

Conlang Test Sentences

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:37, 23 February 2020
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	# The dog next door is dangerous.		# The dog next door is dangerous.
	#: [the dog next door] [<sub>NP</sub> dangerous] [<sub>V</sub> is]		#: [<sub>DP</sub>the dog next door] [<sub>NP</sub> dangerous] [<sub>V</sub> is]
	#: [the dog next door] [dangerous] [is]		#: [the dog next door] [dangerous] [is]
	# The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.		# The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.

MIGUELbM: /* Conlang Test Sentences */

2020-02-23T20:36:42Z

Conlang Test Sentences

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:36, 23 February 2020
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	# The dog next door is dangerous.		# The dog next door is dangerous.
			#: [the dog next door] [<sub>NP</sub> dangerous] [<sub>V</sub> is]
			#: [the dog next door] [dangerous] [is]
	# The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.		# The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.
	# Al is married to Betty's only daughter.		# Al is married to Betty's only daughter.

MIGUELbM at 20:09, 23 February 2020

2020-02-23T20:09:22Z

Show changes

MIGUELbM at 20:02, 23 February 2020

2020-02-23T20:02:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 23 February 2020
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	# The child waited at the door for her father.		# The child waited at the door for her father.

	== 51-~~100~~ ==		== 51-75 ==

	# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.		# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
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	# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.		# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
	# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.		# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.

			== 76-100 ==

	# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.		# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
	# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.		# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
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	# Is this the first kitten of the litter?		# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

	== 101-~~150~~ ==		== 101-125 ==

	# Are these shoes too big for you?		# Are these shoes too big for you?
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	# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.		# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
	# Stop your game and be quiet.		# Stop your game and be quiet.

			== 126-150 ==

	# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.		# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
	# Do you like summer or winter better?		# Do you like summer or winter better?
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	# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.		# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

	== 151-~~200~~ ==		== 151-175 ==

	# We learn something new each day.		# We learn something new each day.
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	# Do it yourself.		# Do it yourself.
	# I feel ashamed of myself.		# I feel ashamed of myself.

			== 176-200 ==

	# Sit here by yourself.		# Sit here by yourself.
	# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.		# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.

MIGUELbM at 19:59, 23 February 2020

2020-02-23T19:59:22Z

Show changes

MIGUELbM: /* 26-50 */

2020-02-16T23:56:07Z

26-50

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:56, 16 February 2020
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	== 26-50 ==		== 26-50 ==

	# Go away!		:; Go away!
	# Let's go!		:: go you
	# You should go.		:; Let's go!
	# I will be happy to go.		:: go we
	# He will arrive soon.		:; You should go.
	# The baby's ball has rolled away.		:; I will be happy to go.
	# The two boys are working together.		:: COP needs I happy go
	# This mist will probably clear away.		:; He will arrive soon.
	# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.		:; The baby's ball has rolled away.
	# We should eat more slowly.		:; The two boys are working together.
	# You have come too soon.		:; This mist will probably clear away.
	# You must write more neatly.		:; Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
	# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.		:; We should eat more slowly.
	# Henry's dog is lost.		:; You have come too soon.
	# My cat is black.		:; You must write more neatly.
	# The little girl's doll is broken.		:; Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
	# I usually sleep soundly.		:; Henry's dog is lost.
	# The children ran after Jack.		:; My cat is black.
	# I can play after school.		:; The little girl's doll is broken.
	# We went to the village for a visit.		:; I usually sleep soundly.
	# We arrived at the river.		:; The children ran after Jack.
	# I have been waiting for you.		:; I can play after school.
	# The campers sat around the fire.		:; We went to the village for a visit.
	# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.		:; We arrived at the river.
	# The child waited at the door for her father.		:; I have been waiting for you.
			:; The campers sat around the fire.
			:; A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
			:; The child waited at the door for her father.

