Proto-Settameric/Swadesh list - Revision history

Raistas at 12:01, 30 June 2020

2020-06-30T12:01:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:01, 30 June 2020
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	\| 64 \|\| fly (v.) \|\| njool, njil \|\| Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively.		\| 64 \|\| fly (v.) \|\| njool, njil \|\| Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 65 \|\| go \|\| wii, ~~haa~~ \|\|		\| 65 \|\| go \|\| wii, ʟʼaa \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 66 \|\| come \|\| *θoonʼə \|\|		\| 66 \|\| come \|\| *θoonʼə \|\|

Raistas at 08:33, 20 June 2020

2020-06-20T08:33:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:33, 20 June 2020
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	[[Category:Swadesh lists]]		[[Category:Swadesh lists]] [[Category:Settameric languages]]

Raistas at 19:08, 18 June 2020

2020-06-18T19:08:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:08, 18 June 2020
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	\| 69 \|\| stand \|\| ʟaa \|\| The Southern languages don't show this root, instead their words for "to stand" are derived from ''ɣaap''.		\| 69 \|\| stand \|\| ʟaa \|\| The Southern languages don't show this root, instead their words for "to stand" are derived from ''ɣaap''.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 70 \|\| give \|\| – \|\| No root can be reconstructed.		\| 70 \|\| give \|\| – \|\| No root can be reconstructed. Western languages show the root ''*-iq-'', which also had the meaning of "carrying". Other languages have different roots and in the Eastern languages the verb "to give" has no root and its person and aspect affixes do not attach to anything.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 71 \|\| say \|\| *qoołt \|\|		\| 71 \|\| say \|\| *qoołt \|\|

Raistas at 18:58, 18 June 2020

2020-06-18T18:58:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:58, 18 June 2020
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	\| 37 \|\| hair \|\| *ʟʼeepe \|\|		\| 37 \|\| hair \|\| *ʟʼeepe \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 38 \|\| head \|\| tʼuqʷ \|\| Various languages derive their words for "head" from ''~~qams~~'' "face", ''oori'' "forward", ''čiiŋqə'' "forehead".		\| 38 \|\| head \|\| tʼuqʷ \|\| Various languages derive their words for "head" from ''qamsə'' "face", ''oori'' "forward", ''čiiŋqə'' "forehead".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 39 \|\| ear \|\| ʟʼaatə, noo(tə)x \|\| The root ''noo(t)xə'' can not be easily reconstructed. It is only found among the Eastern languages and for some it can be reconstructed as ''noox'', while for others - ''*notxə''. This is very likely a substrate word from an extinct lnguage.		\| 39 \|\| ear \|\| ʟʼaatə, noo(tə)x \|\| The root ''noo(t)xə'' can not be easily reconstructed. It is only found among the Eastern languages and for some it can be reconstructed as ''noox'', while for others - ''*notxə''. This is very likely a substrate word from an extinct lnguage.

Raistas at 18:55, 18 June 2020

2020-06-18T18:55:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:55, 18 June 2020
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	\| 31 \|\| bone \|\| łəqʷ, xoockʼee \|\|		\| 31 \|\| bone \|\| łəqʷ, xoockʼee \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 32 \|\| grease \|\| woolxə, njooš \|\| ''*~~nyooš~~'' likely had an adjectival meaning of "containing a lot of fat".		\| 32 \|\| grease \|\| woolxə, njooš \|\| ''*njooš'' likely had an adjectival meaning of "containing a lot of fat".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 33 \|\| egg \|\| tqaalx \|\| The root ''~~nyujee~~'', that evolved into words for "egg" in various languages, actually meant "caviar".		\| 33 \|\| egg \|\| tqaalx \|\| The root ''njujee'', that evolved into words for "egg" in various languages, actually meant "caviar".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 34 \|\| horn \|\| *wiiʟ \|\|		\| 34 \|\| horn \|\| *wiiʟ \|\|

