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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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→Pronouns
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Pronouns often a [[w:Clitic|clitic]] with imperative or after non-finite forms of verbs, being applied as [[w:Clitic#Enclitic|enclitics]]. | Pronouns often become a [[w:Clitic|clitic]] nearby verbs, mainly with imperative or after non-finite forms of verbs (often apocopating the terminal -e of infinitives), being applied as [[w:Clitic#Enclitic|enclitics]]. A good example is ''faur þuc'' “for you” but ''(ic) dauþo·t'' “I kill you”. Paradigmata is given below: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|+ | |+Enclitic pronouns | ||
! rowspan=2| Number | ! rowspan=2| Number | ||
! rowspan=2| Case | ! rowspan=2| Case | ||
| Line 1,433: | Line 1,433: | ||
!rowspan=3| Singular | !rowspan=3| Singular | ||
! {{small|acc.}} | ! {{small|acc.}} | ||
| mi | | mi <br> ·m | ||
| ti <br> ·t | |||
| lo | | lo <br> ·l | ||
| la | | la <br> ·l | ||
| lo | | lo <br> ·l | ||
| si | | si <br> ·s | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}} | ||
| mi | | mi <br> ·m | ||
| ti <br> ·t | |||
| gli | | gli <br> ·gl | ||
| gle | | gle <br> ·gl | ||
| gli | | gli <br> ·gl | ||
| si | | si <br> ·s | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|gen.}} | ! {{small|gen.}} | ||
| — | | — | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ne | | ne <br> ·n | ||
| ne | | ne <br> ·n | ||
| ne | | ne <br> ·n | ||
| ne | | ne <br> ·n | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan=3| Plural | !rowspan=3| Plural | ||
| Line 1,460: | Line 1,460: | ||
| ci | | ci | ||
| vi | | vi | ||
| los | | los <br> ·l | ||
| las | | las <br> ·l | ||
| la | | la <br> ·l | ||
| si | | si <br> ·s | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}} | ||
| ci | | ci | ||
| vi | | vi | ||
| li | | li <br> ·l | ||
| li | | li <br> ·l | ||
| li | | li <br> ·l | ||
| si | | si <br> ·s | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|gen.}} | ! {{small|gen.}} | ||
| — | | — | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ne | | ne <br> ·n | ||
| ne | | ne <br> ·n | ||
| ne | | ne <br> ·n | ||
| ne | | ne <br> ·n | ||
|} | |} | ||
* | Apocopated forms happen before or after (vide below) a vowel, e.g.: | ||
* ''(Ic) gevo·t lo claufo'' “I give you the bread” | |||
* ''(Vi) gevamos·ti lo claufo'' “we give you the bread | |||
* ''(Þû) gevas·mi lo claufo'' “you give me the bread” | |||
* ''(Eis) gevanno·m lo claufo'' “they give me the bread” | |||
Luthic has [[wikt:mesoclitic|mesoclitic pronouns]], which happen in compounded verbs with ''havere'' (vide [[Luthic#Verbs|§ Verbs]]), i.e. the present conditionals active and passive and the future indicatives active and passive: | |||
* ''(Ic) gever·t’ô lo claufo'' “I will give you the bread” | |||
* ''(Ic) gever·vi·ô lo claufo'' “I will give you the bread” | |||
* ''(Vi) gever·l’êmos lo claufo'' “We will give him the bread” | |||
Verbs that start with a vowel or ⟨h⟩ call for a [[w:Clitic#Proclitic|proclitic]], except for first and second person plural: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+Proclitic pronouns | |||
! rowspan=2| Number | |||
! rowspan=2| Case | |||
! rowspan=2| 1<small><sup>st</sup></small> person | |||
! rowspan=2| 2<small><sup>st</sup></small> person | |||
! colspan=3| 3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> person | |||
! rowspan=2| reflexive | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|masculine}} | |||
! {{small|feminine}} | |||
! {{small|neuter}} | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=3| Singular | |||
! {{small|acc.}} | |||
| m’ | |||
| t’ | |||
| l’ | |||
| l’ | |||
| l’ | |||
| s’ | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|dat.}} | |||
| m’ | |||
| t’ | |||
| gl’ | |||
| gl’ | |||
| gl’ | |||
| s’ | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|gen.}} | |||
| — | |||
| — | |||
| n’ | |||
| n’ | |||
| n’ | |||
| n’ | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=3| Plural | |||
! {{small|acc.}} | |||
| — | |||
| — | |||
| l’ | |||
| l’ | |||
| l’ | |||
| s’ | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|dat.}} | |||
| — | |||
| — | |||
| l’ | |||
| l’ | |||
| l’ | |||
| s’ | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|gen.}} | |||
| — | |||
| — | |||
| n’ | |||
| n’ | |||
| n’ | |||
| n’ | |||
|} | |||
* (Ic) t’amo “I love you” | |||
* (Ic) t’hazo “I hate you” | |||
* (Eis) t’helpanno “they help you” | |||
Furthermore, Luthic has a set of poetic pronouns, often used to translate [[w:Italian poetry|Italian poetry]] or to better fit [[w:Metre (poetry)|metre]], these are also very common in [[w:Sociolects|sociolects]] influenecd by Italian or other nearby Romance languages. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 1,829: | Line 1,909: | ||
| mia | | mia | ||
| mio | | mio | ||
| | | þou | ||
| þua | | þua | ||
| þuo | | þuo | ||
| | | sou | ||
| sua | | sua | ||
| suo | | suo | ||
| Line 1,859: | Line 1,939: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|gen.}} | ! {{small|gen.}} | ||
| | | miei | ||
| miae | | miae | ||
| | | miei | ||
| þui | | þui | ||
| þuae | | þuae | ||
| Line 1,871: | Line 1,951: | ||
!rowspan=4| Plural | !rowspan=4| Plural | ||
! {{small|nom.}} | ! {{small|nom.}} | ||
| | | miei | ||
| miae | | miae | ||
| mia | | mia | ||
| Line 1,914: | Line 1,994: | ||
| suoro | | suoro | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||