Pulqer - Revision history

Psammead at 10:47, 24 October 2024

2024-10-24T10:47:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:47, 24 October 2024
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			{{Infobox language
			\| name = Pulqer
			\| altname =
			\| nativename =
			\| acceptance =
			\| image =
			\| imagescale =
			\| imagealt =
			\| imagecaption =
			\| pronunciation = pul'kʷɛr
			\| states = Jacques (Caq)
			\| region =
			\| creator = Neil Whalley
			\| created =
			\| setting =
			\| ethnicity =
			\| extinct =
			\| era =
			\| speakers =
			\| date =
			\| dateprefix =
			\| ref =
			\| refname =
			\| speakers2 =
			\| revived =
			\| revived-category = <!-- or revived-cat -->
			\| familycolor = Indo-European
			\| family = Indo-European
			\| fam1 = Romance
			\| fam2 = Pulqer
			\| fam3 = <!-- up to fam15 -->
			\| protoname =
			\| ancestor = Proto-Indo-European
			\| ancestor2 = Latin
			\| ancestor3 = Vulgar Latin
			\| ancestor4 = Old Pulqer
			\| ancestor5 = Middle Pulqer
			\| standards =
			\| stand1 =
			\| stand2 = <!-- up to stand6 -->
			\| dialects =
			\| listclass =
			\| dia1 =
			\| dia2 = <!-- up to dia20 -->
			\| script = Latn
			\| sign =
			\| posteriori =
			\| nation =
			\| minority =
			\| agency =
			\| development_body =
			\| iso1 =
			\| iso1comment =
			\| iso2 =
			\| iso2b =
			\| iso2t =
			\| iso2comment =
			\| iso3 = qpq
			\| iso3comment =
			\| lc1 =
			\| ld1 =
			\| lc2 = <!-- up to lc30 -->
			\| ld2 = <!-- up to ld30 -->
			\| iso6 =
			\| isoexception =
			\| linglist =
			\| lingname =
			\| linglist2 = <!-- up to linglist6 -->
			\| lingname2 = <!-- up to lingname6 -->
			\| glotto =
			\| glottorefname =
			\| glotto2 = <!-- up to glotto5 -->
			\| glottorefname2 = <!-- up to glottorefname5 -->
			\| aiatsis =
			\| aiatsisname =
			\| aiatsis2 = <!-- up to aiatsis6 -->
			\| aiatsisname2 = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 -->
			\| guthrie =
			\| ELP =
			\| ELPname =
			\| ELP2 = <!-- up to ELP6 -->
			\| ELPname2 = <!-- up to ELPname6 -->
			\| glottopedia =
			\| lingua =
			\| lingua_ref =
			\| ietf =
			\| map =
			\| mapscale =
			\| mapalt =
			\| mapcaption =
			\| map2 =
			\| mapalt2 =
			\| mapcaption2 =
			\| pushpin_map =
			\| pushpin_image =
			\| pushpin_map_alt =
			\| pushpin_map_caption =
			\| pushpin_mapsize =
			\| pushpin_label =
			\| pushpin_label_position =
			\| coordinates = <!-- use {{Coord}} -->
			\| module =
			\| notice = IPA
			}}

	'''Pulqer''' is a Romance language spoken on the island of Jaques (Pul. ''Caq''). Along with Sardinian it is one of the earliest languages to diverge from Latin and is thought to have been isolated since the 3rd century AD. Pulqer has been heavily influenced by the now vanished language of ''[[Kelt]]'', previously spoken on the island, both in its phonology and vocabulary. This marks Pulqer out as distinct amongst the Romance languages.		'''Pulqer''' is a Romance language spoken on the island of Jaques (Pul. ''Caq''). Along with Sardinian it is one of the earliest languages to diverge from Latin and is thought to have been isolated since the 3rd century AD. Pulqer has been heavily influenced by the now vanished language of ''[[Kelt]]'', previously spoken on the island, both in its phonology and vocabulary. This marks Pulqer out as distinct amongst the Romance languages.

