Scellan/Syntax - Revision history

IlL: /* Time clauses */

2023-01-20T07:28:56Z

Time clauses

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:28, 20 January 2023
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	''Balanced'' time clauses can be formed with the conjunctions ''tev'' 'when', ''ñal'' 'before', ''tynd'' 'after', or ''hiañ'' 'while'. Balanced clauses use finite verb forms, hence always mark tense.		''Balanced'' time clauses can be formed with the conjunctions ''tev'' 'when', ''ñal'' 'before', ''tynd'' 'after', or ''hiañ'' 'while'. Balanced clauses use finite verb forms, hence always mark tense.

	''Deranked'' time clauses can be formed by using a preposition, most commonly ''dy'' 'when', ''jwiva'' 'until', ''ñal'' 'before', and ''tynd'' 'after'. The subject of the time clause is marked with a genitive construction, either by the preposition ''ry'' or by using a possessive pronoun. Deranked time clauses have no inherent tense. Deranked clauses are somewhat higher-register than balanced clauses (but in other Talmic languages such as [[Anbirese]] they're less marked).		''Deranked'' time clauses can be formed by using a preposition, most commonly ''dy'' 'when', ''jwiva'' 'until', ''ñal'' 'before', and ''tynd'' 'after'. The subject of the time clause is marked with a genitive construction, either by the preposition ''ry'' or by using a possessive pronoun. Deranked time clauses have no inherent tense. Similar deranked clause constructions can be found in Irish and Hebrew. Deranked clauses are somewhat higher-register than balanced clauses (but in other Talmic languages such as [[Anbirese]] they're less marked).

	Ex:		Ex:
	*''dy cri rib'' 'when we walk' ~~(lit. 'upon our walking')~~		*''dy cri rib'' (LOC walk.VN of-1EX) 'when we walk'
	*When there is no possessor the subject is assumed to be an impersonal subject: ''dy cri'' 'when one walks'.
			When there is no possessor the subject is assumed to be an impersonal subject: ''dy cri'' 'when one walks'.

	===Relative clauses===		===Relative clauses===

IlL at 07:27, 20 January 2023

2023-01-20T07:27:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:27, 20 January 2023
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	A mostly-analytic language, Eevo (~~Skellan~~) is ~~topic~~-prominent and strongly head-initial (with exceptions in poetry).		A mostly-analytic language, Eevo (Scellan) is focus-prominent and strongly head-initial (with exceptions in poetry), like Salishan and Polynesian languages.
			<!--
	~~Evolve the syntax from "topic, Irishy sentence about the topic"; simplify the comment along the lines of Korean~~
	==Topic-prominence==		==Topic-prominence==
	Fundamental to Skellan syntax is its topic-prominent V2 word order, a unique feature among Talman languages. Sentences usually, but not always, use the following word order in main clauses:		Fundamental to Skellan syntax is its topic-prominent V2 word order, a unique feature among Talman languages. Sentences usually, but not always, use the following word order in main clauses:
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	** In colloquial speech, pronouns referring to the topic can be omitted whenever the relation and the topic are clear: ''Fiar þyl a leeð, naw jyçár a leeð.''		** In colloquial speech, pronouns referring to the topic can be omitted whenever the relation and the topic are clear: ''Fiar þyl a leeð, naw jyçár a leeð.''
	*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.		*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.
			-->
	==Noun phrase==		==Noun phrase==
	~~Skellan~~ uses an unusual article system from the perspective of other Talman languages. It has a specific article (like Windermere) but no definite article (unlike Windermere and other Talmic languages), and number is only marked for specific nouns.		Scellan uses an unusual article system from the perspective of other Talman languages. It has a specific article (like Windermere) but no definite article (unlike Windermere and other Talmic languages), and number is only marked for specific nouns.
	*no article for non-specific or collective (number neutral)		*no article for non-specific or collective (number neutral)
	*''a(ð)'' for specific singular		*''a(ð)'' for specific singular
	*''na'' for specific plural		*''na'' for specific plural

