User:Frrurtu/Sandbox5 - Revision history

Frrurtu at 21:49, 4 November 2017

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	'''Ewige'''		'''Ewige''' (/əˈwiːgeɪ/, natively ''néto Éwigéřé'' [neto ˈeɹigerɛ], "Ewige language") is a language spoken in central-southern [[w:Siberia\|Siberia]], near the borders with Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and China. It is one of several descendants of the Ivugi language, also spoken in Siberia circa 1000 CE, but it is not considered mutually intelligible with the other Ivugean languages, as they are collectively known. The speaker pool of Ewige is estimated at around 200,000 individuals, mostly living in [[w:Kemerovo Oblast\|Kemerovo Oblast]], the [[w:Altai Republic\|Altai Republic]], and other nearby federal subjects of Russia; significant Ewige communities also exist in Kazakhstan, western Russia, the United States, and Germany. Community leaders have been enthusiastic about keeping the language alive, arranging for many films, comic strips, and books to be translated into the language and publishing newspapers in it.

			Ewige is a nominative-accusative, agglutinative language with an animate-inanimate distinction for nouns; as it features polypersonal agreement on verbs and many simpler sentences can express all their information with just a verb, some linguists argue that it is polysynthetic instead. It has two main dialects: ''Jugřé'' ("Southern") and ''Třařé'' ("Northern"); the more widely spoken and prestige Jugřé dialect is the one covered in this article.

	==History==		==History==

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Dialectology

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	* /t/ and /d/ are often realized as [θ] and [ð], except at the start of a word.		* /t/ and /d/ are often realized as [θ] and [ð], except at the start of a word.
	* /w/ becomes [ɹ~ɻ] in all positions, not just intervocalically.		* /w/ becomes [ɹ~ɻ] in all positions, not just intervocalically.
			* /h/ disappears initially and merges with /x/ elsewhere; this creates homophones such as ''oš'' ("than") vs. ''hoš'' ("footprint"), and ''og'' ("that", to mark subordinate clauses) vs. ''hog'' ("gust").
	* /ə/ is slightly fronted and rounded, often as far as [ø~œ], but does not exhibit nearly the degree of allophony found in Jugřé Ewige.		* /ə/ is slightly fronted and rounded, often as far as [ø~œ], but does not exhibit nearly the degree of allophony found in Jugřé Ewige.
	* The possessive pronouns are suffixed with the adjectival ''-řé'', such as ''sodařé'' ("yours"), equivalent to saying "yours-like" or "yours-ish" in English.		* The possessive pronouns are suffixed with the adjectival ''-řé'', such as ''sodařé'' ("yours"), equivalent to saying "yours-like" or "yours-ish" in English.

Frrurtu: /* Vocabulary */

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Vocabulary

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 ==Vocabulary==
 While most of Ewige's vocabulary is indigenous, it has borrowed a large number of terms from nearby languages of the Eurasian steppe, particularly [[w:Russian language|Russian]], [[w:Kazakh language|Kazakh]], and [[w:Mongolian language|Mongolian]]. More recently, English and, to a lesser extent, Mandarin loanwords have entered the language as well.
 ==Dialectology==

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Sample text

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	:'''Original''': It is a gift. A gift to the foes of Mordor. Why not use this Ring? Long has my father, the steward of Gondor, kept the forces of Mordor at bay. By the blood of our people are your lands kept safe. Give Gondor the weapon of the enemy; let us use it against him!		:'''Original''': It is a gift. A gift to the foes of Mordor. Why not use this Ring? Long has my father, the steward of Gondor, kept the forces of Mordor at bay. By the blood of our people are your lands kept safe. Give Gondor the weapon of the enemy; let us use it against him!

	:'''Ewige:''' Ojó jobóno. Jobóno osáň jaboř va Mórdór. Éřóvouro sesbé gei gritʼ ha? Igʼamyni erómode va Mórdór jadřyjyr, é ijó jadřorsék va Góndór, žytař. Nékédřoroni ařyšékʼóre va janarni sorén. Bʼómyti agʼožéde wa jaboř osáň Góndór, su ropyn sesbé ot ghog ut!		:'''Ewige:''' Ojó jobóno. Jobóno osáň jaboř va Mórdór. Éřóvouro sesbé gei gritʼ ha? Igʼamyni erómode va Mórdór jadřyjyr, é ijó jadřorsék va Góndór, žytař. Nékédřoroni ařyšékʼóre va janarni sorén. Bʼómyti agʼožéde va jaboř osáň Góndór, su ropyn sesbé ot ghog ut!

