User:Ceige/Proto-Kamut - Revision history

Ceige: /* Late Proto-Kamut Spacial Cases */ added some more cases coz #yolo. Also explained equative vs essive.

2014-10-19T14:38:10Z

Late Proto-Kamut Spacial Cases: added some more cases coz #yolo. Also explained equative vs essive.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 19 October 2014
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	==== Late Proto-Kamut Spacial Cases ====		==== Late Proto-Kamut Spacial Cases ====
	This case system arose through the agglutination of case markers; this specific set survives in the core Kamut branch. There existed more beyond these, like those in the Ayut branch (-~~əməiənəu~~ and -~~əməiənət~~; -minu and -minta). These are just examples.		This case system arose through the agglutination of case markers; this specific set survives in the core Kamut branch. There existed more beyond these, like those in the Ayut branch (-minu and -minət; -minu and -minta). These are just examples.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
Line 50:		Line 50:
	! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Usage		! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Usage
	\|-		\|-
	\| Locative \|\| -~~əməi~~ \|\| -~~ikəməi~~ \|\| -~~itəməi~~ \|\| at		\| Locative \|\| -mi \|\| -ikmi \|\| -itmi \|\| at
	\|-		\|-
	\| Ablative \|\| -~~əmət~~ \|\| -~~ikəmət~~ \|\| -~~itəmət~~ \|\| from		\| Ablative \|\| -mət \|\| -ikmt \|\| -itmt \|\| from
	\|-		\|-
	\| Inessive \|\| -~~əməiən~~ \|\| -~~ikəməiən~~ \|\| -~~itəməiən~~ \|\| in		\| Inessive \|\| -min \|\| -ikmin \|\| -itmin \|\| in
	\|-		\|-
	\| ~~Illative~~ \|\| -~~əməiənən~~ \|\| -~~ikəməiənən~~ \|\| -~~itəməiənən~~ \|\| into		\| Illative₁ \|\| -minu \|\| -ikminu \|\| -itminu \|\| into
	\|-		\|-
	\| ~~Instrumental~~ \|\| -~~əməiək~~ \|\| -~~ikəməiək~~ \|\| -~~itəməiək~~ \|\| ~~by means of~~		\| Elative₁ \|\| -minət \|\| -ikminət \|\| -itminət \|\| outwards
	\|-		\|-
	\| ~~Dative~~ \|\| -~~əməu~~ \|\| -~~ikəməu~~ \|\| -~~itəməu~~ \|\| ~~to, for, at~~		\| Illative₂ \|\| -minən \|\| -ikminən \|\| -itminən \|\| into
	\|-		\|-
	\| ~~Allative~~ \|\| -~~əməuət~~ \|\| -~~ikəməuət~~ \|\| -~~itəməuət~~ \|\| ~~to, towards~~		\| Instrumental \|\| -mik \|\| -ikmik \|\| -itmik \|\| by means of
	\|-		\|-
	\| ~~Exessive~~ \|\| -~~əməuən~~ \|\| -~~ikəməuən~~ \|\| -~~itəməuən~~ \|\| ~~out~~, ~~outside of~~		\| Dative \|\| -mu \|\| -ikmu \|\| -itmu \|\| to, for, at
	\|-		\|-
	\| ~~Elative~~ \|\| -~~əməuənən~~ \|\| -~~ikəməuənən~~ \|\| -~~itəməuənən~~ \|\| ~~outwards~~		\| Allative \|\| -mut \|\| -ikmut \|\| -itmut \|\| to, towards
	\|-		\|-
	\| Prosecutive \|\| -~~əməuək~~ \|\| -~~ikəməuək~~ \|\| -~~itəməuək~~ \|\| by way of		\| Exessive \|\| -mun \|\| -ikmun \|\| -itmun \|\| out, outside of
			\|-
			\| Elative₂ \|\| -munən \|\| -ikmunən \|\| -itmunən \|\| outwards
			\|-
			\| Prosecutive \|\| -muk \|\| -ikmuk \|\| -itmuk \|\| by way of
			\|-
			\| Equative \|\| -tut \|\| -iktut \|\| -ittut \|\| like, as
			\|-
			\| Essive \|\| -tun \|\| -iktun \|\| -ittun \|\| to be
			\|-
			\| Abessive \|\| -tək \|\| -iktək \|\| -ittət \|\| without, -less
	\|}		\|}

			Some etymological notes on -tut vs -tun: it is believed that -tut was used basically to say "to the party, [I am] from (related to) it", while -tun was used to say "to the party, [I am] of (part of it) it", where "party" means "a selection made using the partitive case". Thus, the mechanics are essentially to make a selection, use -u (dative) to point to it, and then state one's affiliation to it (-t-u-(t/n)).

			With time, however, the meanings drifted, with -tut becoming an equative and giving an impression of similarity or being a member of a larger group, and with -tun becoming an essive and giving an impression of essence.

	==== Additional Cases ====		==== Additional Cases ====

Ceige: Added two sets of numerals

2014-10-19T14:06:35Z

Added two sets of numerals

@@ Line 155: / Line 155: @@
 |-
 | Third Person Distal || -ənə || -ənəik || -ənəit ||
 |}
 == References and Notes ==
 <references/>

Ceige: Created page and populated it.

2014-10-13T13:26:36Z

Created page and populated it.

