Standard Average Indo-European - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 00:50, 13 October 2024
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	}}		}}












	== 0 Introduction ==		== 0 Introduction ==
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	==== 1.1.1 m, n ====		==== 1.1.1 m, n ====

			These appear as ⟨m⟩ [m] and ⟨n⟩ [n].

	⟨n⟩ before velar consonants can be pronounced as [ŋ].		⟨n⟩ before velar consonants can be pronounced as [ŋ].
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	==== 1.1.2 r, l ====		==== 1.1.2 r, l ====

			⟨r⟩ can be pronounced as any rhotic sound, including but not limited to [ɾ], [r] and [ɹ].

			⟨l⟩ is pronounced as [l].

	Both consonants can be syllabic resonants, written ⟨l̥⟩ and ⟨r̥⟩ or ⟨ḷ⟩ and ⟨ṛ⟩. When ⟨r⟩ appears as the syllabic resonant ⟨r̥⟩ or ⟨ṛ⟩, it should avoid being pronounced as [ɾ], and a sonorant sound should be used instead.		Both consonants can be syllabic resonants, written ⟨l̥⟩ and ⟨r̥⟩ or ⟨ḷ⟩ and ⟨ṛ⟩. When ⟨r⟩ appears as the syllabic resonant ⟨r̥⟩ or ⟨ṛ⟩, it should avoid being pronounced as [ɾ], and a sonorant sound should be used instead.
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	==== 1.1.3 *s ====		==== 1.1.3 *s ====

			This appears as ⟨s⟩ [s], but following the evidence of daughter languages, it can be pronounced [z] in the cluster /sd/ or /sdʰ/, in which case it can optionally be written as ⟨z⟩ [z], such as '''nizdós''' "nest" for '''''nisdós'''''''' '''or '''sízdō''' "I am sitting" for '''''sísdō'''''. In addition to [s] it can be pronounced [s̱], [θ], or even [ɕ], [ʃ] when adjacent to the sounds ⟨y⟩ [j] or ⟨i⟩ [i].

			The '''s-mobile''' is written ⟨S⟩, such as in the word '''Stégos''' "roof", and may be pronounced [s] or be entirely silent.


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	===== 1.1.5.1 k, g, *gʰ =====		===== 1.1.5.1 k, g, *gʰ =====

			These appear as plain consonants, not labialised or palatalised, as ⟨k⟩ [k], ⟨g⟩ [g], and ⟨gh⟩ [gʰ]. In alternative reconstructions they may be pronounced as [q], [ɢ], and [ɢʰ] (per Kümmel); [k], [ˀk], and [kʰ] (per Beekes); and [kː], [k'], and [k] (per Kortlandt), among others.


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	==== 1.1.6 t, d, *dʰ ====		==== 1.1.6 t, d, *dʰ ====

			These appear as ⟨t⟩ [t], ⟨d⟩ [d], and ⟨dh⟩ [dʰ], or as the alternatives with pre-glottalisation, or ejectives.


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	==== 1.1.7 p, b, *bʰ ====		==== 1.1.7 p, b, *bʰ ====

			These appear as ⟨p⟩ [p], ⟨b⟩ [b], and ⟨bh⟩ [bʰ], or as the alternatives with pre-glottalisation, or ejectives.


	==== 1.1.8 h₁, h₂, *h₃ ====		==== 1.1.8 h₁, h₂, *h₃ ====

			Since the pronunciation of laryngeals is so uncertain, they either colour vowels or disappear entirely. /eh₁/ becomes [eː], /eh₂/ becomes [aː], and /eh₃/ becomes [oː]. Similarly, ''/h₁e/'' becomes [e], ''/h₂e/'' becomes [a], and ''/h₃e/'' becomes [o]. Laryngeals do colour inherently long vowels as though they were short.

