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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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* The letter ⟨c⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. | * The letter ⟨c⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. | ||
* The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩. | * The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩. | ||
** Velar plosives after [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] | ** Velar plosives after [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] are not further palatalised to [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]]. | ||
** [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ⟨ggu⟩ [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃#Gothic|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtrɛɡ.ɡʷu]]]. The spelling ⟨gg⟩ stands for both [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ŋɡ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/dd͡ʒ/]], making it further confunsing. | ** [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ⟨ggu⟩ [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃#Gothic|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtrɛɡ.ɡʷu]]]. The spelling ⟨gg⟩ stands for both [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ŋɡ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/dd͡ʒ/]], making it further confunsing. | ||
* The cluster ⟨sc⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/sk/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic. | * The cluster ⟨sc⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/sk/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic. | ||
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* The letter ⟨h⟩ is always silent. It is used to form a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] with ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩ to represent [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] or [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩. It is also used with ⟨p⟩ to represent [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|/ɸ/]] and is found in some Greco-Roman words with ⟨t⟩ for [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|/t/]] mostly for aesthetics only, however, when spelt as ⟨th⟩, it is never further spirantised to [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]]. | * The letter ⟨h⟩ is always silent. It is used to form a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] with ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩ to represent [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] or [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩. It is also used with ⟨p⟩ to represent [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|/ɸ/]] and is found in some Greco-Roman words with ⟨t⟩ for [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|/t/]] mostly for aesthetics only, however, when spelt as ⟨th⟩, it is never further spirantised to [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]]. | ||
* The spelling ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨gh⟩ always represent the sounds [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] and [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]]. | * The spelling ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨gh⟩ always represent the sounds [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] and [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]]. | ||
* The spelling | * The spelling ⟨gli⟩ and ⟨gni⟩ represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic. | ||
** If the clusters [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡl/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡn/]] are needed, they are spelt as | ** Like ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩, [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] ~ [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] are only pronounced if stressed and ⟨glï⟩ and ⟨gnï⟩ may be used instead. | ||
** If the clusters [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡl/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡn/]] are needed, they are spelt as ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ retrospectively, which may cause confusion with ⟨gli⟩ and ⟨gni⟩ apocopated forms ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩. | |||
The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 24 letters; ⟨j, k, w, x, y⟩ are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs [[wikt:taxi#English|''taxi'']], ''cenophobo'' vs [[wikt:xenofobo#Italian|''xenofobo'']], ''geins'' vs [[wikt:jeans#English|''jeans'']], ''Giorche'' vs [[wikt:York#English|''York'']], ''Valsar'' vs [[wikt:Walsar#German|''Walsar'']]. | The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 24 letters; ⟨j, k, w, x, y⟩ are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs [[wikt:taxi#English|''taxi'']], ''cenophobo'' vs [[wikt:xenofobo#Italian|''xenofobo'']], ''geins'' vs [[wikt:jeans#English|''jeans'']], ''Giorche'' vs [[wikt:York#English|''York'']], ''Valsar'' vs [[wikt:Walsar#German|''Walsar'']]. | ||
