Kazoo: /* Grammar */

2025-08-26T01:21:37Z

Grammar

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:21, 26 August 2025
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	Verbs, adjectives and nouns in English all lexically correspond to verbs in Toaq. For example, the equivalent of English "apple" is '''shamu''' (to be an apple). English "large" is '''sao''' (to be large).		Verbs, adjectives and nouns in English all lexically correspond to verbs in Toaq. For example, the equivalent of English "apple" is '''shamu''' (to be an apple). English "large" is '''sao''' (to be large).

	When a verb is used as an argument, it means something that'd qualify for its first slot. In other terms '''shamu''' (to be an apple) becomes something that is an apple, '''shámu''' (the apple).		When a verb is used as an argument, it means something that'd qualify for its first slot. In other terms, '''shamu''' (to be an apple) becomes something that is an apple, '''shámu''' (the apple).

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	Here are some examples:		''ló'' is the same as just making the argument rising tone. Here are some examples:

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Kazoo at 01:19, 26 August 2025

2025-08-26T01:19:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:19, 26 August 2025
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	The tone is spread across the whole word, rather than the syllable only.		The tone is spread across the whole word, rather than the syllable only.

			== Grammar ==

	The order is VSO.		The order is VSO.

Kazoo: WIP

2025-08-26T01:18:34Z

WIP

New page

Toaq is a [[logical language]] and an [[artlang]] made by Hoemaı. It's tonal, and it is mostly [[analytic]]. Despite being a loglang, Toaq is designed to be pretty and very simple. It manages to do this while having a grammar that can be converted into logic unambiguously.
It has went through 4 iterations, labeled Alpha through Delta. The current iteration is Delta.

Toaq shows influence from South East Asian languages in terms of phonology.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| /m/ || '''m''' || meı || /b/ || '''b''' || bue || /pʰ/ || '''p''' || poq || /f/ || '''f''' || fuaq || /s/ || '''s''' || seoq || /l/||'''l''' || lıq
|-
| /n/ || '''n''' || naq || /d/ || '''d''' || deo || /tʰ/ || '''t''' || tıeq || /d͡z/ || '''z''' || zeo || /t͡sʰ/ || '''c''' || coa || /ɾ/ || '''r''' || rua
|-
| /ɲ/ || '''nh''' || nhoq || /d͡ʑ/ || '''j''' || juo || /t͡ɕʰ/ || '''ch''' || chao || /ɕ/ || '''sh''' || shıa || /w~j/ || '''ꝡ''' || ꝡa || || ||
|-
| /ŋ/ || '''q''' || aq || /g/ || '''g''' || guı || /kʰ/ || '''k''' || kue || /ʔ/ || '''' || aomo || /h/ || '''h''' || haq || || ||
|-
| /a/ || '''a''' || anı || /u/ || '''u''' || ujoq || /i/ || '''ı''' || ırue || /o/ || '''o''' || oguı || /ɛ/ || '''e''' || elu || || ||
|}

The syllable structure is CV(Q) or CF, where Q is either /ŋ/ or /m/, and F is a falling diphthong.

The letter ''ꝡ'' /w~j/ is pronounced /w/ after /i/ and /ɛ/; /j/ after /u/ and /a/; and can be both after [a].

There are 4 tones: falling tone (no mark ''a''), rising tone (acute ''á''), low-glottal tone (diaeresis ''ä''), rising-falling (circumflex ''â''). Rising-falling can also be a falling-rising tone.
Low glottal is pronounced with a low falling tone while putting a glottal stop between the vowel. example: ä [˨aʔ˩a].

The tone is spread across the whole word, rather than the syllable only.

The order is VSO.

Tones play a syntactic role, rather than lexical. In general, verbs take the falling tone. Determiners, pronouns and arguments take the rising tone. Subclause markers and some other clause-related particles take the glottal tone and the rising-falling tone is for adverbs.

Verb definitions are written with '''places'''. Here is the definition of "''chuq''" as an example: "▯ eats ▯."

The boxes serve as places to put your arguments in.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Chuq
! jí
! sá
! shamu
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| eat
| me
| some/an
| apple
|-
| colspan="4" | I eat an apple.
|}

Here, '''jí''' fills the first slot, and '''sá shamu''' fills the second slot. A verb can have at most 3 places.
A verb can also have zero places.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Ruqshua.
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| rain
|-
| colspan="4" | It's raining.
|}

Verbs, adjectives and nouns in English all lexically correspond to verbs in Toaq. For example, the equivalent of English "apple" is '''shamu''' (to be an apple). English "large" is '''sao''' (to be large).

When a verb is used as an argument, it means something that'd qualify for its first slot. In other terms '''shamu''' (to be an apple) becomes something that is an apple, '''shámu''' (the apple).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Shıa
! shámu.
|-
| fall
| apple\the
|-
| colspan="2" | The apple falls.
|}

Plainly using the rising tone as an argument implies it's the apple you've talked about before. To not do that, you can put a determiner before it. In which case the verb gains a regular falling tone.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Shıa
! sá
! shamu.
|-
| fall
| some
| apple
|-
| colspan="3" | A/some apple falls.
|}

Here are most of the determiners:

{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:middle;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! Determiner
! Meaning
|-
| ló
| X you've mentioned
|-
| sá
| some/an X
|-
| tú
| each X
|-
| túq
| all Xes as a whole
|-
| sía
| no X; none of the Xs
|-
| ní
| this/that X
|-
| báq
| X in general, X-kind
|-
| hí
| which X?, what X?
|}

Here are some examples:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Shıa
! sıá
! shamu.
|-
| fall
| no
| apple
|-
| colspan="3" | No apple is falling.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Shıa
! hí
! shamu.
|-
| fall
| what
| apple
|-
| colspan="3" | Which apple is falling?
|}

Toaq - Revision history

Kazoo: /* Grammar */

Kazoo at 01:19, 26 August 2025

Kazoo: WIP