Takkenit - Revision history

Учхљёная: /* Example texts */ Linking to literature.

2019-12-04T14:25:15Z

Example texts: Linking to literature.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:25, 4 December 2019
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	==Example texts==		==Example texts==
	===The North Wind and the Sun===		===The North Wind and the Sun===
			{{main\|Literature:The North Wind and the Sun#Takkenit}}
	*Takkenkikle:		*Takkenkikle:
	Kiwerkawi Kajna ku tupewkatkamit je-wujmumeja, kuti pekleja tulmu kerkawna taŋkenute tamejneki. Pewkakmitejte, jeti ikta para tatekkatejle peklejam tekijunkele kerkawtem lukirken, kenittekepa wujmumekija. Tekute Kiwerkawi putinkaleleti je-wankat, le minkemu putinkati minkemu pekleja kerkawtem peltutteka ŋalku ekaljate; jellu ku Kiwerkawi kewtanutem ikarjaketteka. Tekute Kajna tulmakentuttele, pekleja ku iknekku kerkawtem lukirkakti. Kuje Kiwerkawi tejkat pekanitteken Kajnam je-wujmumekija.		Kiwerkawi Kajna ku tupewkatkamit je-wujmumeja, kuti pekleja tulmu kerkawna taŋkenute tamejneki. Pewkakmitejte, jeti ikta para tatekkatejle peklejam tekijunkele kerkawtem lukirken, kenittekepa wujmumekija. Tekute Kiwerkawi putinkaleleti je-wankat, le minkemu putinkati minkemu pekleja kerkawtem peltutteka ŋalku ekaljate; jellu ku Kiwerkawi kewtanutem ikarjaketteka. Tekute Kajna tulmakentuttele, pekleja ku iknekku kerkawtem lukirkakti. Kuje Kiwerkawi tejkat pekanitteken Kajnam je-wujmumekija.
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	And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.		And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.

			[[Category:Takkenit]]
	[[Category:Artlangs]]		[[Category:Artlangs]]
	[[Category:Languages]]		[[Category:Languages]]

Raistas: /* Numerals */

2018-10-11T15:53:54Z

Numerals

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:53, 11 October 2018
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	\|-		\|-
	\| kaktiket		\| kaktiket
	\| ~~kaktekina~~		\| kaktekiŋa
	\| eight		\| eight
	\|-		\|-

Raistas: /* Numerals */

2018-10-11T15:53:05Z

Numerals

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:53, 11 October 2018
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	\|-		\|-
	\| kaktiket		\| kaktiket
	\| ~~kakkina~~		\| kaktekina
	\| eight		\| eight
	\|-		\|-

Raistas: /* Numerals */

2018-10-11T15:52:00Z

Numerals

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:52, 11 October 2018
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	\| ten		\| ten
	\|}		\|}
	When counting beyond 10, new numerals are created by adding ''-tew-kimt-it'' "them, coming after ten" to the existing numeral: ''iktetewkimtit'' "eleven", ''kaktetewkimtit'' "twelve". For ~~numerals~~ bigger than 19 a suffix ''-kimteki'' is added, for example: ''kaktekimteki'' "twenty", ''kaktekimteki ikte'' "twenty one" and so on. The was no special word for 100 and larger numerals, instead the word ''munajit'' "many" was used. This word was typically used instead of any number larger than ten.		When counting beyond 10, new numerals are created by adding ''-tew-kimt-it'' "them, coming after ten" to the existing numeral: ''iktetewkimtit'' "eleven", ''kaktetewkimtit'' "twelve". For numbers bigger than 19 a suffix ''-kimteki'' (for "twenty") and ''-kimtit'' (for "thirty" and more) are added, for example: ''kaktekimteki'' "twenty", ''kaktekimteki ikte'' "twenty one" and so on. The was no special word for 100 and larger numerals, instead the word ''munajit'' "many" was used. This word was typically used instead of any number larger than ten.