Raistas at 18:54, 18 June 2020

2020-06-18T18:54:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:54, 18 June 2020
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	\| 8 \|\| not \|\| *kää- \|\| A prefix, used together with nominals.		\| 8 \|\| not \|\| *kää- \|\| A prefix, used together with nominals.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 9 \|\| all \|\| lčus, ~~nyumʼə~~ \|\|		\| 9 \|\| all \|\| lčus, njumʼə \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 10 \|\| many \|\| səłku-(t/s) \|\| The Western and the Far Eastern languages show a final ''-t'', while other languages point towards ''*-s'' instead.		\| 10 \|\| many \|\| səłku-(t/s) \|\| The Western and the Far Eastern languages show a final ''-t'', while other languages point towards ''*-s'' instead.
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	\| 52 \|\| heart \|\| tʼiŋqee, łəmcas \|\| The Southern languages evolve their words for heart from ''*łəmcas'', which meant "middle".		\| 52 \|\| heart \|\| tʼiŋqee, łəmcas \|\| The Southern languages evolve their words for heart from ''*łəmcas'', which meant "middle".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 53 \|\| liver \|\| (r,ł)aaqʷa, \|\| The Western languages show initial ''r-'', while the Eastern ones show ''ł''. The Southern branch derives their words from łiqʷ "meat", or ''*tʰištə'' "spleen".		\| 53 \|\| liver \|\| (r/ł)aaqʷa, \|\| The Western languages show initial ''r-'', while the Eastern ones show ''ł'-'. The Southern branch derives their words from łiqʷ "meat", or ''*tʰištə'' "spleen".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 54 \|\| drink \|\| *mɣoor \|\|		\| 54 \|\| drink \|\| *mɣoor \|\|

Raistas at 18:52, 18 June 2020

2020-06-18T18:52:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:52, 18 June 2020
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	\| 62 \|\| kill \|\| *əłxəmʼa \|\|		\| 62 \|\| kill \|\| *əłxəmʼa \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 63 \|\| swim \|\| moor, ool \|\|		\| 63 \|\| swim \|\| moor, ool \|\| ''*ool'' meant "passive swimming" or "floating".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 64 \|\| fly (v.) \|\| \|\|		\| 64 \|\| fly (v.) \|\| njool, njil \|\| Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 65 \|\| go \|\| \|\|		\| 65 \|\| go \|\| wii, haa \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 66 \|\| come \|\| \|\|		\| 66 \|\| come \|\| *θoonʼə \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 67 \|\| lie \|\| \|\|		\| 67 \|\| lie \|\| łiiʟʼee, łooθa \|\| ''*łooθa'' probably meant "to lie down", but its reflexes often mean "to lie" in the daughter languages.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 68 \|\| sit \|\| \|\|		\| 68 \|\| sit \|\| θliiqʷrə θlaar \|\| ''θlaar'' was a perfective root and meant "to sit down".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 69 \|\| stand \|\| \|\|		\| 69 \|\| stand \|\| ʟaa \|\| The Southern languages don't show this root, instead their words for "to stand" are derived from ''ɣaap''.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 70 \|\| give \|\| \|\|		\| 70 \|\| give \|\| – \|\| No root can be reconstructed.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 71 \|\| \|\| \|\|		\| 71 \|\| say \|\| *qoołt \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 72 \|\| \|\| \|\|		\| 72 \|\| sun \|\| cos \|\| All Eastern languages derive their word for "sun" from the root ''kiŋ'' "day".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 73 \|\| moon \|\| \|\|		\| 73 \|\| moon \|\| *lʼunčə \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 74 \|\| star \|\| \|\|		\| 74 \|\| star \|\| *neejus \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 75 \|\| water \|\| \|\|		\| 75 \|\| water \|\| qʷʰee, wʼeep \|\| The root ''*qʷʰee'' could mean "any liquid in general", not specifically "drinking water".