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====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''====
====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''====
[[File:De studio linguae luthicae.png|thumb|left|''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'', 1657, restored cover at the Luthic Community of Ravenna.]]
[[File:De studio linguae luthicae.png|thumb|left|''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'', 1657, restored cover at the Luthic Community of Ravenna.]]
'''''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''''' (Luthic: ''Studia Rasdae Lûthicae'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstu.dja ˈraz.dɛ ˈlu.ti.xɛ]]]; English: ''On Study of the Luthic Language'') often referred to as simply the '''''Luthicæ''''' ([[w:Help:IPA|/lʌˈθiˌki, lʌθˈaɪˌki/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''lu-THEE-KEE'']]), is a book by Þiudareicu Biagci that expounds Luthic grammar. The Luthicæ is written in Latin (specifically [[w:Neo-Latin|'''Neo-Latin''']]) and comprises two volumes, it was authorised, [[w:Imprimatur|imprimatur]], by [[w:Pope Alexander VII|Pope Alexander VII]], then head of the [[w:Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] on 1956, and was first published on 9 September 1657.
'''''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''''' (Luthic: ''Studia Rasde Lûthice'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstu.dja ˈraz.de ˈlu.ti.t͡ʃe]]]; English: ''On Study of the Luthic Language'') often referred to as simply the '''''Luthicæ''''' ([[w:Help:IPA|/lʌˈθiˌki, lʌθˈaɪˌki/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''lu-THEE-KEE'']]), is a book by Þiudareicu Biagci that expounds Luthic grammar. The Luthicæ is written in Latin (specifically [[w:Neo-Latin|'''Neo-Latin''']]) and comprises two volumes, it was authorised, [[w:Imprimatur|imprimatur]], by [[w:Pope Alexander VII|Pope Alexander VII]], then head of the [[w:Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] on 1956, and was first published on 9 September 1657.


The ''Luthicæ'' is considered one of the most importants in the history of Luthic linguistics. In the first book, Þiudareicu discusses the relationship between Latin and the vernacular languages within Italy. His work made new innovations, as it included diglot lemmata, and it was also significant how Þiudareicu approached this theme (a not so common topic at that time), the ''Luthicæ'' and the general opinion of Þiudareicu was greatly influenced by [[w:Dante Alighieri|Dante Alighieri]], as he agreed with Dante, that languages were not something to be considered static, but something that evolves and need historical contextualisation.
The ''Luthicæ'' is considered one of the most importants in the history of Luthic linguistics. In the first book, Þiudareicu discusses the relationship between Latin and the vernacular languages within Italy. His work made new innovations, as it included diglot lemmata, and it was also significant how Þiudareicu approached this theme (a not so common topic at that time), the ''Luthicæ'' and the general opinion of Þiudareicu was greatly influenced by [[w:Dante Alighieri|Dante Alighieri]], as he agreed with Dante, that languages were not something to be considered static, but something that evolves and need historical contextualisation.
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As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.
As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.


Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurdu faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡɐˈɸɔr.du fɔ.l‿lɐ ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamaenescape Lûthica Ravennae'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.ɸe ˈlu.ti.xɐ rɐˈβẽ.nɛ]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional ''Dachsprache'', Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]].
Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurdu faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡɐˈɸɔr.du fɔ.l‿lɐ ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamaenescape Lûthica Ravenne'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.ɸe ˈlu.ti.xɐ rɐˈβẽ.ne]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional ''Dachsprache'', Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]].
[[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]]
[[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]]


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* The letter ⟨c⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
* The letter ⟨c⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
* The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩.
* The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩.
** Velar plosives after [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] are not further palatalised to [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]].
** Velar plosives after [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] are not further palatalised to [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]].
** [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ⟨ggu⟩ [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃#Gothic|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtrɛɡ.ɡʷu]]]. The spelling ⟨gg⟩ stands for both [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ŋɡ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/dd͡ʒ/]], making it further confunsing.
** [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ⟨ggu⟩ [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃#Gothic|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtrɛɡ.ɡʷu]]]. The spelling ⟨gg⟩ stands for both [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ŋɡ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/dd͡ʒ/]], making it further confunsing.
* The cluster ⟨sc⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/sk/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic.
* The cluster ⟨sc⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/sk/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic.
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* The spelling ⟨gli⟩ and ⟨gni⟩ represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic.
* The spelling ⟨gli⟩ and ⟨gni⟩ represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic.
** Like ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩, [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] ~ [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] are only pronounced if stressed and ⟨glï⟩ and ⟨gnï⟩ may be used instead.
** Like ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩, [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] ~ [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] are only pronounced if stressed and ⟨glï⟩ and ⟨gnï⟩ may be used instead.
** If the clusters [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡl/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡn/]] are needed, they are spelt as ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ retrospectively.
** If the clusters [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡl/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡn/]] are needed, they are spelt as ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ retrospectively, which may cause confusion with ⟨gli⟩ and ⟨gni⟩ apocopated forms ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩.


The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 24 letters; ⟨j, k, w, x, y⟩ are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs [[wikt:taxi#English|''taxi'']], ''cenophobo'' vs [[wikt:xenofobo#Italian|''xenofobo'']], ''geins'' vs [[wikt:jeans#English|''jeans'']], ''Giorche'' vs [[wikt:York#English|''York'']], ''Valsar'' vs [[wikt:Walsar#German|''Walsar'']].
The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 24 letters; ⟨j, k, w, x, y⟩ are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs [[wikt:taxi#English|''taxi'']], ''cenophobo'' vs [[wikt:xenofobo#Italian|''xenofobo'']], ''geins'' vs [[wikt:jeans#English|''jeans'']], ''Giorche'' vs [[wikt:York#English|''York'']], ''Valsar'' vs [[wikt:Walsar#German|''Walsar'']].


* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress.
* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress.
** The digraphs ⟨ae, au, ei⟩ are used to indicate [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɛ ɔ i/]] retrospectively; [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] ⟨ae⟩ is in free variation with [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] word terminally. ⟨ae, au, ei⟩ often stand for a stressed vowel.
** The digraphs ⟨ae, au, ei⟩ are used to indicate [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɛ ɔ i/]] retrospectively; ⟨ae, au, ei⟩ often stand for a stressed vowel.
** [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] and [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|/o/]] are often lowered to [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] and [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]] in VCC.
** [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] and [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|/o/]] are often lowered to [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] and [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]] in VCC.
* The [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis accent]] is used to distinguish from a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] or a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]].
* The [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis accent]] is used to distinguish from a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] or a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]].
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| [[w:G|G]], g || gi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒi]]] || geva [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]], [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]], [[w:Voiced velar fricative|/ɣ/]] or [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] || —
| [[w:G|G]], g || gi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒi]]] || geva [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]], [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]], [[w:Voiced velar fricative|/ɣ/]] or [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] || —
|-
|-
| [[w:H|H]], h || acca [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈak.kɐ]]] || haglu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaʎ.ʎu]]] || ∅ || —
| [[w:H|H]], h || acca [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈak.kɐ]]] || hagliu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaʎ.ʎu]]] || ∅ || —
|-
|-
| [[w:I|I]], i || i [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈi]]] || eissu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈis.su]]] || [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] or [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] || ï
| [[w:I|I]], i || i [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈi]]] || eissu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈis.su]]] || [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] or [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] || ï
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| [[w:U|U]], u || u [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈu]]] || uru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈu.ru]]] || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] or [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] || û, ü
| [[w:U|U]], u || u [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈu]]] || uru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈu.ru]]] || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] or [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] || û, ü
|-
|-
| [[w:V|V]], v || vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvi]]] || vigna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈviɲ.ɲɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|/β/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]] || —
| [[w:V|V]], v || vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvi]]] || vignia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈviɲ.ɲɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|/β/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]] || —
|-
|-
| [[w:Z|Z]], z || zi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si]]] || zetta [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡sɛt.tɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] || —
| [[w:Z|Z]], z || zi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si]]] || zetta [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡sɛt.tɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] || —
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Unstressed a resulted in a slightly raised a [[w:Near-open central vowel|[ɐ]]]. In hiatus, unstressed front vowels become [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]], while unstressed back vowels become [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]]. Unlike other Romance languages, the Luthic vowel system was not so affected by [[w:Metaphony|metaphony]], such as [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] raising to [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] or [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] raising to [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]]:
Unstressed a resulted in a slightly raised a [[w:Near-open central vowel|[ɐ]]]. In hiatus, unstressed front vowels become [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]], while unstressed back vowels become [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]]. Unlike other Romance languages, the Luthic vowel system was not so affected by [[w:Metaphony|metaphony]], such as [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] raising to [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] or [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] raising to [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]]:


* Classical Latin [[wikt:vindemia#Latin|''vī̆ndēmia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[u̯i(ː)n̪.ˈd̪eː.mi.ä]]] > Vulgar Latin *[[w:Proto-Romance_language#Phonology|[benˈde.mja]]] > Spanish [[wikt:vendimia#Spanish|''vendimia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:es|[bẽn̪ˈd̪i.mja]]], but the Luthic cognate ''vendemia'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[venˈde.mjɐ]]]
* Classical Latin [[wikt:vindemia#Latin|''vī̆ndēmia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[u̯i(ː)n̪.ˈd̪eː.mi.ä]]] > Vulgar Latin [[w:Proto-Romance_language#Phonology|*[benˈde.mja]]] > Spanish [[wikt:vendimia#Spanish|''vendimia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:es|[bẽn̪ˈd̪i.mja]]], but the Luthic cognate ''vendemia'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[venˈde.mjɐ]]]


Luthic also diphthongises ō̆ to [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/wɔ/]] in the following environments:
Luthic also diphthongises ō̆ to [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/wɔ/]] in the following environments:
* mō̆- > muo-
* mō̆- > muo-
** Latin [[wikt:moveo#Latin|''movēre'']] > Luthic ''muovere'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mwɔˈβe.re]]]
** Latin [[wikt:moveo#Latin|''movēre'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[mo.ˈu̯eː.re ~ mɔ.ˈu̯eː.rɛ]]] > Luthic ''muovere'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mwɔˈβe.re]]]
** Latin [[wikt:mobilia#Latin|''mōbilia'']] > Luthic ''muobigla'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mwɔˈbiʎ.ʎɐ]]]
** Latin [[wikt:mobilia#Latin|''mōbilia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈmoː.bi.l(ʲ)i.ä ~ ˈmoː.bɪ.l(ʲ)ɪ.ä]]] > Luthic ''muobiglia'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mwɔˈbiʎ.ʎɐ]]]
* bō̆- > buo-
* bō̆- > buo-
** Proto-Germanic [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōks|''*bōks'']] [[w:Proto-Germanic_language#Phonology|/bɔːks/]] > Luthic ''buocu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.xu]]]
** Proto-Germanic [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōks|''*bōks'']] [[w:Proto-Germanic_language#Phonology|/bɔːks/]] > Luthic ''buocu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.xu]]]
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* Latin [[wikt:amicus#Latin|''amīcus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äˈmiː.kus̠ ~ äˈmiː.kʊs̠]]], [[wikt:amici#Latin|''amīcī'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äˈmiː.kiː]]] > Luthic ''amicu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈmi.xu]]], ''amici'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈmi.t͡ʃi]]].
* Latin [[wikt:amicus#Latin|''amīcus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äˈmiː.kus̠ ~ äˈmiː.kʊs̠]]], [[wikt:amici#Latin|''amīcī'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äˈmiː.kiː]]] > Luthic ''amicu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈmi.xu]]], ''amici'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈmi.t͡ʃi]]].
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰#Gothic|𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰]] (''giba'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɡiβa]]] > Luthic ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]].
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰#Gothic|𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰]] (''giba'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɡiβa]]] > Luthic ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]].
* Latin [[wikt:ratio#Latin|''ratiō'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈrä.t̪i.oː]]] > Luthic ''razione'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[rɐˈd͡zjo.ne]]].
* Latin [[wikt:ratio#Latin|''ratiō'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈrä.t̪i.oː]]] > Luthic ''razione'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[rɐdˈd͡zjo.ne]]].
* Latin [[wikt:filius#Latin|''fīlius'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈfiː.l(ʲ)i.us̠ ~ ˈfiː.l(ʲ)i.ʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''figlu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfiʎ.ʎu]]].
* Latin [[wikt:filius#Latin|''fīlius'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈfiː.l(ʲ)i.us̠ ~ ˈfiː.l(ʲ)i.ʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''figliu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfiʎ.ʎu]]].
* Latin [[wikt:linea#Latin|''līnea'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈliː.ne.ä ~ ˈlʲiː.ne.ä]]] > Luthic ''ligna'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈliɲ.ɲɐ]]].
* Latin [[wikt:linea#Latin|''līnea'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈl(ʲ)iː.ne.ä]]] > Luthic ''ligna'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈliɲ.ɲɐ]]].
* Latin [[wikt:pugnus#Latin|''pugnus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈpuŋ.nus̠ ~ ˈpʊŋ.nʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''pognu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈpoɲ.ɲu]]].
* Latin [[wikt:pugnus#Latin|''pugnus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈpuŋ.nus̠ ~ ˈpʊŋ.nʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''pogniu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈpoɲ.ɲu]]].
* Latin [[wikt:acrimonia#Latin|''ācrimōnia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äː.kriˈmoː.ni.ä ~ äː.krɪˈmoː.ni.ä]]] > Luthic ''acremogna'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.kreˈmoɲ.ɲɐ]]].
* Latin [[wikt:acrimonia#Latin|''ācrimōnia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äː.kriˈmoː.ni.ä ~ äː.krɪˈmoː.ni.ä]]] > Luthic ''acremognia'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.kreˈmoɲ.ɲɐ]]].


Labio-velars remain unpalatalised, except in monosyllabic environment:
Labio-velars remain unpalatalised, except in monosyllabic environment:
Line 743: Line 743:
In some cases, palatalisation occurs word initially, mainly if [[w:Help:IPA|/kn/]] is the initial cluster:
In some cases, palatalisation occurs word initially, mainly if [[w:Help:IPA|/kn/]] is the initial cluster:


* Gothic [[wikt:𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃#Gothic|𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃]] (''knōþs'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[knoːθs]]] > Luthic ''gnoðe'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɲo.ðe]]].
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃#Gothic|𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃]] (''knōþs'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[knoːθs]]] > Luthic ''gnioðe'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɲo.ðe]]].
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽]] (''kunnan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈkunːan]]], influenced by Latin [[wikt:cognosco#Latin|''(co)gnōscere'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[koŋˈnoːs̠.ke.re ~ kɔŋˈnoːs̠.kɛ.rɛ]]] and later Langobardic [[wikt:knajan#Old_High_German|''*knājan'']] [[w:Old_High_German#Phonology|*/ˈknaːjan/]] > Luthic ''gnoscere'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɲoʃˈʃe.re]]]
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽]] (''kunnan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈkunːan]]], influenced by Latin [[wikt:cognosco#Latin|''(co)gnōscere'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[koŋˈnoːs̠.ke.re ~ kɔŋˈnoːs̠.kɛ.rɛ]]] and later Langobardic [[wikt:knajan#Old_High_German|''*knājan'']] [[w:Old_High_German#Phonology|*/ˈknaːjan/]] > Luthic ''gnioscere'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɲoʃˈʃe.re]]]
* Langobardic [[wikt:knohha#Old_High_German|''*knohha'']] [[w:Old_High_German#Phonology|*/ˈknoxːa ~ ˈknɔxːa/]] > Luthic ''gnoccu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɲɔk.ku]]].
* Langobardic [[wikt:knohha#Old_High_German|''*knohha'']] [[w:Old_High_German#Phonology|*/ˈknoxːa ~ ˈknɔxːa/]] > Luthic ''gnioccu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɲɔk.ku]]].