	===Verbs===		===Verbs===
	Takkenit verbs are more complex than nouns, being rich in conjugation patterns and having different verb-forming suffixes. There is no such a category as tense in Takkenit verbs, but rather various aspects are used instead, which are often called tense-aspect-mood (TAM) markers. If someone needs to mention a specific time (usually to differentiate future from present) nouns and adverbs (like tomorrow versus today) are used.		Takkenit verbs are more complex than nouns, being rich in conjugation patterns and having different verb-forming suffixes. There is no such a category as tense in Takkenit verbs, but rather various aspects are used instead, which are often called tense-aspect-mood (TAM) markers. If someone needs to mention a specific time (usually to differentiate future from present) nouns and adverbs (like tomorrow versus today) are used.

Raistas: /* Verbs */

2018-10-11T15:48:26Z

Verbs

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 If a possession is inalienable, than a suffix ''-kk'' is added, like in ''ŋalwakke'' his/her head. If a possession is alienable and temporary (it was given to someone for a short period of time, borrowed) than a suffix ''-ŋ'' is added instead - ''nakraŋəm'' - "the knife I borrowed".
 ===Verbs===
 Takkenit verbs are more complex than nouns, being rich in conjugation patterns and having different verb-forming suffixes. There is no such a category as tense in Takkenit verbs, but rather various aspects are used instead, which are often called tense-aspect-mood (TAM) markers. If someone needs to mention a specific time (usually to differentiate future from present) nouns and adverbs (like tomorrow versus today) are used.

Raistas: /* Internal history */

2018-10-07T17:04:20Z

Internal history

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:04, 7 October 2018
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	===Internal history===		===Internal history===
	[[File:Takkenit_area.jpg\|thumb\| Area, where Takkenkikle was spoken in the period of its greatest expansion (around 6000 BCE). Modern political borders are represented for convenience.]]		[[File:Takkenit_area.jpg\|thumb\| Area, where Takkenkikle was spoken in the period of its greatest expansion (around 6000 BCE). Modern political borders are represented for convenience.]]
	The name Takkenkikle comes from ''takkune'' ("tribe", "people, related to each other", hence ''takkeni'' - "that belongs to the tribe") and kikle ("to speak", "speech", "language"), so it translates as people's language. Its homeland is claimed to be Central Asian steppe between the Caspian sea and the Aral sea, which was forming, but hasn't become a single body of water yet. During 7000 BCE the earliest forms of the Takkenit language became distinct and Takkenit people separated from neighbouring tribes and moved westward to the sea. There is no consensus, why exactly the migration happened, but the most prominant factor was definitely climate change which brought less rains and caused animals to migrate further north.		The name Takkenkikle comes from ''takkune'' ("tribe", "people, related to each other", hence ''takkeni'' - "that belongs to the tribe") and kikle ("to speak", "speech", "language"), so it translates as people's language. Its homeland is claimed to be Central Asian steppe between the Caspian sea and the Aral sea, which was forming, but hasn't become a single body of water yet. During 7000 BCE the earliest forms of the Takkenit language became distinct and Takkenit people separated from neighbouring tribes and moved westward to the sea. There is no consensus, why exactly the migration happened, but the most prominant factor was definitely the climate change which brought less rains and caused animals to migrate further north.

	Soon the people left northern shores of the Caspian ~~sea~~ and by the 6500 BCE reached the territory of forests and swamps in Eastern Europe, rich in food and materials for daily life. During this time different tribes and even villages were speaking slightly different dialects, which started diverging more and more, creating a dialectal continuum. But due to a semi-nomadic lifestyle contacts between people remained pretty high and thus their dialects did not become too distinct to be unintelligible.		Soon the people left northern shores of the Caspian Sea and by the 6500 BCE reached the territory of forests and swamps in Eastern Europe, rich in food and materials for daily life. During this time different tribes and even villages were speaking slightly different dialects, which started diverging more and more, creating a dialectal continuum. But due to a semi-nomadic lifestyle contacts between people remained pretty high and thus their dialects did not become too distinct to be unintelligible.

