User:Waahlis/Sandbox/Ris - Revision history

Waahlis: /* Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases */

2013-07-27T17:19:07Z

Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:19, 27 July 2013
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	\|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')		\|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')
	}}		}}
			==Other==

Waahlis at 10:03, 27 July 2013

2013-07-27T10:03:20Z

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <!-- {{Ris sidebar}} -->
+{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
 ==Morphosyntactic alignment and the core cases==
 [[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]
@@ Line 23: / Line 101: @@
 |IPA = /ˈmɪːθranɪ ˈçɛntaj ˈɪnɪstɪn/
 |morphemes = mīthra-{{blue|ni}} in-ist-{{blue|in}}
-|gloss = squirrel_soup.III-{{blue|PAT}}.DC okay.ADJ.PAT exist-ACT-IND.IPFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.DC
+|gloss = squirrel_soup.III-{{blue|PAT}}.DC okay.ADF.PAT exist-ACT-IND.IPFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.DC
 |translation = Okay squirrel soups exist.
 }}
@@ Line 87: / Line 165: @@
 |IPA = /ˈaneːr psaːˈnɪstɪ/
 |morphemes = anēr-{{blue|∅}} psān-ist-{{blue|ɪ}}
-|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG cry.ACT-IND-IMPV-{{blue|PAT}}.3.SG
+|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG cry.ACT-IND.IPVF-{{blue|PAT}}.3.SG
 |translation = Mother cries.
 }}
@@ Line 112: / Line 190: @@
 |IPA = /ˈantjʊ r̥ʰaˈɔs/
 |morphemes = anti-ou rha-ist-{{red|os}}
-|gloss = night.IV-LOC.DC talk.ACT-IND.IMPV-{{red|INV.AGT}}.1.SG
+|gloss = night.IV-LOC.DC talk.ACT-IND.IPVF-{{red|INV.AGT}}.1.SG
 |translation = I sleep-talk in the night.
 }}

Waahlis at 09:44, 27 July 2013

2013-07-27T09:44:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:44, 27 July 2013
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	\|phrase = Ānkouro.		\|phrase = Ānkouro.
	\|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/		\|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/
	\|morphemes = ānkour-{{blue\|o}}		\|morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{blue\|o}}
	\|gloss = to trip.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{blue\|PAT}}.1.SG		\|gloss = to trip.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue\|PAT}}.1.SG
	\|translation = I fell.		\|translation = I fell.
	}}		}}