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| [[w:G|G]], g || gi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒi]]] || geva [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]], [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]], [[w:Voiced velar fricative|/ɣ/]] or [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] || — | | [[w:G|G]], g || gi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒi]]] || geva [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]], [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]], [[w:Voiced velar fricative|/ɣ/]] or [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:H|H]], h || acca [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈak.kɐ]]] || | | [[w:H|H]], h || acca [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈak.kɐ]]] || hagliu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaʎ.ʎu]]] || ∅ || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:I|I]], i || i [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈi]]] || eissu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈis.su]]] || [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] or [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] || ï | | [[w:I|I]], i || i [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈi]]] || eissu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈis.su]]] || [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] or [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] || ï | ||
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| [[w:U|U]], u || u [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈu]]] || uru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈu.ru]]] || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] or [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] || û, ü | | [[w:U|U]], u || u [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈu]]] || uru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈu.ru]]] || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] or [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] || û, ü | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:V|V]], v || vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvi]]] || | | [[w:V|V]], v || vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvi]]] || vignia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈviɲ.ɲɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|/β/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Z|Z]], z || zi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si]]] || zetta [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡sɛt.tɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] || — | | [[w:Z|Z]], z || zi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si]]] || zetta [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡sɛt.tɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] || — | ||
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Unstressed a resulted in a slightly raised a [[w:Near-open central vowel|[ɐ]]]. In hiatus, unstressed front vowels become [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]], while unstressed back vowels become [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]]. Unlike other Romance languages, the Luthic vowel system was not so affected by [[w:Metaphony|metaphony]], such as [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] raising to [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] or [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] raising to [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]]: | Unstressed a resulted in a slightly raised a [[w:Near-open central vowel|[ɐ]]]. In hiatus, unstressed front vowels become [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]], while unstressed back vowels become [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]]. Unlike other Romance languages, the Luthic vowel system was not so affected by [[w:Metaphony|metaphony]], such as [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] raising to [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] or [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] raising to [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]]: | ||
* Classical Latin [[wikt:vindemia#Latin|''vī̆ndēmia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[u̯i(ː)n̪.ˈd̪eː.mi.ä]]] > Vulgar Latin | * Classical Latin [[wikt:vindemia#Latin|''vī̆ndēmia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[u̯i(ː)n̪.ˈd̪eː.mi.ä]]] > Vulgar Latin [[w:Proto-Romance_language#Phonology|*[benˈde.mja]]] > Spanish [[wikt:vendimia#Spanish|''vendimia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:es|[bẽn̪ˈd̪i.mja]]], but the Luthic cognate ''vendemia'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[venˈde.mjɐ]]] | ||
Luthic also diphthongises ō̆ to [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/wɔ/]] in the following environments: | Luthic also diphthongises ō̆ to [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/wɔ/]] in the following environments: | ||
