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Qasunattuuji: Difference between revisions
Notes about orthography and beginning of nominal morphology
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(Notes about orthography and beginning of nominal morphology) |
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*{eː,oː}w → uː | *{eː,oː}w → uː | ||
*{eː,oː} → {iː,u} | *{eː,oː} → {iː,u} | ||
* epenthetic /a/ appears to break invalid consonant clusters | * epenthetic /a/ appears to break invalid consonant clusters, except in words borrowed from Russian and English. | ||
* epenthetic /i/ appears before [l ʐ ɢ] if they occur in the beginning of words. | * epenthetic /i/ appears before [l ʐ ɢ] if they occur in the beginning of words. | ||
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Stress falls always on the penultimate syllable. | Stress falls always on the penultimate syllable. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
[l ʐ ɢ] can't appear at the beginning of words, but can occur at the beginning of a medial syllable, while [p t k q s j m n v ʂ j f χ] can occur both at the beginning of a word and at the beginning of a medial syllable. <br> | |||
[ŋ] can only come at the beginning of a medial syllable after another [ŋ]. <br> | |||
If there is a long and a short vowel in sequence, and vice versa, for example [aːi], an epenthetic [ŋ] appears to break this hiatus, in this case, becoming [aːŋi]. <br> | |||
[t] and [b] become [ʐ] and [v], respectively between vowels (assibilation). <br> | |||
[k], [q] and [t] become [ŋ], [ʁ] and [n], respectively, before [n] <br> | |||
Consonants can be geminated, but in this case, they should be pronounced as if there were two of them. | |||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Latin letter (since the 1920s) !! Cyrillic letter (between the XVII century and the 1920s) !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] | |||
|+ '''Qasunattuuji alphabets''' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:A|A]], a || [[w:A (Cyrillic)|A]], а || [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|/a/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:F|F]], f || [[w:Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф]], ф|| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:G|G]], g || [[w:Ge (Cyrillic)|Г]]. г|| [[w:Voiced uvular plosive|/ɢ/]] or [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] (see [[Qasunattuuji#Consonants|consonants]]) | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:H|H]], h || [[w:Kha (Cyrillic)|Х]], х|| [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|/χ/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:I|I]], i || [[w:I (Cyrillic)|И]], и|| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:J|J]], j || [[w:Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж]], ж|| [[w:Voiced retroflex fricative|/ʐ/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:K|K]], k || [[w:Ka (Cyrillic)|К]], к|| [[w:Voiceless velar stop|/k/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:L|L]], l || [[w:El (Cyrillic)|Л]], л|| [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|/l/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:M|M]], m|| [[w:Em (Cyrillic)|М]], м|| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|/m/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:N|N]], n || [[w:En (Cyrillic)|Н]], н|| [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|/n/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Eng (letter)|Ŋ]], ŋ ||Нг, нг|| [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:P|P]], p || [[w:Pe (Cyrillic)|П]], п|| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|/p/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Q|Q]], q || Кь, кь || [[w:Voiceless uvular plosive|/q/]] | |||
|- | |||
|| [[w:S|S]], s || [[w:Es (Cyrillic)|С]], с|| [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|/s/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:T|T]], t || [[w:Te (Cyrillic)|Т]], т|| [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|/t/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:U|U]], u || [[w:U (Cyrillic)|У]], y|| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:V|V]], v || [[w:Ve (Cyrillic)|В]], в|| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:X|X]], x || [[w:Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]], ш|| [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|/ʂ/]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Y|Y]], y || [[w:Short I (Cyrillic)|Й]] || [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Notes: | |||
*In both alphabets, long vowels are written as double letters (aa,:ии, уу, aa, ii, uu). | |||
*Double кь and нг were written кькь and нгнг, respectively. | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns decline in eight different cases: absolutive, ergative, instrumental, allative, ablative, locative, perlative and similative. | |||
====Ergative==== | |||
The ergative is used to mark the subject of a transitive sentence and to mark the genitive, specifically, marking the possessor of a possessed entity, except in sentences like "is my X", where the ergative falls in the pronoun. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||