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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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* '''Ablato-dative:''' | * '''Ablato-dative:''' | ||
:* Separation: ''(Ic) sculo cofare | :* Separation: ''(Ic) sculo cofare l’ovelo þus''. “I shall keep the evil away from you” | ||
:* Motion away (prepositional): ''Giofa Ravenna du America furonno''. “They went from Ravenna to America” | :* Motion away (prepositional): ''Giofa Ravenna du America furonno''. “They went from Ravenna to America” | ||
:* Personal agent (prepositional): ''Roma a lom Gôthicom qesciada''. “Rome is destroyed by the Goths” | :* Personal agent (prepositional): ''Roma a lom Gôthicom qesciada''. “Rome is destroyed by the Goths” | ||
:* Comparison (adjectival): ''Qenam scauneza''. “More beautiful than women” | :* Comparison (adjectival): ''Qenam scauneza''. “More beautiful than women” | ||
:* Cause: ''(Ic) greto ira ed agi''. “I cry with anger and fear” (marks the reason) | :* Cause: ''(Ic) greto ira ed agi''. “I cry with anger and fear” (marks the reason) | ||
* '''Instrumento-genitive:''' | |||
:* Material: ''La celecna staenae''. “The tower made of stone” | |||
:* Author/creator: ''Þa celecna taveða manum meinara''. “This tower was built by my hands” | |||
:* Behaviour: ''Molle vadni''. “Soft like water” | |||
::* Often displaced by the relative adverb: ''Molle svasve vadne''. “Soft like water” | |||
====Example text==== | ====Example text==== | ||
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Faur tuc ist la teudanagart, | Faur tuc ist la teudanagart, | ||
E la forza, la glori | E la forza, la glori | ||
Faur la | Faur la saicla di la saicla. Amen. | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
{{Col-end}} | {{Col-end}} | ||
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|} | |} | ||
* Nasal vowels may be realised as velar nasal release [ɐᵑ eᵑ iᵑ oᵑ uᵑ]; | * Nasal vowels may be realised as velar nasal release [[w:Nasal release|[ɐᵑ eᵑ iᵑ oᵑ uᵑ]]]; | ||
* | * /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are in free variation with [[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|[ɜ]]] and [[w:Open-mid central rounded vowel|[ɞ]]]; | ||
* | * /ɐ/ is in free variation with [[w:Mid central vowel|[ə]]]. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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Although very similar to Standard Ravennese Luthic, there is noticeable influence from the regional [[w:Bolognese dialect|Bolognese dialects]], dialects of [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian]], one of the [[w:Gallo-Italic|Gallo-Italic]] languages of the [[w:Romance languages|Romance]] family: | Although very similar to Standard Ravennese Luthic, there is noticeable influence from the regional [[w:Bolognese dialect|Bolognese dialects]], dialects of [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian]], one of the [[w:Gallo-Italic|Gallo-Italic]] languages of the [[w:Romance languages|Romance]] family: | ||
* /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/ are fully merged with /t͡s d͡z/. | * [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/]] are fully merged with [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/t͡s d͡z/]]. | ||
Furthermore, Standard Bolognese Luthic is affected by [[w:Metaphony (Romance languages)|apophony]]: | Furthermore, Standard Bolognese Luthic is affected by [[w:Metaphony (Romance languages)|apophony]]: | ||
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! Unaffected !! Mutated | ! Unaffected !! Mutated | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmet.to/]] “I put” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmit.tis/]] “you put” | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmet.to/]] “I put” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmit.tis/]] “you put” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈes.to/]] “this (neut.)” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈis.tu/]] “this (masc.)” | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈes.to/]] “this (neut.)” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈis.tu/]] “this (masc.)” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|/moˈdɛs.tɐ/]] “modest (fem.)” || [[IPA for Luthic|/moˈdes.tu/]] “modest (masc.)” | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/moˈdɛs.tɐ/]] “modest (fem.)” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/moˈdes.tu/]] “modest (masc.)” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈspo.zɐ/]] “wife” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈspu.zu/]] “husband” | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈspo.zɐ/]] “wife” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈspu.zu/]] “husband” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmɔ.reθ/]] “he dies” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmo.ris/]] “you die” | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmɔ.reθ/]] “he dies” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmo.ris/]] “you die” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmɔ.ʃɐ/]] “depressed (fem.)” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmo.ʃu/]] “depressed (masc.)” | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmɔ.ʃɐ/]] “depressed (fem.)” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmo.ʃu/]] “depressed (masc.)” | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Voiceless continuants /f, s, θ, x/ are always constrictive [f, s, θ, x], but voiced continuants /v, ð, j, ɣ/ are not very constrictive and are often closer to approximants [ʋ, ð̠˕, j, ɣ˕] than fricatives [v, ð̠, ʝ, ɣ]. | Voiceless continuants /f, s, θ, x/ are always constrictive [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[f, s, θ, x]]], but voiced continuants /v, ð, j, ɣ/ are not very constrictive and are often closer to approximants [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[ʋ, ð̠˕, j, ɣ˕]]] than fricatives [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[v, ð̠, ʝ, ɣ]]]. Voiceless fricatives are often fortified to affricates after alveolar consonants, such as /n l ɾ/, or general nasals: | ||
* ''Il monþo'' [ | * ''Il monþo'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[il ˈmõ.t͡θu]]]. | ||
* ''L’inferno'' [l‿ĩˈp͡fɛr.nu]. | * ''L’inferno'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[l‿ĩˈp͡fɛr.nu]]]. | ||
* ''La salsa'' [lɐ ˈsal.t͡sɐ]. | * ''La salsa'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[lɐ ˈsal.t͡sɐ]]]. | ||
* ''L’arsenale'' [l‿ɐr.t͡seˈna.le]. | * ''L’arsenale'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[l‿ɐr.t͡seˈna.le]]]. | ||
===Paulistan Luthic=== | ===Paulistan Luthic=== | ||
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|nativename = Lútico (paulista) | |nativename = Lútico (paulista) | ||
|pronunciation = ˈlu.t͡ʃi.ku (pawˈlis.tɐ) | |pronunciation = ˈlu.t͡ʃi.ku (pawˈlis.tɐ) | ||
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Luthic | |pronunciation_key = IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic | ||
|region = [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] | |region = [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] | ||
|speakers = 5,000 | |speakers = 5,000 | ||
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Brazil remained neutral at the start of [[w:World War II|World War II]] in September 1939, however, German [[w:U-boat|U-boats]] sank six Brazilian ships in the [[w:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], resulting on Brazil declaring war on Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942. The Brazilians forces fought mainly within Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions. | Brazil remained neutral at the start of [[w:World War II|World War II]] in September 1939, however, German [[w:U-boat|U-boats]] sank six Brazilian ships in the [[w:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], resulting on Brazil declaring war on Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942. The Brazilians forces fought mainly within Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions. | ||
The Brazilian contact with Emilia-Romagna and the [[w:Italian_Brazilians#Italian_immigration_to_Brazil|Italian immigration to Brazil]] resulted in a Brazilian dialect of Luthic spoken in São Paulo, known as '''Paulistan Luthic''' (endonym: ''Lútico paulista'' [[ | The Brazilian contact with Emilia-Romagna and the [[w:Italian_Brazilians#Italian_immigration_to_Brazil|Italian immigration to Brazil]] resulted in a Brazilian dialect of Luthic spoken in São Paulo, known as '''Paulistan Luthic''' (endonym: ''Lútico paulista'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic| | ||
[ˈlu.t͡ʃi.ku pawˈlis.tɐ]]]; Standard Ravennese Luthic: ''Lûthica Paülista'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ pɐwˈlis.tɐ]]]). Paulistan Luthic is heavily influenced by the [[w:Paulistano dialect|Paulistano dialect]] of Portuguese (<small>Portuguese pronunciation:</small> [[wikt:AP:pron:pt|[paw.lisˈtɐ̃.nu]]]), as the accent is dominant in Brazilian [[w:Mass media|mass media]] and is often associated with “standard” Brazilian Portuguese. | |||
====Characteristics of Paulistan Luthic==== | ====Characteristics of Paulistan Luthic==== | ||
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* '''e-[[w:Prothesis (linguistics)|prosthesis]]:''' In word-initially /sC/ clusters, e-prosthesis is triggered: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''stare'' > Paulistan Luthic ''estare''. | * '''e-[[w:Prothesis (linguistics)|prosthesis]]:''' In word-initially /sC/ clusters, e-prosthesis is triggered: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''stare'' > Paulistan Luthic ''estare''. | ||
* '''degemination:''' Paulistan Luthic lacks geminate consonants: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''soffiare'' [[IPA for Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] > Paulistan Luthic [[ | * '''degemination:''' Paulistan Luthic lacks geminate consonants: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''soffiare'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] > Paulistan Luthic [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[soˈfja.re]]] | ||