	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
	\|phrase = ~~Sausani~~ hentai inistin.		\|phrase = Mīthrani hentai inistin.
	\|IPA = /~~ˈsawsanɪ~~ ˈçɛntaj ˈɪnɪstɪn/		\|IPA = /ˈmɪːθranɪ ˈçɛntaj ˈɪnɪstɪn/
	\|morphemes = ~~sausa~~-{{blue\|ni}} in-ist-{{blue\|in}}		\|morphemes = mīthra-{{blue\|ni}} in-ist-{{blue\|in}}
	\|gloss = ~~pig~~.III-{{blue\|PAT}}.DC okay.ADJ.PAT to exist-ACT.IND.IPFV-3.{{blue\|PAT}}.DC		\|gloss = squirrel_soup.III-{{blue\|PAT}}.DC okay.ADJ.PAT exist-ACT-IND.IPFV-3.{{blue\|PAT}}.DC
	\|translation = Okay squirrel soups exist.		\|translation = Okay squirrel soups exist.
	}}		}}
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	\|IPA = /ˈtageːrras ˈkeːraks/		\|IPA = /ˈtageːrras ˈkeːraks/
	\| morphemes = tagēr-r-as kērax-{{blue\|∅}}		\| morphemes = tagēr-r-as kērax-{{blue\|∅}}
	\| gloss = to hit-~~ACT.~~IMP.PRFV-2.SG.AGT bird.I-{{blue\|PAT}}.SG		\| gloss = hit.ACT-IMP.PRFV-2.SG.AGT bird.I-{{blue\|PAT}}.SG
	\| translation = Hit the bird.		\| translation = Hit the bird.
	}}		}}
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	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
	\|phrase = Anēr, ouinēstra teskho...		\|phrase = Anēr, ouinēstra teskho...
	\|IPA = /~~ˈaːŋkʊrɔ~~/		\|IPA = /ˈaneːr wɪˈneːstra ˈtɛskʰɔ/
	\|morphemes = anēr-∅ ouinēstra-∅ teskh-{{blue\|o}}		\|morphemes = anēr-∅ ouinēstra-∅ teskh-∅-{{blue\|o}}
	\|gloss = mother.I-VOC.SG window.II-{{blue\|PAT}}.SG to smash.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{blue\|PAT}}.1.SG		\|gloss = mother.I-VOC.SG window.II-{{blue\|PAT}}.SG smash.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue\|PAT}}.1.SG
	\|translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window...		\|translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window...
	}}		}}
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	\|IPA = /maw kaˈteːrɔ ˈktɛrma/		\|IPA = /maw kaˈteːrɔ ˈktɛrma/
	\|morphemes = {{red\|mau}} katēr-∅-{{red\|o}} kterma-{{blue\|∅}}		\|morphemes = {{red\|mau}} katēr-∅-{{red\|o}} kterma-{{blue\|∅}}
	\|gloss = 1.{{red\|AGT}}.SG ~~to write~~-~~ACT.~~IND.PRFV-{{red\|IN.PAT}}.1.SG letter.III-{{blue\|PAT}}.SG		\|gloss = 1.{{red\|AGT}}.SG writeACT-IND.PRFV-{{red\|IN.PAT}}.1.SG letter.III-{{blue\|PAT}}.SG
	\|translation = I am writing a letter.		\|translation = I am writing a letter.
	}}		}}
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	\|IPA = /ˈhɛ tɛˈtʰʊːrɪ/		\|IPA = /ˈhɛ tɛˈtʰʊːrɪ/
	\|morphemes = {{red\|he}} te~thoūr-{{red\|is}}		\|morphemes = {{red\|he}} te~thoūr-{{red\|is}}
	\|gloss = 2.{{red\|AGT}}.SG ~~ACT.~~IND.ITR~to run-1.{{red\|AGT}}.SG		\|gloss = 2.{{red\|AGT}}.SG IND.ITR~run.ACT-1.{{red\|AGT}}.SG
	\|translation = He is running around.		\|translation = He is running around.
	}}		}}
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	\|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/		\|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/
	\| morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{red\|os}}		\| morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{red\|os}}
	\| gloss = to trip.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red\|AGT}}.1.SG		\| gloss = trip.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red\|AGT}}.1.SG
	\| translation = I purposely trip...!		\| translation = I purposely trip...!
	}}		}}