It may not happen if intervocalic:
It may not happen if intervocalic:
Line 911: Line 911:
Compound words have secondary stress on their penultimate syllable. Some suffixes also maintain the suffixed word secondary stress.
Compound words have secondary stress on their penultimate syllable. Some suffixes also maintain the suffixed word secondary stress.


* ''panzar'' + ''campo'' + ''vagnu'' > ''panzarcampovagnu'' (ᴘᴀɴ-zar-ᴄᴀᴍ-po-ᴠᴀ-gnu) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|ˌpan.t͡sɐrˌkam.poˈβaɲ.ɲu]]];
* ''panzar'' + ''campo'' + ''vagniu'' > ''panzarcampovagniu'' (ᴘᴀɴ-zar-ᴄᴀᴍ-po-ᴠᴀ-gniu) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|ˌpan.t͡sɐrˌkam.poˈβaɲ.ɲu]]];
* ''broþar'' + ''-scape'' > ''broþarscape'' (ʙʀᴏ-þar-sᴄᴀ-pe) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|ˌbro.θɐrˈska.ɸe]]].
* ''broþar'' + ''-scape'' > ''broþarscape'' (ʙʀᴏ-þar-sᴄᴀ-pe) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|ˌbro.θɐrˈska.ɸe]]].


Line 918: Line 918:
==Research==
==Research==
[[File:Ravenna University's arms.png|thumb|Ravenna University’s arms]]
[[File:Ravenna University's arms.png|thumb|Ravenna University’s arms]]
Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavitascapetico Ravennae''; Italian: ''Circolo Linguistico di Ravenna'') at '''Ravenna University''', and there are many dictionaries and technological resources on the language. The language council ''Gafaurdu faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' also publishes research on the language both nationally and internationally. Academic descriptions of the language are published both in Luthic, Italian and English. The most complete grammar is the ''Grammatica gli Lûthicae Rasdae'' (Grammar of the Luthic Language) by Alessandru Fiscar & Luca Vagnar, and it is written in Luthic and contains over 800 pages. Multiple corpora of Luthic language data are available. The ''Luthic Online Dictionary project'' provides a curated corpus of 35,000 words.
Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavitascapetico Ravenne''; Italian: ''Circolo Linguistico di Ravenna'') at '''Ravenna University''', and there are many dictionaries and technological resources on the language. The language council ''Gafaurdu faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' also publishes research on the language both nationally and internationally. Academic descriptions of the language are published both in Luthic, Italian and English. The most complete grammar is the ''Grammatica gli Lûthice Rasde'' (Grammar of the Luthic Language) by Alessandru Fiscar & Luca Vagnar, and it is written in Luthic and contains over 800 pages. Multiple corpora of Luthic language data are available. The ''Luthic Online Dictionary project'' provides a curated corpus of 35,000 words.


===History===
===History===
Line 924: Line 924:


* '''Ravenna University Circle of [[w:Phonological Development|Phonological Development]]''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Sviluppi Phonologici gi’Accademia Ravenna'') was developed in 1990, however very little research has been done on the earliest stages of phonological development in Luthic.
* '''Ravenna University Circle of [[w:Phonological Development|Phonological Development]]''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Sviluppi Phonologici gi’Accademia Ravenna'') was developed in 1990, however very little research has been done on the earliest stages of phonological development in Luthic.
* '''Ravenna University Circle of [[w:Theology|Theology]]''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Theologiae gi’Accademia Ravenna'') was developed in 2000 in association with the [[w:Ravenna Cathedral|Ravenna Cathedral or Metropolitan Cathedral of the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ]] (Luthic: ''Cathedrale metropolitana deï Osstassi Unsari Signori Gesusi Christi''; Italian: ''Cattedrale metropolitana della Risurrezione di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo; Duomo di Ravenna'').
* '''Ravenna University Circle of [[w:Theology|Theology]]''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Theologie gi’Accademia Ravenna'') was developed in 2000 in association with the [[w:Ravenna Cathedral|Ravenna Cathedral or Metropolitan Cathedral of the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ]] (Luthic: ''Cathedrale metropolitana deï Osstassi Unsari Signori Gesusi Christi''; Italian: ''Cattedrale metropolitana della Risurrezione di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo; Duomo di Ravenna'').


===Phonological development===
===Phonological development===
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|source= Lucia Giamane
|source= Lucia Giamane
}}
}}
In 2012, a collaboration of the Circle of Linguistics, the Circle of Phonological Development and the Circle of Theology resulted in '''The Handbook of Luthic Linguistics, Culture and Religion''' (Luthic: ''Il Handobuocu Rasdavitascapeticae, Colturae e Religioni Lûthicae'') initiated in 2005 by Lucia Giamane, designed to illuminate an area of knowledge that encompasses both general linguistics and specialised, philologically oriented linguistics as well as those fields of science that have developed in recent decades from the increasingly extensive research into the diverse phenomena of communicative action.
In 2012, a collaboration of the Circle of Linguistics, the Circle of Phonological Development and the Circle of Theology resulted in '''The Handbook of Luthic Linguistics, Culture and Religion''' (Luthic: ''Il Handobuocu Rasdavitascapetice, Colture e Religioni Lûthice'') initiated in 2005 by Lucia Giamane, designed to illuminate an area of knowledge that encompasses both general linguistics and specialised, philologically oriented linguistics as well as those fields of science that have developed in recent decades from the increasingly extensive research into the diverse phenomena of communicative action.


===Mnemonics===
===Mnemonics===
Line 1,182: Line 1,182:


<poem>
<poem>
: buonu: veglo vessare
: buonu: veglio vessare
: buono: veglo stare
: buono: veglio stare
: ac e buono? veglo mangiare!
: ac e buono? veglo mangiare!
</poem>
</poem>
Line 1,201: Line 1,201:


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Luthic grammar is almost typical of the grammar of Romance languages in general. Cases exist for personal pronouns (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive), and unlike other Romance languages (except Romanian), they also exist for nouns, but are often ignored in common speech, mainly because of the Italian influence, a language who lacks noun cases. There are three basic classes of nouns in Luthic, referred to as genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Masculine nouns typically end in ''-u'', with plural marked by ''-i'', feminine nouns typically end in ''-a'', with plural marked by ''-ae'', and neuter nouns typically end in ''-o'', with plural marked by ''-a''. Some feminine nouns, together with masculine nouns, the so called u-stems may also typically end in ''-u'', with the plural marked by ''-us'', while neuter u-stems have the plural marked by ''-ua''. A fifth category of nouns is [[w:Marker (linguistics)|unmarked]] for gender, ending in ''-e'' in the singular and ''-i'' in the plural; a variant of the unmarked declension is found ending in ''-r'' in the singular and ''-i'' in the plural, it lacks neuter nouns:
Luthic grammar is almost typical of the grammar of Romance languages in general. Cases exist for personal pronouns (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive), and unlike other Romance languages (except Romanian), they also exist for nouns, but are often ignored in common speech, mainly because of the Italian influence, a language who lacks noun cases. There are three basic classes of nouns in Luthic, referred to as genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Masculine nouns typically end in ''-u'', with plural marked by ''-i'', feminine nouns typically end in ''-a'', with plural marked by ''-e'', and neuter nouns typically end in ''-o'', with plural marked by ''-a''. Some feminine nouns, together with masculine nouns, the so called u-stems may also typically end in ''-u'', with the plural marked by ''-us'', while neuter u-stems have the plural marked by ''-ua''. A fifth category of nouns is [[w:Marker (linguistics)|unmarked]] for gender, ending in ''-e'' in the singular and ''-i'' in the plural; a variant of the unmarked declension is found ending in ''-r'' in the singular and ''-i'' in the plural, it lacks neuter nouns:


Examples:
Examples:
Line 1,208: Line 1,208:
! Definition !! Gender !! Singular nominative !! Plural nominative
! Definition !! Gender !! Singular nominative !! Plural nominative
|-
|-
| Son || Masculine || Figlu || Figli
| Son || Masculine || Figliu || Figli
|-
|-
| Flower || Feminine || Blomna || Blomnae
| Flower || Feminine || Blomna || Blomne
|-
|-
| Fruit || Neuter || Acrano || Acrana
| Fruit || Neuter || Acrano || Acrana
Line 1,271: Line 1,271:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| dagi
| dagi
| gevae
| geve
| hauviþi
| hauviþi
| crafti
| crafti
Line 1,279: Line 1,279:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| dagi
| dagi
| gevae
| geve
| hauviþa
| hauviþa
| crafti
| crafti
Line 1,464: Line 1,464:
| þeina
| þeina
| eis
| eis
| isae
| ise
| eis
| eis
| seina
| seina
Line 1,473: Line 1,473:
| gi
| gi
| eis
| eis
| isae
| ise
| ia
| ia
| —
| —
Line 1,699: Line 1,699:
| þeina
| þeina
| eis
| eis
| isae
| ise
| eis
| eis
| seina
| seina
Line 1,708: Line 1,708:
| '''vôi'''
| '''vôi'''
| eis
| eis
| isae
| ise
| ia
| ia
| —
| —
Line 1,808: Line 1,808:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| meini
| meini
| meinae
| meine
| meini
| meini
| þeini
| þeini
| þeinae
| þeine
| þeini
| þeini
| seini
| seini
| seinae
| seine
| seini
| seini
|-
|-
Line 1,820: Line 1,820:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| meini
| meini
| meinae
| meine
| meina
| meina
| þeini
| þeini
| þeinae
| þeine
| þeina
| þeina
| seini
| seini
| seinae
| seine
| seina
| seina
|-
|-
Line 1,918: Line 1,918:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| unsari
| unsari
| unsarae
| unsare
| unsari
| unsari
| isvari
| isvari
| isvarae
| isvare
| isvari
| isvari
| seini
| seini
| seinae
| seine
| seini
| seini
|-
|-
Line 1,930: Line 1,930:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| unsari
| unsari
| unsarae
| unsare
| unsara
| unsara
| isvari
| isvari
| isvarae
| isvare
| isvara
| isvara
| seini
| seini
| seinae
| seine
| seina
| seina
|-
|-
Line 2,030: Line 2,030:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| miei
| miei
| miae
| mie
| miei
| miei
| þui
| þui
| þuae
| þue
| þui
| þui
| sui
| sui
| suae
| sue
| sui
| sui
|-
|-
Line 2,042: Line 2,042:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| miei
| miei
| miae
| mie
| mia
| mia
| þui
| þui
| þuae
| þue
| þua
| þua
| sui
| sui
| suae
| sue
| sua
| sua
|-
|-
Line 2,140: Line 2,140:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| nostri
| nostri
| nostrae
| nostre
| nostri
| nostri
| vostri
| vostri
| vostrae
| vostre
| vostri
| vostri
| sui
| sui
| suae
| sue
| sui
| sui
|-
|-
Line 2,152: Line 2,152:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| nostri
| nostri
| nostrae
| nostre
| nostra
| nostra
| vostri
| vostri
| vostrae
| vostre
| vostra
| vostra
| sui
| sui
| suae
| sue
| sua
| sua
|-
|-
Line 2,308: Line 2,308:
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| þammo
| þammo
| þisae
| þise
| þammo
| þammo
| esti
| esti
Line 2,319: Line 2,319:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| þis
| þis
| þisae
| þise
| þis
| þis
| estis
| estis
| estae
| este
| esti
| esti
| giaeni
| giaeni
| giaenae
| giaene
| giaeni
| giaeni
|-
|-
Line 2,331: Line 2,331:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| þi
| þi
| þae
| þe
| þa
| þa
| esti
| esti
| estae
| este
| esta
| esta
| giaeni
| giaeni
| giaenae
| giaene
| giaena
| giaena
|-
|-
Line 2,418: Line 2,418:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| aeni
| aeni
| aenae
| aene
| aeni
| aeni
| gli, i
| gli, i
Line 2,427: Line 2,427:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| aeni
| aeni
| aenae
| aene
| aena
| aena
| gli, i
| gli, i
| lae
| le
| la
| la
|-
|-
Line 2,500: Line 2,500:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| rossi
| rossi
| rossae
| rosse
| rossi
| rossi
| felici
| felici
Line 2,508: Line 2,508:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| rossi
| rossi
| rossae
| rosse
| rossa
| rossa
| felici
| felici
Line 2,579: Line 2,579:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| -izi
| -izi
| -izae
| -ize
| -izi
| -izi
|-
|-
Line 2,585: Line 2,585:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| -izi
| -izi
| -izae
| -ize
| -iza
| -iza
|-
|-
Line 2,632: Line 2,632:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| -issimi
| -issimi
| -issimae
| -issime
| -issimi
| -issimi
|-
|-
Line 2,638: Line 2,638:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| -issimi
| -issimi
| -issimae
| -issime
| -issima
| -issima
|-
|-
Line 2,881: Line 2,881:
|}
|}


* [[wikt:adverbial number|Adverbial numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''vece'': ''aena vece'' “once”, ''tvae veci'' “twice”.
* [[wikt:adverbial number|Adverbial numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''vece'': ''aena vece'' “once”, ''tve veci'' “twice”.
* [[wikt:multiplier number|Multiplier numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''falþu'': ''aenu falþu'' “single, onefold”, ''hondi falþi'' “centuple, hundredfold”. This noun was originally a suffix, compare Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃|𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃]] (''aenfalþs''), English [[wikt:onefold|''onefold'']], Icelandic [[wikt:einfaldur|''einfaldur'']].
* [[wikt:multiplier number|Multiplier numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''falþu'': ''aenu falþu'' “single, onefold”, ''hondi falþi'' “centuple, hundredfold”. This noun was originally a suffix, compare Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃|𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃]] (''aenfalþs''), English [[wikt:onefold|''onefold'']], Icelandic [[wikt:einfaldur|''einfaldur'']].
* [[wikt:distributive number|Distributive numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''falþoleicu'': ''þreis falþoleici'' “triply”.
* [[wikt:distributive number|Distributive numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''falþoleicu'': ''þreis falþoleici'' “triply”.
Line 3,001: Line 3,001:
|}
|}