	By 5000 BCE Takkenit tribes became surrounded by various linguistically diverse peoples, most of which migrated from the south. The climate was already warm enough to establish agriculture and soon neolithic tribes from ~~Anatolia and~~ Balkans started spreading and assimilating indigenous people due to greater numbers and technological advantages. Takkenit people slowly intermixed with ~~its~~ neighbours and shifted to their languages leaving only a bunch of substrate words and place names. Those new cultures would be quite advanced and prosperous for a long time until about 3000-2800 BCE, when they were also assimilated by the Corded Ware and Yamna people from the east.		By 5000 BCE Takkenit tribes became surrounded by various linguistically diverse peoples, most of which migrated from the south. The climate was already warm enough to establish agriculture and soon [[w:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture\|Trypillians]] - the neolithic tribes from Balkans - started spreading and assimilating indigenous people due to greater numbers and technological advantages. Takkenit people slowly intermixed with their neighbours and shifted to their languages leaving only a bunch of substrate words and place names. Those new cultures would be quite advanced and prosperous for a long time until about 3000-2800 BCE, when they were also assimilated by the [[w:Corded Ware culture\|Corded Ware]] and [[w:Yamna culture\|Yamna]] people from the east.
	<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->		<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
	<!-- Example categories/headings:		<!-- Example categories/headings:

Raistas: /* General information */

2018-10-07T16:54:51Z

General information

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:54, 7 October 2018
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	==General information==		==General information==
	Takkenit is an [[w:Agglutinative language\|agglutinative language]], which was typical for the region it came from at those times. It shows many lexican parallels with steppe languages to the south-east, which means, its homeland was somewhere to the east of the [[w:Caspian Sea\|Caspian Sea]] having been much larger that it is now and covering lowlands of a modern [[w:Volga ~~RiverVolga~~ river]] basin. It is hard to estimate the total number of speakers, but it probably wasn't different from other prehistoric languages (no more than 5 000 native speakers considering the climate in that area and a stage of technological development - Takkenit people were hunter-gatherers and fishers, so their population density was relatively low).		Takkenit is an [[w:Agglutinative language\|agglutinative language]], which was typical for the region it came from at those times. It shows many lexican parallels with steppe languages to the south-east, which means, its homeland was somewhere to the east of the [[w:Caspian Sea\|Caspian Sea]] having been much larger that it is now and covering lowlands of a modern [[w:Volga River\|Volga river]] basin. It is hard to estimate the total number of speakers, but it probably wasn't different from other prehistoric languages (no more than 5 000 native speakers considering the climate in that area and a stage of technological development - Takkenit people were hunter-gatherers and fishers, so their population density was relatively low).
	===External history===		===External history===
	Once upon a time I happened to read an article about lexical similarities between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic and I asked myself, how that language could have sounded. It became a bit interesting to me, but there was just too little information on this topic. So I did my own research (maybe it should not be called a "research", but rather an extrapolation) and found just enough to create a daughter-language of a common ancestor of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic (which was not my goal at first, but why not?) and saw what it was like. It seems to me, that there too little evidence left indeed, so a proper reconstruction can not be made: Proto-Indo-Uralic was spoken circa 10 000 BCE or even longer ago if it existed at all.		Once upon a time I happened to read an article about lexical similarities between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic and I asked myself, how that language could have sounded. It became a bit interesting to me, but there was just too little information on this topic. So I did my own research (maybe it should not be called a "research", but rather an extrapolation) and found just enough to create a daughter-language of a common ancestor of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic (which was not my goal at first, but why not?) and saw what it was like. It seems to me, that there too little evidence left indeed, so a proper reconstruction can not be made: Proto-Indo-Uralic was spoken circa 10 000 BCE or even longer ago if it existed at all.