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 76 \|\| rain \|\| \|\|		\| 76 \|\| rain \|\| ijʼu \|\| Some Southern languages point toward ''jooɣʷ'', which is the word for "dew" in the Western languages.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 77 \|\| stone \|\| \|\|		\| 77 \|\| stone \|\| njiɣee, čikʷee \|\| The root ''*čikʷee'' probably meant "large rock".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 78 \|\| sand \|\| \|\|		\| 78 \|\| sand \|\| qʼoop, iłxiθ \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 79 \|\| land \|\| \|\|		\| 79 \|\| land \|\| eemxə, mʼee, čakʰ \|\| Roots ''čakʰ'' and ''*eemxə'' likely meant "dirt".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 80 \|\| cloud \|\| \|\|		\| 80 \|\| cloud \|\| awʼaθa, eensur \|\| eensur gave words for "sky" in various languages. Some also derive them from ''awʼiin'', that likely contained the older root for "cloud ''awʼ-''.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 81 \|\| smoke \|\| \|\|		\| 81 \|\| smoke \|\| (a)wʼeečqee \|\| It contains the old root ''awʼ-'', but the initial ''*a-'' was lost in most languages.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 82 \|\| fire \|\| \|\|		\| 82 \|\| fire \|\| eeŋeeŋqʼʷə, fleeŋqʼʷə \|\| Both roots contain ''*-eeŋqʼʷə'' of an unknown meaning.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 83 \|\| ashes \|\| \|\|		\| 83 \|\| ashes \|\| kiflum, pilaŋkʼee \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 84 \|\| burn \|\| \|\|		\| 84 \|\| burn \|\| pooł, qʷʰał \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 85 \|\| path \|\| \|\|		\| 85 \|\| path \|\| *łəɣtə \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 86 \|\| mountain \|\| \|\|		\| 86 \|\| mountain \|\| *mooθum \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 87 \|\| red \|\| \|\|		\| 87 \|\| red \|\| *pʼač(-kə) \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 88 \|\| green \|\| \|\|		\| 88 \|\| green \|\| qʼoomi, tqʼoom, quuł \|\| Both ''qʼoomi'' and ''*quuł'' often give words for "blue".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 89 \|\| yellow \|\| \|\|		\| 89 \|\| yellow \|\| *riiqu \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 90 \|\| white \|\| \|\|		\| 90 \|\| white \|\| *eequ \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 91 \|\| black \|\| \|\|		\| 91 \|\| black \|\| *quɣu \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 92 \|\| night \|\| \|\|		\| 92 \|\| night \|\| tʰax, nääɣtə, *eetʰək \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 93 \|\| warm \|\| \|\|		\| 93 \|\| warm \|\| pacʰee, kʷääxi \|\| ''kʷääxi'' meant "hot", while ''pacʰee'' meant "mildly warm".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 94 \|\| cold \|\| \|\|		\| 94 \|\| cold \|\| kʼiiwŋə, ljirqə \|\| ''kʼiiwŋə'' meant "mildly cool", while ''ljirqə'' meant "freezing, cold".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 95 \|\| full \|\| \|\|		\| 95 \|\| full \|\| *njuši \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 96 \|\| new \|\| \|\|		\| 96 \|\| new \|\| cʼiiwi, setni \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 97 \|\| good \|\| \|\|		\| 97 \|\| good \|\| *qarsi \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 98 \|\| round \|\| \|\|		\| 98 \|\| round \|\| wulun, qʼʷeelxə, *duki \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 99 \|\| dry \|\| \|\|		\| 99 \|\| dry \|\| *qʼaarkə \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 100 \|\| name \|\| \|\|		\| 100 \|\| name \|\| qʰal \|\| The Southern and Far Eastern langauges derive their words for "name" from ''akł-'' "to call" with the addition of suffixes ''-iin'', ''-tee'', or ''*-kə''.
	\|}		\|}


