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Luthic: Difference between revisions

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Luthic (view source)

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→‎Sentence structure
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| mic
| mic
| þuc
| þuc
| inȯ
| ino
| ina
| ina
| ata
| ata
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|}
|}


Pronouns often a [[w:Clitic|clitic]] with imperative or after non-finite forms of verbs, being applied as [[w:Clitic#Enclitic|enclitics]].
Pronouns often become a [[w:Clitic|clitic]] nearby verbs, mainly with imperative or after non-finite forms of verbs (often apocopating the terminal -e of infinitives), being applied as [[w:Clitic#Enclitic|enclitics]]. A good example is ''faur þuc'' “for you” but ''(ic) dauþo·t'' “I kill you”. Paradigmata is given below:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+Clitic pronouns
|+Enclitic pronouns
! rowspan=2| Number
! rowspan=2| Number
! rowspan=2| Case
! rowspan=2| Case
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!rowspan=3| Singular
!rowspan=3| Singular
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| mi
| mi <br> ·m
| þi <br >ti¹ <br >di²
| ti <br> ·t
| lo
| lo <br> ·l
| la
| la <br> ·l
| lo
| lo <br> ·l
| si
| si <br> ·s
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| mi
| mi <br> ·m
| þi <br >ti¹ <br >di²
| ti <br> ·t
| gli
| gli <br> ·gl
| gle
| gle <br> ·gl
| gli
| gli <br> ·gl
| si
| si <br> ·s
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| —
| —
| —
| —
| ne
| ne <br> ·n
| ne
| ne <br> ·n
| ne
| ne <br> ·n
| ne
| ne <br> ·n
|-
|-
!rowspan=3| Plural
!rowspan=3| Plural
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| ci
| ci
| vi
| vi
| los
| los <br> ·l
| las
| las <br> ·l
| la
| la <br> ·l
| si
| si <br> ·s
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| ci
| ci
| vi
| vi
| li
| li <br> ·l
| li
| li <br> ·l
| li
| li <br> ·l
| si
| si <br> ·s
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| —
| —
| ne <br> ·n
| ne <br> ·n
| ne <br> ·n
| ne <br> ·n
|}
 
Apocopated forms happen before or after (vide below) a vowel, e.g.:
* ''(Ic) gevo·t lo claufo'' “I give you the bread”
* ''(Vi) gevamos·ti lo claufo'' “we give you the bread
* ''(Þû) gevas·mi lo claufo'' “you give me the bread”
* ''(Eis) gevanno·m lo claufo'' “they give me the bread”
 
Luthic has [[wikt:mesoclitic|mesoclitic pronouns]], which happen in compounded verbs with ''havere'' (vide [[Luthic#Verbs|§ Verbs]]), i.e. the present conditionals active and passive and the future indicatives active and passive:
* ''(Ic) gever·t’ô lo claufo'' “I will give you the bread”
* ''(Ic) gever·vi·ô lo claufo'' “I will give you the bread”
* ''(Vi) gever·l’êmos lo claufo'' “We will give him the bread”
 
Verbs that start with a vowel or ⟨h⟩ call for a [[w:Clitic#Proclitic|proclitic]], except for first and second person plural:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+Proclitic pronouns
! rowspan=2| Number
! rowspan=2| Case
! rowspan=2| 1<small><sup>st</sup></small> person
! rowspan=2| 2<small><sup>st</sup></small> person
! colspan=3| 3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> person
! rowspan=2| reflexive
|-
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
|-
!rowspan=3| Singular
! {{small|acc.}}
| m’
| t’
| l’
| l’
| l’
| s’
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| m’
| t’
| gl’
| gl’
| gl’
| s’
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| —
| —
| n’
| n’
| n’
| n’
|-
!rowspan=3| Plural
! {{small|acc.}}
| —
| —
| l’
| l’
| l’
| s’
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| —
| —
| l’
| l’
| l’
| s’
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| —
| —
| —
| —
| ne
| n’
| ne
| n’
| ne
| n’
| ne
| n’
|}
|}
: ¹ before voiceless fricatives
: ² before voiced fricatives or sonorants