	When any laryngeal begins a word before another consonant, it can become [a] or [ə]. Any laryngeal between consonants can also become [a ~ ə].		When any laryngeal begins a word before another consonant, it can become [a] or [ə]. Any laryngeal between consonants can also become [a ~ ə].
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	The aspirated stops ⟨bh⟩ ⟨dh⟩ ⟨gh⟩ ⟨ǵh⟩ ⟨ch⟩ can be devoiced to [pʰ] [tʰ] [kʰ] [kʲʰ] [kʷʰ] for one of two reasons.		The aspirated stops ⟨bh⟩ ⟨dh⟩ ⟨gh⟩ ⟨ǵh⟩ ⟨ch⟩ can be devoiced to [pʰ] [tʰ] [kʰ] [kʲʰ] [kʷʰ] for one of two reasons.

			Firstly a speaker may choose to pronounce unvoiced stops in order to match a neighbouring unvoiced stop, such as producing the opposite of Bartholomae's law: bʰewdʰ → bʰudʰ-tós → (with application of Grassmann's law) *bʰud-dʰós → SAvIE ⟨bhuddhós⟩ [pʰuˈtʰːos].

	Otherwise, a speaker (such as an avid student of Ancient Greek, or perhaps Sanskrit) can choose to pronounce unvoiced stops throughout their speech simply because they wish to match pronunciations of their respective daughter languages of interest.		Otherwise, a speaker (such as an avid student of Ancient Greek, or perhaps Sanskrit) can choose to pronounce unvoiced stops throughout their speech simply because they wish to match pronunciations of their respective daughter languages of interest.
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	==== 1.2.1 e, ē, o, ō ====		==== 1.2.1 e, ē, o, ō ====

			The basic short vowels of Proto-Indo-European appear as ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩, and can be pronounced in a variety of ways, such as [e] and [o] or [ɛ] and [ɔ]. Their long counterparts appear as ⟨ē⟩ and ⟨ō⟩, and are pronounced as before, but audibly longer.

	There is no real restriction on how they should be pronounced, but my personal preference is ⟨e⟩ as [ɛ], ⟨ē⟩ as [eː], ⟨o⟩ as [ɔ], and ⟨ō⟩ as [oː].		There is no real restriction on how they should be pronounced, but my personal preference is ⟨e⟩ as [ɛ], ⟨ē⟩ as [eː], ⟨o⟩ as [ɔ], and ⟨ō⟩ as [oː].
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	==== 1.2.3 i, ⟨ī⟩, u, ⟨ū⟩ ====		==== 1.2.3 i, ⟨ī⟩, u, ⟨ū⟩ ====

			Only ⟨i⟩ [i] and ⟨u⟩ [u] are inherited from Proto-Indo-European. ⟨ī⟩ [iː] and ⟨ū⟩ [uː] appear as contractions of /iH/ and /uH/.


	==== 1.2.4 [ə] ====		==== 1.2.4 [ə] ====

			A final vowel [ə], the schwa, can be pronounced in SAvIE but ought not to be written. In cases where syllabic sonorants (l̥ r̥ m̥ n̥ H̥) form a cluster with another consonant (such as in the word wl̥qós which is expected to be pronounced [wl̩ˈkʷos]), an epenthetic schwa can be added before the syllabic consonant to aid in pronunciation, thus giving [wəlˈkʷos] for wl̥qós.

	If somebody wants to write the pronounced schwa explicitly, they should use the letters ⟨y⟩, ⟨ə⟩, or the symbol ⟨°⟩, giving ⟨wylqós⟩, ⟨wəlqós⟩, or ⟨w°lqós⟩.		If somebody wants to write the pronounced schwa explicitly, they should use the letters ⟨y⟩, ⟨ə⟩, or the symbol ⟨°⟩, giving ⟨wylqós⟩, ⟨wəlqós⟩, or ⟨w°lqós⟩.
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	However, the word '''Hár ~ Hr̥''', meaning "so" or "thus" in positive sentences, can be used to introduce a sentence: '''Hár qís Hésti ís?''' "so who is he?".		However, the word '''Hár ~ Hr̥''', meaning "so" or "thus" in positive sentences, can be used to introduce a sentence: '''Hár qís Hésti ís?''' "so who is he?".

			In addition, the phrase '''né Hésti…?''' "isn't it…?" can be used with the regular statement to form a yes/no question in one of two ways: firstly, it can be used to introduce a subordinate clause, as in '''né Hésti, qid ís cémt?''' "isn't it [the case] that he came?"; the second is that it can be used as a tag question at the end of a sentence, as in '''ís cémt, né Hésti?''' "he came, isn't it?".