	== 51-100 ==		== 51-100 ==

MIGUELbM: /* 1-25 */

2020-02-16T20:13:07Z

1-25

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:13, 16 February 2020
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	:; The sun shines.		:; The sun shines.
	:: sun[FOC] shines		:: sun(FOC) shines
	:: shines sun		:: shines sun
	Both sentences are valid depending on the pragmatic intentions of the speaker. If the speaker is changing subjects, introducing new or unexpected information, or if they simply wish to draw attention to the subject, then it would be fronted before the verb. A more neutral construction is likely to place all actors after the verb. Also note that "sun" is not marked for definiteness.		Both sentences are valid depending on the pragmatic intentions of the speaker. If the speaker is changing subjects, introducing new or unexpected information, or if they simply wish to draw attention to the subject, then it would be fronted before the verb. A more neutral construction is likely to place all actors after the verb. Also note that "sun" is not marked for definiteness.
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	:: shine stands sun		:: shine stands sun
	:: *shine stands stands.PST sun		:: *shine stands stands.PST sun
	Proto-Almaic has no dedicated construction to express the present perfect progressive. A dialectal ~~and idiomatic~~ alternative is presented in the second sentence.		Proto-Almaic has no dedicated construction to express the present perfect progressive. A dialectal, non-standard alternative is presented in the second sentence.
	:; The sun is shining again.		:; The sun is shining again.
	:: shine again stands sun		:: shine again stands sun
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	Unlike English, there is only one possible location for adverbs of frequency, as such the nuance of the chosen word order is lost. The second sentence is an altenative, more faithful but direct translation, it uses a serial verb construction to preserve the subject.		Unlike English, there is only one possible location for adverbs of frequency, as such the nuance of the chosen word order is lost. The second sentence is an altenative, more faithful but direct translation, it uses a serial verb construction to preserve the subject.
	:; The kitten jumped up.		:; The kitten jumped up.
			:: to jump-PST kitten above
	:; The kitten jumped onto the table.		:; The kitten jumped onto the table.
			:: to jump-PST kitten on table
			Preverbal adpositions are a common valency increasing strategy, normally used to promote the oblique object of an intransitive verb.
	:; My little kitten walked away.		:; My little kitten walked away.
			:: from go kitten little mine from
			A particular construction result of such strategies is the repetition of the adposition as the object of the sentence, to indicate reflexivity. In this case, the sentence can be understood as "my little kitten wlaked away (from itself/where it was)"
			:; It's working.
			:: work stands
	:; It's raining.		:; It's raining.
			:: *rain stands
			:: from rain stands from
			Proto-Almaic allows the use of avalent verbs. However, weather expressions in particular tend to be rendered through preverbal adpositions and self-reference.
	:; The rain came down.		:; The rain came down.
			:: from come rain above
			An non-idiomatic translation using principles previously explained.
	:; The kitten is playing in the rain.		:; The kitten is playing in the rain.
			:: play stands kitten under rain
			Since the verb for play is a transitive verb taking a subject and a game, it cannot make use of preverbal adpositions to take a location, instead, a prepositional phrase must be used.
	:; The rain has stopped.		:; The rain has stopped.
			:: stop-PST rain
			As previously stated, Proto-Almaic has no dedicated constructions for perfect aspects. In their place, the simple past is used.
	:; Soon the rain will stop.		:; Soon the rain will stop.
			:: stop soon needs rain.
			No new insights gained from this expression
	:; I hope the rain stops soon.		:; I hope the rain stops soon.
			:: hope I stops soon rain
			Verbs can easily be chained to form complex expressions.
	:; Once wild animals lived here.		:; Once wild animals lived here.
			:: live-PST once here animals wild
	:; Slowly she looked around.		:; Slowly she looked around.
			:: *look slowly around she
	~~{{ref/note\|Topic fronting\|1}}~~		:: to look she surroundings hers
			Consecutive adverbs follow an order of time - manner - place. In the second example, the sentence is translated that way to illustrate the proper order, the proper translation for the sentence is shown afterwards.

