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Qasunattuuji: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
:''See also: [[Qasunattuuji verbs]].'' | |||
Every verb has an obligatory inflection for person, number, and mood (all marked by a single suffix), and can have other inflectional suffixes such as tense, aspect, modality, and various suffixes carrying adverbial functions. | |||
====Tense==== | |||
Tense marking is always optional. The only explicitly marked tense is the future tense. Past and present tense cannot be marked and are always implied. All verbs can be marked through adverbs to show relative time (using words such as "yesterday" or "tomorrow"). If neither of these markings is present, the verb can imply a past, present, or future tense. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Future tense | |||
!Tense | |||
!Example | |||
|- | |||
|Present | |||
|{{interlinear | |||
|Pijavimiq vigiipuk. | |||
|telephone-INSTR talk-we-1DU.3SG | |||
|We (two) talk on the phone.}} | |||
|- | |||
|Future | |||
|{{interlinear | |||
|Pijavimiq vi'''nia'''giipuk. | |||
|telephone-INSTR talk-we-DU-'''FUT''' | |||
|We (two) '''will''' talk on the phone.}} | |||
|- | |||
|Future (implied) | |||
|{{interlinear | |||
|Suujuqqanu savisuhuu ilaa '''kaluuŋiluuk'''. | |||
|{give birth probably} {sister's} {I} '''tomorrow''' | |||
|My sister (will) give(s) birth '''tomorrow'''. (the future tense "will" is implied by the word tomorrow)}} | |||
|} | |||
====Aspect==== | |||
Marking aspect is optional in Qasunattuuji verbs. It has a perfective versus imperfective distinction in aspect, along with other distinctions, such as: frequentative (-ataq; "to repeatedly verb"), habitual (-simavi; "to always, habitual verb"), inchoative (-hiŋaat; "about to verb"), and intentional (-sahuma; "intend to verb"). The aspect suffix can be found after the verb root and before or within the obligatory person-number-mood suffix. | |||
number-mood suffix. | |||
====Mood==== | |||
Qasunattuuji has the following moods: Indicative, Interrogative, Imperative (positive, negative), Coordinative, and Conditional. Participles are sometimes classified as a mood. | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
=== | Generally, adjectives are affixed on the noun, after the root. | ||
Sufixos derivacionais: | |||
*-(q)ip- (opposite) | |||
*-(p)ali- (-ful) | |||
*-(f)al- (-phile) | |||
*-(f)up- (-phobe) | |||
noun+adjective declined in the instrumental (able) | |||
person+place declined in the ablative (inhabitant) | |||
Notes: | |||
*There isn't a derivational method to transform adjectives into manner adverbs, because they are separate words. | |||
*Both -(f)al- and -(f)ub- are borrowed from English. | |||
===Numerals=== | |||
Qasunattuuji numerals are [[w:Vigesimal|base-20]] with a sub-base of 10. They decline (except in the vocative) and can be incorporated to the verbs. The numbers 1 to 20 are: | |||
{|class=wikitable | |||
|- | |||
!1||2||3||4||5 | |||
|- | |||
|qii | |||
|tuvu | |||
|taji | |||
|pija | |||
|pinap | |||
|- | |||
!6||7||8||9||10 | |||
|- | |||
|savix | |||
|sivat | |||
|uxat | |||
|qanuun | |||
|tixam | |||
|- | |||
!11||12||13||14||15 | |||
|- | |||
|tixaqi | |||
|tixajuvu | |||
|tixajaji | |||
|tixapija | |||
|tixapinap | |||
|- | |||
!16||17||18||19||20 | |||
|- | |||
|tixasavix | |||
|tixisivat | |||
|tixamuxat | |||
|tixaqanun | |||
|iŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|} | |||
Multiples of 400 are created with ''-kipiaq'' and 8000's with ''-pak''. | |||
{|class=wikitable | |||
!# | |||
!Number | |||
!Semantics | |||
|- | |||
|20 | |||
|iŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|20 | |||
|- | |||
|25 | |||
|iŋuiŋŋaq pinap | |||
|20 + 5 | |||
|- | |||
|30 | |||
|iŋuiŋŋaq tixam | |||
|20 + 10 | |||
|- | |||
|35 | |||
|iŋuiŋŋaq tixapinap | |||
|20 + 15 | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
|40 | |||
|tuviŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|2×20 | |||
|- | |||
|45 | |||
|tuviŋuiŋŋaq pinap | |||
|2×20 + 5 | |||
|- | |||
|50 | |||
|tuviŋuiŋŋaq tixam | |||
|2×20 + 10 | |||
|- | |||
|55 | |||
|tuviŋuiŋŋaq tixapinap | |||
|2×20 + 15 | |||
|- | |||
|60 | |||
|tajiiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|3×20 | |||
|- | |||
|70 | |||
|tajiŋuiŋŋaq tixam | |||
|3×20 + 10 | |||
|- | |||
|80 | |||
|pijiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|4×20 | |||
|- | |||
|90 | |||
|pijiŋuiŋŋaq tixam | |||
|4×20 + 10 | |||
|- | |||
|100 | |||
|pinapiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|5×20 | |||
|- | |||
|110 | |||
|pinapiŋuiŋŋaq tixam | |||
|5×20 + 10 | |||
|- | |||
|120 | |||
|savixiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|6x20 | |||
|- | |||
|140 | |||
|sivajiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|7x20 | |||
|- | |||
|160 | |||
|uxajiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|8×20 | |||
|- | |||
|180 | |||
|qanuuniŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|9×20 | |||
|- | |||
|200 | |||
|tixamiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|10×20 | |||
|- | |||
|300 | |||
|tixapinapiŋuiŋŋaq | |||
|15×20 | |||
|- | |||
|400 | |||
|qiikipiaq | |||
|1x400 | |||
|- | |||
|800 | |||
|tuvukipiaq | |||
|2×400 | |||
|- | |||
|1200 | |||
|tajikipiaq | |||
|3×400 | |||
|- | |||
|1600 | |||
|pijakipiaq | |||
|4×400 | |||
|- | |||
|2000 | |||
|pinakipiaq | |||
|5×400 | |||
|- | |||
|2400 | |||
|savikipiaq | |||
|6×400 | |||
|- | |||
|2800 | |||
|sivakipiaq | |||
|7x400 | |||
|- | |||
|4000 | |||
|tixakipiaq | |||
|10×400 | |||
|- | |||
|6000 | |||
|tixapinakipiaq | |||
|15×400 | |||
|- | |||
|8000 | |||
|qiipak | |||
|1x8000 | |||
|} | |||
===Demonstrative adverbs=== | ===Demonstrative adverbs=== | ||
===Demonstrative pronouns=== | ===Demonstrative pronouns=== | ||