	The simple responses to yes/no questions is '''nójnom''', '''né tód''', or '''Hóju qíd''' "no", and the positive is '''já ~ sejḱe ~ tód ~ dô'''. There is no fundamental difference between any of these words; they have different origins and can be used depending on the speaker's preference for their source. For example, '''nójnom''' is a shortening of '''né (H)ójnom''', from Latin ''nōn'', whereas '''Hóju qíd '''is the form of Greek ''οὐ(κ) ~ οὐ(χ)'' and Armenian ''ոչ''; meanwhile, '''já''' is ubiquitous in Germanic, '''séjḱe''' also from Latin ''sīc, '''''(né) tód''''' ''as seen in Celtic languages, such as Welsh ''do ~ naddo'', or '''dô''' as in Slavic ''да''.		The simple responses to yes/no questions is '''nójnom''', '''né tód''', or '''Hóju qíd''' "no", and the positive is '''já ~ sejḱe ~ tód ~ dô'''. There is no fundamental difference between any of these words; they have different origins and can be used depending on the speaker's preference for their source. For example, '''nójnom''' is a shortening of '''né (H)ójnom''', from Latin ''nōn'', whereas '''Hóju qíd '''is the form of Greek ''οὐ(κ) ~ οὐ(χ)'' and Armenian ''ոչ''; meanwhile, '''já''' is ubiquitous in Germanic, '''séjḱe''' also from Latin ''sīc, '''''(né) tód''''' ''as seen in Celtic languages, such as Welsh ''do ~ naddo'', or '''dô''' as in Slavic ''да''.
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	The first is introducing an entirely independent subordinate clause with the word '''qid''', such as in '''éǵ wéjdō, qid ís cémt''' "I know that he came".		The first is introducing an entirely independent subordinate clause with the word '''qid''', such as in '''éǵ wéjdō, qid ís cémt''' "I know that he came".

			Clauses that are more semantically linked to the antecedent use interrogative-relative pronouns: '''só wīrós, qésjo cên cémt… '''"the man, whose wife came…", literally "the man, of whom [the] wife came…".


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			Uvular sounds such as [q], [χ], and [ʁ] can be converted to their non-uvular counterparts [k], [x], [r ~ ɾ ~ ɹ].

	In addition, the following vowel sounds can be used:		In addition, the following vowel sounds can be used:

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	<!--\|agency = SAvIE Standardization Group-->		<!--\|agency = SAvIE Standardization Group-->
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	== 0 Introduction ==		== 0 Introduction ==

	'''~~sl̥Hwéje~~! ghr̥jé! némostoj! sr̥wós! priwójtos! sqéjttis! kl̥Hâjō! jánu!''' and finally, ''hello''!		'''sl̥Hwêje! ghr̥jé! némostoj! sr̥wós! priwójtos! sqéjttis! kl̥Hâjō! jánu!''' and finally, ''hello''!


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	\| time		\| time
	\| qódō?		\| qódō?

			qomóḱs

	\| nú		\| nú
	\| tóqe		\| tóqe

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 == 0 Introduction ==

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Tradespin at 22:00, 7 October 2024

2024-10-07T22:00:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:00, 7 October 2024
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	\|familycolor = Indo-European		\|familycolor = Indo-European
	\|fam2 = Proto-Indo-European		\|fam2 = Proto-Indo-European
			\|clcr = qie
	\|creator = tradespin		\|creator = tradespin
	\|script1 = Latn		\|script1 = Latn
	<!--\|agency = ~~Grunditio Cuningica per la Spraca Avendoniana~~-->		<!--\|agency = SAvIE Standardization Group-->
	\|notice = IPA		\|notice = IPA
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	pr̥Hwâ		pr̥Hwâ

	~~pr̥Hwás~~		pr̥Hwôs

	pr̥Hwóm		pr̥Hwóm
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	pr̥Hwâs		pr̥Hwâs