* '''thorn stopping and voicing:''' A similar process that happened with southern [[w:German dialects|German dialects]], the [[w:High German consonant shift|High German consonant shift]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''þû'' > Paulistan Luthic ''du'' | * '''thorn stopping and voicing:''' A similar process that happened with southern [[w:German dialects|German dialects]], the [[w:High German consonant shift|High German consonant shift]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''þû'' > Paulistan Luthic ''du'' | ||
* '''edh stopping:''' /ð/ is fortified to /d/ in every position: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''faðar'' > Paulistan Luthic ''fadre'' | * '''edh stopping:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ð/]] is fortified to [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/d/]] in every position: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''faðar'' > Paulistan Luthic ''fadre'' | ||
* '''r-[[w:Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]]:''' r-stem nouns ending in -ar are always reanalised as -re: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''broþar'' > Paulistan Luthic ''brodre'' | * '''r-[[w:Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]]:''' r-stem nouns ending in -ar are always reanalised as -re: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''broþar'' > Paulistan Luthic ''brodre'' | ||
* '''/t, d/ palatalisation before /i, ĩ, j/:''' In most of Portuguese varieties spoken in Brazil, the variable palatalisation of alveolar stops turns consonants /t, d/ into affricates [t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ], this highly affected Paulistan Luthic: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]], ''di'' [[IPA for Luthic|[di]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''Lútica'' [[ | * '''[[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/t, d/]] palatalisation before [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/i, ĩ, j/]]:''' In most of Portuguese varieties spoken in Brazil, the variable palatalisation of alveolar stops turns consonants /t, d/ into affricates [t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ], this highly affected Paulistan Luthic: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]], ''di'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[di]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''Lútica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈlu.t͡ʃi.kɐ]]], ''di'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]] | ||
* '''rhotic:''' The trill consonant [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills#Voiced_alveolar_trill|/r/]] is fully displaced by a tap consonant [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]], of which may be also described as an approximant [[w:Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|/ɹ/]] pre-consonantal: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbar.kɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''rasda'' [[ | * '''rhotic:''' The trill consonant [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills#Voiced_alveolar_trill|/r/]] is fully displaced by a tap consonant [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]], of which may be also described as an approximant [[w:Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|/ɹ/]] pre-consonantal: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbar.kɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈɾaz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈbaɹ.kɐ]]]. Due to Paulistano influence, word-initial rhotics are often realised as [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] ~ [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h/]], resulting in ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈʁaz.dɐ]]] ~ [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈhaz.dɐ]]], a great example is Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rapportu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[rɐpˈpɔr.tu]]] and Paulistan Luthic ''rapporto'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ʁɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]] ~ [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[hɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]] | ||
* '''lack of Gorgia Tuscana:''' Paulistan Luthic doesn't spirantise atonic plosives: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''capu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈka.fu]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''capo'' [[ | * '''lack of Gorgia Tuscana:''' Paulistan Luthic doesn't spirantise atonic plosives: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''capu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈka.fu]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''capo'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈka.pu]]] | ||