Psammead: /* Prepositions */

2022-03-12T10:26:59Z

Prepositions

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:26, 12 March 2022
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	===Prepositions===		===Prepositions===
	There are a relatively small number of simple prepositions: ''a'' "to, at"; ''~~kantyr~~'' "against"; ''ku(n)'' "with"; ''te'' "of"; ''i(n)'' "in"; ''~~intyr~~'' "between, among"; ''par'' "for, through, by"; ''sin'' "without"; ''sapyr'' "above".		There are a relatively small number of simple prepositions: ''a'' "to, at"; ''kantyl'' "against"; ''ku(n)'' "with"; ''te'' "of"; ''i(n)'' "in"; ''intyl'' "between, among"; ''par'' "for, through, by"; ''sin'' "without"; ''sapyr'' "above".

	These may be combined with personal pronouns:		These may be combined with personal pronouns:

Psammead: /* Prepositions */

2022-03-12T10:26:09Z

Prepositions

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:26, 12 March 2022
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	These may be combined with personal pronouns:		These may be combined with personal pronouns:

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
	\|-		\|-
	! width="100px;" \| ''a-'' "to, at" !! width="100px;" \| ''ku-'' "with" !! width="100px;" \| ''te-'' "of" !! width="100px;" \| ''i-'' "in" !! width="100px;" \| ''sin'' "without"		! width="100px;" \| ''a-'' "to, at" !! width="100px;" \| ''ku-'' "with" !! width="100px;" \| ''te-'' "of" !! width="100px;" \| ''i-'' "in" !! width="100px;" \| ''sin'' "without"
	\|-		\|-
	\| ''ami <br> ati <br> alu, ala <br> ani <br> api <br> ali, ale \|\| ''~~kumi~~ <br> ~~kuti~~ <br> kulu, kula <br> ~~kuni~~ <br> ~~kupi~~ <br> kuli, kule \|\| ''temi <br> teti <br> telu, tela <br> teni <br> tepi <br> teli, tele \|\| ''imi <br> iti <br> ilu, ila <br> ini <br> ipi <br> ili, ile \|\| ''simmi <br> sinti <br> sinlu, sinla <br> sinni <br> simpi <br> sinli, sinle		\| ''ami <br> ati <br> alu, ala <br> ani <br> api <br> ali, ale <br> asi \|\| ''miku <br> tiku <br> kulu, kula <br> nasku <br> pasku <br> kuli, kule <br> siku \|\| ''temi <br> teti <br> telu, tela <br> teni <br> tepi <br> teli, tele <br> tesi \|\| ''imi <br> iti <br> ilu, ila <br> ini <br> ipi <br> ili, ile <br> isi \|\| ''simmi <br> sinti <br> sinlu, sinla <br> sinni <br> simpi <br> sinli, sinle <br> sinsi
	\|}		\|}

Psammead: /* Negation */

2022-02-13T10:01:36Z

Negation

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:01, 13 February 2022
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	Negative imperatives are formed with ''na'' before the verb, e.g. ''na halet'' "don't speak", ''na hri'' "don't cry', ''na lukamit'' "don't eat it".		Negative imperatives are formed with ''na'' before the verb, e.g. ''na halet'' "don't speak", ''na hri'' "don't cry', ''na lukamit'' "don't eat it".

			===Prepositions===
			There are a relatively small number of simple prepositions: ''a'' "to, at"; ''kantyr'' "against"; ''ku(n)'' "with"; ''te'' "of"; ''i(n)'' "in"; ''intyr'' "between, among"; ''par'' "for, through, by"; ''sin'' "without"; ''sapyr'' "above".

			These may be combined with personal pronouns:

			{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
			\|-
			! width="100px;" \| ''a-'' "to, at" !! width="100px;" \| ''ku-'' "with" !! width="100px;" \| ''te-'' "of" !! width="100px;" \| ''i-'' "in" !! width="100px;" \| ''sin'' "without"
			\|-
			\| ''ami <br> ati <br> alu, ala <br> ani <br> api <br> ali, ale \|\| ''kumi <br> kuti <br> kulu, kula <br> kuni <br> kupi <br> kuli, kule \|\| ''temi <br> teti <br> telu, tela <br> teni <br> tepi <br> teli, tele \|\| ''imi <br> iti <br> ilu, ila <br> ini <br> ipi <br> ili, ile \|\| ''simmi <br> sinti <br> sinlu, sinla <br> sinni <br> simpi <br> sinli, sinle
			\|}

	==Derivation==		==Derivation==

Psammead: /* Personal */

2022-02-12T12:37:52Z

Personal

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:37, 12 February 2022
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	===Pronouns===		===Pronouns===
	====Personal====		====Personal====
	Personal pronouns exist for each person in the singular and plural, ~~plus a single reflexive pronoun ''si'', used for all persons and numbers. Only~~ the ~~1sg~~ and ~~2sg~~ make any distinction between subject and object pronouns.		Personal pronouns exist for each person in the singular and plural, but only the 1st and 2nd persons make any distinction between subject and object pronouns.