	Singulative and plurative (called "singular" and "plural" below for convenience) refer to one resp. more than one specific instances of the noun. A noun in the collective form refers to "[noun] in general" or "the set of all [noun]". This distinction also applies to abstract nouns (which often use unmarked collectives). A non-specific abstract noun refers to the quality in general, and the singulative and plurative refer to one or more specific instances or manifestations of the abstract noun. For example, the collective ''fosgu'' means 'valor (in general)'; the singulative ''a fosgu'' means 'a/the valiant deed'; the plurative ''na fosgu'' means '(the) valiant deeds'.		Singulative and plurative (called "singular" and "plural" below for convenience) refer to one resp. more than one specific instances of the noun. A noun in the collective form refers to "[noun] in general" or "the set of all [noun]". This distinction also applies to abstract nouns (which often use unmarked collectives). A non-specific abstract noun refers to the quality in general, and the singulative and plurative refer to one or more specific instances or manifestations of the abstract noun. For example, the collective ''fosgu'' means 'valor (in general)'; the singulative ''a fosgu'' means 'a/the (specific) valiant deed'; the plurative ''na fosgu'' means '(the) valiant deeds'.

	Non-specific nouns are referred to with plural pronouns.		Non-specific nouns are referred to with plural pronouns.
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	#:That was the year in which they entered.		#:That was the year in which they entered.
	#''Membership'' is expressed using ''X COP dyb Y (PRON)'' (etym. "X is in all Y's"). This asserts "X is-a Y", i.e. "X is in the set of all Y's".		#''Membership'' is expressed using ''X COP dyb Y (PRON)'' (etym. "X is in all Y's"). This asserts "X is-a Y", i.e. "X is in the set of all Y's".
	#:'''''~~Socrátees dyb~~ croð ~~(o)~~, croð ~~dyb paryçtá (o)~~. Ceeda ~~Socrátees~~ dyb paryçta ~~(o)~~.'''''		#:'''''Dyb croð Soocrátees, dyb baryçtá bo croð. Ceeda dyb paryçta Soocrátee..'''''
	#:~~Socrates~~ is_a human ~~(3SG.M)~~, ~~human~~ is_a mortal ~~(3SG.M)~~. therefore Socrates ~~mortal (3SG.M)~~.		#: is_a human Socrates, is_a mortal COL human. therefore is_a mortal Socrates.
	#:Socrates is human; humans are mortal. Hence Socrates is mortal.		#:Socrates is human; humans are mortal. Hence Socrates is mortal.

IlL at 15:30, 22 February 2022

2022-02-22T15:30:44Z

IlL: /* Exceptions */

2022-01-21T12:10:08Z

Exceptions

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:10, 21 January 2022
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	*Topic-focused comment: Some component might be focused within the comment clause for the topic, and that focused constituent may be fronted within the comment clause. This sometimes makes sentences SOV. This construction is usually used for contrasting two (or more) topics.		*Topic-focused comment: Some component might be focused within the comment clause for the topic, and that focused constituent may be fronted within the comment clause. This sometimes makes sentences SOV. This construction is usually used for contrasting two (or more) topics.
	** ''Fiar þyl a leeð ais, naw jyçár a leeð ain.'' (thou sword CLEFT be_located with-thee, I machine_gun CLEFT be_located with-me) 'You have a sword, and I have a machine gun.'		** ''Fiar þyl a leeð ais, naw jyçár a leeð ain.'' (thou sword CLEFT be_located with-thee, I machine_gun CLEFT be_located with-me) 'You have a sword, and I have a machine gun.'
	** In colloquial speech the ~~pronouns ''ais'' and ''ain''~~ can be omitted ~~when~~ the relation and the topic are clear: ''Fiar þyl a leeð, naw jyçár a leeð.''		** In colloquial speech, pronouns referring to the topic can be omitted whenever the relation and the topic are clear: ''Fiar þyl a leeð, naw jyçár a leeð.''
	*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.		*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.