	:'''Gloss:''' 3SG.INAN.NOM-be.PRES gift. // gift to DEF.AN-foe of Mordor. // 1PL.NOM-NEG-be_able-PRES.bé use_INF this ring why? // 3SG.AN.NOM-push-PRES.mé-3PL.ACC DEF.INAN-force-PL of Mordor DEF.AN-father-1SG.POSS REL 3SG.AN.NOM-be.PRES DEF.AN-protect-AGENT of Gondor far-ADV. // 3PL.NOM-PASS-protect-PRES.bé-3PL.ACC DEF.INAN-land-PL of DEF.AN-person.PL 2SG.POSS with DEF.INAN-blood of DEF.AN-person.PL 1PL.POSS. give-IMP-3SG.INAN.ACC DEF.INAN-weapon of DEF.AN-foe to Gondor and allow-IMP-1PL.ACC use-INF 3SG.INAN against 3SG.AN!		:'''Gloss:''' 3SG.INAN.NOM-be.PRES gift. // gift to DEF.AN-foe of Mordor. // 1PL.NOM-NEG-be_able-PRES.bé use_INF this ring why? // 3SG.AN.NOM-push-PRES.mé-3PL.ACC DEF.INAN-force-PL of Mordor DEF.AN-father-1SG.POSS REL 3SG.AN.NOM-be.PRES DEF.AN-protect-AGENT of Gondor far-ADV. // 3PL.NOM-PASS-protect-PRES.bé-3PL.ACC DEF.INAN-land-PL of DEF.AN-person.PL 2SG.POSS with DEF.INAN-blood of DEF.AN-person.PL 1PL.POSS. give-IMP-3SG.INAN.ACC DEF.INAN-weapon of DEF.AN-foe to Gondor and allow-IMP-1PL.ACC use-INF 3SG.INAN against 3SG.AN!

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Vocabulary

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	==Vocabulary==		==Vocabulary==
	While most of Ewige's vocabulary is indigenous, it has borrowed a large number of terms from nearby languages of the Eurasian steppe, particularly [[w:Russian language\|Russian]], [[w:Kazakh language\|Kazakh]], and [[w:Mongolian language\|Mongolian]].		While most of Ewige's vocabulary is indigenous, it has borrowed a large number of terms from nearby languages of the Eurasian steppe, particularly [[w:Russian language\|Russian]], [[w:Kazakh language\|Kazakh]], and [[w:Mongolian language\|Mongolian]]. More recently, English and, to a lesser extent, Mandarin loanwords have entered the language as well.

	==Dialectology==		==Dialectology==

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Grammatical history

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	===Grammatical history===		===Grammatical history===
	It has also undergone the following grammatical innovations:		It has also undergone the following grammatical innovations:
	* Drastic simplification of noun pluralization: the majority of nouns now pluralize with ''-e'' or ''-de'', although a few dozen irregular nouns remain as vestiges of Ivugi's complex ablaut-based system.		* Drastic simplification of noun pluralization: the majority of nouns now pluralize with ''-e'' or ''-de'', although a few dozen irregular nouns remain as vestiges of Ivugi's complex ablaut-based system. For example, the noun ''ireiždé'' "person" has the suppletive plural ''inarni'', which descends from Ivugi's original plural; this is because ''ireiždé'' is a novel coining that literally means "society-child".
	* Generalizing the Ivugi particle ''u'', which was used before animate singular nouns in the accusative, to be a general affix for animate nouns. Explicitly animate pronouns and verb inflections would later develop based on it.		* Generalizing the Ivugi particle ''u'', which was used before animate singular nouns in the accusative, to be a general affix for animate nouns. Explicitly animate pronouns and verb inflections would later develop based on it.
	* Repurposing Ivugi's ''yi'' and ''ye'', which were the interrogative forms of "to be" in the past and present, as generic interrogative markers, and the resultant loss of Ivugi's morphological interrogative mood. They are now ''žé'' and ''ža''.		* Repurposing Ivugi's ''yi'' and ''ye'', which were the interrogative forms of "to be" in the past and present, as generic interrogative markers, and the resultant loss of Ivugi's morphological interrogative mood. They are now ''žé'' and ''ža''.

Frrurtu at 21:08, 4 November 2017

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	* The adverb ''gou'' ("now") has expanded in use to signify a sort of narrative past or aorist; it immediately follows the verb when used in this sense.		* The adverb ''gou'' ("now") has expanded in use to signify a sort of narrative past or aorist; it immediately follows the verb when used in this sense.
	* The verb ''gʼombé'' ("to help") is used as an auxiliary verb in a benefactive sense, such as in the phrase ''igʼomnor reipé ajoreiko ut'' "he threw the ball for me", which in Jugřé Ewige would mean "he helped me throw the ball".		* The verb ''gʼombé'' ("to help") is used as an auxiliary verb in a benefactive sense, such as in the phrase ''igʼomnor reipé ajoreiko ut'' "he threw the ball for me", which in Jugřé Ewige would mean "he helped me throw the ball".
			* Possibly influenced by the above, the verb ''ombé'' ("to wiggle, to oscillate") is used as an auxiliary verb for groups of two or more actors that are performing an action with one another (as opposed to separately). For example, ''néjomo jorimé'' is used to mean "they're arguing with each other", while ''néjorimy'' means "they're arguing separately".
	* The future-tense affix is always ''-sto-''; the ''-dzo-'' variant that Jugřé Ewige innovated for ''-me'' verbs does not exist.		* The future-tense affix is always ''-sto-''; the ''-dzo-'' variant that Jugřé Ewige innovated for ''-me'' verbs does not exist.
			* The verbalizing suffix ''-(ó)batpé'' (from the Russian ''-ovat'') is uncommon; it is normally substituted with simply ''-(y)přémé''.