* mō̆- > muo- | * mō̆- > muo- | ||
** Latin [[wikt:moveo#Latin|''movēre'']] > Luthic ''muovere'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mwɔˈβe.re]]] | ** Latin [[wikt:moveo#Latin|''movēre'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[mo.ˈu̯eː.re ~ mɔ.ˈu̯eː.rɛ]]] > Luthic ''muovere'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mwɔˈβe.re]]] | ||
** Latin [[wikt:mobilia#Latin|''mōbilia'']] > Luthic '' | ** Latin [[wikt:mobilia#Latin|''mōbilia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈmoː.bi.l(ʲ)i.ä ~ ˈmoː.bɪ.l(ʲ)ɪ.ä]]] > Luthic ''muobiglia'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mwɔˈbiʎ.ʎɐ]]] | ||
* bō̆- > buo- | * bō̆- > buo- | ||
** Proto-Germanic [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōks|''*bōks'']] [[w:Proto-Germanic_language#Phonology|/bɔːks/]] > Luthic ''buocu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.xu]]] | ** Proto-Germanic [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōks|''*bōks'']] [[w:Proto-Germanic_language#Phonology|/bɔːks/]] > Luthic ''buocu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.xu]]] | ||
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* Latin [[wikt:amicus#Latin|''amīcus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äˈmiː.kus̠ ~ äˈmiː.kʊs̠]]], [[wikt:amici#Latin|''amīcī'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äˈmiː.kiː]]] > Luthic ''amicu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈmi.xu]]], ''amici'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈmi.t͡ʃi]]]. | * Latin [[wikt:amicus#Latin|''amīcus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äˈmiː.kus̠ ~ äˈmiː.kʊs̠]]], [[wikt:amici#Latin|''amīcī'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äˈmiː.kiː]]] > Luthic ''amicu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈmi.xu]]], ''amici'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈmi.t͡ʃi]]]. | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰#Gothic|𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰]] (''giba'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɡiβa]]] > Luthic ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]]. | * Gothic [[wikt:𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰#Gothic|𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰]] (''giba'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɡiβa]]] > Luthic ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]]. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:ratio#Latin|''ratiō'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈrä.t̪i.oː]]] > Luthic ''razione'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ | * Latin [[wikt:ratio#Latin|''ratiō'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈrä.t̪i.oː]]] > Luthic ''razione'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[rɐdˈd͡zjo.ne]]]. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:filius#Latin|''fīlius'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈfiː.l(ʲ)i.us̠ ~ ˈfiː.l(ʲ)i.ʊs̠]]] > Luthic '' | * Latin [[wikt:filius#Latin|''fīlius'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈfiː.l(ʲ)i.us̠ ~ ˈfiː.l(ʲ)i.ʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''figliu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfiʎ.ʎu]]]. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:linea#Latin|''līnea'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ | * Latin [[wikt:linea#Latin|''līnea'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈl(ʲ)iː.ne.ä]]] > Luthic ''ligna'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈliɲ.ɲɐ]]]. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:pugnus#Latin|''pugnus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈpuŋ.nus̠ ~ ˈpʊŋ.nʊs̠]]] > Luthic '' | * Latin [[wikt:pugnus#Latin|''pugnus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈpuŋ.nus̠ ~ ˈpʊŋ.nʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''pogniu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈpoɲ.ɲu]]]. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:acrimonia#Latin|''ācrimōnia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äː.kriˈmoː.ni.ä ~ äː.krɪˈmoː.ni.ä]]] > Luthic '' | * Latin [[wikt:acrimonia#Latin|''ācrimōnia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äː.kriˈmoː.ni.ä ~ äː.krɪˈmoː.ni.ä]]] > Luthic ''acremognia'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.kreˈmoɲ.ɲɐ]]]. | ||
Labio-velars remain unpalatalised, except in monosyllabic environment: | Labio-velars remain unpalatalised, except in monosyllabic environment: | ||