	~~pr̥Hwásjo~~		pr̥Hwôsjo

	\|-		\|-
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	pr̥Hwâs		pr̥Hwâs

	~~pr̥Hwájes~~		pr̥Hwôjes

	pr̥Hwâ		pr̥Hwâ
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	pr̥Hwâōm		pr̥Hwâōm

	~~pr̥Hwájōm~~		pr̥Hwôjōm

	\|}		\|}
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	tritâ		tritâ

	~~tritás~~		tritôs

	tritóm		tritóm
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	tritâs		tritâs

	~~tritásjo~~		tritôsjo

	\|-		\|-
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	tísres		tísres

	~~trájes~~		trêjes

	trî		trî
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	tritâs		tritâs

	~~tritájes~~		tritôjes

	tritâ		tritâ
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	tritâōm		tritâōm

	~~tritájōm~~		tritôjōm

	\|}		\|}
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	qetwr̥tâ		qetwr̥tâ

	~~qetwr̥tás~~		qetwr̥tôs

	qetwr̥tóm		qetwr̥tóm
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	qetwr̥tâs		qetwr̥tâs

	~~qetwr̥tásjo~~		qetwr̥tôsjo

	\|-		\|-
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	qetwr̥tâs		qetwr̥tâs

	~~qetwr̥tásjo~~		qetwr̥tôsjo

	qetwr̥tâ		qetwr̥tâ
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	qetwr̥tâōm		qetwr̥tâōm

	~~qetwr̥tájōm~~		qetwr̥tôjōm

	\|}		\|}
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	== 8.8 Larger numbers ==		== 8.8 Larger numbers ==

	The numbers 100 and 1,000 are '''ḱm̥tóm''' and '''(sm̥)ǵhéslom''' '''~''' '''tûsonts'''. '''ḱm̥tóm''' and '''(sm̥)ǵhéslom''' are invariable, whereas '''tûsonts''' declines as a regular '''-onts''' noun or adjective. Their ordinal forms are '''ḱm̥tontós''' "hundredth" and '''(sm̥)~~ǵhelsontós~~''' '''~''' '''tūsontós''' "thousandth".		The numbers 100 and 1,000 are '''ḱm̥tóm''' and '''(sm̥)ǵhéslom''' '''~''' '''tûsonts'''. '''ḱm̥tóm''' and '''(sm̥)ǵhéslom''' are invariable, whereas '''tûsonts''' declines as a regular '''-onts''' noun or adjective. Their ordinal forms are '''ḱm̥tontós''' "hundredth" and '''(sm̥)ǵheslontós''' '''~''' '''tūsontós''' "thousandth".

	A derivative of '''(sm̥)ǵhéslom''', combined with the augmentative suffix, giving '''(sm̥)~~ǵhéslōnom~~''' (shortened from ''*(sm̥)ǵhésloHonom'') is used to mean "million" with the ordinal form '''(sm̥)ǵheslōntós'''; further derivation gives '''~~disǵhéslōnom~~''' (ordinal form '''disǵheslōntós'''), meaning "billion" and '''~~trisǵhéslōnom~~''' (ordinal form '''trisǵheslōntós''') for "trillion". Prefix forms can be used even further, giving simple prefixes up to '''~~deḱm̥ǵhéslōnom~~''' "decillion", and much greater numbers up to '''~~Hnéwn̥dḱomtHnéwn̥ǵhéslōnom~~''' for "novemnonagintillion".		A derivative of '''(sm̥)ǵhéslom''', combined with the augmentative suffix, giving '''(sm̥)ǵhéslHonom''' (shortened from ''*(sm̥)ǵhésloHonom'') is used to mean "million" with the ordinal form '''(sm̥)ǵheslōntós'''; further derivation gives '''disǵhéslHonom''' (ordinal form '''disǵheslōntós'''), meaning "billion" and '''trisǵhéslHonom''' (ordinal form '''trisǵheslōntós''') for "trillion". Prefix forms can be used even further, giving simple prefixes up to '''deḱm̥ǵhéslHonom''' "decillion", and much greater numbers up to '''Hnéwn̥dḱomtHnéwn̥ǵhéslHonom''' for "novemnonagintillion".