* '''i-[[w:Epenthesis|epenthesis]]:''' Word-terminally plosives are affected by i-epenthesis: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɐx]]], ''ist'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ist]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''ac'' [[ | * '''i-[[w:Epenthesis|epenthesis]]:''' Word-terminally plosives are affected by i-epenthesis: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐx]]], ''ist'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ist]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ɐ.kĭ]]], ''est'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[es.t͡ʃĭ]]], this may also be considered a kind of [[w:Paragoge|paragoge]]. This may also happen in consonant clusters if if the second consonant is not /ɾ/ or /l/, resulting in ''opziune'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|/opˈsju.ne/]] > [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[opiˈsju.ni]]] | ||
* '''deaffrication:''' the palatalised forms of /t/, /k/ and /ɡ/, are realised as /s/, /s/ and /ʒ/ retrospectively: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''dicidere'' [[IPA for Luthic|[di.t͡ʃiˈde.re]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''dicidere'' [[w:Help:IPA|[d͡ʒi.siˈde.ɾe]]], ''geva'' [[ | * '''deaffrication:''' the palatalised forms of [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/t/]], [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/k/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡ/]], are realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/s/]], [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/s/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/ʒ/]] retrospectively: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''dicidere'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[di.t͡ʃiˈde.re]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''dicidere'' [[w:Help:IPA|[d͡ʒi.siˈde.ɾe]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈʒe.vɐ]]] and Standard Ravennese Luthic Luthic ''ziu'' (from Latin [[wikt:thius#Latin|thīus]]) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si.u]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''zio'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈsi.u ~ ˈzi.u]]]. In some cases, where [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/t͡s/]] is voiced to [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/d͡z/]], it is realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/z/]] | ||
* '''nasalisation:''' like Paulitano, Paulistan Luthic nasalises every vowel before a nasal in NV.N-: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''banana'' [[ | * '''nasalisation:''' like Paulitano, Paulistan Luthic nasalises every vowel before a nasal in NV.N-: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''banana'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bɐˈna.nɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''banana'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[bɐˈnɐ̃.nɐ]]] | ||
Main orthographical differences: | Main orthographical differences: | ||
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* /ʁ/ can be [[w:Velar consonant|velar]], [[w:Uvular consonant|uvular]], or [[w:Glottal consonant|glottal]] and may be voiceless unless between voiced sounds. | * /ʁ/ can be [[w:Velar consonant|velar]], [[w:Uvular consonant|uvular]], or [[w:Glottal consonant|glottal]] and may be voiceless unless between voiced sounds. | ||
* /kʷ/ and /ɡʷ/ may be realised as [kw] and [ɡw] instead. | * /kʷ/ and /ɡʷ/ may be realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[kw]]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[ɡw]]] instead. | ||
* /ɲ/ is often realised as [[w:Nasal palatal approximant|[j̃]]], which [[w:Nasalization|nasalises]] the preceding vowel. | * /ɲ/ is often realised as [[w:Nasal palatal approximant|[j̃]]], which [[w:Nasalization|nasalises]] the preceding vowel. | ||
* /ŋ/ is often realised as [[w:Nasal labial–velar approximant|[w̃]]], which nasalises the preceding vowel. | * /ŋ/ is often realised as [[w:Nasal labial–velar approximant|[w̃]]], which nasalises the preceding vowel. | ||
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* /u/ is laxed to [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|[ʊ]]] if unstressed. | * /u/ is laxed to [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|[ʊ]]] if unstressed. | ||
* /i/ is laxed to [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|[ɪ]]] if unstressed. | * /i/ is laxed to [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|[ɪ]]] if unstressed. | ||
* /e/ is often realised as [i] if unstressed. | * /e/ is often realised as [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|[i]]] if unstressed. | ||
* Nasalised /e/ and /o/ are often “diphthongised”, resulting in /ẽ/ > [ẽȷ̃], /õ/ > [õw̃]. | * Nasalised /e/ and /o/ are often “diphthongised”, resulting in /ẽ/ > [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[ẽȷ̃]]] and, /õ/ > [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[õw̃]]]. | ||
====Paulistan Luthic morphology==== | ====Paulistan Luthic morphology==== | ||
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* '''<big>Ongoing projects:</big>''' | * '''<big>Ongoing projects:</big>''' | ||
** Etymological Leipzig-Jakarta; | ** Etymological Leipzig-Jakarta; | ||
** Wiktionary linking through the article | ** Wikipedia, Wiktionary and IPA keys linking through the article: | ||
*** Luthic IPA keys [...] | |||
*** IPA keys for other languages 👌 | |||
*** lemmata linking 👌 | |||
*** Wikipedia articles [...] | |||
** Paulistan Luthic. | ** Paulistan Luthic. | ||