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In some cases, palatalisation occurs word initially, mainly if [[w:Help:IPA|/kn/]] is the initial cluster: | In some cases, palatalisation occurs word initially, mainly if [[w:Help:IPA|/kn/]] is the initial cluster: | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃#Gothic|𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃]] (''knōþs'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[knoːθs]]] > Luthic '' | * Gothic [[wikt:𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃#Gothic|𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃]] (''knōþs'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[knoːθs]]] > Luthic ''gnioðe'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɲo.ðe]]]. | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽]] (''kunnan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈkunːan]]], influenced by Latin [[wikt:cognosco#Latin|''(co)gnōscere'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[koŋˈnoːs̠.ke.re ~ kɔŋˈnoːs̠.kɛ.rɛ]]] and later Langobardic [[wikt:knajan#Old_High_German|''*knājan'']] [[w:Old_High_German#Phonology|*/ˈknaːjan/]] > Luthic '' | * Gothic [[wikt:𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽]] (''kunnan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈkunːan]]], influenced by Latin [[wikt:cognosco#Latin|''(co)gnōscere'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[koŋˈnoːs̠.ke.re ~ kɔŋˈnoːs̠.kɛ.rɛ]]] and later Langobardic [[wikt:knajan#Old_High_German|''*knājan'']] [[w:Old_High_German#Phonology|*/ˈknaːjan/]] > Luthic ''gnioscere'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɲoʃˈʃe.re]]] | ||
* Langobardic [[wikt:knohha#Old_High_German|''*knohha'']] [[w:Old_High_German#Phonology|*/ˈknoxːa ~ ˈknɔxːa/]] > Luthic '' | * Langobardic [[wikt:knohha#Old_High_German|''*knohha'']] [[w:Old_High_German#Phonology|*/ˈknoxːa ~ ˈknɔxːa/]] > Luthic ''gnioccu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɲɔk.ku]]]. | ||
It may not happen if intervocalic: | It may not happen if intervocalic: | ||
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Compound words have secondary stress on their penultimate syllable. Some suffixes also maintain the suffixed word secondary stress. | Compound words have secondary stress on their penultimate syllable. Some suffixes also maintain the suffixed word secondary stress. | ||
* ''panzar'' + ''campo'' + '' | * ''panzar'' + ''campo'' + ''vagniu'' > ''panzarcampovagniu'' (ᴘᴀɴ-zar-ᴄᴀᴍ-po-ᴠᴀ-gniu) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|ˌpan.t͡sɐrˌkam.poˈβaɲ.ɲu]]]; | ||
* ''broþar'' + ''-scape'' > ''broþarscape'' (ʙʀᴏ-þar-sᴄᴀ-pe) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|ˌbro.θɐrˈska.ɸe]]]. | * ''broþar'' + ''-scape'' > ''broþarscape'' (ʙʀᴏ-þar-sᴄᴀ-pe) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|ˌbro.θɐrˈska.ɸe]]]. | ||
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<poem> | <poem> | ||
: buonu: | : buonu: veglio vessare | ||
: buono: | : buono: veglio stare | ||
: ac e buono? veglo mangiare! | : ac e buono? veglo mangiare! | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
| Line 1,207: | Line 1,208: | ||
! Definition !! Gender !! Singular nominative !! Plural nominative | ! Definition !! Gender !! Singular nominative !! Plural nominative | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Son || Masculine || | | Son || Masculine || Figliu || Figli | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Flower || Feminine || Blomna || Blomnae | | Flower || Feminine || Blomna || Blomnae | ||
| Line 3,319: | Line 3,320: | ||
| þagc<span style="color:green">i</span> | | þagc<span style="color:green">i</span> | ||
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">a</span> | | cred<span style="color:darkorange">a</span> | ||
| hol<span style="color:red"> | | hol<span style="color:red">uo</span> | ||
| dorm<span style="color:purple">a</span> | | dorm<span style="color:purple">a</span> | ||
| ''sia'' | | ''sia'' | ||
| Line 5,049: | Line 5,050: | ||
| '''ana''' | | '''ana''' | ||
| into, on, onto | | into, on, onto | ||
| | | agnio | ||
| | | agnia | ||
| | | agniata | ||
| an’ | | an’ | ||
| | | agnios | ||
| | | agnias | ||
| | | agnia | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''su''' <sup>+ ACC</sup> | | '''su''' <sup>+ ACC</sup> | ||
| Line 5,171: | Line 5,172: | ||
| ana | | ana | ||
| into, on, onto | | into, on, onto | ||
| | | gnia | ||
|- | |- | ||
| su <sup>+ ACC/DAT</sup> | | su <sup>+ ACC/DAT</sup> | ||
| Line 5,365: | Line 5,366: | ||
: '''La pecora e gl’aeqqi''' | : '''La pecora e gl’aeqqi''' | ||
:: Aena pecora ei, stavat inu volla, saecaut somos aeqqos: aeno eisôro tiravat aeno pesante carro, aeno anþero baeravat aeno mêchelo carico ed aeno anþero transportavat aeno manno snele. La pecora roðit all’aeqqos: “Mic plagget ata haertene saecandu ce il mannu trattat l’aeqqos”. Gl’aeqqi roðironno: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist penosu saecare ei, il mannu, l’unsar | :: Aena pecora ei, stavat inu volla, saecaut somos aeqqos: aeno eisôro tiravat aeno pesante carro, aeno anþero baeravat aeno mêchelo carico ed aeno anþero transportavat aeno manno snele. La pecora roðit all’aeqqos: “Mic plagget ata haertene saecandu ce il mannu trattat l’aeqqos”. Gl’aeqqi roðironno: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist penosu saecare ei, il mannu, l’unsar signiore, sic taugit aena veste la volla pecorae, mentre lae pecorae ristonno inu volla”. Dopo ascoltauða þata, la pecora agro fliugat. | ||
:: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-a saec-aut som-os aeqq-os aen-o eis-ôro tir-av-at aen-o pesant-e carr-o aen-o anþer-o baer-av-at aen-o mêchel-o caric-o ed aen-o anþer-o transport-av-at aen-o mann-o snel-e l-a pecor-a roð-it al-l=aeqq-os mic plagg-et ata haerten-e saec-andu ce il mann-u tratt-at l=aeqq-os gl=aeqq-i roð-ironno ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-u saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar | :: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-a saec-aut som-os aeqq-os aen-o eis-ôro tir-av-at aen-o pesant-e carr-o aen-o anþer-o baer-av-at aen-o mêchel-o caric-o ed aen-o anþer-o transport-av-at aen-o mann-o snel-e l-a pecor-a roð-it al-l=aeqq-os mic plagg-et ata haerten-e saec-andu ce il mann-u tratt-at l=aeqq-os gl=aeqq-i roð-ironno ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-u saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar signior-e sic taug-it aen-a vest-e l-a voll-a pecor-ae mentre l-ae pecor-ae rist-onno inu voll-a dopo ascolt-au-ða þata l-a pecor-a agr-o fliug-at'' | ||
:: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small> | :: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small> | ||
| Line 5,491: | Line 5,492: | ||
* ⟨gi⟩ or ⟨j⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʒ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''giâ'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒa]]], Upper Luthic ''gia'' or ''ja'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒɐ]]]; | * ⟨gi⟩ or ⟨j⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʒ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''giâ'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒa]]], Upper Luthic ''gia'' or ''ja'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒɐ]]]; | ||
* | * ⟨gli⟩ or ⟨lh⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʎ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''gli'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ʎi]]], Upper Luthic ''gli'' or ''lhi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʎi]]]; | ||
* | * ⟨gni⟩ or ⟨nh⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ɲ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''signiore'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[siɲˈɲo.re]]], Upper Luthic ''signior'' or ''sinhor'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[si.ɲoɾ]]]; | ||
* ⟨eu⟩, ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ü⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/y/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''niu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nju]]], Upper Luthic ''neu'', ''ny'' or ''nü''[[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic| [ny]]]; | * ⟨eu⟩, ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ü⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/y/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''niu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nju]]], Upper Luthic ''neu'', ''ny'' or ''nü''[[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic| [ny]]]; | ||
* Disagreement on voiceless terminal consonant spelling: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐx]]], Upper Luthic ''ac'' or ''ag'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐk]]]; Standard Ravennese Luthic ''garda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡar.dɐ]]], Upper Luthic ''gart'' or ''gard'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɡɐɾt]]]. | * Disagreement on voiceless terminal consonant spelling: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐx]]], Upper Luthic ''ac'' or ''ag'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐk]]]; Standard Ravennese Luthic ''garda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡar.dɐ]]], Upper Luthic ''gart'' or ''gard'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɡɐɾt]]]. | ||
| Line 6,150: | Line 6,151: | ||
* Lack of ⟨þ⟩ and ⟨ð⟩ in the alphabet | * Lack of ⟨þ⟩ and ⟨ð⟩ in the alphabet | ||
* Due to Portuguese influence ⟨j, k, w, x, y⟩ are way commoner instead of the nativisations ⟨gi, c(h), v, c ~ ss, i⟩ present in Standard Ravennese Luthic | * Due to Portuguese influence ⟨j, k, w, x, y⟩ are way commoner instead of the nativisations ⟨gi, c(h), v, c ~ ss, i⟩ present in Standard Ravennese Luthic | ||
* The spellings | * The spellings ⟨gni⟩ and ⟨gli⟩ are fully displaced by ⟨nh⟩ and ⟨lh⟩; ⟨gni⟩ is also found as ⟨ñ⟩ in many communities nearby Spanish speakers, mainly outside the capital, such as [[w:Bauru|Bauru]], [[w:Sorocaba|Sorocaba]] and [[w:Jundiaí|Jundiaí]] | ||
Main grammatical differences: | Main grammatical differences: | ||
| Line 6,507: | Line 6,508: | ||