New page

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===

==== Early Proto-Kamut Abstract Cases ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Semantic Range
|-
| Absolutive || -ə || -ikə || -itə || [{{sc|nom/abs}}]
|-
| Objective || -əm || -ikəm || -itəm || [{{sc|acc/dat}}]
|-
| Genitive || -ən || -ikən || -itən || [{{sc|gen/nom}}]
|-
| Nominative || -əp || -ikəp || -itəp || [{{sc|nom/erg}}]
|-
| Partitive || -ət || -ikət || -itət || [{{sc|abl/par/gen/top}}]
|-
| Instrumental || -ək || -ikək || -itək || [{{sc|ins/loc}}]
|-
| Locative || -əi || -ikəi || -itəi || [{{sc|loc/ins}}]
|-
| Dative || -əu || -ikəu || -itəu || [{{sc|dat/all}}]
|}

==== Late Proto-Kamut Abstract Cases ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Semantic Range
|-
| Absolutive || -ə || -ik || -it || [{{sc|nom/abs}}]
|-
| Objective || -əm || -ikəm || -itəm || [{{sc|acc/dat/ben}}]
|-
| Genitive || -ən || -ikən || -itən || [{{sc|gen/nom/ben}}]
|-
| Topic || -ət || -ikət || -itət || [{{sc|nom/erg}}]
|-
| Nominative || -əpə || -ikəpə || -itəpə || [{{sc|nom/erg}}]
|-
| Ablative || -ətə || -ikətə || -itətə || [{{sc|abl/par/gen/ben}}]
|}

==== Late Proto-Kamut Spacial Cases ====
This case system arose through the agglutination of case markers; this specific set survives in the core Kamut branch. There existed more beyond these, like those in the Ayut branch (-əməiənəu and -əməiənət; -minu and -minta). These are just examples.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Usage
|-
| Locative || -əməi || -ikəməi || -itəməi || at
|-
| Ablative || -əmət || -ikəmət || -itəmət || from
|-
| Inessive || -əməiən || -ikəməiən || -itəməiən || in
|-
| Illative || -əməiənən || -ikəməiənən || -itəməiənən || into
|-
| Instrumental || -əməiək || -ikəməiək || -itəməiək || by means of
|-
| Dative || -əməu || -ikəməu || -itəməu || to, for, at
|-
| Allative || -əməuət || -ikəməuət || -itəməuət || to, towards
|-
| Exessive || -əməuən || -ikəməuən || -itəməuən || out, outside of
|-
| Elative || -əməuənən || -ikəməuənən || -itəməuənən || outwards
|-
| Prosecutive || -əməuək || -ikəməuək || -itəməuək || by way of
|}

==== Additional Cases ====
These cases do not follow symmetry or fit in a traditional paradigm.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Usage
|-
| Locative-Genitive || -mien || -ngien || -nien || of a place, hailing from
|}

The additional cases are more derivational than inflectional. While they can be used inflectionally, cases like the LOG/GEN -mien are lessed used in inflection where the genitive or locative would be better, and are instead used in things like adjectives and nouns more often (-mien in particular might translate to -ian or -ese).

==== Combined Cases ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Usage
|-
| Absolutive || -V || -(i)k || -(i)t || [{{sc|nom/abs}}]
|-
| Objective || -(e)m || -(i)k(em) || -(i)t(em) || [{{sc|acc/dat/ben}}]
|-
| Genitive || -(e)n || -(i)ken || -(i)ten || [{{sc|gen/nom/ben}}]
|-
| Nominative || -(e)p || -(i)kep || -(i)tep || [{{sc|nom/erg}}]
|-
| Dialectal Nominative || -(e)pa || -(i)ppa/kka || -(i)ppa || [{{sc|nom/erg}}]
|-
| Ablative || -(e)ta || -(i)kka || -(i)tta || [{{sc|abl/par/gen/ben}}]
|-
| Locative || -mi || -ngi || -ni || at, with
|-
| Ablative || -mit || -ngit || -nit || from
|-
| Inessive || -min || -ngin || -nin || in
|-
| Illative || -minen || -nginen || -ninen || into
|-
| Instrumental || -mik || -ngik || -nik || by means of
|-
| Dative || -mu || -ngu || -nu || to, for, at
|-
| Allative || -mut || -ngut || -nut || to, towards
|-
| Exessive || -mun || -ngun || -nun || out, outside of
|-
| Elative || -munen || -ngunen || -nunen || outwards
|-
| Prosecutive || -muk || -nguk || -nuk || by way of
|-
| Locative-Genitive || -mien || -ngien || -nien || of a place, hailing from
|}

In total, there are approximately 15-17 cases (45-51 declension items), depending on who is describing the language.

==== Nominalisation of Phrases ====
An entire phrase in Kamut can be nominalised using ''-(a)no''. This has been noted as a similarity between Kamut and Japanese (-no), although others have explained it as being an ablauted emphatic form of the Genitive ending.

Thus, ''kamungunen ano'' (bear-{{sc|du-obl-ela nmz}}) = "the thing about exiting the two bears".

Alternatively, ''-(u)va'' exists, although this is used as a quotation and question marker amongst other uses. This can be clarified by prosody (questions have a change in pitch) or by context and judgement calls by the listener.

''Kamunienami va...'' = "as for that thing you said about being with the Kamut people...".

=== Verbs ===
The default form of the verb is tyically given an aorist-indicative TAM assignment.

==== Personal Endings ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Person !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Usage
|-
| First Person Strong || -mi || -miik || -miit ||
|-
| First Person Weak|| -mi || -viik || -viit ||
|-
| First Person Proximal || -kə || -kəik || -kəit ||
|-
| Non-First Person Person Strong || -tə || -təik || -təit ||
|-
| Non-First Person Person Medial || -sə || -səik || -səit ||
|-
| Fourth Person Traditioanl || -nə || -nəik || -nəit ||
|-
| Third Person Distal || -ənə || -ənəik || -ənəit ||
|}

== References and Notes ==
<references/>