	The connector '''He''' should only be used between tens and units of each group of three numbers. So, the number '''987,654,321''' would be represented as '''Hnéwn̥ ḱm̥tóm Hoḱtodḱómt <u>He</u> septḿ̥ ~~ǵhéslōnā~~, swéḱs ḱm̥tóm penqedḱómt <u>He</u> qetwôr túsontH, trî ḱm̥tóm (d)wídḱm̥ti <u>He</u> Hójnom'''.		The connector '''He''' should only be used between tens and units of each group of three numbers. So, the number '''987,654,321''' would be represented as '''Hnéwn̥ ḱm̥tóm Hoḱtodḱómt <u>He</u> septḿ̥ ǵhéslHonā, swéḱs ḱm̥tóm penqedḱómt <u>He</u> qetwôr túsontH, trî ḱm̥tóm (d)wídḱm̥ti <u>He</u> Hójnom'''.


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	== 8.11 Collective forms ==		== 8.11 Collective forms ==

	A collective numeral is one which specifies "a group of X". The first form is '''dwôdwō''', meaning "pair". The rest are formed by suffixing '''-ō''' to the prefix form of a number, with an intervening '''-l-''' (as if from '''-lós''') to prevent hiatus. The stress falls on the prefix in the nominative-vocative-accusative, and the ending in the oblique, as expected for '''-ō'''. This gives '''tríō''' "trio, threesome", '''qetwŕ̥ō''' "quartet, foursome", '''qénqelō''' "quintet, fivesome", '''swéḱsō''' "sextet", '''septḿ̥ō''' "septet", '''(H)oḱtólō''' "octet", '''Hnéwnō''' "nonet", and '''déḱmō''' "dectet". Using prefixed numbers makes forms such as '''dwidéḱmō''' "dozen". The larger numbers give '''ḱm̥tolō''' "group of a hundred", '''(sm̥)ǵhéslō ~ tûsontō''' "group of a thousand", and '''(sm̥)~~ǵhéslōnō~~''' "group of a million" with derivatives thereof.		A collective numeral is one which specifies "a group of X". The first form is '''dwôdwō''', meaning "pair". The rest are formed by suffixing '''-ō''' to the prefix form of a number, with an intervening '''-l-''' (as if from '''-lós''') to prevent hiatus. The stress falls on the prefix in the nominative-vocative-accusative, and the ending in the oblique, as expected for '''-ō'''. This gives '''tríō''' "trio, threesome", '''qetwŕ̥ō''' "quartet, foursome", '''qénqelō''' "quintet, fivesome", '''swéḱsō''' "sextet", '''septḿ̥ō''' "septet", '''(H)oḱtólō''' "octet", '''Hnéwnō''' "nonet", and '''déḱmō''' "dectet". Using prefixed numbers makes forms such as '''dwidéḱmō''' "dozen". The larger numbers give '''ḱm̥tolō''' "group of a hundred", '''(sm̥)ǵhéslō ~ tûsontō''' "group of a thousand", and '''(sm̥)ǵhéslHonō''' "group of a million" with derivatives thereof.


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	\| style="text-align: center;"\| '''Sound'''		\| style="text-align: center;"\| '''Sound'''
	\| style="text-align: center;"\| '''Graph'''		\| style="text-align: center;"\| '''Graph'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;"\| /f/		\| style="text-align: center;"\| /f/
	\| style="text-align: center;"\| ⟨f⟩		\| style="text-align: center;"\| ⟨f⟩

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← Older revision		Revision as of 20:40, 7 October 2024
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	'''Hsubhrūgéte!''' Enjoy!		'''Hsubhrūgéte!''' Enjoy!


	~~---~~
	=1 Phonology =		=1 Phonology =


	== 1.1 Consonants ==		== 1.1 Consonants ==


	=== 1.1.1 m, n ===		=== 1.1.1 m, n ===

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-[[File:media/image1.png|624x624px]]
+{{Infobox language
+|image             = SAvIE banner.png
 = 0 Introduction =

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 <span class="c89 c143">Standard Average Indo-European</span>
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------
+{{Infobox language
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