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	\|phrase = Ekrasi mākhina.		\|phrase = Ekrasi mākhina.
	\|IPA = /ˈɛkrasːi maːˈkʰɪna/		\|IPA = /ˈɛkrasːi maːˈkʰɪna/
	\|morphemes = ekras-{{blue\|i}} mākhina-{{blue\|∅}}		\|morphemes = ekras-∅-{{blue\|i}} mākhina-{{blue\|∅}}
	\|gloss = to crash.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{blue\|PAT}}.3.SG		\|gloss = crash.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue\|PAT}}.3.SG
	\|translation = The car crashed.		\|translation = The car crashed.
	}}		}}
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	\|IPA = /ˈaneːr psaːˈnɪstɪ/		\|IPA = /ˈaneːr psaːˈnɪstɪ/
	\|morphemes = anēr-{{blue\|∅}} psān-ist-{{blue\|ɪ}}		\|morphemes = anēr-{{blue\|∅}} psān-ist-{{blue\|ɪ}}
	\|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG to cry.ACT.IND-IMPV-{{blue\|PAT}}.3.SG		\|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG cry.ACT-IND-IMPV-{{blue\|PAT}}.3.SG
	\|translation = Mother cries.		\|translation = Mother cries.
	}}		}}
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	\|phrase = Ngaos.		\|phrase = Ngaos.
	\|IPA = /ŋgaˈos/		\|IPA = /ŋgaˈos/
	\|morphemes = nga-{{red\|os}}		\|morphemes = nga-∅-{{red\|os}}
	\|gloss = to sleep.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red\|AGT}}.1.SG		\|gloss = sleep.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red\|AGT}}.1.SG
	\|translation = I am trying to sleep.		\|translation = I am trying to sleep.
	}}		}}
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	\|phrase = He gāmi!		\|phrase = He gāmi!
	\|IPA = /hɛ gaːˈmi/		\|IPA = /hɛ gaːˈmi/
	\|morphemes = he gām-{{blue\|i}}		\|morphemes = he gām-∅-{{blue\|i}}
	\|gloss = 3.PROX.MA.SG to come.ACT-IND.IMPV-{{blue\|INV.PAT}}.3.SG		\|gloss = 3.PROX.MA.SG to come.ACT-IND.IMPV-{{blue\|INV.PAT}}.3.SG
	\|translation = He's coming!		\|translation = He's coming!
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	\|IPA = /ˈantjʊ r̥ʰaˈɔs/		\|IPA = /ˈantjʊ r̥ʰaˈɔs/
	\|morphemes = anti-ou rha-ist-{{red\|os}}		\|morphemes = anti-ou rha-ist-{{red\|os}}
	\|gloss = night.IV-LOC.DC to talk.ACT-IND.IMPV-{{red\|INV.AGT}}.1.SG		\|gloss = night.IV-LOC.DC talk.ACT-IND.IMPV-{{red\|INV.AGT}}.1.SG
	\|translation = I sleep-talk in the night.		\|translation = I sleep-talk in the night.
	}}		}}
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	\|phrase = Ti rhās?		\|phrase = Ti rhās?
	\|IPA = /tɪ ˈr̥ʰaːs/		\|IPA = /tɪ ˈr̥ʰaːs/
	\|morphemes = ti rha-{{red\|as}}		\|morphemes = ti rha-∅-{{red\|as}}
	\|gloss = what.PAT.SG to talk.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red\|INV.AGT}}.2.SG		\|gloss = what.PAT.SG talk.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red\|INV.AGT}}.2.SG
	\|translation = What are you trying to say?		\|translation = What are you trying to say?
	}}		}}
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	\|phrase = Kinizas, kinizas!		\|phrase = Kinizas, kinizas!
	\|IPA = /kɪnɪˈd͡zas kɪnɪˈd͡zas/		\|IPA = /kɪnɪˈd͡zas kɪnɪˈd͡zas/
	\|morphemes = kiniz-{{red\|as}}		\|morphemes = kiniz-∅-{{red\|as}}
	\|gloss = to drive.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red\|INV.AGT}}.2.SG		\|gloss = drive.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red\|INV.AGT}}.2.SG
	\|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')		\|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')
	}}		}}