:: <sup>α</sup> Both elements are declinable, e.g. ''tvaehondae'', ''tvahonda'';
:: <sup>α</sup> Both elements are declinable, e.g. ''tvehonde'', ''tvahonda'';
:: <sup>β</sup> Only the last element is declinable, e.g. ''tvihondêsima'', ''tvihondêsimoro'';
:: <sup>β</sup> Only the last element is declinable, e.g. ''tvihondêsima'', ''tvihondêsimoro'';
:: <sup>γ</sup> The first element is indeclinable;
:: <sup>γ</sup> The first element is indeclinable;
Line 3,088: Line 3,088:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+ '''tvihondi, tvaehondae, tvahonda'''
|+ '''tvihondi, tvehonde, tvahonda'''
! Number
! Number
! Case
! Case
Line 3,098: Line 3,098:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| tvihondi
| tvihondi
| tvaehondae
| tvehonde
| tvahonda
| tvahonda
|-
|-
Line 3,677: Line 3,677:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -atae, -utae, -otae, -itae
| -ate, -ute, -ote, -ite
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
|-
|-
Line 3,683: Line 3,683:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -atae, -utae, -otae, -itae
| -ate, -ute, -ote, -ite
| -ata, -uta, -ota, -ita
| -ata, -uta, -ota, -ita
|-
|-
Line 4,551: Line 4,551:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| stati
| stati
| statae
| state
| stati
| stati
|-
|-
Line 4,557: Line 4,557:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| stati
| stati
| statae
| state
| stata
| stata
|-
|-
Line 4,588: Line 4,588:
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural<br/>''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural<br/>''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''gi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''gi''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''eis'', ''isae'', ''ia''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''eis'', ''ise'', ''ia''
|-
|-
! rowspan="6" | Indicative
! rowspan="6" | Indicative
Line 4,736: Line 4,736:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| havuti
| havuti
| havutae
| havute
| havuti
| havuti
|-
|-
Line 4,742: Line 4,742:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| havuti
| havuti
| havutae
| havute
| havuta
| havuta
|-
|-
Line 4,773: Line 4,773:
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural<br/>''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural<br/>''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''gi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''gi''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''eis'', ''isae'', ''ia''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''eis'', ''ise'', ''ia''
|-
|-
! rowspan="12" | Indicative
! rowspan="12" | Indicative
Line 5,050: Line 5,050:
| '''ana'''
| '''ana'''
| into, on, onto
| into, on, onto
| agno
| agnio
| agna
| agnia
| agnata
| agniata
| an’
| an’
| agnos
| agnios
| agnas
| agnias
| agna
| agnia
|-
|-
| '''su''' <sup>+ ACC</sup>
| '''su''' <sup>+ ACC</sup>
Line 5,172: Line 5,172:
| ana
| ana
| into, on, onto
| into, on, onto
| gna
| gnia
|-
|-
| su <sup>+ ACC/DAT</sup>
| su <sup>+ ACC/DAT</sup>
Line 5,357: Line 5,357:


* '''Instrumento-genitive:'''
* '''Instrumento-genitive:'''
:* Material: ''La celecna staenae''. “The tower made of stone”
:* Material: ''La celecna staene''. “The tower made of stone”
:* Author/creator: ''Þa celecna taveða manum meinara''. “This tower was built by my hands”
:* Author/creator: ''Þa celecna taveða manum meinara''. “This tower was built by my hands”
:* Behaviour: ''Molle vadni''. “Soft like water”
:* Behaviour: ''Molle vadni''. “Soft like water”
Line 5,366: Line 5,366:
: '''La pecora e gl’aeqqi'''
: '''La pecora e gl’aeqqi'''


:: Aena pecora ei, stavat inu volla, saecaut somos aeqqos: aeno eisôro tiravat aeno pesante carro, aeno anþero baeravat aeno mêchelo carico ed aeno anþero transportavat aeno manno snele. La pecora roðit all’aeqqos: “Mic plagget ata haertene saecandu ce il mannu trattat l’aeqqos”. Gl’aeqqi roðironno: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist penosu saecare ei, il mannu, l’unsar signore, sic taugit aena veste la volla pecorae, mentre lae pecorae ristonno inu volla”. Dopo ascoltauða þata, la pecora agro fliugat.
:: Aena pecora ei, stavat inu volla, saecaut somos aeqqos: aeno eisôro tiravat aeno pesante carro, aeno anþero baeravat aeno mêchelo carico ed aeno anþero transportavat aeno manno snele. La pecora roðit all’aeqqos: “Mic plagget ata haertene saecandu ce il mannu trattat l’aeqqos”. Gl’aeqqi roðironno: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist penosu saecare ei, il mannu, l’unsar signiore, sic taugit aena veste la volla pecore, mentre le pecore ristonno inu volla”. Dopo ascoltauða þata, la pecora agro fliugat.


:: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-a saec-aut som-os aeqq-os aen-o eis-ôro tir-av-at aen-o pesant-e carr-o aen-o anþer-o baer-av-at aen-o mêchel-o caric-o ed aen-o anþer-o transport-av-at aen-o mann-o snel-e l-a pecor-a roð-it al-l=aeqq-os mic plagg-et ata haerten-e saec-andu ce il mann-u tratt-at l=aeqq-os gl=aeqq-i roð-ironno ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-u saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar signor-e sic taug-it aen-a vest-e l-a voll-a pecor-ae mentre l-ae pecor-ae rist-onno inu voll-a dopo ascolt-au-ða þata l-a pecor-a agr-o fliug-at''
:: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-a saec-aut som-os aeqq-os aen-o eis-ôro tir-av-at aen-o pesant-e carr-o aen-o anþer-o baer-av-at aen-o mêchel-o caric-o ed aen-o anþer-o transport-av-at aen-o mann-o snel-e l-a pecor-a roð-it al-l=aeqq-os mic plagg-et ata haerten-e saec-andu ce il mann-u tratt-at l=aeqq-os gl=aeqq-i roð-ironno ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-u saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar signior-e sic taug-it aen-a vest-e l-a voll-a pecor-e mentre l-e pecor-e rist-onno inu voll-a dopo ascolt-au-ða þata l-a pecor-a agr-o fliug-at''


:: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small>
:: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small>
Line 5,397: Line 5,397:


* '''Loss of untressed final vowels and terminal devoicing:''' Every unstressed vowel is dropped, except in plurals and monosyllabic words; terminal consonants are devoiced (except if sonorants):
* '''Loss of untressed final vowels and terminal devoicing:''' Every unstressed vowel is dropped, except in plurals and monosyllabic words; terminal consonants are devoiced (except if sonorants):
:* ''geva'', ''gevae'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ ˈd͡ʒe.βɛ]]] > ''gef'', ''geve'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒef ʒe.ve]]];
:* ''geva'', ''geve'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ ˈd͡ʒe.βe]]] > ''gef'', ''geve'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒef ʒe.ve]]];
:* ''manago'', ''managi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈna.ɣu mɐˈna.d͡ʒi]]] > ''manac'', ''managi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[mɐ.nɐk mɐ.nɐ.ʒi]]].
:* ''manago'', ''managi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈna.ɣu mɐˈna.d͡ʒi]]] > ''manac'', ''managi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[mɐ.nɐk mɐ.nɐ.ʒi]]].