	[[Category:Swadesh lists]]		[[Category:Swadesh lists]]

Raistas at 17:49, 17 June 2020

2020-06-17T17:49:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:49, 17 June 2020
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	\| 9 \|\| all \|\| lčus, nyumʼə \|\|		\| 9 \|\| all \|\| lčus, nyumʼə \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 10 \|\| many \|\| səłku-(t/s) \|\| Western and ~~far~~ Eastern languages show a final ''-t'', while other languages point towards ''*-s'' instead.		\| 10 \|\| many \|\| səłku-(t/s) \|\| The Western and the Far Eastern languages show a final ''-t'', while other languages point towards ''*-s'' instead.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 11 \|\| one \|\| *~~nyeem~~ \|\|		\| 11 \|\| one \|\| *njeem \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 12 \|\| two \|\| *meeja \|\|		\| 12 \|\| two \|\| *meeja \|\|
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	\| 15 \|\| small \|\| *iłiiqʰi \|\|		\| 15 \|\| small \|\| *iłiiqʰi \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 16 \|\| woman \|\| eełəŋ(kʼə) \|\| ''kʼ'' only shows in Western languages and Šillai (a Southern language).		\| 16 \|\| woman \|\| eełəŋ(kʼə) \|\| ''kʼ'' only shows in the Western languages and Šillai (a Southern language).
	\|-		\|-
	\| 17 \|\| man \|\| jootuqʼee \|\| Problematic, as most languages have different words, like ''(i)nees'', or ''*ajtax'' (this word probably originally meant "husband").		\| 17 \|\| man \|\| jootuqʼee \|\| Problematic, as most languages have different words, like ''(i)nees'', or ''*ajtax'' (this word probably originally meant "husband").
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	\| 23 \|\| tree \|\| *čʰikʷee \|\|		\| 23 \|\| tree \|\| *čʰikʷee \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 24 \|\| seed \|\| θalču(jŋə) \|\| Western languages point to ''θalču'', while Eastern languages point towards *θalčiiŋ.		\| 24 \|\| seed \|\| θalču(jŋə) \|\| The Western languages point to ''θalču'', while the Eastern languages point towards *θalčiiŋ.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 25 \|\| leaf \|\| *pəlaŋqʼa \|\|		\| 25 \|\| leaf \|\| *pəlaŋqʼa \|\|
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	\| 29 \|\| meat \|\| dääw, diɣʷ \|\| Both ''dääw'' and ''diɣʷ'' gave words for "meat", but ''*dääw'' likely meant "cheek".		\| 29 \|\| meat \|\| dääw, diɣʷ \|\| Both ''dääw'' and ''diɣʷ'' gave words for "meat", but ''*dääw'' likely meant "cheek".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 30 \|\| blood \|\| – \|\| Reflexes of three different roots are found among different languages: ''arə'', ''ałkʷə and *cʰooxi.		\| 30 \|\| blood \|\| – \|\| Reflexes of three different roots are found among different languages: ''arə'', ''ałkʷə'' and ''*cʰooxi''.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 31 \|\| bone \|\| \|\|		\| 31 \|\| bone \|\| łəqʷ, xoockʼee \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 32 \|\| grease \|\| \|\|		\| 32 \|\| grease \|\| woolxə, njooš \|\| ''*nyooš'' likely had an adjectival meaning of "containing a lot of fat".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 33 \|\| egg \|\| \|\|		\| 33 \|\| egg \|\| tqaalx \|\| The root ''nyujee'', that evolved into words for "egg" in various languages, actually meant "caviar".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 34 \|\| horn \|\| \|\|		\| 34 \|\| horn \|\| *wiiʟ \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 35 \|\| tail \|\| \|\|		\| 35 \|\| tail \|\| čʼaakʼee, ncaak \|\| The most common root that gave words for "tail" is ''njaɣə'' (more precisely its doublet ''ŋaɣə'') "fish tail", while ''čʼaakʼee'' "animal tail" is found only in the Southern branch. The root ''ncaak'' probably meant "back".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 36 \|\| feather \|\| \|\|		\| 36 \|\| feather \|\| miixee, miiqʷee \|\| The western languages point towards ''miiqʷee, while the Southern show reflexes of miixee. Various Eastern languages have reflexes of ''*iłoop-čə'' instead.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 37 \|\| hair \|\| \|\|		\| 37 \|\| hair \|\| *ʟʼeepe \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 38 \|\| head \|\| \|\|		\| 38 \|\| head \|\| tʼuqʷ \|\| Various languages derive their words for "head" from ''qams'' "face", ''oori'' "forward", ''čiiŋqə'' "forehead".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 39 \|\| ear \|\| \|\|		\| 39 \|\| ear \|\| ʟʼaatə, noo(tə)x \|\| The root ''noo(t)xə'' can not be easily reconstructed. It is only found among the Eastern languages and for some it can be reconstructed as ''noox'', while for others - ''*notxə''. This is very likely a substrate word from an extinct lnguage.