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Lëtzelúcia (talk | contribs) m (→Alphabet) |
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* The letter g represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters e and i. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before c, q or g. | * The letter g represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters e and i. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before c, q or g. | ||
** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/. | ** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/. | ||
** The spelling gg can either stand for /ŋɡ/ or for /dd͡ʒ/. | |||
** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ggu [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguo'' [ˈtɾɛɡ.ɡʷu]. | ** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ggu [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguo'' [ˈtɾɛɡ.ɡʷu]. | ||
* The letter r represents the sound [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] onset or stressed intervocalic, [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] when intervocalic or nearby another consonant or at the end of words and [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]] if doubled. | * The letter r represents the sound [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] onset or stressed intervocalic, [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] when intervocalic or nearby another consonant or at the end of words and [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]] if doubled. | ||
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** In VCC structures and some Italian borrowings, the digraphs are not found. | ** In VCC structures and some Italian borrowings, the digraphs are not found. | ||
* The [[w:Dot (diacritic)|overdot accent]] is used to over ⟨a, o⟩ to indicate coda /a o/. | * The [[w:Dot (diacritic)|overdot accent]] is used to over ⟨a, o⟩ to indicate coda /a o/. | ||
** The spelling cċ stands for /kʃ/, but is in free variation with /ks/. | |||
** The spelling gġ stands for /ɡʒ/, but is in free variation with /ɡz/, it is only found in some loanwords. | |||
** The letter o always represents the sound /u/ in coda. | ** The letter o always represents the sound /u/ in coda. | ||
** The overdot is also used over ⟨c, g⟩ to indicate [[w:Palatalization (sound change)|palatalisation]]. | ** The overdot is also used over ⟨c, g⟩ to indicate [[w:Palatalization (sound change)|palatalisation]]. | ||
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| Water || Neuter || Vadne || Vadni | | Water || Neuter || Vadne || Vadni | ||
|- | |- | ||
| King || Masculine || | | King || Masculine || Regge || Reggi | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Heart || Neuter || Haertene || Haerteni | | Heart || Neuter || Haertene || Haerteni | ||
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====Present perfect==== | ====Present perfect==== | ||
The present perfect is used for single actions or events (''sa maurgina im ganato a scuola'' “I went to school this morning”), or change in state (''sic ist þvaersoto can ata iȧ hô rogiato'' “he got angry when I told him that”), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits ('' | The present perfect is used for single actions or events (''sa maurgina im ganato a scuola'' “I went to school this morning”), or change in state (''sic ist þvaersoto can ata iȧ hô rogiato'' “he got angry when I told him that”), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits (''eggiavȯ biciclettȧ a scuola alla maurgina'' “I used to go to school by bike every morning”), or repeated actions, not happening at a specific time (''sic þvaersovat alla vece ei, giuvedar can ata iȧ rogiavat'' “he got angry every time someone told him that”). | ||
=====Past participle===== | =====Past participle===== | ||
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| ''erȯ'' | | ''erȯ'' | ||
| ''havaedȯ'' | | ''havaedȯ'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggiavȯ'' | ||
| st''avȯ'' | | st''avȯ'' | ||
| ''tavidȯ'' | | ''tavidȯ'' | ||
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| ''eras'' | | ''eras'' | ||
| ''havaedas'' | | ''havaedas'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggiavas'' | ||
| st''avas'' | | st''avas'' | ||
| ''tavidas'' | | ''tavidas'' | ||
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| ''erat'' | | ''erat'' | ||
| ''havaedat'' | | ''havaedat'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggiavat'' | ||
| st''avat'' | | st''avat'' | ||
| ''tavidat'' | | ''tavidat'' | ||
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| ''eravamos'' | | ''eravamos'' | ||
| ''havaedamos'' | | ''havaedamos'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggiavamos'' | ||
| st''avamos'' | | st''avamos'' | ||
| ''tavidamos'' | | ''tavidamos'' | ||
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| ''eravates'' | | ''eravates'' | ||
| ''havaedates'' | | ''havaedates'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggiavates'' | ||
| st''avates'' | | st''avates'' | ||
| ''tavidates'' | | ''tavidates'' | ||