| '''11.''' qu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷu]]] “who” <br> qa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷɐ]]] “who” <br> qo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷo]]] “who” || '''63.''' carne [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkar.ne]]] “meat” || '''115.''' scindere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ʃinˈde.re]]] “to split” || '''167.''' fona [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfo.nɐ]]] “fire” | | '''11.''' qu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷu]]] “who” <br> qa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷɐ]]] “who” <br> qo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷo]]] “who” || '''63.''' carne [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkar.ne]]] “meat” || '''115.''' scindere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ʃinˈde.re]]] “to split” || '''167.''' fona [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfo.nɐ]]] “fire” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''12.''' ce [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] “what” || '''64.''' saggue [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsaŋᶣ.ɡᶣe]]] “blood” || '''116.''' | | '''12.''' ce [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] “what” || '''64.''' saggue [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsaŋᶣ.ɡᶣe]]] “blood” || '''116.''' pognialare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[poɲ.ɲɐˈla.re]]] “to stab” || '''168.''' asga [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaz.ɡɐ]]] “ash” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''13.''' car [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr]]] “where” || '''65.''' beine [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbi.ne]]] “bone” || '''117.''' crazzore [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[krɐtˈt͡so.re]]] “to scratch” || '''169.''' bruciare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bruˈt͡ʃa.re]]] “to burn” | | '''13.''' car [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr]]] “where” || '''65.''' beine [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbi.ne]]] “bone” || '''117.''' crazzore [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[krɐtˈt͡so.re]]] “to scratch” || '''169.''' bruciare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bruˈt͡ʃa.re]]] “to burn” | ||
| Line 6,521: | Line 6,522: | ||
| '''18.''' managu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈna.ɣu]]] “many” || '''70.''' feþar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfe.θɐr]]] “feather” || '''122.''' qemare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kᶣeˈma.re]]] “to come” || '''174.''' giallu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒal.lu]]] “yellow” | | '''18.''' managu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈna.ɣu]]] “many” || '''70.''' feþar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfe.θɐr]]] “feather” || '''122.''' qemare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kᶣeˈma.re]]] “to come” || '''174.''' giallu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒal.lu]]] “yellow” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''19.''' somu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈso.mu]]] “some” || '''71.''' | | '''19.''' somu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈso.mu]]] “some” || '''71.''' taglio [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtaʎ.ʎo]]] “hair” || '''123.''' legare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[leˈɡa.re]]] “to lie” || '''175.''' blagcu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈblaŋ˗.k̠u]]] “white” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''20.''' favu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfa.βu]]] “few” || '''72.''' capu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈka.ɸu]]] “head” <br> hauviþo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βi.θo]]] “head” || '''124.''' setare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[seˈta.re]]] “to sit” || '''176.''' neru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈne.ru]]] “black” | | '''20.''' favu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfa.βu]]] “few” || '''72.''' capu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈka.ɸu]]] “head” <br> hauviþo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βi.θo]]] “head” || '''124.''' setare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[seˈta.re]]] “to sit” || '''176.''' neru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈne.ru]]] “black” | ||
| Line 6,575: | Line 6,576: | ||
| '''45.''' fescu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfes.k̠u]]] “fish” || '''97.''' vomitare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vo.miˈta.re]]] “to vomit” || '''149.''' staerna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛr.nɐ]]] “star” || '''201.''' a [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ]]] “at” <br> ad [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.ð‿]]] “at” | | '''45.''' fescu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfes.k̠u]]] “fish” || '''97.''' vomitare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vo.miˈta.re]]] “to vomit” || '''149.''' staerna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛr.nɐ]]] “star” || '''201.''' a [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ]]] “at” <br> ad [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.