	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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	! rowspan="2;" \|		! rowspan="2;" \|
	! colspan="2;" \| Singular		! colspan="2;" \| Singular
	! ~~style="width: 100px" rowspan~~="2;" \| Plural		! colspan="2;" \| Plural
	\|-		\|-
			! style="width: 100px" \| Subject
			! style="width: 100px" \| Object
	! style="width: 100px" \| Subject		! style="width: 100px" \| Subject
	! style="width: 100px" \| Object		! style="width: 100px" \| Object
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	\| ''mi''		\| ''mi''
	\| ''nu''		\| ''nu''
			\| ''ni''
	\|-		\|-
	! 2		! 2
	\| ''tu''		\| ''tu''
	\| ''ti'' ~~(obj.)~~		\| ''ti''
	\| ''pu''		\| ''pu''
			\| ''pi''
	\|-		\|-
	! 3m		! 3m
	\| colspan="2;" \| ''lu''		\| colspan="2;" \| ''lu''
	\| ''li''		\| colspan="2;" \| ''li''
	\|-		\|-
	! 3f		! 3f
	\| colspan="2;" \| ''la''		\| colspan="2;" \| ''la''
	\| ''le''		\| colspan="2;" \| ''le''
	\|-		\|-
	! Refl.		! Refl.
			\|
			\| ''si''
	\|		\|
	~~\| colspan="2;"~~ \| ''si''		\| ''si''
	\|}		\|}

	The subject pronouns are used as the subject of a verb (''cu'' ~~and ''tu~~''~~), e.g.~~ '''''la''' am sa musk'' "~~she loves~~ music", '''''cu''' ~~talmip~~'' "~~I slept~~".		The subject pronouns are used as the subject of a verb only when more than one subject is involved, e.g. '''''cu''' i '''tu''' eman sa musk'' "me and you love music", '''''la''' i Akuśt cakean nu cak'' "She and Akust played a game".

	The object pronouns are used in the following ways:		The object pronouns are used in the following ways:
	* as the direct object of a verb ~~(''mi, ti'')~~, e.g. ''lu am '''ti''''' "he loves you", ''su trakun mankep '''le''''' "the dragon ate them ~~(f.)~~".		* as the direct object of a verb where more than one object is involved, e.g. ''lu em '''ti''' i '''mi''''' "he loves you and me", ''su trakun mankep '''le''' a si kapat luar'' "the dragon ate them and their horses".
	* following prepositions ~~(''mi, ti'')~~, e.g. ''ku '''mi''''' "with me", ''pel '''pu''''' "for you".		* following prepositions, e.g. ''ku '''mi''''' "with me", ''pel '''pu''''' "for you".
	* as possessive adjectives following the noun, with or without ''te'' "of", e.g. ''kes mi'' or ''kes te mi'' "my house".

	The reflexive pronoun can only be used ~~as an object or~~ following prepositions, e.g. ''~~si milt tutepan '''si''''' "the soldiers killed themselves", ''nu kantan~~ ku '''si''''' "~~we sing~~ to ~~ourselves~~".		The reflexive pronoun can only be used following prepositions, e.g. ''lakant ku '''si''''' "she sings to herself".

	====Relative====		====Relative====

Psammead: /* Negation */

2022-02-12T12:06:43Z

Negation

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:06, 12 February 2022
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	Negative verbs are formed by adding the particle ''anin'' after the verb, e.g. ''cutiem anin'' "I don't love you", ''Lihan anin na mis'' "they are not making a table", ''Kraz piti 'nin Malk'' "Kraz did not see Malk". Note that the initial ''a-'' drops following a vowel.		Negative verbs are formed by adding the particle ''anin'' after the verb, e.g. ''cutiem anin'' "I don't love you", ''Lihan anin na mis'' "they are not making a table", ''Kraz piti 'nin Malk'' "Kraz did not see Malk". Note that the initial ''a-'' drops following a vowel.