Raistas at 16:54, 7 October 2018

2018-10-07T16:54:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:54, 7 October 2018
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	Takkenit language or Takkenkikle [ˈtɑ.kːən.ˌkik̚.lə] - is a language, spoken in a mesolithic Eastern European plains (circa 5000-7000 BCE) on the territories of modern Northern Ukraine and Western Belarus in the basin of the Prypjať river (Ukrainian: [ˈprɪ.pjɑtʲ], Belarussian: [ˈprɨ.pʲat͡sʲ]). It shows some features, found in distant languages like Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic or even ~~Chukchi and~~ Yukaghir to the far east of Siberia. Some linguists claim this to be relics of a hypothetical ~~proto-~~Nostratic unity, however this theory is still disputed.		Takkenit language or Takkenkikle [ˈtɑ.kːən.ˌkik̚.lə] - is a language, spoken in a mesolithic Eastern European plains (circa 5000-7000 BCE) on the territories of modern [[w:Polesia\|Polissia]] region in Northern Ukraine and Western Belarus in the basin of the [[w:Pripyat River\|Prypjať river]] (Ukrainian: [ˈprɪ.pjɑtʲ], Belarussian: [ˈprɨ.pʲat͡sʲ]). It shows some features, found in distant languages like [[w:Proto-Indo-European language\|Proto-Indo-European]] and [[w:Proto-Uralic language\|Proto-Uralic]] or even [[w:Yukaghir languages\|Yukaghir]] to the far east of Siberia. Some linguists claim this to be relics of a hypothetical [[w:Nostratic languages\|Nostratic]] unity, however this theory is still disputed.
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\|image= Takkenit_area.jpg		\|image= Takkenit_area.jpg
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	==General information==		==General information==
	Takkenit is an agglutinative language, which was typical for the region it came from at those times. It shows many lexican parallels with steppe languages to the south-east, which means, its homeland was somewhere to the east of the Caspian ~~sea~~ having been much larger that it is now and covering ~~plains~~ of a modern Volga river basin.		Takkenit is an [[w:Agglutinative language\|agglutinative language]], which was typical for the region it came from at those times. It shows many lexican parallels with steppe languages to the south-east, which means, its homeland was somewhere to the east of the [[w:Caspian Sea\|Caspian Sea]] having been much larger that it is now and covering lowlands of a modern [[w:Volga RiverVolga river]] basin. It is hard to estimate the total number of speakers, but it probably wasn't different from other prehistoric languages (no more than 5 000 native speakers considering the climate in that area and a stage of technological development - Takkenit people were hunter-gatherers and fishers, so their population density was relatively low).
	===External history===		===External history===
	Once upon a time I happened to read an article about lexical similarities between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic and I asked myself, how that language could have sounded. It became a bit interesting to me, but there was just too little information on this topic. So I did my own research (maybe it should not be called a "research", but rather an extrapolation) and found just enough to create a daughter-language of a common ancestor of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic (which was not my goal at first, but why not?) and saw what it was like. It seems to me, that there too little evidence left indeed, so a proper reconstruction can not be made: Proto-Indo-Uralic was spoken circa 10 000 BCE or even longer ago if it existed at all.		Once upon a time I happened to read an article about lexical similarities between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic and I asked myself, how that language could have sounded. It became a bit interesting to me, but there was just too little information on this topic. So I did my own research (maybe it should not be called a "research", but rather an extrapolation) and found just enough to create a daughter-language of a common ancestor of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic (which was not my goal at first, but why not?) and saw what it was like. It seems to me, that there too little evidence left indeed, so a proper reconstruction can not be made: Proto-Indo-Uralic was spoken circa 10 000 BCE or even longer ago if it existed at all.
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	===Internal history===		===Internal history===
	[[File:Takkenit_area.jpg\|thumb\| Area, where Takkenkikle was spoken in the period of its greatest expansion (around 6000 BCE). Modern political borders are represented for convenience.]]		[[File:Takkenit_area.jpg\|thumb\| Area, where Takkenkikle was spoken in the period of its greatest expansion (around 6000 BCE). Modern political borders are represented for convenience.]]
	The name Takkenkikle comes from ''takkune'' ("tribe", "people, related to each other", hence ''takkeni'' - "that belongs to the tribe") and kikle ("to ~~speek~~", "speech", "language"), so it translates as people's language. Its homeland is claimed to be Central Asian steppe between the Caspian sea and the Aral sea, which was forming, but hasn't become a single body of water yet. During 7000 BCE the earliest forms of the Takkenit language became distinct and Takkenit people separated from neighbouring tribes and moved westward to the sea. There is no consensus, why exactly the migration happened, but the most prominant factor was definitely climate change which brought less rains and caused animals to migrate further north.		The name Takkenkikle comes from ''takkune'' ("tribe", "people, related to each other", hence ''takkeni'' - "that belongs to the tribe") and kikle ("to speak", "speech", "language"), so it translates as people's language. Its homeland is claimed to be Central Asian steppe between the Caspian sea and the Aral sea, which was forming, but hasn't become a single body of water yet. During 7000 BCE the earliest forms of the Takkenit language became distinct and Takkenit people separated from neighbouring tribes and moved westward to the sea. There is no consensus, why exactly the migration happened, but the most prominant factor was definitely climate change which brought less rains and caused animals to migrate further north.

