Sware: /* One Ring */

2021-02-01T20:24:52Z

One Ring

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:24, 1 February 2021
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	Black Speech:		Black Speech:

	[[File:One Ring inscription.~~png~~\|300px]]		[[File:One Ring inscription.svg\|300px]]
	#Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul,		#Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul,
	#Ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul		#Ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul

Chrysophylax: Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"

2017-01-20T05:00:59Z

Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:00, 20 January 2017
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	[[Category:Languages]]		[[Category:Languages]]
	[[Category:~~Conlangs~~]]		[[Category:Languages]]
	[[Category:Proto-languages\|K]]		[[Category:Proto-languages\|K]]
	[[Category:A priori]]		[[Category:A priori]]
	[[Category:Kertha]]		[[Category:Kertha]]

IlL at 03:38, 7 December 2015

2015-12-07T03:38:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:38, 7 December 2015
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	[[Category:Languages]]		[[Category:Languages]]
	[[Category:Conlangs]]		[[Category:Conlangs]]
	[[Category:Proto-languages]]		[[Category:Proto-languages\|K]]
	[[Category:A priori]]		[[Category:A priori]]
	[[Category:Kertha]]		[[Category:Kertha]]

Waahlis at 11:28, 13 July 2013

2013-07-13T11:28:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:28, 13 July 2013
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	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
	===Consonants===		===Consonants===
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 680px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 680px; "
	! scope="col" style="width: 120px; "\|		! scope="col" style="width: 120px; "\|
	! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "\|Bilabial		! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "\|Bilabial
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	===Vowels===		===Vowels===
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 480px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 480px; "
	! scope="col" style="width: 100px; "\|		! scope="col" style="width: 100px; "\|
	! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "\|Front		! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "\|Front
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	\|}		\|}

	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 400px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; "
	! scope="col" style="width: 200px; "\|Syllabic consonants		! scope="col" style="width: 200px; "\|Syllabic consonants
	\| scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "\|'''ḻ''' /l̩ː/		\| scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "\|'''ḻ''' /l̩ː/
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	There are six similar conjugation patterns.		There are six similar conjugation patterns.

	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="~~wikitable article-table~~" style="width: 975px; "		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 975px; "
	! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "\|Infinitive ↓		! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "\|Infinitive ↓
	! colspan="5" scope="col" style="width: 375px; text-align: center; "\|Present indicative		! colspan="5" scope="col" style="width: 375px; text-align: center; "\|Present indicative
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	This could take some time...		This could take some time...

			[[Category:Languages]]
	[[Category:Conlangs]]		[[Category:Conlangs]]
	[[Category:Proto-languages]]		[[Category:Proto-languages]]
			[[Category:A priori]]
			[[Category:Kertha]]

Waahlis: Created page with "Proto-Kertha /ˈkɜːθə/ (from ''*kṟtha'' /ˈkr̩ːtʰa/, "earth") is the common ancestor of all the languages that exist in my pseudo-Tolkienian conworld, [[:File:Kertha...."

2013-07-12T22:11:24Z

Created page with "Proto-Kertha /ˈkɜːθə/ (from ''*kṟtha'' /ˈkr̩ːtʰa/, "earth") is the common ancestor of all the languages that exist in my pseudo-Tolkienian conworld, [[:File:Kertha...."

New page

Proto-Kertha /ˈkɜːθə/ (from ''*kṟtha'' /ˈkr̩ːtʰa/, "earth") is the common ancestor of all the languages that exist in my pseudo-Tolkienian conworld, [[:File:Kertha.png|Kertha]]. This proto-language is vaguely Germanic inspired.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 680px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 120px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|'''m''' /m/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''n''' /n/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plain stop
| style="text-align: center;"|'''p''' /p/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' /t/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''k''' /k/
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Aspirated stop
| style="text-align: center;"|'''ph''' /pʰ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' /tʰ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''kh''' /kʰ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Palatalised stop
| style="text-align: center;"|'''py''' /pʲ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''ty''' /tʲ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''ky''' /kʲ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Labialised stop
| style="text-align: center;"|'''pw''' /pʷ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''tw''' /tʷ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''kw''' /kʷ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''f''' /f/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''s''' /s/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''ś''' /ʃ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''h''' /h/
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' /j/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''w''' /w/
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Trill
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' /r/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''l''' /l/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 480px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|Front
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|Near-front
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|Central
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|Near-back
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|Back
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
| style="text-align: center;"|'''i''' /i/ '''ī''' /iː/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''ĭ''' /ɨ/ '''ŭ''' /ʉ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''u''' /u/ '''ū''' /uː/
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Near-close
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close-mid
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid
| style="text-align: center;"|'''e''' /e/ '''ē''' /eː/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''ə''' /ə/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''o''' /o/ '''ō''' /oː/
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open-mid
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Near-open
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''ă''' /ɐ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
| style="text-align: center;"|'''a''' /a/ '''ā''' /aː/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 200px; "|Syllabic consonants
| scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|'''ḻ''' /l̩ː/
| scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|'''ṟ''' /r̩ː/
|}

Short vowels (VS) are unmarked, long vowels (VL) bare macrons and "super-short" vowels (VB) are indicated by breves.