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| eranno | | eranno | ||
| ''havaedanno'' | | ''havaedanno'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggiavanno'' | ||
| st''avanno'' | | st''avanno'' | ||
| ''tavidanno'' | | ''tavidanno'' | ||
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| — | | — | ||
| ''havaedara'' | | ''havaedara'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggiavara'' | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ''tavidara'' | | ''tavidara'' | ||
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| — | | — | ||
| ''havaedasa'' | | ''havaedasa'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggiavasa'' | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ''tavidasa'' | | ''tavidasa'' | ||
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| — | | — | ||
| ''havaedada'' | | ''havaedada'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggiavada'' | ||
| st''avada'' | | st''avada'' | ||
| ''tavidada'' | | ''tavidada'' | ||
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| — | | — | ||
| ''havaedanda'' | | ''havaedanda'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggiavanda'' | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ''tavidanda'' | | ''tavidanda'' | ||
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| — | | — | ||
| ''havaedanda'' | | ''havaedanda'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggiavanda'' | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ''tavidanda'' | | ''tavidanda'' | ||
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| — | | — | ||
| ''havaedanda'' | | ''havaedanda'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggiavanda'' | ||
| st''avanda'' | | st''avanda'' | ||
| ''tavidanda'' | | ''tavidanda'' | ||
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| ''fossi'' | | ''fossi'' | ||
| hav''essi'' | | hav''essi'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggissi'' | ||
| ''stessi'' | | ''stessi'' | ||
| ''tavissi'' | | ''tavissi'' | ||
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| ''fossis'' | | ''fossis'' | ||
| hav''essis'' | | hav''essis'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggissis'' | ||
| ''stessis'' | | ''stessis'' | ||
| ''tavissis'' | | ''tavissis'' | ||
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| ''fossit'' | | ''fossit'' | ||
| hav''essit'' | | hav''essit'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggissit'' | ||
| ''stessit'' | | ''stessit'' | ||
| ''tavissit'' | | ''tavissit'' | ||
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| ''fossimos'' | | ''fossimos'' | ||
| hav''essimos'' | | hav''essimos'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggissimos'' | ||
| ''stessimos'' | | ''stessimos'' | ||
| ''tavissimos'' | | ''tavissimos'' | ||
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| ''fossites'' | | ''fossites'' | ||
| hav''essites'' | | hav''essites'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggissites'' | ||
| ''stessites'' | | ''stessites'' | ||
| ''tavissites'' | | ''tavissites'' | ||
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| ''fossero'' | | ''fossero'' | ||
| hav''essero'' | | hav''essero'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggissero'' | ||
| ''stessero'' | | ''stessero'' | ||
| ''tavissero'' | | ''tavissero'' | ||
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| — | | — | ||
| hav''essira'' | | hav''essira'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggissira'' | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ''tavissira'' | | ''tavissira'' | ||
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| — | | — | ||
| hav''essisa'' | | hav''essisa'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggissisa'' | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ''tavissisa'' | | ''tavissisa'' | ||
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| — | | — | ||
| hav''essida'' | | hav''essida'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggissida'' | ||
| ''stessida'' | | ''stessida'' | ||
| ''tavissida'' | | ''tavissida'' | ||
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| — | | — | ||
| hav''essinda'' | | hav''essinda'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggissinda'' | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ''tavissinda'' | | ''tavissinda'' | ||
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| — | | — | ||
| hav''essinda'' | | hav''essinda'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggissinda'' | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ''tavissinda'' | | ''tavissinda'' | ||
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| — | | — | ||
| hav''essinda'' | | hav''essinda'' | ||
| '' | | ''eggissinda'' | ||
| ''stessinda'' | | ''stessinda'' | ||
| ''tavissinda'' | | ''tavissinda'' | ||
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Lȯ veġlanȯ þeinȯ taugiat; | Lȯ veġlanȯ þeinȯ taugiat; | ||
Svasve hemenȯ ed ana aerþa. | Svasve hemenȯ ed ana aerþa. | ||
Il claefo qotidiano unsar gevâ unse | Il claefo qotidiano unsar gevâ unse oggi, | ||
Ed afletâ las unsaras colpas, | Ed afletâ las unsaras colpas, | ||