	Negative imperatives are formed with ''nu'' before the verb, e.g. ''nu halet'' "don't speak", ''nu hri'' "don't cry'.		Negative imperatives are formed with ''na'' before the verb, e.g. ''na halet'' "don't speak", ''na hri'' "don't cry', ''na lukamit'' "don't eat it".

	==Derivation==		==Derivation==

Psammead: /* Periphrastic Tenses */

2022-02-12T12:04:44Z

Periphrastic Tenses

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	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
	\|-		\|-
	! width="150px;" \| Tense !! width="~~150px~~;" \| Auxiliary !! width="150px;" \| Main Verb !! width="~~250px~~;" \| Example		! width="150px;" \| Tense !! width="175px;" \| Auxiliary !! width="150px;" \| Main Verb !! width="300px;" \| Example
	\|- style="text-align:left;"		\|- style="text-align:left;"
	! Present Perfect Ind.		! Present Perfect Ind.
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	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}

			====Negation====
			Negative verbs are formed by adding the particle ''anin'' after the verb, e.g. ''cutiem anin'' "I don't love you", ''Lihan anin na mis'' "they are not making a table", ''Kraz piti 'nin Malk'' "Kraz did not see Malk". Note that the initial ''a-'' drops following a vowel.

			Negative imperatives are formed with ''nu'' before the verb, e.g. ''nu halet'' "don't speak", ''nu hri'' "don't cry'.

	==Derivation==		==Derivation==

Psammead: /* Periphrastic Tenses */

2022-02-12T11:24:21Z

Periphrastic Tenses

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:24, 12 February 2022
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	Besides the basic tenses formed with conjugated verbs, a number of other tenses can be made with forms of ''seśtyl'' "be" and ''el'' "have" used as auxiliaries and either the infinitive or past participle of the lexical verb.		Besides the basic tenses formed with conjugated verbs, a number of other tenses can be made with forms of ''seśtyl'' "be" and ''el'' "have" used as auxiliaries and either the infinitive or past participle of the lexical verb.

	{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align:left;~~"		{\| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
	\|-		\|-
	! width="150px;" \| Tense !! width="150px;" \| Auxiliary !! width="150px;" \| Main Verb !! width="~~200px~~;" \| Example		! width="150px;" \| Tense !! width="150px;" \| Auxiliary !! width="150px;" \| Main Verb !! width="250px;" \| Example
	\|-		\|- style="text-align:left;"
	! Present Perfect		! Present Perfect Ind.
	\| ~~Pres. Ind.~~ ''el'' + Past ~~Ptc.~~ \|\| ''a pitit'' "has seen"		\| Present Indicative of ''el'' \|\| Past Participle \|\| ''su arik a pitit'' "the king has seen"
	\|-		\|- style="text-align:left;"
	! Past Perfect		! Past Perfect Ind.
	\| Past ~~Ind.~~ ''el'' + Past ~~Ptc.~~ \|\| ''hai pitit'' "had seen"		\| Past Indicative of ''el'' \|\| Past Participle \|\| ''su arik hai pitit'' "the king had seen"
	\|-		\|- style="text-align:left;"
	! Future		! Future Ind.
	\| ~~Pres. Ind.~~ ''el'' ~~+ Infin.~~ \|\| ''a pitil'' "will see''		\| Present Indicative of ''el'' \|\| Infinitive \|\| ''su arik a pitil'' "the king will see''
	\|-		\|- style="text-align:left;"
	!		! Present Perfect Subv.
			\| Present Subjunctive of ''el'' \|\| Past Participle \|\| ''su arik haiar pitit'' "the king may have seen"
			\|- style="text-align:left;"
			! Conditional
			\| Past Subjunctive of ''el'' \|\| Past Participle \|\| ''su arik hais pitit'' "the king might have seen"
			\|- style="text-align:left;"
			! Future Subv.
			\| Present Subjunctive of ''el'' \|\| Infinitive \|\| ''su arik haiar pitil'' "the king may see''
			\|-
			\|}

	==Derivation==		==Derivation==

Psammead: /* Irregular Verbs */

2022-02-12T11:15:26Z

Irregular Verbs

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 | ''tet''
 |}
 ==Derivation==

Psammead: /* Irregular Verbs */

2022-02-12T10:38:21Z

Irregular Verbs

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 | ''hant''
 | ''tet''
 |}