===Phonotactics===
*The most commonly permitted syllable structures are CV, CVC, CVV, CVVC, VC, V, VV, CVCC, VVC, VCC.
*Syllabic consonants may only be followed or preceded consonants and cannot occur word initially or finally.
*Words may only end in short vowels, nasal, plain plosive, alveolar or glottal consonants: a, e, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u.
*VLVL > VLVS
*VSVL > VLVS
*VVV > VVwV or VV

==Grammar==
===Overview===
*Three numbers: singular, dual, plural.
*Three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter.
*Definiteness shown by a mixture of declinable free-standing articles and invariable suffixes.
*Six cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, locative.
*Declensions for all numbers, genders and cases.
*Conjugations: present indicative, participles (present and past AKA gerund and preterite), present and past subjunctive, supine ("full" and "subordinate"), imperative.
*Auxiliary verbs: negating, future tense, intensifying, inferential evidential, deontic modal, passive.
*Particles: interrogative, far past, optative.
*For nouns and adjectives stress falls on the first syllable of the first non-grammatical morpheme of a word.
*Stress on verbs falls on the first syllable of the conjugation ending.
*For all other words stress falls on the first syllable.

===Declensions===
Proto-Kertha made no distinction between nouns and adjectives.

There are nine main declension patterns.

===Conjugations===
There are six similar conjugation patterns.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 975px; "
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "|Infinitive ↓
! colspan="5" scope="col" style="width: 375px; text-align: center; "|Present indicative
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 150px; text-align: center; "|Participles
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 150px; text-align: center; "|Subjunctive
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "|Supine
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "|Imperative
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "|1ps
! scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "|2ps
! scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "|3ps
! scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "|Dual
! scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "|Plural
! scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "|Present
! scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "|Past
! scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "|Present
! scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "|Past
! scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "|Full
! scope="col" style="width: 75px; text-align: center; "|Sub.
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|*-an
| style="text-align: center;"|*-en
| style="text-align: center;"|*-enat
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ena
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ēam
| style="text-align: center;"|*-enam
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ener
| style="text-align: center;"|*-anar
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ena
| style="text-align: center;"|*-āna
| style="text-align: center;"|*(se)-ān
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ān
| style="text-align: center;"|*-āon
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|*-en
| style="text-align: center;"|*-in
| style="text-align: center;"|*-inet
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ine
| style="text-align: center;"|*-īem
| style="text-align: center;"|*-inem
| style="text-align: center;"|*-inir
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ener
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ine
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ēne
| style="text-align: center;"|*(se)-ēn
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ēn
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ēon
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|*-er
| style="text-align: center;"|*-il
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ilet
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ile
| style="text-align: center;"|*-eim
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ilem
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ilir
| style="text-align: center;"|*-eret
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ile
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ēle
| style="text-align: center;"|*(se)-ēr
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ēr
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ōr
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|*-in
| style="text-align: center;"|*-un
| style="text-align: center;"|*-unit
| style="text-align: center;"|*-uni
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ūim
| style="text-align: center;"|*-unim
| style="text-align: center;"|*-unur
| style="text-align: center;"|*-inir
| style="text-align: center;"|*-uni
| style="text-align: center;"|*-īni
| style="text-align: center;"|*(se)-īn
| style="text-align: center;"|*-īn
| style="text-align: center;"|*-īon
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|*-on
| style="text-align: center;"|*-un
| style="text-align: center;"|*-unot
| style="text-align: center;"|*-uno
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ūom
| style="text-align: center;"|*-unom
| style="text-align: center;"|*-unur
| style="text-align: center;"|*-onor
| style="text-align: center;"|*-uno
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ōno
| style="text-align: center;"|*(se)-ōn
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ōn
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ēon
|-
! style="text-align: center;"|*-un
| style="text-align: center;"|*-in
| style="text-align: center;"|*-inut
| style="text-align: center;"|*-inu
| style="text-align: center;"|*-īum
| style="text-align: center;"|*-inum
| style="text-align: center;"|*-inir
| style="text-align: center;"|*-unur
| style="text-align: center;"|*-inu
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ūnu
| style="text-align: center;"|*(se)-ūn
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ūn
| style="text-align: center;"|*-ūon
|}

==Example texts==
===Lord's Prayer===
PK:
#Kūi phen wōe fisanile men henēe,
#Sēo esem fisanile hēmōononor.
#Sēo tyāpṟsito funo fenikēr,
#Sēo kiphon funo śīrān pīn kṟthēa wēntha men henēe.
#Kēmit wersona tyafāon kūin sonafane pherilon,
#Na kūunen furme lōktyafāon wēntha kēmi twa kūunen furīnen lōktyafenam.
#Na kēmin yēan ālāekēr si sŭperotenn het kēmin pikṟtēon feh təkhe.
#Kwusoputan.