IlL: /* Exceptions */

2022-01-21T12:09:41Z

Exceptions

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:09, 21 January 2022
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	*Focused sentences: when a noun is specific and its existence or relevance is new information (e.g. is focused), it is not topicalized. Such a noun will commonly, but not necessarily, be indefinite in English.		*Focused sentences: when a noun is specific and its existence or relevance is new information (e.g. is focused), it is not topicalized. Such a noun will commonly, but not necessarily, be indefinite in English.
	*Topic-focused comment: Some component might be focused within the comment clause for the topic, and that focused constituent may be fronted within the comment clause. This sometimes makes sentences SOV. This construction is usually used for contrasting two (or more) topics.		*Topic-focused comment: Some component might be focused within the comment clause for the topic, and that focused constituent may be fronted within the comment clause. This sometimes makes sentences SOV. This construction is usually used for contrasting two (or more) topics.
	** ''Fiar þyl a leeð ~~vys~~, naw jyçár a leeð ~~vyn~~.'' (thou sword CLEFT be_located with-thee, I machine_gun CLEFT be_located with-me) 'You have a sword, and I have a machine gun.'		** ''Fiar þyl a leeð ais, naw jyçár a leeð ain.'' (thou sword CLEFT be_located with-thee, I machine_gun CLEFT be_located with-me) 'You have a sword, and I have a machine gun.'
			** In colloquial speech the pronouns ''ais'' and ''ain'' can be omitted when the relation and the topic are clear: ''Fiar þyl a leeð, naw jyçár a leeð.''
	*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.		*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.

IlL: /* Exceptions */

2022-01-21T12:08:04Z

Exceptions

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:08, 21 January 2022
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	*Focused sentences: when a noun is specific and its existence or relevance is new information (e.g. is focused), it is not topicalized. Such a noun will commonly, but not necessarily, be indefinite in English.		*Focused sentences: when a noun is specific and its existence or relevance is new information (e.g. is focused), it is not topicalized. Such a noun will commonly, but not necessarily, be indefinite in English.
	*Topic-focused comment: Some component might be focused within the comment clause for the topic, and that focused constituent may be fronted within the comment clause. This sometimes makes sentences SOV. This construction is usually used for contrasting two (or more) topics.		*Topic-focused comment: Some component might be focused within the comment clause for the topic, and that focused constituent may be fronted within the comment clause. This sometimes makes sentences SOV. This construction is usually used for contrasting two (or more) topics.
	** ''Fiar þyl a leeð vys, naw jyçár a leeð vyn.'' (thou sword A be_located with-thee, I machine_gun A be_located with-me) 'You have a sword, and I have a machine gun.'		** ''Fiar þyl a leeð vys, naw jyçár a leeð vyn.'' (thou sword CLEFT be_located with-thee, I machine_gun CLEFT be_located with-me) 'You have a sword, and I have a machine gun.'
	*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.		*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.

IlL: /* Exceptions */

2022-01-21T12:06:17Z

Exceptions

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:06, 21 January 2022
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	*Focused sentences: when a noun is specific and its existence or relevance is new information (e.g. is focused), it is not topicalized. Such a noun will commonly, but not necessarily, be indefinite in English.		*Focused sentences: when a noun is specific and its existence or relevance is new information (e.g. is focused), it is not topicalized. Such a noun will commonly, but not necessarily, be indefinite in English.
	*Topic-focused comment: Some component might be focused within the comment clause for the topic, and that focused constituent may be fronted within the comment clause. This sometimes makes sentences SOV.		*Topic-focused comment: Some component might be focused within the comment clause for the topic, and that focused constituent may be fronted within the comment clause. This sometimes makes sentences SOV. This construction is usually used for contrasting two (or more) topics.
	** ''Fiar þyl a leeð vys, naw jyçár a leeð vyn.'' (thou sword A be_located with-thee, I machine_gun A be_located with-me) 'You have a sword, and I have a machine gun.'		** ''Fiar þyl a leeð vys, naw jyçár a leeð vyn.'' (thou sword A be_located with-thee, I machine_gun A be_located with-me) 'You have a sword, and I have a machine gun.'
	*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.		*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.

IlL: /* Exceptions */

2022-01-21T12:05:37Z

Exceptions

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:05, 21 January 2022
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	*Focused sentences: when a noun is specific and its existence or relevance is new information (e.g. is focused), it is not topicalized. Such a noun will commonly, but not necessarily, be indefinite in English.		*Focused sentences: when a noun is specific and its existence or relevance is new information (e.g. is focused), it is not topicalized. Such a noun will commonly, but not necessarily, be indefinite in English.
	*Topic-focused comment: Some component might be focused within the comment clause for the topic, and that focused constituent may be fronted within the comment clause.		*Topic-focused comment: Some component might be focused within the comment clause for the topic, and that focused constituent may be fronted within the comment clause. This sometimes makes sentences SOV.
	** ''Fiar þyl a leeð vys, naw jyçár a leeð vyn.'' (thou sword A be_located with-thee, I machine_gun A be_located with-me) 'You have a sword, and I have a machine gun.'		** ''Fiar þyl a leeð vys, naw jyçár a leeð vyn.'' (thou sword A be_located with-thee, I machine_gun A be_located with-me) 'You have a sword, and I have a machine gun.'
	*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.		*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.