Line 5,422: Line 5,422:
Veiða lata namno þeino;
Veiða lata namno þeino;
La þiuðanagarda þeina qemit;
La þiuðanagarda þeina qemit;
Lo veglano þeino taugiat;
Lo vegliano þeino taugiat;
Svasve hemeno ed ana aerþa.
Svasve hemeno ed ana aerþa.
Il claefu qotidianu unsar gevâ unse oggi,
Il claefu qotidianu unsar gevâ unse oggi,
Line 5,439: Line 5,439:
Veit lat namn tein
Veit lat namn tein
La teudanadagart tein qemit
La teudanadagart tein qemit
Lo veglan tein taugiat;
Lo velhan tein taugiat;
Sva in emen et an aert.
Sva in emen et an airt.
Il claif qotidian unsar gevâ uns ogi
Il claif qotidian unsar gevâ uns ogi
Et afletâ le unsere colpe
Et afletâ le unsere colpe
Line 5,492: Line 5,492:


* ⟨gi⟩ or ⟨j⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʒ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''giâ'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒa]]], Upper Luthic ''gia'' or ''ja'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒɐ]]];
* ⟨gi⟩ or ⟨j⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʒ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''giâ'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒa]]], Upper Luthic ''gia'' or ''ja'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒɐ]]];
* ⟨gl⟩ or ⟨lh⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʎ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''gli'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ʎi]]], Upper Luthic ''gli'' or ''lhi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʎi]]];
* ⟨gli⟩ or ⟨lh⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʎ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''gli'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ʎi]]], Upper Luthic ''gli'' or ''lhi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʎi]]];
* ⟨gn⟩ or ⟨nh⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ɲ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''signore'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[siɲˈɲo.re]]], Upper Luthic ''signor'' or ''sinhor'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[si.ɲoɾ]]];
* ⟨gni⟩ or ⟨nh⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ɲ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''signiore'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[siɲˈɲo.re]]], Upper Luthic ''signior'' or ''sinhor'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[si.ɲoɾ]]];
* ⟨eu⟩, ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ü⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/y/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''niu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nju]]], Upper Luthic ''neu'', ''ny'' or ''nü''[[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic| [ny]]];
* ⟨eu⟩, ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ü⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/y/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''niu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nju]]], Upper Luthic ''neu'', ''ny'' or ''nü''[[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic| [ny]]];
* Disagreement on voiceless terminal consonant spelling: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐx]]], Upper Luthic ''ac'' or ''ag'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐk]]]; Standard Ravennese Luthic ''garda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡar.dɐ]]], Upper Luthic ''gart'' or ''gard'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɡɐɾt]]].
* Disagreement on voiceless terminal consonant spelling: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐx]]], Upper Luthic ''ac'' or ''ag'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐk]]]; Standard Ravennese Luthic ''garda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡar.dɐ]]], Upper Luthic ''gart'' or ''gard'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɡɐɾt]]].
Line 6,151: Line 6,151:
* Lack of ⟨þ⟩ and ⟨ð⟩ in the alphabet
* Lack of ⟨þ⟩ and ⟨ð⟩ in the alphabet
* Due to Portuguese influence ⟨j, k, w, x, y⟩ are way commoner instead of the nativisations ⟨gi, c(h), v, c ~ ss, i⟩ present in Standard Ravennese Luthic
* Due to Portuguese influence ⟨j, k, w, x, y⟩ are way commoner instead of the nativisations ⟨gi, c(h), v, c ~ ss, i⟩ present in Standard Ravennese Luthic
* The spellings ⟨gn⟩ and ⟨gl⟩ are fully displaced by ⟨nh⟩ and ⟨lh⟩; ⟨gn⟩ is also found as ⟨ñ⟩ in many communities nearby Spanish speakers, mainly outside the capital, such as [[w:Bauru|Bauru]], [[w:Sorocaba|Sorocaba]] and [[w:Jundiaí|Jundiaí]]
* The spellings ⟨gni⟩ and ⟨gli⟩ are fully displaced by ⟨nh⟩ and ⟨lh⟩; ⟨gni⟩ is also found as ⟨ñ⟩ in many communities nearby Spanish speakers, mainly outside the capital, such as [[w:Bauru|Bauru]], [[w:Sorocaba|Sorocaba]] and [[w:Jundiaí|Jundiaí]]


Main grammatical differences:
Main grammatical differences:
Line 6,399: Line 6,399:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| dagi
| dagi
| gevae
| geve
| crafti
| crafti
| brodri
| brodri
Line 6,467: Line 6,467:
'''Insertional code-switching''' is often referred to as “borrowing” or “tag-switching”, when lexical items from a secondary language are introduced into the primary language. These loan words are partially or fully assimilated into the secondary language, conforming to its phonological and morphological structure. Insertional code-switching serves a “pragmatic purpose, acting as sentence enhancers or indicating the speaker's attitude towards the context of an utterance.”
'''Insertional code-switching''' is often referred to as “borrowing” or “tag-switching”, when lexical items from a secondary language are introduced into the primary language. These loan words are partially or fully assimilated into the secondary language, conforming to its phonological and morphological structure. Insertional code-switching serves a “pragmatic purpose, acting as sentence enhancers or indicating the speaker's attitude towards the context of an utterance.”


* '''Standard Luthic:''' Il nattu stâþ scaunu. Lae staerna sceinanno e la luna stâþ folla.
* '''Standard Luthic:''' Il nattu stâþ scaunu. Le staerne sceinanno e la luna stâþ folla.
* '''Standard Italian:''' La notte è bella. Le stelle brillano e la luna è piena.
* '''Standard Italian:''' La notte è bella. Le stelle brillano e la luna è piena.
* '''Insertional code-swicthing''': Il nattu '''ae bellu'''. '''Le stelle''' ~ '''lae stellae''' sceinanno e la luna '''ae piena'''.
* '''Insertional code-swicthing''': Il nattu '''ae bellu'''. '''Le stelle''' sceinanno e la luna '''ae piena'''.
*: Note that both ''è'' and ''ae'' stand for /ɛ/.
*: Note that both ''è'' and ''ae'' stand for /ɛ/.