	== 26-50 ==		== 26-50 ==

MIGUELbM: /* 1-25 */

2020-02-16T15:50:48Z

1-25

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:50, 16 February 2020
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	== 1-25 ==		== 1-25 ==

	# The sun shines.		:; The sun shines.
	#: sun shines~~{{ref\|Topic fronting\|a}}~~		:: sun[FOC] shines
	#: shines the sun~~{{ref\|Topic fronting\|b}}~~		:: shines sun
	# The sun is shining.		Both sentences are valid depending on the pragmatic intentions of the speaker. If the speaker is changing subjects, introducing new or unexpected information, or if they simply wish to draw attention to the subject, then it would be fronted before the verb. A more neutral construction is likely to place all actors after the verb. Also note that "sun" is not marked for definiteness.
	# The sun shone.		:; The sun is shining.
	# The sun will shine.		:: shine stands sun
	# The sun has been shining.		Proto-Alamic uses auxiliary verbs to mark certain aspects and tenses, in this case the verb for "to stand" can take on an auxiliary role to mark the progressive aspect.
	# The sun is shining again.		:; The sun shone.
	# The sun will shine tomorrow.		:: shine-PST sun
	# The sun shines brightly.		Certain tenses like the past tense can just be marked by a suffix.
	~~# The bright~~ sun ~~shines.~~		:; The sun will shine.
	# The sun is rising now.		:: shine needs sun
	# All the people shouted.		Other tenses, like the future tense, have no dedicated suffix and must rely on the use of an auxiliary verb, in this case the verb for "to need".
	# Some of the people shouted.		:; The sun has been shining.
	# Many of the people shouted twice.		:: shine stands sun
	# Happy people often shout.		:: *shine stands stands.PST sun
	# The kitten jumped up.		Proto-Almaic has no dedicated construction to express the present perfect progressive. A dialectal and idiomatic alternative is presented in the second sentence.
	# The kitten jumped onto the table.		:; The sun is shining again.
	# My little kitten walked away.		:: shine again stands sun
	# It's raining.		:; The sun will shine tomorrow.
	# The rain came down.		:: shine tomorrow needs sun
	# The kitten is playing in the rain.		:; The sun shines brightly.
	# The rain has stopped.		:: shine brightly sun
	# Soon the rain will stop.		:; The sun is rising now.
	# I hope the rain stops soon.		:: rise now stands sun
	# Once wild animals lived here.		Adverbs normally go immediately after the main verb, before auxiliares, if any are present.
	# Slowly she looked around.		:; The bright sun shines.
			:: shine sun bright
			Adjectives, like adverbs, go directly after the head that they modify
			:; All the people shouted.
			:: shout-PST all people
			:; Some of the people shouted.
			:: shout-PST some people
			:; Many of the people shouted twice.
			:: shout-PST twice some people
			Determiners and numerals are normally found before the noun they modify
			:; Happy people often shout.
			:: shout often people happy
			:: tend_to_do people happy shout
			Unlike English, there is only one possible location for adverbs of frequency, as such the nuance of the chosen word order is lost. The second sentence is an altenative, more faithful but direct translation, it uses a serial verb construction to preserve the subject.
			:; The kitten jumped up.
			:; The kitten jumped onto the table.
			:; My little kitten walked away.
			:; It's raining.
			:; The rain came down.
			:; The kitten is playing in the rain.
			:; The rain has stopped.
			:; Soon the rain will stop.
			:; I hope the rain stops soon.
			:; Once wild animals lived here.
			:; Slowly she looked around.

	* {{ref/note\|Topic fronting\|a}} {{ref/note\|Topic fronting\|b}} Both sentences are valid depending on the pragmatic intentions of the speaker. If the speaker is changing subjects, introducing new or unexpected information, or if they simply wish to draw attention to the subject, then it would be fronted before the verb. A more neutral construction is likely to place all actors after the verb.		{{ref/note\|Topic fronting\|1}}

	== 26-50 ==		== 26-50 ==