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 40 \|\| eye \|\| \|\|		\| 40 \|\| eye \|\| *qʰałee \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 41 \|\| nose \|\| \|\|		\| 41 \|\| nose \|\| *łəqʼaw \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 42 \|\| mouth \|\| \|\|		\| 42 \|\| mouth \|\| qʷeeθ, ooł \|\| The Far Eastern and the Southern langauges derive their word for "mouth" from ''*ʟʼeeqʷθə'' "throat".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 43 \|\| tooth \|\| \|\|		\| 43 \|\| tooth \|\| – \|\| Various languages show reflexes of different roots: ''qiɣee'', ''xecas'', əlʼəwnux'' ("tip", "blade"). ''xecas'' often has the meaning of "fangs", while ''*qiɣee'' gives words for "needle".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 44 \|\| tongue \|\| \|\|		\| 44 \|\| tongue \|\| qʰiił, mqiił \|\| The root ''mqiił'' looks like an old derivation of qʰiił and likely meant "chewing". The meaning of "speaking" probably appeared from the contamination of a similar root ''*mqal'' "language".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 45 \|\| fingernail \|\| \|\|		\| 45 \|\| fingernail \|\| – \|\| Problematic, as various languages point to two roots kʼwitʼə and toonxə, both of which meant something related to animals, like"claws" or "scales".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 46 \|\| foot \|\| \|\|		\| 46 \|\| foot \|\| *θitʼeeł \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 47 \|\| knee \|\| \|\|		\| 47 \|\| knee \|\| pʼiqee, aqeet \|\| Both roots could have meant "knee", based on the data from modern descendants.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 48 \|\| hand \|\| \|\|		\| 48 \|\| hand \|\| diim \|\| Most languages derive their words for "hand" from ''-nulkʼ-'' ("carrying in hands"), or ''*-iq'' ("by" or "with").
	\|-		\|-
	\| 49 \|\| belly \|\| \|\|		\| 49 \|\| belly \|\| tʼaaka, kʰis \|\| The root ''kʰis'' likely meant "body". The Western languages derive their words from ''wulun'' "round" instead.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 50 \|\| neck \|\| \|\|		\| 50 \|\| neck \|\| qʷaj \|\| The Eastern languages point to ''səkʷeen'' "the rotating one".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 51 \|\| breast \|\| \|\|		\| 51 \|\| breast \|\| *ipee \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 52 \|\| heart \|\| \|\|		\| 52 \|\| heart \|\| tʼiŋqee, łəmcas \|\| The Southern languages evolve their words for heart from ''*łəmcas'', which meant "middle".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 53 \|\| liver \|\| \|\|		\| 53 \|\| liver \|\| (r,ł)aaqʷa, \|\| The Western languages show initial ''r-'', while the Eastern ones show ''ł''. The Southern branch derives their words from łiqʷ "meat", or ''*tʰištə'' "spleen".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 54 \|\| drink \|\| \|\|		\| 54 \|\| drink \|\| *mɣoor \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 55 \|\| eat \|\| \|\|		\| 55 \|\| eat \|\| qʼancə \|\| The Plain Eastern languages have ''miis'' or ''moos'' instead, the exact vowel can not be determined because of the sound change oo>*ii in those languages. likely a substrate word.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 56 \|\| bite \|\| \|\|		\| 56 \|\| bite \|\| *łəθkoo \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 57 \|\| see \|\| \|\|		\| 57 \|\| see \|\| noonʼə, njən \|\| Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively. Most languages derive their words from both roots.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 58 \|\| hear \|\| \|\|		\| 58 \|\| hear \|\| meeʟʼ, mi \|\| Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 59 \|\| know \|\| \|\|		\| 59 \|\| know \|\| qʰoom \|\| The Western languages derive their words from fis "understand" instead.
	\|-		\|-
	\| 60 \|\| sleep \|\| \|\|		\| 60 \|\| sleep \|\| kʼʷooł, iłkʼʷə \|\| The root ''iłkʼʷə'' is likely a later derivation of ''kʼʷooł'', and meant "to dream".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 61 \|\| die \|\| \|\|		\| 61 \|\| die \|\| njapʰee, likumʼə \|\| The root ''njapʰee'' probably meant "dying of unnatural causes", while ''likumʼə'' was likely "dying of old age".
	\|-		\|-
	\| 62 \|\| kill \|\| \|\|		\| 62 \|\| kill \|\| *əłxəmʼa \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 63 \|\| swim \|\| \|\|		\| 63 \|\| swim \|\| moor, ool \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| 64 \|\| fly (v.) \|\| \|\|		\| 64 \|\| fly (v.) \|\| \|\|