IlL: /* Exceptions */

2022-01-21T12:04:00Z

Exceptions

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:04, 21 January 2022
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	*Focused sentences: when a noun is specific and its existence or relevance is new information (e.g. is focused), it is not topicalized. Such a noun will commonly, but not necessarily, be indefinite in English.		*Focused sentences: when a noun is specific and its existence or relevance is new information (e.g. is focused), it is not topicalized. Such a noun will commonly, but not necessarily, be indefinite in English.
	*Topic-focused comment: Some component might be focused within the comment clause for the topic, and that focused constituent may be fronted within the comment clause.		*Topic-focused comment: Some component might be focused within the comment clause for the topic, and that focused constituent may be fronted within the comment clause.
	** ''Fiar þyl a leeð vys, naw jyçár a leeð vyn.'' 'You have a sword, and I have a machine gun.'		** ''Fiar þyl a leeð vys, naw jyçár a leeð vyn.'' (thou sword A be_located with-thee, I machine_gun A be_located with-me) 'You have a sword, and I have a machine gun.'
	*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.		*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.

IlL: /* Exceptions */

2022-01-21T12:02:42Z

Exceptions

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:02, 21 January 2022
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	*Focused sentences: when a noun is specific and its existence or relevance is new information (e.g. is focused), it is not topicalized. Such a noun will commonly, but not necessarily, be indefinite in English.		*Focused sentences: when a noun is specific and its existence or relevance is new information (e.g. is focused), it is not topicalized. Such a noun will commonly, but not necessarily, be indefinite in English.
	*Topic-focused comment: Some component might be focused within the comment clause for the topic, and that focused constituent may be fronted within the comment clause.		*Topic-focused comment: Some component might be focused within the comment clause for the topic, and that focused constituent may be fronted within the comment clause.
	** ''Fiar þyl a leeð ~~vysiñ~~, naw jyçár a leeð ~~vyniñ~~.'' 'You have a sword, and I have a machine gun.'		** ''Fiar þyl a leeð vys, naw jyçár a leeð vyn.'' 'You have a sword, and I have a machine gun.'
	*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.		*Weather: ''Dy tøøh ñwi.'' = It's raining.

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:30, 22 February 2022
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	:''Everything changed.'' (literally 'Nothing did not change.')		:''Everything changed.'' (literally 'Nothing did not change.')

	:'''''Twm ñorn dia tarsíad a twm ~~slawb~~ o gyl ee.'''''		:'''''Twm ñorn dia tarsíad a twm hlawb o gyl ee.'''''
	:NEG girl in-SPEC school A NEG good 3SG.M from 3SG.F		:NEG girl in-SPEC school A NEG good 3SG.M from 3SG.F
	:''Every girl in school likes him.'' ('There's no girl in school that doesn't like him.')		:''Every girl in school likes him.'' ('There's no girl in school that doesn't like him.')
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	*''sder'' = negative interrogative		*''sder'' = negative interrogative

	:'''''Sder bo croð ~~niañt~~ dyb çuþ?'''''		:'''''Sder bo croð hniañt dyb çuþ?'''''
	:NEG.INTERR COL human also in-COL animal		:NEG.INTERR COL human also in-COL animal
	:''Are humans, too, not animals?''		:''Are humans, too, not animals?''
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	When fronting of a noun occurs, the remaining verb phrase becomes a noun phrase, thus a determiner must be used.		When fronting of a noun occurs, the remaining verb phrase becomes a noun phrase, thus a determiner must be used.

	:''Twm ziráð syrñ bo [toxrorégin] '''a''' go þarcǿma ~~að smøøh~~ bo sbenopats.''		:''Twm ziráð syrñ bo [toxrorégin] '''a''' go þarcǿma a hmøøh bo sbenopats.''
	:NEG only new COL evolve-PASS.PART DET PST.IPFV inhabit SG world COL dinosaur		:NEG only new COL evolve-PASS.PART DET PST.IPFV inhabit SG world COL dinosaur
	:The world of the dinosaurs was not solely occupied by the newly-evolved.		:The world of the dinosaurs was not solely occupied by the newly-evolved.