Line 6,496: Line 6,496:
| '''5.''' gi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]] “you” ||''' 57.''' vaurte [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɔr.te]]] “root” || '''109.''' sveltare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zvɛlˈta.re]]] “to die” || '''161.''' nêbola [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈne.βo.lɐ]]] “fog”
| '''5.''' gi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]] “you” ||''' 57.''' vaurte [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɔr.te]]] “root” || '''109.''' sveltare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zvɛlˈta.re]]] “to die” || '''161.''' nêbola [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈne.βo.lɐ]]] “fog”
|-
|-
| '''6.''' eis [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈis]]] “they” <br>   isae [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[iˈsɛ]]] “they” <br>   eis [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈis]]] “they” || '''58.''' renda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈrɛn.dɐ]]] “bark” || '''110.''' dauþare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dɔˈθa.re]]] “to kill” || '''162.''' hemeno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[eˈme.nu]]] “sky”
| '''6.''' eis [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈis]]] “they” <br>   ise [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[iˈse]]] “they” <br>   eis [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈis]]] “they” || '''58.''' renda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈrɛn.dɐ]]] “bark” || '''110.''' dauþare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dɔˈθa.re]]] “to kill” || '''162.''' hemeno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[eˈme.nu]]] “sky”
|-
|-
| '''7.''' su [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su]]] “this” <br>   sa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sɐ]]] “this” <br>   þata [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[θɐ.θɐ]]] “this” || '''59.''' blomna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈblom.nɐ]]] “flower” || '''111.''' lottare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[lotˈta.re]]] “to fight” || '''163.''' vendu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈven.du]]] “wind”
| '''7.''' su [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su]]] “this” <br>   sa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sɐ]]] “this” <br>   þata [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[θɐ.θɐ]]] “this” || '''59.''' blomna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈblom.nɐ]]] “flower” || '''111.''' lottare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[lotˈta.re]]] “to fight” || '''163.''' vendu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈven.du]]] “wind”
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| '''11.''' qu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷu]]] “who” <br>     qa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷɐ]]] “who” <br>      qo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷo]]]  “who” || '''63.''' carne [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkar.ne]]] “meat” || '''115.''' scindere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ʃinˈde.re]]] “to split” || '''167.''' fona [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfo.nɐ]]] “fire”
| '''11.''' qu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷu]]] “who” <br>     qa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷɐ]]] “who” <br>      qo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷo]]]  “who” || '''63.''' carne [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkar.ne]]] “meat” || '''115.''' scindere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ʃinˈde.re]]] “to split” || '''167.''' fona [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfo.nɐ]]] “fire”
|-
|-
| '''12.''' ce [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] “what” || '''64.''' saggue [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsaŋᶣ.ɡᶣe]]] “blood” || '''116.''' pognalare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[poɲ.ɲɐˈla.re]]] “to stab” || '''168.''' asga [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaz.ɡɐ]]] “ash”
| '''12.''' ce [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] “what” || '''64.''' saggue [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsaŋᶣ.ɡᶣe]]] “blood” || '''116.''' pognialare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[poɲ.ɲɐˈla.re]]] “to stab” || '''168.''' asga [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaz.ɡɐ]]] “ash”
|-
|-
| '''13.''' car [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr]]] “where” || '''65.''' beine [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbi.ne]]] “bone” || '''117.''' crazzore [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[krɐtˈt͡so.re]]] “to scratch” || '''169.''' bruciare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bruˈt͡ʃa.re]]] “to burn”
| '''13.''' car [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr]]] “where” || '''65.''' beine [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbi.ne]]] “bone” || '''117.''' crazzore [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[krɐtˈt͡so.re]]] “to scratch” || '''169.''' bruciare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bruˈt͡ʃa.re]]] “to burn”
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| '''18.''' managu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈna.ɣu]]] “many” || '''70.''' feþar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfe.θɐr]]] “feather” || '''122.''' qemare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kᶣeˈma.re]]] “to come” || '''174.''' giallu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒal.lu]]] “yellow”
| '''18.''' managu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈna.ɣu]]] “many” || '''70.''' feþar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfe.θɐr]]] “feather” || '''122.''' qemare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kᶣeˈma.re]]] “to come” || '''174.''' giallu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒal.lu]]] “yellow”
|-
|-
| '''19.''' somu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈso.mu]]] “some” || '''71.''' taglo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtaʎ.ʎo]]] “hair” || '''123.''' legare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[leˈɡa.re]]] “to lie” || '''175.''' blagcu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈblaŋ˗.k̠u]]] “white”
| '''19.''' somu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈso.mu]]] “some” || '''71.''' taglio [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtaʎ.ʎo]]] “hair” || '''123.''' legare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[leˈɡa.re]]] “to lie” || '''175.''' blagcu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈblaŋ˗.k̠u]]] “white”
|-
|-
| '''20.''' favu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfa.βu]]] “few” || '''72.''' capu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈka.ɸu]]] “head” <br>       hauviþo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βi.θo]]] “head” || '''124.''' setare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[seˈta.re]]] “to sit” || '''176.''' neru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈne.ru]]] “black”
| '''20.''' favu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfa.βu]]] “few” || '''72.''' capu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈka.ɸu]]] “head” <br>       hauviþo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βi.θo]]] “head” || '''124.''' setare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[seˈta.re]]] “to sit” || '''176.''' neru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈne.ru]]] “black”
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| '''33.''' scaurtu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsk̠ɔr.tu]]] “short” || '''85.''' qeþu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkᶣe.θu]]] “belly” || '''137.''' bendare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[benˈda.re]]] “to tie” || '''189.''' drittu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdrit.tu]]] “straight”
| '''33.''' scaurtu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsk̠ɔr.tu]]] “short” || '''85.''' qeþu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkᶣe.θu]]] “belly” || '''137.''' bendare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[benˈda.re]]] “to tie” || '''189.''' drittu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdrit.tu]]] “straight”
|-
|-
| '''34.''' agguu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaŋʷ.ɡʷu]]] “narrow” || '''86.''' viscerae [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈviʃ.ʃe.rɛ]]] “guts” || '''138.''' siugiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sjuˈd͡ʒa.re]]] “to sew” || '''190.''' ritondu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[riˈton.du]]] “round”
| '''34.''' agguu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaŋʷ.ɡʷu]]] “narrow” || '''86.''' viscere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈviʃ.ʃe.re]]] “guts” || '''138.''' siugiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sjuˈd͡ʒa.re]]] “to sew” || '''190.''' ritondu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[riˈton.du]]] “round”
|-
|-
| '''35.''' sottile [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sotˈti.le]]] “thin” || '''87.''' collo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈk̠ɔl.lo]]] “neck” || '''139.''' contare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠onˈta.re]]] “to count” || '''191.''' scarfu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈskar.ɸu]]] “sharp”
| '''35.''' sottile [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sotˈti.le]]] “thin” || '''87.''' collo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈk̠ɔl.lo]]] “neck” || '''139.''' contare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠onˈta.re]]] “to count” || '''191.''' scarfu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈskar.ɸu]]] “sharp”
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| '''45.''' fescu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfes.k̠u]]] “fish” || '''97.''' vomitare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vo.miˈta.re]]] “to vomit” || '''149.''' staerna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛr.nɐ]]] “star” || '''201.''' a [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ]]] “at” <br>     ad [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.ð‿]]]  “at”