Svasve afletamos þos ei, colpanno unsis; | Svasve afletamos þos ei, colpanno unsis; | ||
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| '''46.''' foglo [ˈfo.ɡlu] “bird” || '''98.''' soffiare [sofˈfja.ɾe] “to blow” || '''150.''' vadne [ˈvad.ne] “water” || '''202''' in [in] “in” | | '''46.''' foglo [ˈfo.ɡlu] “bird” || '''98.''' soffiare [sofˈfja.ɾe] “to blow” || '''150.''' vadne [ˈvad.ne] “water” || '''202''' in [in] “in” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''47.''' hondo [ˈhon.du] “dog” || '''99.''' rispirare [ʁis.piˈʁa.ɾe] “to breathe” || '''151.''' | | '''47.''' hondo [ˈhon.du] “dog” || '''99.''' rispirare [ʁis.piˈʁa.ɾe] “to breathe” || '''151.''' ploggia [ˈplod.d͡ʒa] “rain” || '''203.''' miþ [miθ] “with” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''48.''' pidocclo [piˈdɔk.klu] “louse” || '''100.''' clahare [klɐˈha.ɾe] “to laugh” || '''152.''' aca [ˈa.xɐ] “river” || '''204.''' e [e] ed [e‿ð̞] “and” | | '''48.''' pidocclo [piˈdɔk.klu] “louse” || '''100.''' clahare [klɐˈha.ɾe] “to laugh” || '''152.''' aca [ˈa.xɐ] “river” || '''204.''' e [e] ed [e‿ð̞] “and” | ||
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| breast || brosto “breast” || 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (brusts) “breast” || frū̆stum “piece; bit; crumb; morsel; scrap of food” || *bʰrews- “to break (up); to cut” | | breast || brosto “breast” || 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (brusts) “breast” || frū̆stum “piece; bit; crumb; morsel; scrap of food” || *bʰrews- “to break (up); to cut” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rain || | | rain || ploggia “rain” || *𐍆𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌼𐍃 (flaums) “stream; flow; flood”, compare 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌿𐍃 (flōdus) “river” for the same root < *pleh₃(w)-, often considered a lengthened *ō-grade of *plew- || pluvia “rain” || *plew- “to fly; to flow; to run” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| I || ic “I” || 𐌹𐌺 (ik) “I” || egō̆ “I” || *eǵóH < *éǵ ~ *h₁eǵ(H) “I” | | I || ic “I” || 𐌹𐌺 (ik) “I” || egō̆ “I” || *eǵóH < *éǵ ~ *h₁eǵ(H) “I” | ||
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| Arrivederci || Goodbye || [ɐ.ʀi.veˈdeɾ.t͡ʃi] | | Arrivederci || Goodbye || [ɐ.ʀi.veˈdeɾ.t͡ʃi] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Buonȯ | | Buonȯ viaggȯ || Bon voyage || [ˈbwɔ.no ˈvjad.d͡ʒo] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Buonȯ appetitȯ || Bon appetit || [ˈbwɔ.no ɐp.peˈti.θo] | | Buonȯ appetitȯ || Bon appetit || [ˈbwɔ.no ɐp.peˈti.θo] | ||
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* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic''' | * '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic''' | ||
: ''Il vendo trabaerganȧ ed ata sauilȯ giucavanno carge erat il fortizo, can aeno pellegrino qemavat avvolto hacolȧ varmȧ ana. I tvi dicideronno ei, il fromo a rimuovere lȯ hacolȯ pellegrinȧ sariat il fortizo anþerȧ. Il vendo trabaerganȧ | : ''Il vendo trabaerganȧ ed ata sauilȯ giucavanno carge erat il fortizo, can aeno pellegrino qemavat avvolto hacolȧ varmȧ ana. I tvi dicideronno ei, il fromo a rimuovere lȯ hacolȯ pellegrinȧ sariat il fortizo anþerȧ. Il vendo trabaerganȧ dustoggiat a soffiare violenzȧ, ac ata maeze is soffiavat, ata maeze il pellegrino striggevat hacolȯ; tanto ei, al·lȯ angiȯ il vendo desistaet dȧ seinȧ sforzȧ. Ata sauilȯ allora sceinaut varmamente nal·lȯ hemenȯ, e þan il pellegrino rimuovaet lȯ hacolȯ immediatamente. Þan il vendo trabaerganȧ obbligauda ad andahaetare ei lata sauilȯ erat ata fortizȯ tvoro.'' | ||
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* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic, with reductions''' | * '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic, with reductions''' | ||
: ''Il vendo trabaerganȧ·d ata sauilȯ giucavanno carge erat il fortizo, can aeno pellegrino qemavat avvolto hacolȧ varmȧ ana. I tvi dicideronno ei, il fromo a rimuovere lȯ hacolȯ pellegrinȧ sariat il fortizo anþerȧ. Il vendo trabaerganȧ | : ''Il vendo trabaerganȧ·d ata sauilȯ giucavanno carge erat il fortizo, can aeno pellegrino qemavat avvolto hacolȧ varmȧ ana. I tvi dicideronno ei, il fromo a rimuovere lȯ hacolȯ pellegrinȧ sariat il fortizo anþerȧ. Il vendo trabaerganȧ dustoggiat a soffiare violenzȧ, ac ata maeze is soffiavat, ata maeze il pellegrino striggevat hacolȯ; tanto ei, all’angiȯ il vendo desistaet dȧ seinȧ sforzȧ. Ata sauilȯ allora sceinaut varmamente nal·lȯ hemenȯ, e þan il pellegrino rimuovaet lȯ hacolȯ immediatamente. Þan il vendo trabaerganȧ obbligauda·d andahaetare ei lata sauilȯ erat ata fortizȯ tvoro.'' | ||
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Lȯ veġlanȯ þeinȯ taugiat; | Lȯ veġlanȯ þeinȯ taugiat; | ||
Svasve hemenȯ ed ana aerþa. | Svasve hemenȯ ed ana aerþa. | ||
Il claefo qotidiano unsar gevâ unse | Il claefo qotidiano unsar gevâ unse oggi, | ||
Ed afletâ las unsaras colpas, | Ed afletâ las unsaras colpas, | ||
Svasve afletamos þos ei, colpanno unsis; | Svasve afletamos þos ei, colpanno unsis; |
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