Raistas: Created page with "{| class="wikitable" ! No. ! English ! PS ! Notes |- | 1 || I || n- || Appears as ''-an'' (1st person transitive subject), ''*-kan'' (1st person intransitive subject). |-..."

2020-06-17T10:02:45Z

Created page with "{| class="wikitable" ! No. ! English ! PS ! Notes |- | 1 || I || *n- || Appears as ''*-an'' (1st person transitive subject), ''*-kan'' (1st person intransitive subject). |-..."

New page

{| class="wikitable"
! No.
! English
! PS
! Notes
|-
| 1 || I || *n- || Appears as ''*-an'' (1st person transitive subject), ''*-kan'' (1st person intransitive subject).
|-
| 2 || you (sg.) || *ki- || Appears as ''*-akʷ'' (1st person transitive subject), ''*-kəxʷ'' (1st person intransitive subject).
|-
| 3 || we || *mi- ||
|-
| 4 || this || *ɣi || Proximal marker, contransted with *jooθə - another proximate marker, the difference between them is not established.
|-
| 5 || that || *ət || Distal marker, far from both speaker and listener. Contrasts with ''*da'' as the medial-distance marker, far from speaker but close to listener.
|-
| 6 || who || *kʷarsə || Higher animate (used when talking about humans), contrasts with ''*tʰam'', used with nouns of a lower animacy.
|-
| 7 || what || *wat ||
|-
| 8 || not || *kää- || A prefix, used together with nominals.
|-
| 9 || all || *lčus, *nyumʼə ||
|-
| 10 || many || *səłku-(t/s) || Western and far Eastern languages show a final ''*-t'', while other languages point towards ''*-s'' instead.
|-
| 11 || one || *nyeem ||
|-
| 12 || two || *meeja ||
|-
| 13 || big || *ɣʷiin ||
|-
| 14 || long || *kił ||
|-
| 15 || small || *iłiiqʰi ||
|-
| 16 || woman || *eełəŋ(kʼə) || ''*kʼ'' only shows in Western languages and Šillai (a Southern language).
|-
| 17 || man || *jootuqʼee || Problematic, as most languages have different words, like ''*(i)nees'', or ''*ajtax'' (this word probably originally meant "husband").
|-
| 18 || person || *nipeekʰ || Derives from ''*ni-'' and ''*weekʰu'' "people".
|-
| 19 || fish || *čʰuu, *qəqoon || ''*qəqoon'' probably meant "salmon" and kept its original meaning in Western languages.
|-
| 20 || bird || – || All branches show different words for "bird", such as ''*peeleeš'', ''*lčaŋkłəs'', or ''*cʼisqʷə''.
|-
| 21 || horse || *ilaar || Dogs do not exist on Liifam, a word for "horse" is listed instead.
|-
| 22 || louse || *θirxee ||
|-
| 23 || tree || *čʰikʷee ||
|-
| 24 || seed || *θalču(jŋə) || Western languages point to ''*θalču'', while Eastern languages point towards *θalčiiŋ.
|-
| 25 || leaf || *pəlaŋqʼa ||
|-
| 26 || root || *čʼəłəjip ||
|-
| 27 || bark (n.) || *xeerɣʷa ||
|-
| 28 || skin || *ʟuuqʼə, *θərə ||
|-
| 29 || meat || *dääw, *diɣʷ || Both ''*dääw'' and ''*diɣʷ'' gave words for "meat", but ''*dääw'' likely meant "cheek".
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| 30 || blood || – || Reflexes of three different roots are found among different languages: ''*arə'', ''*ałkʷə and *cʰooxi.
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| 31 || bone || ||
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| 32 || grease || ||
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| 33 || egg || ||
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| 34 || horn || ||
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| 35 || tail || ||
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| 36 || feather || ||
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| 37 || hair || ||
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| 38 || head || ||
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| 39 || ear || ||
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| 40 || eye || ||
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| 41 || nose || ||
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| 42 || mouth || ||
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| 43 || tooth || ||
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| 44 || tongue || ||
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| 45 || fingernail || ||
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| 46 || foot || ||
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| 47 || knee || ||
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| 48 || hand || ||
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| 49 || belly || ||
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| 50 || neck || ||
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| 51 || breast || ||
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| 52 || heart || ||
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| 53 || liver || ||
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| 54 || drink || ||
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| 55 || eat || ||
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| 56 || bite || ||
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| 57 || see || ||
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| 58 || hear || ||
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| 59 || know || ||
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| 60 || sleep || ||
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| 61 || die || ||
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| 62 || kill || ||
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| 63 || swim || ||
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| 64 || fly (v.) || ||
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| 65 || go || ||
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| 66 || come || ||
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| 67 || lie || ||
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| 68 || sit || ||
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| 69 || stand || ||
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| 70 || give || ||
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| 71 || || ||
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| 72 || || ||
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| 73 || moon || ||
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| 74 || star || ||
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| 75 || water || ||
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| 76 || rain || ||
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| 77 || stone || ||
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| 78 || sand || ||
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| 79 || land || ||
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| 80 || cloud || ||
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| 81 || smoke || ||
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| 82 || fire || ||
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| 83 || ashes || ||
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| 84 || burn || ||
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| 85 || path || ||
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| 86 || mountain || ||
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| 87 || red || ||
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| 88 || green || ||
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| 89 || yellow || ||
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| 90 || white || ||
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| 91 || black || ||
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| 92 || night || ||
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| 93 || warm || ||
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| 94 || cold || ||
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| 95 || full || ||
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| 96 || new || ||
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| 97 || good || ||
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| 98 || round || ||
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| 99 || dry || ||
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| 100 || name || ||
|}

[[Category:Swadesh lists]]