| '''45.''' fescu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfes.k̠u]]] “fish” || '''97.''' vomitare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vo.miˈta.re]]] “to vomit” || '''149.''' staerna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛr.nɐ]]] “star” || '''201.''' a [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ]]] “at” <br>     ad [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.ð‿]]]  “at”
|-
|-
| '''46.''' foglu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfoʎ.ʎu]]] “bird” || '''98.''' soffiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] “to blow” || '''150.''' vadne [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvad.ne]]] “water” || '''202''' in [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[in]]] “in”
| '''46.''' fogliu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfoʎ.ʎu]]] “bird” || '''98.''' soffiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] “to blow” || '''150.''' vadne [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvad.ne]]] “water” || '''202''' in [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[in]]] “in”
|-
|-
| '''47.''' hondu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈon.du]]] “dog” || '''99.''' rispirare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ris.piˈra.re]]] “to breathe” || '''151.''' ploggia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈplod.d͡ʒa]]] “rain” || '''203.''' miþ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[miθ]]] “with”
| '''47.''' hondu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈon.du]]] “dog” || '''99.''' rispirare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ris.piˈra.re]]] “to breathe” || '''151.''' ploggia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈplod.d͡ʒa]]] “rain” || '''203.''' miþ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[miθ]]] “with”
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| '''50.''' vaurmu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɔr.mu]]] “worm” || '''102.''' hausare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɔˈza.re]]] “to hear” || '''154.''' mareina [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈri.na]]] “sea” || '''206.''' faurcê [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fɔrˈt͡ʃe]]] “because”
| '''50.''' vaurmu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɔr.mu]]] “worm” || '''102.''' hausare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɔˈza.re]]] “to hear” || '''154.''' mareina [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈri.na]]] “sea” || '''206.''' faurcê [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fɔrˈt͡ʃe]]] “because”
|-
|-
| '''51.''' trivo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtri.βo]]] “tree” || '''103.''' gnoscere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɲoʃˈʃe.re]]] “to know” || '''155.''' sale [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsa.le]]] “salt” || '''207.''' namno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈnam.no]]] “name”
| '''51.''' trivo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtri.βo]]] “tree” || '''103.''' gnioscere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɲoʃˈʃe.re]]] “to know” || '''155.''' sale [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsa.le]]] “salt” || '''207.''' namno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈnam.no]]] “name”
|-
|-
| '''52.''' valþu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈval.θu]]] “forest” || '''104.''' þagcare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[θɐŋˈka.re]]] “to think” || '''156.''' staenu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛ.nu]]] “stone” ||
| '''52.''' valþu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈval.θu]]] “forest” || '''104.''' þagcare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[θɐŋˈka.re]]] “to think” || '''156.''' staenu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛ.nu]]] “stone” ||
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| [[w:Romanian language|Romanian]] || Acesta este un palat regal magnific. Îndepărtaţi-vă, țăranule ignorant! Doar elitele respectabile din politică, știință, cultură și artă sunt autorizate să intre. Întoarceți-vă imediat la ferma voastră mizerabilă. Și plătiţi taxele, altfel gărzile vă vor extermina familia.
| [[w:Romanian language|Romanian]] || Acesta este un palat regal magnific. Îndepărtaţi-vă, țăranule ignorant! Doar elitele respectabile din politică, știință, cultură și artă sunt autorizate să intre. Întoarceți-vă imediat la ferma voastră mizerabilă. Și plătiţi taxele, altfel gărzile vă vor extermina familia.
|-
|-
| [[Luthic]] || Este ist aenu magnificu palazzu reale. Partite, pedone ignorante! Sole lae elitae rispettabili in politica, scienzia, coltura e crafte autorizzanða ad entrare. Tornate immediatamente all’isvara misera garda e pagate lo geldo, aud i guardi stermineranno l’isvara famigla.
| [[Luthic]] || Este ist aenu magnificu palazzu reale. Partite, pedone ignorante! Sole le elite rispettabili in politica, scienzia, coltura e crafte autorizzanða ad entrare. Tornate immediatamente all’isvara misera garda e pagate lo geldo, aud i guardi stermineranno l’isvara famiglia.
|-
|-
| [[w:English language|English]] || This is a magnificent royal palace. Depart, ignorant peasant! Only respectable elites in politics, science, culture and art are authorised to enter. Return immediately to your miserable farm. And pay the tax, or the guards will exterminate your family.
| [[w:English language|English]] || This is a magnificent royal palace. Depart, ignorant peasant! Only respectable elites in politics, science, culture and art are authorised to enter. Return immediately to your miserable farm. And pay the tax, or the guards will exterminate your family.
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| tooth || dente “tooth” || 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 (tunþus) “tooth” || dēns “tooth” || *h₃dónts “tooth”
| tooth || dente “tooth” || 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 (tunþus) “tooth” || dēns “tooth” || *h₃dónts “tooth”
|-
|-
| hair || taglo “hair” || 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌻 (tagl) “hair” || dolāre “to hew; to chop” || *delh₁- “to split”. Uncertain and debatable.
| hair || taglio “hair” || 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌻 (tagl) “hair” || dolāre “to hew; to chop” || *delh₁- “to split”. Uncertain and debatable.
|-
|-
| big || mêchelu “big” || 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍃 (mikils) “great; large; big” < *méǵh₂los || magnus “great; large; big” < *m̥ǵh₂nós || *méǵh₂s (*m̥ǵh₂-) “big; great”
| big || mêchelu “big” || 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍃 (mikils) “great; large; big” < *méǵh₂los || magnus “great; large; big” < *m̥ǵh₂nós || *méǵh₂s (*m̥ǵh₂-) “big; great”
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# Dauþit lo volfo: calqued from Italian [[wikt:crepi il lupo|crepi in lupo]], an answer similar to “thank you”; literally, “may the wolf die”.
# Dauþit lo volfo: calqued from Italian [[wikt:crepi il lupo|crepi in lupo]], an answer similar to “thank you”; literally, “may the wolf die”.
# Tvi italiani miþ sole aena mana: equivalent to [[wikt:two birds with one stone|two birds with one stone]]; literally, “two Italians with only one hand”, a mock to Italians’ [[w:Che vuoi?|''che vuoi?'']].
# Tvi italiani miþ sole aena mana: equivalent to [[wikt:two birds with one stone|two birds with one stone]]; literally, “two Italians with only one hand”, a mock to Italians’ [[w:Che vuoi?|''che vuoi?'']].
# Veglare anþero pomodoro: an expression for someones who is ''asking for special treatment''; literally, “to want another tomato”.
# Vegliare anþero pomodoro: an expression for someones who is ''asking for special treatment''; literally, “to want another tomato”.
# La herba vicini ist aeve verdiza: equivalent to [[wikt:the grass is always greener on the other side|the grass is always greener on the other side]]; literally, “The neighbour’s grass is always greener”.
# La herba vicini ist aeve verdiza: equivalent to [[wikt:the grass is always greener on the other side|the grass is always greener on the other side]]; literally, “The neighbour’s grass is always greener”.
# La fame laþot pasta, agce si inu salsa: equivalent to [[wikt:desperate times call for desperate measures|desperate times call for desperate measures]]; literally, “Hunger calls for pasta, even if without sauce”.
# La fame laþot pasta, agce si inu salsa: equivalent to [[wikt:desperate times call for desperate measures|desperate times call for desperate measures]]; literally, “Hunger calls for pasta, even if without sauce”.
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# Blegguare lo chiudo capo: equivalent to [[wikt:hit the nail on the head|hit the nail on the head]], with the same literal translation.
# Blegguare lo chiudo capo: equivalent to [[wikt:hit the nail on the head|hit the nail on the head]], with the same literal translation.
# Martellare lo dito: the opposite to the previous idiomatic phrase, when someone is totally wrong; literally, “To hammer the finger”.
# Martellare lo dito: the opposite to the previous idiomatic phrase, when someone is totally wrong; literally, “To hammer the finger”.
# Gnosco las meinas patatas: equivalent to ''I can handle this''; literally, “I know my potatoes”.
# Gniosco las meinas patatas: equivalent to ''I can handle this''; literally, “I know my potatoes”.
# Stoppau di rogiare fragcese: an expression asking for someone ''to be straightforward and speak one’s mind''; literally, “Stop speaking French”.
# Stoppau di rogiare fragcese: an expression asking for someone ''to be straightforward and speak one’s mind''; literally, “Stop speaking French”.
# Imparasti fragcese, nu rogiâ: equivalent to [[wikt:make one's bed and lie in it|make one’s bed and lie in it]]; literally, “You learnt French, now speak it”.
# Imparasti fragcese, nu rogiâ: equivalent to [[wikt:make one's bed and lie in it|make one’s bed and lie in it]]; literally, “You learnt French, now speak it”.
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Veiða lata namno þeino;
Veiða lata namno þeino;
La þiuðanagarda þeina qemit;
La þiuðanagarda þeina qemit;
Lo veglano þeino taugiat;
Lo vegliano þeino taugiat;
Svasve hemeno ed ana aerþa.
Svasve hemeno ed ana aerþa.
Il claefu qotidianu unsar gevâ unse oggi,
Il claefu qotidianu unsar gevâ unse oggi,
Lëtzelúcia
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