Waahlis at 21:13, 26 July 2013

2013-07-26T21:13:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:13, 26 July 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
			<!-- {{Ris sidebar}} -->

	==Morphosyntactic alignment and the core cases==		==Morphosyntactic alignment and the core cases==
	[[Image:Control-argument-qri.png\|right\|thumb\|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.\|240px]]		[[Image:Control-argument-qri.png\|right\|thumb\|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.\|240px]]

Waahlis: /* Unaccusatives and unergatives */

2013-07-25T17:25:48Z

Unaccusatives and unergatives

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:25, 25 July 2013
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	}}		}}

	===Unaccusatives and ~~unergatives~~===		===Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases===
	[[Image:Alignment-qri.png\|right\|thumb\|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.\|450px]]		[[Image:Alignment-qri.png\|right\|thumb\|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.\|450px]]
	Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.		Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.
Line 96:		Line 96:
	\|translation = I am trying to sleep.		\|translation = I am trying to sleep.
	}}		}}
	Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. Thus, an unergative in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying.		Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. In the gloss, unergatives have the letters {{sc\|inv}}} before the casees. Thus, an unergative with a subject in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying.

			{{Gloss
			\|phrase = He gāmi!
			\|IPA = /hɛ gaːˈmi/
			\|morphemes = he gām-{{blue\|i}}
			\|gloss = 3.PROX.MA.SG to come.ACT-IND.IMPV-{{blue\|INV.PAT}}.3.SG
			\|translation = He's coming!
			}}

	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
	\|phrase = Antiou rhaistos...		\|phrase = Antiou rhaistos...
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	\|IPA = /tɪ ˈr̥ʰaːs/		\|IPA = /tɪ ˈr̥ʰaːs/
	\|morphemes = ti rha-{{red\|as}}		\|morphemes = ti rha-{{red\|as}}
	\|gloss = what.PAT.SG to talk.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red\|INV.AGT}}.1.SG		\|gloss = what.PAT.SG to talk.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red\|INV.AGT}}.2.SG
	\|translation = What are you trying to say?		\|translation = What are you trying to say?
	}}		}}
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	\|IPA = /kɪnɪˈd͡zas kɪnɪˈd͡zas/		\|IPA = /kɪnɪˈd͡zas kɪnɪˈd͡zas/
	\|morphemes = kiniz-{{red\|as}}		\|morphemes = kiniz-{{red\|as}}
	\|gloss = to drive.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red\|INV.AGT}}.1.SG		\|gloss = to drive.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red\|INV.AGT}}.2.SG
	\|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')		\|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')
	}}		}}

Waahlis: /* Inversion of unergatives and unaccusatives */

2013-07-25T17:11:36Z

Inversion of unergatives and unaccusatives

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:11, 25 July 2013
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	}}		}}

	===~~Inversion of~~ unergatives ~~and unaccusatives~~===		===Unaccusatives and unergatives===
	[[Image:Alignment-qri.png\|right\|thumb\|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.\|450px]]		[[Image:Alignment-qri.png\|right\|thumb\|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.\|450px]]
	Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.		Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.
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	\|morphemes = anēr-{{blue\|∅}} psān-ist-{{blue\|ɪ}}		\|morphemes = anēr-{{blue\|∅}} psān-ist-{{blue\|ɪ}}
	\|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG to cry.ACT.IND-IMPV-{{blue\|PAT}}.3.SG		\|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG to cry.ACT.IND-IMPV-{{blue\|PAT}}.3.SG
	\|translation = ~~I fell~~.		\|translation = Mother cries.
	}}		}}

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	\|IPA = /kɪnɪˈd͡zas kɪnɪˈd͡zas/		\|IPA = /kɪnɪˈd͡zas kɪnɪˈd͡zas/
	\|morphemes = kiniz-{{red\|as}}		\|morphemes = kiniz-{{red\|as}}
	\|gloss = to drive.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red\|AGT}}.1.SG		\|gloss = to drive.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red\|INV.AGT}}.1.SG
	\|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')		\|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')
	}}		}}

Waahlis: /* Inversion of unergatives and unaccusatives */

2013-07-25T17:08:53Z

Inversion of unergatives and unaccusatives

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:08, 25 July 2013
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	Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.		Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.

	An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative.		An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative. It gives a sense of intent, and trying.

	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
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	\|translation = I am trying to sleep.		\|translation = I am trying to sleep.
	}}		}}
	Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject.		Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. Thus, an unergative in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying.
			{{Gloss
			\|phrase = Antiou rhaistos...
			\|IPA = /ˈantjʊ r̥ʰaˈɔs/
			\|morphemes = anti-ou rha-ist-{{red\|os}}
			\|gloss = night.IV-LOC.DC to talk.ACT-IND.IMPV-{{red\|INV.AGT}}.1.SG
			\|translation = I sleep-talk in the night.
			}}

			{{Gloss
			\|phrase = Ti rhās?
			\|IPA = /tɪ ˈr̥ʰaːs/
			\|morphemes = ti rha-{{red\|as}}
			\|gloss = what.PAT.SG to talk.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red\|INV.AGT}}.1.SG
			\|translation = What are you trying to say?
			}}

	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
	\|phrase = Kinizas, kinizas!		\|phrase = Kinizas, kinizas!