IPA:
#/kuːi pʰen woːe fisanile men heneːe/,
#/seːo esem fisanile heːmoːononor/.
#/seːo tʲaːpr̩ːsito funo fenikeːr/,
#/seːo kipʰon funo ʃiːraːn piːn kr̩ːtʰeːa weːntʰa men heneːe/.
#/keːmit wersona tʲafaːon kuːin sonafane pʰerilon/,
#/na kuːunen furme loːktʲafaːon weːntʰa keːmi tʷa kuːunen furiːnen loːktʲafenam/.
#/na keːmin jeːan aːlaːekeːr si sʉperoten het keːmin pikr̩ːteːon feh təkʰe/.
#/kʷusoputan/.

Translationese:
#Our father who is in Heaven,
#Thy name is hallowed.
#Thy kingdom shall come,
#Thy will shall manifest on Earth as in Heavan.
#Us today give our daily bread,
#And our sins forgive as we too our sinners forgive.
#And us do not lead to temptation but us release from evil.
#Verily.

===One Ring===
PK:
#Kyina kerĭp sethīkēr mēne ūsōans, Kyina kerĭp sekimarēn mēne,
#Kyina kerĭp sehīnekēr mēne ūsōans na men ēm nērnir sethēkhān mēne

IPA:
#/kʲina kerɨp setʰiːkeːr meːne uːsoːans/, /kʲina kerɨp sekirmareːn meːne/,
#/kʲina kerɨp sehiːnekeːr meːne uːsoːans na men eːm neːrnir setʰeːkʰaːn meːne/

JRR Tolkien, LotR, p 49:
#One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,
#One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them

Black Speech:

[[File:One Ring inscription.png|300px]]
#Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul,
#Ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul

===Song of Gondor===
PK:
#Kontor! Kontor, para Khepēateh na Winēateh!
#Hūsa Ayeriteh sĭphanar kwāna; eh sĭtōa pīn Khelēe Śilēateh
#Pyunirener wēntha sitāe tuna men yōrāomi Tyakonuteh tāonane.
#Ha phḻsins therons! Saharm herīons! Ha twōneret tyāmi na kwera thīrĭk!
#Ha Kontor, Kontor! Thio funom tisons phḻtēr Khelēek Śilateh.
#Wōu kyināh Hūsa Ayeriteh sĭphān para Khepēateh na Winēateh?

IPA:
#/kontor/! /kontor/, /para kʰepeːateh na wineːateh/!
#/huːsa ajeriteh sɨpʰanar kʷaːna/; /eh sɨtoːa piːn kʰeleːe ʃileːateh/
#/pʲunirener weːntʰa sitaːe tuna men joːraːomi tʲakonuteh taːonane/.
#/ha pʰl̩ːsins tʰerons/! /saharam heriːons/! /ha tʷoːneret tʲaːmi na kʷera tʰiːrɨk/!
#/ha kontor/, /kontor/! /tʰio funom tisons pʰl̩ːteːr kʰeleːek ʃilateh/.
#/woːu kʲinaːh huːsa ajeriteh sɨpʰaːn para kʰepeːateh na wineːateh/?

JRR Tolkien, LotR, pp 412-3:
#Gondor! Gondor, between the Mountains and the Sea!
#West Wind blew there; the light upon the Silver Tree
#Fell like bright rain in gardens of the Kings of old.
#O proud walls! White towers! O wingèd crown and throne of gold!
#O Gondor, Gondor! Shall men behold the Silver Tree,
#Or West Wind blow again between the Mountains and the Sea?

==Descendants==
My basic plan for Kertha's languages is:
*[[Old Kvalian]] (Scandinavian inspired), ancestor of the languages of the Northern Men, Central Men and Dwarves.
*(Finnish inspired), ancestor of the languages of the Southern Men and Wood Elves.
*(Welsh inspired), ancestor of the languages of the Lake Elves and Coastal Men.
*(Slavic inspired), ancestor of the languages of the Goblins and Gnomes.
*(Georgian inspired), ancestor of the language of the Trolls.
*(Fijian inspired), ancestor of the languages of the Lake People and Merpeople.
*(Sanskrit inspired), the language of the Gods.

This could take some time...

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Proto-languages]]

Proto-Kertha - Revision history

Sware: /* One Ring */

Chrysophylax: Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"

IlL at 03:38, 7 December 2015

Waahlis at 11:28, 13 July 2013

Waahlis: Created page with "Proto-Kertha /ˈkɜːθə/ (from ''*kṟtha'' /ˈkr̩ːtʰa/, "earth") is the common ancestor of all the languages that exist in my pseudo-Tolkienian conworld, [[:File:Kertha...."