ð‿]]] “at” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''46.''' | | '''46.''' fogliu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfoʎ.ʎu]]] “bird” || '''98.''' soffiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] “to blow” || '''150.''' vadne [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvad.ne]]] “water” || '''202''' in [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[in]]] “in” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''47.''' hondu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈon.du]]] “dog” || '''99.''' rispirare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ris.piˈra.re]]] “to breathe” || '''151.''' ploggia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈplod.d͡ʒa]]] “rain” || '''203.''' miþ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[miθ]]] “with” | | '''47.''' hondu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈon.du]]] “dog” || '''99.''' rispirare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ris.piˈra.re]]] “to breathe” || '''151.''' ploggia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈplod.d͡ʒa]]] “rain” || '''203.''' miþ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[miθ]]] “with” | ||
| Line 6,585: | Line 6,586: | ||
| '''50.''' vaurmu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɔr.mu]]] “worm” || '''102.''' hausare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɔˈza.re]]] “to hear” || '''154.''' mareina [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈri.na]]] “sea” || '''206.''' faurcê [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fɔrˈt͡ʃe]]] “because” | | '''50.''' vaurmu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɔr.mu]]] “worm” || '''102.''' hausare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɔˈza.re]]] “to hear” || '''154.''' mareina [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈri.na]]] “sea” || '''206.''' faurcê [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fɔrˈt͡ʃe]]] “because” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''51.''' trivo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtri.βo]]] “tree” || '''103.''' | | '''51.''' trivo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtri.βo]]] “tree” || '''103.''' gnioscere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɲoʃˈʃe.re]]] “to know” || '''155.''' sale [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsa.le]]] “salt” || '''207.''' namno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈnam.no]]] “name” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''52.''' valþu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈval.θu]]] “forest” || '''104.''' þagcare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[θɐŋˈka.re]]] “to think” || '''156.''' staenu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛ.nu]]] “stone” || | | '''52.''' valþu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈval.θu]]] “forest” || '''104.''' þagcare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[θɐŋˈka.re]]] “to think” || '''156.''' staenu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛ.nu]]] “stone” || | ||
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| [[w:Romanian language|Romanian]] || Acesta este un palat regal magnific. Îndepărtaţi-vă, țăranule ignorant! Doar elitele respectabile din politică, știință, cultură și artă sunt autorizate să intre. Întoarceți-vă imediat la ferma voastră mizerabilă. Și plătiţi taxele, altfel gărzile vă vor extermina familia. | | [[w:Romanian language|Romanian]] || Acesta este un palat regal magnific. Îndepărtaţi-vă, țăranule ignorant! Doar elitele respectabile din politică, știință, cultură și artă sunt autorizate să intre. Întoarceți-vă imediat la ferma voastră mizerabilă. Și plătiţi taxele, altfel gărzile vă vor extermina familia. | ||
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| [[Luthic]] || Este ist aenu magnificu palazzu reale. Partite, pedone ignorante! Sole lae elitae rispettabili in politica, scienzia, coltura e crafte autorizzanða ad entrare. Tornate immediatamente all’isvara misera garda e pagate lo geldo, aud i guardi stermineranno l’isvara | | [[Luthic]] || Este ist aenu magnificu palazzu reale. Partite, pedone ignorante! Sole lae elitae rispettabili in politica, scienzia, coltura e crafte autorizzanða ad entrare. Tornate immediatamente all’isvara misera garda e pagate lo geldo, aud i guardi stermineranno l’isvara famiglia. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:English language|English]] || This is a magnificent royal palace. Depart, ignorant peasant! Only respectable elites in politics, science, culture and art are authorised to enter. Return immediately to your miserable farm. And pay the tax, or the guards will exterminate your family. | | [[w:English language|English]] || This is a magnificent royal palace. Depart, ignorant peasant! Only respectable elites in politics, science, culture and art are authorised to enter. Return immediately to your miserable farm. And pay the tax, or the guards will exterminate your family. | ||