Waahlis at 10:30, 25 July 2013

2013-07-25T10:30:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:30, 25 July 2013
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	}}		}}

	===~~Inverse marking: Unergatives~~ and unaccusatives===		===Inversion of unergatives and unaccusatives===
	[[Image:Alignment-qri.png\|right\|thumb\|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.\|450px]]		[[Image:Alignment-qri.png\|right\|thumb\|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.\|450px]]
	Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.		Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.
Line 96:		Line 96:
	\|translation = I am trying to sleep.		\|translation = I am trying to sleep.
	}}		}}
	Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have an agent as their subject.		Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject.
			{{Gloss
			\|phrase = Kinizas, kinizas!
			\|IPA = /kɪnɪˈd͡zas kɪnɪˈd͡zas/
			\|morphemes = kiniz-{{red\|as}}
			\|gloss = to drive.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red\|AGT}}.1.SG
			\|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')
			}}

Waahlis: /* Inverse marking: Unergatives and unaccusatives */

2013-07-24T19:44:10Z

Inverse marking: Unergatives and unaccusatives

@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 ===Inverse marking: Unergatives and unaccusatives===
 [[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|450px]]
-To be continued.
+Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.

Waahlis: Created page with "==Morphosyntactic alignment and the core cases== [[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illust..."

2013-07-18T19:56:22Z

Created page with "==Morphosyntactic alignment and the core cases== [[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illust..."

New page

==Morphosyntactic alignment and the core cases==
[[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]
Ris possess an originally [[w:active-stative alignment|active-stative alignment]], which means that the two arguments of transitive verbs, the subject and object, are marked with the agentive case and patientive case respectively. The agent of an intransitive verb, however, can be marked with either. The agentive and patientive cases denote a different degree of control and [[w:volition (linguistics)|volition]] with the arguments. Depending on the intransitive verb, different cases would be used.

It later developed the so-called ''fluid-S'' subtype, which infers that any intransitive verb can use both the patientive and agentive cases, wich each grant a different degree of control of the verb.

====Patientive case====
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}}) is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.

The patientive is used on low control agents, and [[w:patient (grammar)|experiencers]] of actions - neither of which have much influence on the verb. Colloquially, the patientive can be used on agents of transitive verbs to indicate a degree of innocence, lack of control of the event.
{{Gloss
|phrase = Ānkouro.
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/
|morphemes = ānkour-{{blue|o}}
|gloss = to trip.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|translation = I fell.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = Sausani hentai inistin.
|IPA = /ˈsawsanɪ ˈçɛntaj ˈɪnɪstɪn/
|morphemes = sausa-{{blue|ni}} in-ist-{{blue|in}}
|gloss = pig.III-{{blue|PAT}}.DC okay.ADJ.PAT to exist-ACT.IND.IPFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.DC
|translation = Okay squirrel soups exist.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = Tagērras kērax.
|IPA = /ˈtageːrras ˈkeːraks/
| morphemes = tagēr-r-as kērax-{{blue|∅}}
| gloss = to hit-ACT.IMP.PRFV-2.SG.AGT bird.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
| translation = Hit the bird.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = Anēr, ouinēstra teskho...
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/
|morphemes = anēr-∅ ouinēstra-∅ teskh-{{blue|o}}
|gloss = mother.I-VOC.SG window.II-{{blue|PAT}}.SG to smash.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window...
}}
====Agentive case====
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs.
The agentive marks high control, volitional [[w:Agent (grammar)|agents]] of verbs.

{{Gloss|phrase = Mau katēro kterma.
|IPA = /maw kaˈteːrɔ ˈktɛrma/
|morphemes = {{red|mau}} katēr-∅-{{red|o}} kterma-{{blue|∅}}
|gloss = 1.{{red|AGT}}.SG to write-ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red|IN.PAT}}.1.SG letter.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|translation = I am writing a letter.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = He tethoūris.
|IPA = /ˈhɛ tɛˈtʰʊːrɪ/
|morphemes = {{red|he}} te~thoūr-{{red|is}}
|gloss = 2.{{red|AGT}}.SG ACT.IND.ITR~to run-1.{{red|AGT}}.SG
|translation = He is running around.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = Ānkouros...!
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/
| morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{red|os}}
| gloss = to trip.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
| translation = I purposely trip...!
}}

===Inverse marking: Unergatives and unaccusatives===
[[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|450px]]
To be continued.