	Soon the people left northern shores of the Caspian sea and by the 6500 BCE reached the territory of forests and swamps in Eastern Europe, rich in food and materials for daily life. During this time different tribes and even villages were speaking slightly different dialects, which started diverging more and more, creating a dialectal continuum. But due to a semi-nomadic lifestyle contacts between people remained pretty high and thus their dialects did not become too distinct to be unintelligible.		Soon the people left northern shores of the Caspian sea and by the 6500 BCE reached the territory of forests and swamps in Eastern Europe, rich in food and materials for daily life. During this time different tribes and even villages were speaking slightly different dialects, which started diverging more and more, creating a dialectal continuum. But due to a semi-nomadic lifestyle contacts between people remained pretty high and thus their dialects did not become too distinct to be unintelligible.

Raistas: /* Morphophonology */

2018-10-07T16:31:55Z

Morphophonology

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:31, 7 October 2018
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	===Morphophonology===		===Morphophonology===
	When attaching various suffixes or endings to a word, many consonant clusters would appear. In these cases an epenthetic vowel (~~mostly~~ e /ə/) is inserted between, for instance "I'm catching (successfully)", which would be [ˈkɑ.kə.ˌtːɤ.mi] phonologically and kak-tt-m-i morphologically. If two vowels would appear side by side, the previous one is simply elided (''kulu'' ("small", singular) would give ''kulit'' ("small", plural) and not *''kuluit'').		When attaching various suffixes or endings to a word, many consonant clusters would appear. In these cases an epenthetic vowel (usually "e" /ə/) is inserted between, for instance "I'm catching (successfully)", which would be [ˈkɑ.kə.ˌtːɤ.mi] phonologically and "kak-tt-m-i" morphologically. If two vowels would appear side by side, the previous one is simply elided (''kulu'' ("small", singular) would give ''kulit'' ("small", plural) and not *''kuluit'').

	==Morphology==		==Morphology==

Raistas: /* Phonotactics */

2018-10-07T16:30:43Z

Phonotactics

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:30, 7 October 2018
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	===Phonotactics===		===Phonotactics===
	The Takkenit language has a somewhat restricted ammount of syllables, meaning it allowes only CV and CVC, where C is any consonant and V is any vowel. Vowel-initial syllables (V and VC) are rare and are allowed only word initially. No consonant clusters are allowed within a single syllable, which also means no initial or final consonant clusters. However if a last syllable contains /ə/ as a nucleus (such as in genitive plural ending ''-nək'') the vowel can be dropped in the fast speech (so the ending will become ''-nk''). The hiatus (sequence of two vowels) is also not allowed. All of these rules make Takkenit words sound a bit similar, so many of them ~~has~~ suffixes attached. This not only ~~makes~~ a more specific meaning but also helps to differentiate words that otherwise would sound the ~~same~~. For example ''murken'' can mean "to kill an animal prey", "to hit an animal" or "to gather woodsticks". That's why ''murəkken'' is used for the first meaning, ''murkəten'' - for the second and ''murakten'' - for the third.		The Takkenit language has a somewhat restricted ammount of syllables, meaning it allowes only CV and CVC, where C is any consonant and V is any vowel. Vowel-initial syllables (V and VC) are rare and are allowed only word initially. No consonant clusters are allowed within a single syllable, which also means no initial or final consonant clusters. However if a last syllable contains /ə/ as a nucleus (such as in genitive plural ending ''-nək'') the vowel can be dropped in the fast speech (so the ending will become ''-nk''). The hiatus (sequence of two vowels) is also not allowed. All of these rules make Takkenit words sound a bit similar to one another, so many of them have suffixes attached. This not only creates a more specific meaning but also helps to differentiate words that otherwise would sound the alike. For example ''murken'' can mean "to kill an animal prey", "to hit an animal" or "to gather woodsticks". That's why ''murəkken'' is used for the first meaning, ''murkəten'' - for the second and ''murakten'' - for the third.

	===Morphophonology===		===Morphophonology===