	==Grammar==		==Grammar==

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Dialectology

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	* Double negation is common, with the general negative particle ''ou'' coming immediately before the verb.		* Double negation is common, with the general negative particle ''ou'' coming immediately before the verb.
	* Although Třařé Ewige is also pro-drop and its verbs have polypersonal agreement, subject pronouns are still used with greater frequency than in Jugřé Ewige, but they come at the very end of the sentence, including after any adverbs.		* Although Třařé Ewige is also pro-drop and its verbs have polypersonal agreement, subject pronouns are still used with greater frequency than in Jugřé Ewige, but they come at the very end of the sentence, including after any adverbs.
			* Various classes of nouns that are generally inanimate in Jugřé Ewige are animate in Třařé Ewige, such as geographical formations, vehicles, and large plants (mainly trees). A handful of nouns have moved in the opposite direction, being animate in Jugřé but inanimate in Třařé, such as ''igʼarut'' ("spider") and ''idé'' ("child").
			* The adverb ''gou'' ("now") has expanded in use to signify a sort of narrative past or aorist; it immediately follows the verb when used in this sense.
			* The verb ''gʼombé'' ("to help") is used as an auxiliary verb in a benefactive sense, such as in the phrase ''igʼomnor reipé ajoreiko ut'' "he threw the ball for me", which in Jugřé Ewige would mean "he helped me throw the ball".
			* The future-tense affix is always ''-sto-''; the ''-dzo-'' variant that Jugřé Ewige innovated for ''-me'' verbs does not exist.

	==Grammar==		==Grammar==

Frrurtu: /* Dialectology */

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Dialectology

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	==Dialectology==		==Dialectology==
			The dialect documented in this article is the prestige ''Jugřé'' (Southern) dialect, spoken by the majority of the population. The more innovative ''Třařé'' (Northern) dialect is characterized by the following features:
			* A lower percentage of loanwords and a tendency to use native coinings instead. When loanwords are imported, they are less likely to use non-native phones such as /l/.
			* The mid high vowels /e/ and /o/ are diphthongized to [iə] and [uə].
			* The low vowels have not shifted as far: /a/ is more like [æ] and /ɑ/ is more like [ɐ~ä].
			* The diphthongs /ei/ and /ou/ are more centralized, especially in their onsets: [əi~əɨ] and [əu~əʉ].
			* /t/ and /d/ are often realized as [θ] and [ð], except at the start of a word.
			* /w/ becomes [ɹ~ɻ] in all positions, not just intervocalically.
			* /ə/ is slightly fronted and rounded, often as far as [ø~œ], but does not exhibit nearly the degree of allophony found in Jugřé Ewige.
			* The possessive pronouns are suffixed with the adjectival ''-řé'', such as ''sodařé'' ("yours"), equivalent to saying "yours-like" or "yours-ish" in English.
			* Double negation is common, with the general negative particle ''ou'' coming immediately before the verb.
			* Although Třařé Ewige is also pro-drop and its verbs have polypersonal agreement, subject pronouns are still used with greater frequency than in Jugřé Ewige, but they come at the very end of the sentence, including after any adverbs.

	==Grammar==		==Grammar==

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Sample text

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	==Sample text==		==Sample text==
			A speech uttered by Boromir in ''[[w:The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\|The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':

			:'''Original''': It is a gift. A gift to the foes of Mordor. Why not use this Ring? Long has my father, the steward of Gondor, kept the forces of Mordor at bay. By the blood of our people are your lands kept safe. Give Gondor the weapon of the enemy; let us use it against him!

			:'''Ewige:''' Ojó jobóno. Jobóno osáň jaboř va Mórdór. Éřóvouro sesbé gei gritʼ ha? Igʼamyni erómode va Mórdór jadřyjyr, é ijó jadřorsék va Góndór, žytař. Nékédřoroni ařyšékʼóre va janarni sorén. Bʼómyti agʼožéde wa jaboř osáň Góndór, su ropyn sesbé ot ghog ut!

			:'''Gloss:''' 3SG.INAN.NOM-be.PRES gift. // gift to DEF.AN-foe of Mordor. // 1PL.NOM-NEG-be_able-PRES.bé use_INF this ring why? // 3SG.AN.NOM-push-PRES.mé-3PL.ACC DEF.INAN-force-PL of Mordor DEF.AN-father-1SG.POSS REL 3SG.AN.NOM-be.PRES DEF.AN-protect-AGENT of Gondor far-ADV. // 3PL.NOM-PASS-protect-PRES.bé-3PL.ACC DEF.INAN-land-PL of DEF.AN-person.PL 2SG.POSS with DEF.INAN-blood of DEF.AN-person.PL 1PL.POSS. give-IMP-3SG.INAN.ACC DEF.INAN-weapon of DEF.AN-foe to Gondor and allow-IMP-1PL.ACC use-INF 3SG.INAN against 3SG.AN!