* These forms are often ignored or regarded as [[w:Hypercorrection|hypercorrection]], commoner in Italian influenced [[w:Sociolect|sociolects]].
* (Ic) t’amo “I love you”
* (Ic) t’hazo “I hate you”
* (Eis) t’helpanno “they help you”
 
Furthermore, Luthic has a set of poetic pronouns, often used to translate [[w:Italian poetry|Italian poetry]] or to better fit [[w:Metre (poetry)|metre]], these are also very common in [[w:Sociolects|sociolects]] influenecd by Italian or other nearby Romance languages.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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| mia
| mia
| mio
| mio
| þuu¹
| þou
| þua
| þua
| þuo
| þuo
| suu²
| sou
| sua
| sua
| suo
| suo
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|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| miei³
| miei
| miae
| miae
| miei³
| miei
| þui
| þui
| þuae
| þuae
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!rowspan=4| Plural
!rowspan=4| Plural
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| miei³
| miei
| miae
| miae
| mia
| mia
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| suoro
| suoro
|}
|}
: ¹ pronounced [ˈθu.u]
: ² pronounced [ˈsu.u]
: ³ pronounced [miˈi]


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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====Present perfect====
====Present perfect====
The present perfect is used for single actions or events (''sa maurgina im ganatu a scuola'' “I went to school this morning”), or change in state (''sic ist þvaersotu can ata iȧ hô rogiatu'' “he got angry when I told him that”), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits (''eggiavo bicicletta a scuola alla maurgina'' “I used to go to school by bike every morning”), or repeated actions, not happening at a specific time (''sic þvaersovat alla vece ei, giuveðar can ata ia rogiavat'' “he got angry every time someone told him that”).
The present perfect is used for single actions or events (''sa maurgina im ganatu a scuola'' “I went to school this morning”), or change in state (''sic ist þvaersotu can ata ia hô rogiatu'' “he got angry when I told him that”), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits (''eggiavo bicicletta a scuola alla maurgina'' “I used to go to school by bike every morning”), or repeated actions, not happening at a specific time (''sic þvaersovat alla vece ei, giuveðar can ata ia rogiavat'' “he got angry every time someone told him that”).


=====Past participle=====
=====Past participle=====
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Luthic is an OV (Object-Verb) language. Additionally, Luthic, like all Germanic languages except English, uses [[w:V2 word order|V2 word order]], though only in independent clauses. In dependent clauses, the finite verb is placed last.
Luthic is an OV (Object-Verb) language. Additionally, Luthic, like all Germanic languages except English, uses [[w:V2 word order|V2 word order]], though only in independent clauses. In dependent clauses, the finite verb is placed last.


Declarative sentences use V2 (verb in the second position) word order: the finite verb is preceded by one and only one constituent (unlike in English, this doesn’t need to be the subject). The subject is usually omitted [[w:Null-subject language|when it is a pronoun]] – distinctive verb conjugations make it redundant. Subject pronouns are considered emphatic when used at all.
Declarative sentences use V2 (verb in the second position) word order: the finite verb is preceded by one and only one constituent (unlike in English, this doesn’t need to be the subject). The subject is usually omitted [[w:Null-subject language|when it is a pronoun]] – distinctive verb conjugations make it redundant. Subject pronouns are considered emphatic when used at all. All examples given below ignore possible clitics, reductions or other more complex grammatical features of Luthic, these are often labeled “book phrases” for Luthic students and have a very pure and simplified grammar.




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* '''Instrumento-dative:'''
* '''Instrumento-dative:'''
:* Instrument: ''(Ic) reizo penno''. “I write with a pen”
:* Instrument: ''(Ic) reizo penno''. “I write with a pen”
:* Means: ''(Ic) saeqo augonivo''. “I see with the eyes”
:* Means: ''(Ic) saeco augonivo''. “I see with the eyes”
:* Impersonal agent: ''Is gadauþada coltella velvi''. “He was killed by the knife of the robber”
:* Impersonal agent: ''Is gadauþada coltella velvi''. “He was killed by the knife of the robber”
:* Manner: ''(Ic) fregio þuc managa fregiaþþa''. “I love you with many affection”
:* Manner: ''(Ic) fregio þuc managa fregiaþþa''. “I love you with many affection”
Lëtzelúcia
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